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Beraticahaya; “Wijaya” Berartikemenangan

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Beraticahaya; “Wijaya” Berartikemenangan “Sriwijaya” dalamBahasaSanskerta,mengandungduasuku kata: “sri” beraticahaya; “wijaya” berartikemenangan. Jadi, Sriwijaya berarti ‘kemenangan yang bercahaya’. Dan memang, Sriwijayaadalahsatudarikerajaanterbesardalamsejarah Nusantara.Kerajaan ini muncul pada abad ke-7 M dan dikenal sebagai kerajaan maritim yang kuat dengan daerah kekuasaan membentang dari Kamboja, Thailand, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Sulawesi. Bukti awal mengenai keberadaan kerajaan ini berasal dari abad ke-7; seorang pendeta Tiongkok, I Tsing, menulis bahwa ia mengunjungi Sriwijaya tahun 671 dan tinggal selama 6 bulan. Selain catatan I-Tsing, keberadaan Sriwijaya juga terbukti dalam beberapa prasasti berikut. 1. Prasasti Kedudukan Bukit (605 Saka=683 M) Prasasti ini berbahasa Sanskerta yang menyebutkan tentang perjalanan suci (Shidartayatsa) yang dilakukan oleh DapuntaHyang dari Minangatamwan. Perjalanan tersebut berhasil menakhlukan beberapa daerah. 2. Prasasti Talang Tuo (606=648 M) Berisi tentang perbuatan kebun (teman) yang di beri nama Srikstra atas perintah DapuntaHyangSrijayanegara untuk kemakmuran semua makhluk. Dimuat juga doa-doa agama Buddha Mahayana. 3. PrasatiTalaga Batu (tanpa angka tahun) Prasasti ini berbahasa Melayu dan berhuruf Pallawa, berisi tentang kutukan- kutukan kepada siapa saja yang tidak tunduk kepada raja. Ditemukan di Telaga Batu dekat Palembang. 4. Prasasti Kota Kapur (608 Saka=686) Ditemukan di pulau Bangka. Prasasti ini berhuruf Pallawa dan berbahasa Sanskerta, berisi tentang permohonan kepada dewa untuk menjaga kerajaan Sriwijaya dan menghukum siapa saja yangakan bermaksud jahat. Prasasti ini juga menyebutkan tentang penyerangan Sriwijaya ke sebuah kerajaan (kemungkinan adalah kerajaan Tarumanegara). Di akhir abad ke-8 beberapa kerajaan di Jawa, antara lain Tarumanegara berada di bawah pengaruh Sriwijaya. Berdasarkan prasasti Kota Kapur, Sriwijaya menguasai bagian selatan Sumatera hingga Lampung. Kerajaan ini menguasai perdagangan di Selat Malaka, Laut Cina Selatan, Laut Jawa, dan Selat Karimata. Perluasan wilayah ke Jawa dan Semenanjung Melayu (Malaysia), menjadikan Sriwijaya menguasai dua pusat perdagangan utama di Asia Tenggara. Catatan atau bukti peninggalan Sriwijaya memang tersebar di berbagai negara yang berada dalam kekuasaannya. Kota Indrapura di tepi sungai Mekong, di awal abad ke-8 berada di bawah kendali Palembang. Sriwijaya meneruskan dominasinya atas Kamboja, sampai raja Khmer Jayawarman II, pendiri imperium Khmer, memutuskan hubungan dengan kerajaan di abad yang sama. Pada masa Samaratungga berkuasa, 792 sampai 835, ia lebih memusatkan perhatian pada penguasaan wilayah di Pulau Jawa. Pada masa kepemimpinannya itulah Candi Borobudur di Jawa dibangun dan selesai pada tahun 825. Pada abad ke-12, luas wilayah Sriwijaya meliputi Sumatera, Sri Lanka, Malaysia (Kelantan, Kedah, Pahang, misalnya), Jawa Barat, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, dan Filipina. Dengan penguasaan tersebut, kerajaan Sriwijaya menjadi kerajaan maritim besar hingga sekitar tahun 1200. Kekuatan Sriwijaya mulai pudar pada sekitar tahun 1000. RajendraChola, Raja Chola dari