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Bata Bertulis Kaitannya Dengan Bangunan Candi 1 Bumiayu

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Bata Bertulis Kaitannya Dengan Bangunan Candi 1 Bumiayu Bata Bertulis Kaitannya dengan Bangunan Candi 1 Bumiayu Retno Purwanti Keywords: inscription, gold plate, inscribed brick, Bumiayu temple, Srivijaya How to Cite: Purwanti, R. Bata Bertulis Kaitannya dengan Bangunan Candi 1 Bumiayu. Berkala Arkeologi, 14(2), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.30883/jba.v14i2.725 Berkala Arkeologi https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/ Volume 14 No. 2, 1994, 207–212 DOI: 10.30883/jba.v14i2.725 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. BATA BERTULJS KAJT ANNY A DENGAN BANGUNAN CANDI 1 BUMIA YU Retno Purwanti (Balai Arkeologi Palembang) Pendahuluan Temuan baru berupa fragmen prasasti dan Bagi para peneliti sejarah yang bermaksud data arkeologis di situs Bumiayu, Kecamatan mengadakan penelitian mengenai permasalah­ Tanah Abang, Kabupaten Muara En1m, Sumate­ an tentang sejarah Indonesia kuno, maka sum­ ra Selatan, membuktikan adanya budaya lain d1 ber-sumber pen ulisanse jarah merupakan syarat samping Sriwijaya yang selama ini mendom,­ utama yang tidak mungkin diabaikan . Sumber­ nasi sejarah lokal Sumatera Selatan. sumber penulisan sejarah Indonesia kuna meli­ puti prasastl, hasil kesusasteraan, peninggalan­ Data Ar1(elogis Situs Tanah Abang peninggalan arkeologis dan berita-berita asing Peninggalan arkeologis berupa sisa-s,sa (Boechari,198 2:6). Dibandingkan dengan sum­ bangunan candi ditem ukan di Desa Bum,ayu, ber-sumber lain, prasasti memiliki keunggulan Kecamatan Perwakilan Tanah Abang, Kabupa­ tersendiri. Dari prasasti dapat diketahui tentang ten Muara Enim, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. struktur kerajaan, struktur birokrasi, stru ktur ke­ ° Daerah tersebut berada pada garis 3 19'59" LS masyarakatan, struktur perekonomian, agama, 104•5'5,45" BT. Sampai saat ini telah berhasil kepercayaan dan adat-istiadat masyarakat kuno ditemukan tidak kurang 9 buah gundukan tanah Indonesia (Boechari, 1977}. Di samping itu dapat dengan sebaran bata pada permukaannya , yang diketahui pula unsur-unsur pertanggalan secara mengindikasikan adanya bangunan cand i. tepat. Keunggutan-keunggulan inilah yang mem­ Berdasarkan hasil ekskavasi yang dilaku­ buat para pakar sejarah menempatkan prasasti kan tahun 1992 oleh Puslit Arkenas dapat dike­ sebagai sumber data yar1g utama di antara tahui, bahwa Candi 1 berdenah persegi panjang sumber-sumber penulisan sejarah yang lain. dengan ukuran 10 x 1 6m. Pintu masuk bangun­ Mesk1 pun demik1an, tidak semua prasasti yang an candi terletak di sebelah timur laut mengha­ ditemukan memuat uraian-uraian yang lengkap dap ke arah Sungai Lematang. Di sebelah kin seperti yang terdapat pada prasasti Kudadu dan dan kanan pintu masuk terdapat area singa da­ Pucangan Bahkan seJumlah prasasti ditemukan lam posisi mendekam. Pada bagian dinding luar dalam keadaan tidak utuh lagi atau hanya me­ pintu masuk dipahatkan relief roda. Penggam­ muat beberapa kata saja, misalnya angka tahun baran relief tersebut tepat di belakang area si­ atau nama raJa. nga, sehingga memberi kesan seolah-olah s1- Dari seJumlah prasasti-prasasti yang per­ nga ini sedang menarik roda (kereta?) . Se­ nah ditemukan di Indonesia, beberapa di antara­ lain kedua area singa tersebut, ditemukan juga nya d1temukan di Palembang dan sekitamya. 