DOCSLIB.ORG

Traditional Knowledge and Harvesting of Salmon by Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traditional Knowledge and Harvesting of Salmon by Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND HARVESTING OF SALMON BY HUNA AND HINYAA TLINGIT Final Report FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS) PROJECT 02-104 Steve J. Langdon, Ph.D. Lingit transcription and translation by Kenneth Austin Research conducted under contract number 43-0109-2-342 between U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management and Central Council of Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska Gordon Jackson, Project Manager August 2006 FINAL REPORT SUMMARY PAGE Title: Traditional Knowledge and Harvesting of Salmon by Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit Study Number: FIS 02-104 Investigator(s)/Affiliation: Steve J. Langdon/University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Anthropology, Kenneth Austin, Hilo, Hawaii. Geographic Area: Region (Southeast Alaska) Information Type: Traditional ecological knowledge, salmon, biology, ecology, traditional harvesting. Issue(s) Addressed: Comparative knowledge and use of salmon; biology, distribution, timing, habitat, behavior, harvesting, observed changes; Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit Study cost: $110,000 Study duration: May 2003 to February 2005 Abstract: Tlingit traditional knowledge of and practices with salmon have developed over thousands of years of residence in southeast Alaska. Through centuries of use, Tlingit developed a successful system of utilization built on sophisticated observations and distinctive concepts. This report provides an overview of that knowledge and those practices including comparative information on Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit information on salmon biology, distribution, timing, habitat, behavior, principles of sustainability and the mythic charter that informs traditional Tlingit relations with salmon. Key words: Traditional knowledge, Tlingit, salmon, biology, harvesting, traditional concepts, cultural practices, relational sustainability Project data: Data for this study consist of tapes and transcripts of interviews conducted with Tlingit elders and scholars. Some of the interviews were conducted in Tlingit. Additional information was obtained by guided site visitations with Tlingit salmon experts. Tapes, transcripts and photos have been archived with the University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Anthropology, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508. Citation: Langdon, Steve J. 2006. Traditional Knowledge and Harvesting of Salmon by Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management, Fisheries Resource Monitoring Program, Final Report (Project No. 02- 104), Anchorage, Alaska. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Lists of Maps, Tables and Figures iv Acknowledgments vi Executive Summary viii I. Introduction 1 A. Research Objectives 2 B. Methods 3 C. Tlingit Populations and Areas: Huna Kaawu and Hinyaa Kwaan 6 D. Report Overview 16 II. Tlingit Interviewee Observations and Practices Concerning Salmon and 18 Streams A. Observations on Salmon Distribution, Abundance and Change 19 1. Interviewer elicited observations 19 2. Interviewee offered observations 37 B. Harvesting Practices 42 1. Palates and Preferences 42 2. Salt water harvesting 45 3. Estuarine and lower stream harvesting – “beachscaping” 53 4. In stream harvesting 72 III. Tlingit Society and Salmon 88 A. Clan/house ownership of streams and fishing sites 88 B. Respect for ownership 90 C. Defense of streams 92 D. Clan leaders as stream trustees 93 E. Accomodating needs of others 100 F. Acquisition of surplus for ceremonial distribution 101 G. Ownership and relationship demonstrated through at.oow 102 IV. Tlingit Relations with Salmon 103 A. Engagement 103 B. Protection 119 C. Productivity 126 D. Ish 143 V. Conclusion: Concepts, Comparisons, Questions