Mycorhization Contrôlée D'une Cistacée Pérenne Par Les Terfez En

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Mycorhization Contrôlée D'une Cistacée Pérenne Par Les Terfez En Université d’Oran Es-Senia Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département de Biotechnologie Mémoire de MAGISTER en Biotechnologie Option : Intérêt des microorganismes en agriculture et en agroalimentaire Présenté et soutenu publiquement par : KERMANI Ismahene Thème : Mycorhization contrôlée d’une Cistacée pérenne par les terfez en conditions gnotoxéniques et essai de transplantation sur le terrain. Soutenu le 02 / 07 / 2013 devant le jury composé de Pr. Aoues A. Université d’Oran Président Pr. Hadjadj Aoul S. Université d’Oran Examinateur Pr. Bellahcene M. C. U. Ain Temouchent Examinateur Pr. Fortas Z. Université d’Oran Rapporteur Table des matières Liste des tableaux .........................................................................................................................i Liste des figures .......................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1: Synthèse bibliographique 1. Connaissances sur les terfez.................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Historique des terfez........................................................................................................ 3 1.2. Définition et les noms vernaculaires ............................................................................... 4 1.3. Répartition géographique des terfez................................................................................ 5 1.4. Ecologie des terfez........................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1. Caractéristiques physico-chimiques du sol............................................................. 5 1.4.2. La pluviométrie...................................................................................................... 10 1.4.3. Partenaires végétaux des terfez.............................................................................. 11 1.5. Position taxonomique des Tirmania............................................................................... 12 1.6. Caractéristiques morphologiques des terfez ................................................................... 15 1.7. Cycle biologique des terfez ............................................................................................ 18 1.8. Ennemies des truffes....................................................................................................... 19 1.9. Cultures mycéliennes des terfez ..................................................................................... 20 1.10. Valeurs alimentaires et propriétés thérapeutiques........................................................ 21 2. Généralités sur les mycorhizes............................................................................................... 22 2.1. Historique et définition................................................................................................... 22 2.2. Classification des mycorhizes ............................................................................... 23 2.2.1. Endomycorhizes arbusculaires............................................................................... 24 2.2.2. Mycorhizes des Ericacées...................................................................................... 26 2.2.3. Mycorhizes des Orchidées ..................................................................................... 27 2.2.4. Ectomycorhizes...................................................................................................... 28 2.2.5. Mycorhizes arbutoïdes........................................................................................... 29 2.2.6. Ectendomycorhizes................................................................................................ 29 2.2.7. Les champignons Sébacinacés............................................................................... 29 2.3. Fonction des mycorhizes ................................................................................................ 29 2.3.1. Absorption des éléments minéraux ........................................................................ 30 2.3.2. Absorption de I'eau ................................................................................................ 30 2.3.3. Activités hormonales ............................................................................................. 31 2.3.4. Glomaline et agrégation des sols ........................................................................... 31 2.3.5. Protection contre les organismes pathogènes .......................................................... 31 2.3.6. La tolérance aux métaux lourds et phytoremédiation............................................ 32 3. La famille des Cistacées......................................................................................................... 32 3.1. Principales caractéristiques des Cistacées ...................................................................... 32 3.1.1. Distribution géographique et position taxonomique.............................................. 32 3.1.2. Description botanique ............................................................................................ 34 3.2. Le genre Helianthemum.................................................................................................. 36 3.2.1. Répartition géographique....................................................................................... 36 3.2.2. Description botanique ............................................................................................ 36 3.2.3. L’espèce Helianthemum lippii (L.) Pers ................................................................ 38 3.2.3.1. Noms vernaculaires et synonymes ............................................................. 38 3.2.3.2. Répartition géographique et écologie......................................................... 38 3.2.3.3. Description botanique................................................................................. 39 3.3. Importance écologique des Cistacées ............................................................................. 41 3.4. Mycorhizes des Cistacées............................................................................................... 41 3.4.1. Associations mycorhiziennes Cistus / Basidiomycètes ......................................... 41 3.4.2. Associations mycorhiziennes Cistus/ Tuber sp ..................................................... 42 3.4.3. Associations mycorhizienne Cistacées/ terfez....................................................... 43 3.4.4. Associations mycorhiziennes Cistacées/ diverses espèces fongiques ................... 45 3.5. Micropropagation des Cistacées..................................................................................... 49 3.6. Propriétés médicinales et intérêt économique et pastoral............................................... 50 3.6.1. Vertus médicinales ou aromatiques des Cistacées................................................. 50 3.6.2. Intérêt économique et pastoral d’H. lippii ............................................................. 51 4. Production et transplantation des plants mycorhizés par la truffe ......................................... 52 Chapitre 2 : Matériel et méthodes 1. Matériel .................................................................................................................................. 55 1.1. Origine du matériel d’étude............................................................................................ 55 1.2. Localisation géographique et climat de la région de Béchar.......................................... 55 1.3. Matériel fongique ........................................................................................................... 57 1.4. Matériel végétal .............................................................................................................. 58 1.5. Le substrat naturel de culture : la terre ........................................................................... 59 2. Méthodes ................................................................................................................................ 59 2.1. Examens des échantillons d’ascocarpes de deux espèces de terfez................................ 59 2.2. Réalisation des associations mycorhiziennes entre H. lippii et les deux espèces de Tirmania, en conditions de serre ........................................................................................... 59 2.2.1. Désinfection du substrat naturel de culture............................................................ 59 2.2.2. Désinfection des graines d’Helianthemum lippii.................................................. 60 2.2.3. Préparation de l’inoculum fongique....................................................................... 60 2.2.4. Inoculation des plants d’H. lippii en condition gnotoxéniques ............................. 61 2.3. Méthodes d’étude des mycorhizes obtenue.................................................................... 61 2.3.1. Examens macroscopiques et microscopiques des racines ..................................... 61 2.3.2. Evaluation de l’infection mycorhizienne............................................................... 62 2.3.3. Evaluation de l’Indice de dépendance mycorhizien
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