Koromandel, India Selatan menyerang Sriwijaya dalam tiga gelombang. Yang pertama tahun 1017. Kemudian tahun 1025 pasukan India Selatan menaklukkan Kedah dari Sriwijaya dan menguasainya. Pada tahun 1068 hampir seluruh wilayah Sriwijaya diserang. Meskipun serbuan Chola tidak berhasil sepenuhnya, tetapi serangan-serangannya memberi dampak yang sangat besar. Beberapa negara kecil yang tadinya berada di bawah kekuasaan Sriwijaya melepaskan diri. Pada tahun 1288, Kerajaan Singhasari melakukan “EkspidisiPamalayu”. Ekspidisi di sini bisa berarti “penyerangan”. EkspidisiPamalayu berhasil meruntuhkan Palembang dan Jambi. Selanjutnya, pada tahun 1293 Sriwijaya tunduk pada kekuasaan Kerajaan Majapahit. Pada tahun 1402, Parameswara, pangeran terakhir Sriwijaya mendirikan Kesultanan Malaka di Semenanjung Malaysia.Pada pergantian abad itulah keberadaan Sriwijaya sebagai sebuah kerajaan berakhir. Kerajaan Kalingga atau disebut juga Kerajaan Ho-ling diperkirakan terletak di utara Jawa Tengah. Kalingga telah ada pada abad ke-6 Masehi dan keberadaannya diketahui dari sumber-sumber Tiongkok. Berdasarkan namanya, kemungkinan kerajaan Kalingga didirikan oleh beberapa orang kelompok dari India. Diperkirakan mereka berasal dari Orisa. Mereka melarikan diri karena Orisa dihancurkan oleh Maharaja India bernama Asoka. Dalam pelarian itulah mereka meneukan Pulau Jawa dan mendirikan kerajaan. Keberadaan Kerajaan Kalingga terbukti dengan ditemukannya 1. Prasasti Tukmasdi lereng barat Gunung Merapi tepatnya di Dusun Dakawu, Desa Lebak, Kecamatan Grabag Magelang di Jawa Tengah. Prasasti ini menyebutkan tentang mata air yang bersih dan jernih. Sungai yang mengalir dari sumber air tersebut disamakan dengan Sungai Gangga di India. 2. Prasasti Sojomertodi Desa Sojomerto, Kecamatan Reban, Kabupaten Batang, Jawa Tengah. Prasasti ini beraksara Kawi dan berbahasa Melayu Kuna dan berasal dari sekitar abad ke-7 Masehi. Prasasti ini bersifat keagamaan Siwais. Isi prasasti memuat keluarga dari tokoh utamanya, DapuntaSelendra, yaitu ayahnya bernama Santanu, ibunya bernama Bhadrawati, sedangkan istrinya bernama Sampula. DapuntaSelendra adalah cikal-bakal raja-raja keturunan Wangsa Sailendra yang berkuasa di Kerajaan Mataram Hindu. 3. Candi Angindi Desa Tempur, Kecamatan Keling, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah. 4. Candi Bubrah di Desa Tempur Kecamatan Keling, Kabupaten Jepara Jawa Tengah Catatan dari berita Cina ini juga menyebutkan bahwa sejak tahun 674, rakyat Ho-ling diperintah oleh Ratu Sima (Simo). Ia adalah seorang ratu yang sangat adil dan bijaksana. Pada masa pemerintahannya Kerajaan Ho-ling sangat aman dan tentram. Putri MaharaniShima, Parwati, menikah dengan putera mahkota Kerajaan Galuh yang bernama Mandiminyak, yang kemudian menjadi raja kedua dari Kerajaan Galuh. MaharaniShima memiliki cucu yang bernama Sanaha yang menikah dengan raja ketiga dari Kerajaan Galuh, yaitu Brantasenawa. Sanaha dan Bratasenawa memiliki anak yang bernama Sanjaya yang kelak menjadi raja Kerajaan Sunda dan Kerajaan Galuh (723-732 M). Setelah MaharaniShima meninggal di tahun 732 M, Sanjaya menggantikan buyutnya dan menjadi raja Kerajaan Kalingga Utara yang kemudian disebut Bumi Mataram, dan kemudian mendirikan Dinasti/Wangsa Sanjaya di Kerajaan Mataram Kuno. B. RUMUSAN MASALAH 1. Bagaimana kehidupan politik