and Implications 146 A. Traditional Ecological Knowledge – Concepts of Various Kinds 146 B. Tlingit Concepts Concerning Salmon Characteristics and Behavior 149 C. Comparison: Huna and Hinyaa; Tlingit and Contemporary American 162 1. HUNA and HINYAA Comparison 162 2. Tlingit and Contemporary American Comparison 163 D. Questions 166 E. Implications for Research and Practice 169 ii VI. Sources 172 A. Literature Cited 172 B. Interviewee transcripts 175 Appendices A. Klawock Tlingit Salmon Traditional Use and Knowledge Interview Guide 176 B. List of interviewees and transcript status 182 iii LIST of MAPS, TABLES and FIGURES Maps Map 1 HUNA KÁAWU 8 Map 2 HINYAA KWAAN 14 Tables Table 1 SALMON STREAMS IN HUNA KÁAWU AND OTHER AREAS 10 MENTIONED BY HOONAH INTERVIEWEES Table 2 SALMON STREAMS IN HINYAA KWAAN AND OTHER AREAS 15 MENTIONED BY KLAWOCK INTERVIEWEES Table 3 TLINGIT TERMS FOR SALMON, STEELHEAD AND TROUT 18 Table 4 TLINGIT SOCIAL RELATIONS CONCERNING SALMON 89 Table 5 TLINGIT MYTHIC CHARTER WITH SALMON 105 Table 6 TLINGIT MYTHIC CHARTER: PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND 107 SACRED RITUAL ACTION Table 7 TLINGIT NON-FOOD USES OF SALMON 110 Table 8 SALMON IN TLINGIT AND CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN 165 PRACTICE Figures Fig. 1 Garteeni Creek near Hoonah 39 Fig. 2 Spassky Creek near Hoonah 40 Fig. 3 Schematic of Traditional Salmon Harvesting Locations – Hoonah 43 Fig. 4 Floating salt water king salmon gear 50 Fig. 5 Salt water coho salmon fishing sticks 52 Fig. 6 Intertidal stone fish traps complex reconstruction near Klawock 55 Fig. 7 Aerial view of intertidal semi-circular stone traps west of Klawock 57 Fig. 8 San Clemente Island intertidal stone fish trap 58 Fig. 9 Kakoshittan totem pole with “dish” holding sockeye salmon 59 Fig. 10 Intertidal Stone Fishing Structures in the Prince of Wales Archipelago 60 Fig. 11 Intertidal semi-circular stone fish trap with gap at half tide 61 Fig. 12 Aerial photo of Klawock River, Estuary and Lagoon, 1929 63 Fig. 13 V-shaped wood stake fish trap in the Klawock River estuary 64 Fig. 14 Contemporary aerial photo of Klawock Lagoon 65 Fig. 15 Little Salt Lake showing locations of wood stake fish traps 66 Fig. 16 Sockeye salmon weir structure used in the upper Neva River 71 Fig. 17 Aadaa – Southern Tlingit salmon spear 74 Fig. 18 Tlingit spear held with hook released from pole 75 Fig. 19 Aadaa deployed successfully 77 Fig. 20 Huna gaff hook construction 80 Fig. 21 Two gaff hooks used for salmon on Excursion Inlet rivers 82 Fig. 22 Thomas Mills using Tlingit gaff hook in the Neva River 83 Fig. 23 Using the Tlingit gaff in an eddy near turbulent waters 84 Fig. 24 Monument to Takike - Klawock Gaanaxadi clan leader 94 Fig. 25 Kachadi clan crest blanket 103 iv Fig. 26 Aakwatatseen (Salmon Boy) being taught how to respect salmon people 106 Fig. 27 Petroglyph in shape of L’eeneidei dog salmon crest 116 Fig. 28 T’il Hit, L’eeneidei house front with painted dog salmon crest, Tuxecan 117 Fig. 29 Kakoshittan clan blanket with sockeye salmon crest 118 Fig. 30 Klawock River duck catching platforms 121 Fig 31 Huna Tlingit dolly varden trap used on Neva River 123 Fig. 32 Huna Tlingit dolly varden trap used in Tenakee Inlet 125 Fig. 33 “Streamscaping”- semi-circular stone feature in Neva River 131 Fig. 34 Functional “streamscaping” – gaffing steps in Neva River 132 Fig. 35 “Streamscaped” low rock fall on the Neva River 133 Fig. 36 Male and female pink and dog salmon 140 Fig. 37 Nakw Ishk' – Jim Martinez at the Klawock River ish 145 Fig. 38 Ish – A Tlingit Relational Concept 156 Fig. 39 Aatkeeyat’xi – “Lake Baby” 160 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would first like to profusely thank and acknowledge the willingness and patience of the Huna and Hinyaa Tlingit elders and experts who generously and graciously provided the information on which this report is based. For Huna káawu, the following people were interviewed: James Austin, Deborah Dalton, Ken