4 buah area singa dalam posisi berdiri. Prasast1-prasasti tersebut biasanya dikaitkan Ttnggalan arkeologis lainnya yang berhasil keberadaan keraj aan Sriwijaya. Berda­ dengan dikumpulkan dari hasi l penelitian yang dilakukan sarkan prasasti-prasasti dan tinggalan-tinggalan oleh Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasiona l, arkeolog1s yang ditemukan di Sumatera Selatan EFEO, Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Palembang umumnya dan Palembang khususnya, beberapa dan Balai Arkeologi Palembang sejak tahun i ahl mengemukakan bahwa pusat kerajaan 1990 sampai tahun 1 993, antara lain: struktur Snwijaya ada di Palembang. Kerajaan tersebut bangunan beserta komponen-komponennya, Ii­ berkembang sejak abad ke-7 sampai ke-13 M. ma buah area (Siwa, Agastya, Nandi, Arca Per­ Asumsi tersebut didukung pula dengan berita­ wujudan 1, dan Arca PerwuJudan 2), stambha, berita asing (Cina, Arab dan Portugis). Waiau­ kotak peripih, yon, dan fragmen prasasti bata . pun demikian, bukan berarti gambaran tentang Komponen-komponen bangunan cand1 yang kerajaan ini sudah dapat diketahui seluruhnya, berhasil dikumpulkan dari Candi 1 ialah kemun­ mela,nkan justru sebaliknya. Hal ini dikarenaka� cak candi, panil-panil h1asan tubuh cand1, s1m­ masih kurangnya data yang didapatkan kembah, bar dan bata-bata berhias (huruf dan gambar) . sehingga usaha untuk merekonstruksi Sriwijaya Di t�bing Sungai Lematang, tidak jauh dari Can­ dengan segala aspek kehidupannya mas,_h Jauh di 1 pemah ditemukan pula sebuah buh-buh dari lengkap. Misalnya saja tentang keh1dupan yang di delamnya berisi prasasti yang d1gurat­ masyarakatnya. Oleh karena itulah, penemuan­ kan pada lempengan emas. Di lokasi yang sa­ penemuan data baru, baik prasasti maupun data ma ditemukan juga fragmen keramik lokal dan arkeologis lainnya dapat memperkaya dan me­ asing dalam akumulasi yang cukup padat. lengkapi khasanah sejarah Indonesia. Berlcala ArkeologiE DIS/ KHUSUS - 1994 207 Penodisasi Dan Latar Belakang Keagamaan karto Karto Atmodjo) Oewi Prtiwi dan Dewa Ag­ Candi 1 ni . Ditinjau dari paleografinya tulisan pada Jem­ pengan emas tersebut berasal antara,abad ke- A. PeriodisasiUntuk mertentukan Candi 1 periodisasi suatu ba­ 10 dan ke- 12 M. Selain itu, padfa tahun 1993 ngunan tinggalan masa lampau dapat diguna­ ditemukan sebuah fragmen prasasti yang digo­ kan beberapa cara, di antaranya ialah melalui reskan pada bata, terdiri dari tiga baris. Berda­ prasasti, bentuk arsitektur, gaya seninya atau­ sarkan hasil pembacaan Soekarto tulisan terse­ pun keramik asing yang ditemukan di sekitar but berbunyi: I. ya/u ..... ; 2. ka kanya si ... ; dan 3. • situs atau bangunan. Ditinjau dari cara pema­ kata dl<at ... (kawa dkat ...). Berdasarkan paleo­ hatannya, area-area singa dari Candi 1 mirip de­ grafinya diperkirakan berasal dari kurun waktu ngan area singa yang terdapat di Candi Borobu­ antara abad ke 1 0-11 M. Karena tulisannya tidak dur. Berdasarkan persamaan langgam te rsebut utuh lagi, maka maksud dan maknanya tidak dapat diperkirakan bahwa Candi 1 didirikan pa­ dapat diketahui dengan pasti. da kurun waktu yang sama dengan Candi Boro­ Dari data keramik Cina yang berhasil di­ budur, yaitu antara abad ke-8- 1 0 M (Poespone­ kumpulkan di situs ini dapat diketahui pula iden­ goro dan Nugroho Notosusanto, 1 984: 1 1 0). tifikasi pertanggalan situs, yaitu antara abad , O - Kala yang merupakan• komponen bangu­ 14 M. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kera­ nan candi ditemukan di antara runtuhan pintu mik-keramik tersebut berbentuk mangkuk, pi­ masuk Candi 1. Hiasan kala ditempatkan pada ring, tempayan, dan cawan, yang berasal dan ambang pintu masuk atau relung candi, digam­ masa dinasti Song (abad 1 0-1 2 M) dan dinastJ barkan tanpa rahang bawah. Ciri-ciri kala te r­ Song-Yuan {abad 1 3- 1 4 M) . Fragmen keramik sebut dijumpai juga pada kala-kala yang terda­ yang paling dominan ditemukan ialah keramik pat pada candi-candi periode Jawa Tengah. De­ dari masa dinasti Song yang berasal dari abad ngan demikian dapat diperkirakan bahwa pendi­ ke- 10 - 12 M. rian Candi 1 sej aman dengan periode Jawa Te­ Sefain area-area singa yang bergaya Jawa ngah (antara abad ke-8 sampai ke- 1 0 M). Tengah, area-area lain yang ditemukan di situs Ditinjau dari bentuk arsitekturnya, Candi 1 Candi 1 memiliki gaya kesenian dari periode Ja­ diduga berasal sekitar abad• I ke-8. Hal ini tert ihat wa Timur, khususnya pada bagian rambutnya. pada bentuk denah bujur sangkar. Hal tersebut Ditinjau dari ikonografinya, kelembutan, keinda­ didasarkan pada asumsi Soekmono yang me­ han (detail) hiasan maupun postur tubuhnya me­ nyatakan ciri-ciri sebuah candi masa awal di nunjukkan persamaan dengan area-area yang Indonesia berdenah bujursangkar. dan berpe­ ditemukan di Candi Gurah, Jawa Timur. Menurut nampil satu pada pintu. Gejala tersebut ditemu­ Soekmono candi tersebut berasal dari masa pe­ kan pada bangunan tahap pertama Candi 1. ralihan antara kesenian Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Pendukung lain berupa bentuk profif bagian kaki Timur, yaitu antara abad ke-10 - ke 11 M. candi, mempunyai hiasan pelipit sisi genta (padma) dan pelipit setengah lingkaran (kumu­ 8. LatarBelakang Keagamaan cam,; 1 da). Profi l candi serupa juga dijumpai pada Berd asarkan temuan area-area yang ten­ candi-candi yang berasal dari abad ke-8-10 M, dentifikasi dapat diketahui latar belakang keaga­ mIsalnya Candi Mendut dan Prambanan. maan Candi 1, yakni Hindu. Arca-area tersebut Petunj uk lain yang dapat digunakan seba­ berupa area Siwa, Agastya dan Nandi. Temuan gai identifikasi pertanggalan ialah stambha, lempengan emas menyebut nama Dewi Prtiwi yang digambarkan dalam bentuk tiga tokoh da­ dan Dewa Agni, yang termasuk dewa-dewa da­ lam satu area. Ketiga makhluk tersebut terdiri lam pantheon agama Hindu memperkuat duga­ dari: gajah te rtetak di bagian paJing bawah, gha­ an ini. Sifat ke-Hindu-an Candi 1 tampak pula na (makhfuk kerdil) di atasnya, sedangkan ba- dari hasil penelitian Peter Ferdinandus berda­ 9Ian paling atas ialah singa Menurut Bambang sarkan data-data geolog1s yang ditemukan di Budi Utomo, stambha ini menggambarkan sekitarsitus. Lebih lanjut dikatakan bahwa ada­ sengk.alan memet (candnMatJfll<ala yang nya sungai-sungai yang mengefingi situs dan menggunakan gambar). Jika dugaan tersebut satu sama lain sating bertemu menunjukkan benar, maka area tersebut menggambarkan bahwa Candi
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