di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga? 2. Bagaimana kehidupan sosial di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga? 3. Bagaimana kehidupan ekonomi di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga? 4. Bagaimana kehidupan agama di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga? C. TUJUAN 1. Memahami kehidupan politik di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga. 2. Memahami kehidupan sosial di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga. 3. Memahami kehidupan ekonomi di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga. 4. Memahami kehidupan agama di Kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Kerajaan Kalingga. BAB II PEMBAHASAN A. KERAJAAN SRIWIJAYA 1. Kehidupan Politik Kehidupan politik kerajaan Sriwijaya dapat ditinjau dari raja-raja yang memerintah, wilayah kekuasaan, dan hubungannya dengan pihak luar negeri. a. Raja yang memerintah (yang terkenal) 1) DapuntaHyang SriJayanasa Beliau merupakan pendiri kerajaan Sriwijaya. Pada masa pemerintahannya, ia berhasil memperluas wilayah kekuasaan sampai wilayah Jambi dengan menduduki daerah Minangatamwan yang terletak di dekat jalur perhubungan pelayaran perdagangan di Selat Malaka. Sejak awal ia telah mencita-citakan agar Sriwijaya menjadi kerajaan maritim. 2) Balaputera Dewa Awalnya, Balaputradewa adalah raja di Kerajaan Syailendra. Ketika terjadi perang saudara antara Balaputra Dewa dan Pramodhawardani (kakaknya) yang dibantu oleh Rakai Pikatan (Dinasti Sanjaya), Balaputra Dewa mengalami kekalahan. Akibatnya ia lari ke Kerajaan Sriwijaya, dimana Raja Dharma Setru (kakak dari ibu Raja Balaputra Dewa) tengah berkuasa. Karena ia tak mempunyai keturunan, ia mengangkat Balaputradewa sebagi raja. Masa pemerintahan Balaputradewa diperkirakan dimulai pada tahun 850 M. Sriwijaya mengalami perkembangan pesat dengan meingkatkan kegiatan pelayaran dan perdagangan rakyat. Pada masa pemerintahannya pula, Sriwijaya mengadakan hubungan dengan Kerajaan Chola dan Benggala (Nalanda) dalam bidang pengembangan agama Buddha, bahkan menjadi pusat penyebaran agama Buddha di Asia Tenggara. 3) Sri SanggaramaWijayatunggawarman Pada masa pemerintahannya, Sriwijaya dikhianati dan diserang oleh kerajaan Chola. Sang raja ditawan dan baru dilepaskan pada masa pemerintahan Raja Kulottungga I di Chola. b. Wilayah kekuasaan Setelah berhasil menguasai Palembang, ibu kota Kerajaan Sriwijaya dipindahakan dari Muara Takus ke Palembang. Dari Palembang, Kerajaan Sriwijaya dengan mudah dapat menguasai daerah-daerah di sekitarnya seperti Pulau Bangka yang terletak di pertemuan jalan perdagangan internasional, Jambi Hulu yang terletak di tepi Sungai Batanghari dan mungkin juga Jawa Barat (Tarumanegara). Maka dalam abad ke-7 M, Kerajaan Sriwijaya telah berhasil menguasai kunci-kunci jalan perdagangan yang penting seperti Selat Sunda, Selat Bangka, Selat Malaka, dan Laut Jawa bagian barat. Pada abad ke-8 M, perluasan Kerajaan Sriwijaya ditujukan ke arah utara, yaitu menduduki Semenanjung Malaya dan Tanah Genting Kra. Pendudukan terhadap daerah Semenanjung Malaya bertujuan untuk menguasai daerah penghasil lada dan timah. Sedangkan pendudukan terhadap daerah Tanah Genting Kra bertujuan untuk menguasai lintas jalur perdagangan antara Cina dan India. Tanah
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