Grant, Katharine Grant, Karl Greenwald, Sam Hanlon, Charles Jack, Thomas Jack, Esther Kaze, Anita Lafferty, Jim Marks, Al and John Martin, Thomas and Patrick Mills, James Osborne, Mary Rudolph, Adeline St. Clair, Frank White, Lily White, and Frank O. Williams. For Hinyaa kwaan, the following people were interviewed: Fanny Brown Ermeloff, Al Jackson, Benjamin James, Gordon James, Ernestine Kato, James Martinez, Alec and Irene Peratrovitch, Alva and Clara Peratrovitch, Alicia and Theodore Roberts, Jonathan O. Rowan, Byron Skinna, Ronald Grant Williams, and Joanna Woods. In addition, Dr. Rosita Worl, Director of the Sealaska Heritage Institute, facilitated a discussion of the concept of ish by the Council of Traditional Scholars. The scholars who participated in that discussion included Joe Hotch, Clarence Jackson, Herman Kitka, George Ramos, and Walter Soboleff. Their commentary illuminated several important dimensions of ish in Tlingit thought. Each and everyone are thanked for the contribution they made. It is with great respect that we recognize the knowledge and perspectives that derive from their Tlingit heritage and ancestors and their generosity in sharing with future generations. They all gave respectful acknowledgment to the elders from whom they learned in their lifetimes. Funding for this research was provided the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management, Fisheries Information as project number FIS 02-104. Polly Wheeler provided understanding and support that helped insure the completion of this project; many thanks for her enthusiasm and commitment. The research was conducted in association between the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska and the University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Anthropology. The administrative services and facilities support of these two institutions made the research and completion of this report possible. Both are thanked for their contributions. We would also like to thank Peter Metcalfe of Metcalfe Communications
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The MARINER's MIRROR
    The MARINER’S MIRROR The International Journal of the Society for Nautical Research Bibliography for 2011 Compiled by Karen Partridge London The Society for Nautical Research 2 The Mariner’s Mirror Bibliography for 2011 Introduction This, the twenty-ninth annual maritime bibliography, includes books and articles published in 2011, as well as some works published in earlier years. The subjects included are as follows: naval history, mercantile history, nautical archaeology (but not the more technical works), biography, voyages and travel, and art and weapons and artefacts. A list of acquisitions of manuscripts precedes the published works cited, and I am, as always, grateful to The National Archives: Historical Manuscripts Commission (TNA: HMC) for providing this. With regard to books, International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) have been included, when available. This bibliography for 2011 was prepared and edited by Karen Partridge. Any correspondence relating to the bibliography should be sent to her at: 12 The Brambles, Limes Park Road, St Ives, Cambridgeshire, pe27 5nj email: [email protected] The compiler would like to thank everyone who contributed to the present bibliography, and always welcomes the assistance of readers. I should also like to acknowledge my use of the material found in the Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis. Introductory note to accessions 2011 In its annual Accession to Repository survey, The National Archives collects information from over 200 record repositories throughout the British Isles about manuscript accessions received in the previous 12 months. This information is added to the indexes to the National Register of Archives, and it is also edited and used to produce 34 thematic digests that are then accessed through the National Archives website (www.national archives.gov.uk/ accessions).
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Hyder and Vicinity Southeastern Alaska
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Roy O. West, Secretary U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George Otis Smith, Director Bulletin 807 GEOLOGY OF HYDER AND VICINITY SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA WITH A RECONNAISSANCE OF CHICKAMIN RIVER BY A. F. RUDDINGTON UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1&29 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS TJ.S.OOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 35 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS Page Foreword, by Philip S. Smith._________________________ vn Introduction...____________________________________________________ 1 Field work_.._.___._.______..____...____. -_-__-. .. 1 Acknowledgments. _-_-________-_-___-___-__--_____-__-- -____-_ 2 History._________________________________________________________ 2 Bibliography ________-______ _____________._-__.-___-__--__--_--_-_ 3 Alaska.__-___-__---______-_-____-_-___--____-___-_-___-__-___ & British Columbia____-_____-___-___________-_-___--___.._____- 4 Geography_______________________________________-____--___-__--_ 4 Location and transportation facilities.___________________________ 4 Climate. __--______-______.____--__---____-_______--._--.--__- 5 Vegetation ___________________________________________________ 6 Water power._--___._____.________.______-_.._____-___.-_____ 7 Topography-___________--____-_-___--____.___-___-----__--_-- 7 General features of the relief----______-_---___-__------_-_-_ 7 Streams.._ _______________________________________________ 9 Glaciation.. _ __-_____-__--__--_____-__---_____-__--_----__ 10 Geology.... __----_-._ -._---_--__-.- _-_____-_____-___-_ 13 General features___-_-____-__-__-___-..____--___-_-____--__-._ 13 Hazelton group._....._.._>___-_-.__-______----_-----'_-__-..-- 17 General character.-----.-------.-------------------------- 17 Greenstone and associated rocks.._______.__.-.--__--_--_--_ 18 Graywacke-slate division.._________-_-__--_-_-----_--_----_ 19 Coast.Range intrusives__________-__-__--___-----------_-----_- 22 Texas Creek batholith and associated dikes..__--__.__-__-__-.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow-Cedar Decline in the North Coast Forest District of British Columbia
    United States Department of Agriculture Yellow-Cedar Decline in the Forest Service North Coast Forest District Pacific Northwest Research Station of British Columbia Research Note PNW-RN-549 Paul E. Hennon, David V. D’Amore, Stefan Zeglen, and October 2005 Mike Grainger1 Abstract The distribution of a forest decline of yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Örsted) has been documented in southeast Alaska, but its occurrence in British Columbia was previously unknown. We conducted an aerial survey in the Prince Rupert area in September 2004 to determine if yellow-cedar forests in the North Coast Forest District of British Columbia were experiencing a similar fate as in nearby Alaska. Numerous large areas of concentrated yellow-cedar mortality were found, extending the known distribution of the decline problem 150 km south of the Alaska–British Columbia border. The forests with the most concentrated tree death occurred at 300 to 400 m elevation, frequently on south aspects. The appearance of these forests including proximity to bogs; mixtures of dying, recently killed, and long-dead trees; and crown and bole symptoms of dying trees were all consistent with the phenomenon in southeast Alaska. Introduction 2 Yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Örsted) decline (fig. 1) extends over 200 000 ha in a broad band through southeast Alaska to the Alaska–British Columbia border along Portland Canal (fig. 2) (Wittwer 2004). The problem is specific to yellow-cedar and is characterized on the landscape as a progressive and intensifying process that results in fading trees with thin or offcolor crowns and numerous standing dead trees, some killed recently and others up to 100 1 Paul E.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Does Canada Have So Many Unresolved Maritime Boundary Disputes? –– Pourquoi Le Canada A-T-Il Autant De Différends Non Résolus Concernant Ses Frontières Maritimes?
    Why Does Canada Have So Many Unresolved Maritime Boundary Disputes? –– Pourquoi le Canada a-t-il autant de différends non résolus concernant ses frontières maritimes? michael byers and andreas Østhagen Abstract Résumé Canada has five unresolved maritime Le Canada a cinq frontières maritimes qui boundaries. This might seem like a high n’ont pas encore été délimitées. Ce nom- number, given that Canada has only three bre peut paraitre élevé étant donné que le neighbours: the United States, Denmark Canada n’a que trois voisins: les États-Unis, (Greenland), and France (St. Pierre and le Danemark (Groënland) et la France (St. Miquelon). This article explores why Pierre et Miquelon). Cet article cherche à Canada has so many unresolved maritime découvrir pourquoi le Canada a tant de boundaries. It does so through a compar- frontières maritimes irrésolues. Pour ce ison with Norway, which has settled all of faire, l’article se penche sur le cas de la its maritime boundaries, most notably in Norvège, qui a réussi à délimiter toutes ses the Barents Sea with Russia. This compar- frontières maritimes, y compris dans la mer ison illuminates some of the factors that de Barents avec la Russie. Cette comparai- motivate or impede maritime boundary son met en relief certains des facteurs qui negotiations. It turns out that the status favorisent ou entravent les négociations of each maritime boundary can only be pour la résolution de différends maritimes explained on the basis of its own unique frontaliers. Il s’avère que le statut des fron- geographic, historic, political, and legal tières maritimes ne peut s’expliquer qu’en context.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon Fish Traps in Alaska Steve Colt January 11, 1999 Economic History
    Salmon Fish Traps in Alaska Steve Colt January 11, 1999 Economic History Salmon cannery at Loring, Alaska in 1897. Reproduced from The Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska by Jefferson F. Moser, 1899 Alaska Fish Traps 1 Salmon Fish Traps in Alaska Abstract Salmon return faithfully to their stream of birth and can be efficiently caught by fixed gear. But since the introduction at the turn of the century of fish traps to the emerging Alaska commercial salmon fishery, most territorial residents fought for their abolition even while admitting to their technical efficiency. The new State of Alaska immediately banned traps in 1959. I estimate the economic rents generated by the Alaska salmon traps as they were actually deployed and find that they saved roughly $ 4 million 1967$ per year, or about 12% of the ex-vessel value of the catch. I also find strong evidence that the fishermen operating from boats earned zero profits throughout the 20th century. Thus the State's ban on fish traps did allow 6,000 additional people to enter the fishery, but did nothing to boost average earnings. 1. Introduction "We Alaskans charge emphatically and can prove that the fish trap is a menace to a continued successful operation of fisheries in Alaska. By this measure you would legalize the destruction of the major industry of Alaska and jeopardize the livelihood of the many resident workers, of the many small businesses; in whole, the entire economic structure of Alaska. For what? The continued exploitation of Alaskan resources by an absentee monopoly that must have a profit far in excess of that of any other business." --RR Warren, a resident Alaska fisherman, testifying before the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Adobe PDF File
    BOOK REVIEWS Lewis R. Fischer, Harald Hamre, Poul that by Nicholas Rodger on "Shipboard Life Holm, Jaap R. Bruijn (eds.). The North Sea: in the Georgian Navy," has very little to do Twelve Essays on Social History of Maritime with the North Sea and the same remark Labour. Stavanger: Stavanger Maritime applies to Paul van Royen's essay on "Re• Museum, 1992.216 pp., illustrations, figures, cruitment Patterns of the Dutch Merchant photographs, tables. NOK 150 + postage & Marine in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth packing, cloth; ISBN 82-90054-34-3. Centuries." On the other hand, Professor Lewis Fischer's "Around the Rim: Seamens' This book comprises the papers delivered at Wages in North Sea Ports, 1863-1900," a conference held at Stavanger, Norway, in James Coull's "Seasonal Fisheries Migration: August 1989. This was the third North Sea The Case of the Migration from Scotland to conference organised by the Stavanger the East Anglian Autumn Herring Fishery" Maritime Museum. The first was held at the and four other papers dealing with different Utstein Monastery in Stavanger Fjord in aspects of fishing industries are directly June 1978, and the second in Sandbjerg related to the conferences' central themes. Castle, Denmark in October 1979. The pro• One of the most interesting of these is Joan ceedings of these meetings were published Pauli Joensen's paper on the Faroe fishery in one volume by the Norwegian University in the age of the handline smack—a study Press, Oslo, in 1985 in identical format to which describes an age of transition in the volume under review, under the title The social, economic and technical terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing for Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-Based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’S Westfjords
    Master‘s Thesis Fishing For Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’s Westfjords Katie Auth Advisor: Níels Einarsson, Ph.D. University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2012 2 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Níels Einarsson, Ph.D., Director of the Stefansson Arctic Institute Reader: Gísli Pálsson, Ph. D., Professor of Anthropology at the University of Iceland Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Katie Auth Fishing For Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’s Westfjords 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2012 Katie Auth All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavík, June 2012 3 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. __________________________________________ Student‘s name 4 Abstract Since the 1980s, so-called “rights-based” fisheries management regimes – specifically those designed to apply market forces to problems of inefficiency and overfishing by divvying up fixed, tradable proportions of a total allowable catch among individuals or cooperatives – have become both one of the most widely advocated and most contentious aspects of marine resource management. Iceland, promoted by some as a successful international model of this approach, has been the site – for nearly thirty years – of fierce debate and controversy regarding the system’s effects on regional development, social justice and wealth disparity.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Canal News ABOUT THIS DISTRICT
    provincial Library, Victoria, THE NEWS WILIflKE^EP TOU POSTED ON* THE SEND THIS COPY TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUR FRD3ND WHO MINES—$5.00 THE VEAR. WANTS INFORMATION Portland Canal News ABOUT THIS DISTRICT. Davoted to the Interests of the Mining Districts ot Northwestern British Columbiia VOL. 8, NO. 8 STEWART, BRITISH COLUMBIA, FRIDAY, JULY 16, 1926 $5 THE YEAR—10c. the Copy NEW HOPE FOR ANOTHER VEIN I WM. H, LONGLEY DEVELOPING THE LEAD-ZINC ORE ON BIG MISSOURI Athletic dance tonight. Wm. Bunting left last Monday DIESJN HYDER RUTH &JRANCIS No mineral district in British R.G.Birch of the Bank of Mon­ night on a business trip to Rupert Reports of new discoveries on William H. Longley was found J. H. Nesbitt is developing hig Columbia is so vitally interested treal staff left for Rupert last Hugh B. McGuire, manager of the Big Missouri are coming with dead in his cabin in Hyder last Ruth and Francis group near the Saturday. the Alaska-Canadian Co., arrived in the reopening and successful a regularity that may be becom­ Saturday evening by Jack Fitz­ head of the south fork of Glacier from the south Saturday. operation of the Ladysmith smel­ ing monotonous to some readers; Mr^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and Mrs Stanley Alton o^f gerald, who had engaged him to creek, four miles beyond the Prem e An election to decide the ques­ ter on Vancouver island as the nevertheless another must be re- j ' -* 'eft this week for Craig, take supplies in to the Titan Dunwell mine. The work now Alaska on a tion as to incorporating a local Portland Canal district.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boundary Reefs: Glass Sponge (Porifera: Hexactinellidae) Reefs on the International Border Between Canada and the United States
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-264 The Boundary Reefs: Glass Sponge (Porifera: Hexactinellidae) Reefs on the International Border Between Canada and the United States by R. P. Stone, K. W. Conway, D. J. Csepp, J. V. Barrie U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center January 2014 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Stone, R. P., K. W. Conway, D. J. Csepp, and J. V. Barrie. 2013. The boundary reefs: glass sponge (Porifera: Hexactinellida) reefs on the international border between Canada and the United States. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-264, 31 p. Document available: http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/AFSC-TM/NOAA-TM-AFSC-264.pdf Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-264 The Boundary Reefs: Glass Sponge (Porifera: Hexactinellidae) Reefs on the International Border Between Canada and the United States by R.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Environmental Knowledge of the Stewart Estuary
    STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE STEWART ESTUARY by T.R. CLEUGH Memorandum Report Habitat Protection Division Fisheries and Oceans November 1979 TABLE OF C-ONTENTS INTRODUCTION . " GEOGRAPHY . " . CLIMATE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 3 GEOLOGY . 5 LAND USE • • . • . • . ' 5 HYDROLOGY OF BEAR RIVER ' . 8 SALMON ESCAPEMENT . " . 8 1979 STUDIES •• • • • • l 0 Methods ..... • • • • • • 10 Results • • • 0 • • 0 • • • • 13 DISCUSSION • Cl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 REFERENCES . • . ~ . • • . 23 ( i i ) \\ LIST OF TABLES Table Bear River above Bitter Creek - Monthly and annual mean discharges in \\ cfs for 1967 - 1976 ••..••.•• • • • • 0 9 2 Macrofauna detected in benthic samples from Stewart, B. C. .•...•.•• 14 3 Meiofauna detected in benthic samples from Stewart, B.C. • ••••••.• 15 4 Species of fish caught including times and site numbers •.•.••.••.• 19 5 Salinities and temperatures, Upper Bear River Estuary . 20 . LIST OF PLATES Plate Upper eastern ~stuary, Stewart, B.C., 28 May 1975 ... · • · • • · • . 24 . ' (iv) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R. Russell ahd B. Lawley assisted with the sample collections, and B. Raymond identified the benthic samples. W. Field drafted the figures and T. Collins typed and proofread this memo report. J, Morrison provided critical comments • • . ' i\ INTRODUCTION A Master Plan Study for the Port of Stewart was prepared in 1978 for the .British Columbia Harbours Board. The purpose was to provide cognizant guidelines for a co-ordinated development plan. The study was to provide a ready reference of information to partie~ Interested in developing port facilities. Included in this plan was an environmental overview of the estuary. and area. On reviewing the environmental aspects of this document there were several biological statements for which no quantitative or qualitative information was presented.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea Within: Marine Tenure and Cosmopolitical Debates
    THE SEA WITHIN MARINE TENURE AND COSMOPOLITICAL DEBATES Hélène Artaud and Alexandre Surrallés editors IWGIA THE SEA WITHIN MARINE TENURE AND COSMOPOLITICAL DEBATES Copyright: the authors Typesetting: Jorge Monrás Editorial Production: Alejandro Parellada HURIDOCS CIP DATA Title: The sea within – Marine tenure and cosmopolitical debates Edited by: Hélène Artaud and Alexandre Surrallés Print: Tarea Asociación Gráfica Educativa - Peru Pages: 226 ISBN: Language: English Index: 1. Indigenous Peoples – 2. Maritime Rights Geografical area: world Editorial: IWGIA Publications date: April 2017 INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmak Tel: (+45) 35 27 05 00 – E-mail: [email protected] – Web: www.iwgia.org To Pedro García Hierro, in memoriam Acknowledgements The editors of this book would like to thank the authors for their rigour, ef- fectiveness and interest in our proposal. Also, Alejandro Parellada of IWGIA for the enthusiasm he has shown for our project. And finally, our thanks to the Fondation de France for allowing us, through the “Quels littoraux pour demain? [What coastlines for tomorrow?] programme to bring to fruition the reflection which is the subject of this book. Content From the Land to the Sea within – A presentation Alexandre Surrallés................................................................................................ .. 11 Introduction Hélène Artaud...................................................................................................... ....15 PART I
    [Show full text]
  • Thepacific Slope
    TOIAJME LXXTII.-NO. 156.The SanSAN FRANCISCO,FranciscoWEDNESDAY MORNING, MAY 15,Call.1895. PRICE FIVE CENTS. Stanford University; Miss Estelle M.Dar- bring the loveliest of blooms to headquar- claims of this section for recognition. The rah, Teachers' Training School, St. Paul; ters. Inthe rooms of the Ladies' Auxiliary— directors express themselves in favor of an Miss Irene Hardy, Stanford University; the most beautiful flowers can be seen air line so far as practicable. Such a line from Fresno to Visalia will through the SANTAROSA MOURNS Miss Mary P. Adams, Normal School, San LIKE AFAIRY CITY. the choicest from many gardens of the AMIDFRESNO VINES go SLOPE. included in organization re- PACIFIC the THE Logan brought towns the Jose; MelvilleB. Anderson, Stanford Uni- city. Mrs. J. H. to versity; E. B. Barnard, Lick Observatory, rooms of the Ladies' Auxiliary a bunch of cently formed here to secure the road. Royalists Said and Samuel F. Black,Superintendent Pub- Healdsburg a Maze of peonies measuring three feet indiameter. The Valley Road Party The committee is well pleased with the Alva Porter Moore the Hawaiian licInstruction. Five thousand seats will be placed on assurance given by the directors. Plotting at the 5000 more on the river Victim of a Railroad to Be SAXTA CLAHA FRUIT. Bright-Hued Bunting avenue and Visits the Land of Work of the Engineer*. Angeles. front. STOCKTON, Cal., May 14.—The camp Los Shipments the Keek Shotr an and Flowers. balloting for the maids of honor Vineyards. Accident. for Increase The of the at work the new road Over a Year Ago.
    [Show full text]