DIRECTORATE OF MINING WITH COMMISSIONER OF MINES AT SVALBARD

Mineral resources in

Production data

and annual report 2006 3 000 1 500 0 1990 1997 2006

Publication no. 2 2007 Titania AS, , . Photo:Titania AS. Table of contents

Foreword

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Web sites and databases

4. Developement in the mining and quarrying industry

5. Mining and quarrying industry in 2006

5.1 Industrial minerals 5.2 Natural stone 5.3 Building materials 5.4 Metallic ores 5.5 Energy minerals

6. Management functions (BV)

6.1 Pre-claims and claims 6.2 Non-claimable minerals 6.3 Management issues governed by other laws

7. Mineral deposits of national importance (NGU) (7.1-4. Maps)

8. Challenges for the future

3 Foreword

This report on production of mineral resources in Norway was prepared by the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) and the Directorate of Mining with the Commissioner of Mines at Svalbard (BV).The response deadline was set at 20th June, 2007.

Six hundred and sixty seven producers have submitted data that are presented in a number of figures and tables. Compared to previous reports "Norwegian mineral production" from the Directorate of Mining and "Mineral resources in Norway" from NGU, the data set presented here has never been larger, even when production data from a number of smaller deposits are still lacking.

Project planning and verification of mineral production data from 2006 was done by Gunn Sandvik, Knut Riiber, Geir Strand and Peer-Richard Neeb all from NGU, and by Peter Brugmans and Brit Kaasbøl from the Directorate of Mining. Graphic design have been carried out by Bjørg Svendgård, NGU.

Trondheim 17.01.2008

Morten Smelror Per Zakken Brekke Director Commissioner of Mines Geological Survey of Norway Directorate of Mines with Commissioner of Mines for Svalbard

4 1. Abstract

Aggregate production for export, Norsk Stein AS, Jelsa, Rogaland. Photo: Norsk Stein AS. In 2006, the Norwegian mine- ral and mining industry had an annual turnover of NOK 9.2 billion, and exported pro- ducts valued at NOK 5.6 billi- on. Seventy-five million metric tons of mineral raw materials were produced, by some 4,700 employees in about 670 companies.

Photo: Norsk Stein AS.

The mineral and mining industry is of great signi- ficance in outlying regi- ons, with the highest turn- overs in the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Rogaland, Nordland, Photo: Norsk Stein AS. Photo: Norsk Stein AS. Vestfold and Finnmark.

5 ALUMINIUM STEEL, TITANIUM Environmental CONCRETE ROOFTILES liming Limestone: BRICKS FROM CLAY LIMESTONE AND OLIVINE CONCRETE DOLOMITE? Ice cream: LIMESTONE/CEMENT TITANIUM DIOXIDE /GRAVEL Glas: FELDSPAR NEPHELINE SYENITE QUARTZ ROOFING SLATE

A/S CONCRETE A/S CONCRETE

Porcelain: LIMESTONE Car/train: NEPHELINE IRON Tiles: LARVIKITE ALUMINIUM SYENITE LEAD,COPPER DOLOMITE ANORTHOSITE ZINC FELDSPAR MAGNESIUM Light bulb: SAND QUARTZ? Paint: NATURAL STONE LIMESTONE TALC,KAOLIN Paintwork: TITANIUM QUARTZ LIMESTONE Minerals A/S FROM TALC ILMENITE/RUTILE PC: MICA COPPER TITANIUM DIOXIDE Pencil: IRON FROM ILMENITE SCHIST LIGHTWEIGHT FILLER GRAPHITE RUTILE HEMATITE LECA CLAY Floor: CONCRETE SLEEPERS Rubber: MARBLE FROM LIMESTONE/ DOLOMITE LIMESTONE CEMENT TALC WEARING COVER? Paper: SAND/GRAVEL GRAPHITE (ASPHALT, AGGREGATE ROCKWOOL LIMESTONE LECA GRANITE AGGREGATE COURSE }OR GRAVEL) LECA/CLAY DOLOMITE SAND/GRAVEL TIGHT WEIGHT FILLER SAND TITANIUM AGGREGATE AGGREGATE TALC BASE COURSE KAOLIN CONCRETE- LIMESTONE/CEMENT AGGREGATE SAND/GRAVEL ?WEIGHT FILLER AGGREGATE SAND/GRAVEL BASE OR SAND/GRAVEL LECA SAND/GRAVEL FILTERLAYER OR BASEMENT TILL TILL FINE AGGREGATE

BEDROCK BEDROCK

Peer R. Neeb 2006

Minerals in use.

6 2. Introduction

The mineral and mining industry concrete, and coal for metallurgical use planning, including appropriate comprises companies involved in processes and for energy production. attention to mineral reserves in produc- extraction and processing of minerals Per capita annual consumption of tion and to resources, which may be and rocks, from bedrock and/or minerals and mineral products important in the future. superficial deposits. Five main groups amounts to 10-15 metric tons, which, of materials can be distinguished: over an average life-time, adds up to To provide an up-to-date annual over- c. 1,000 tonnes/person. view of the mineral industry, to be avai- Industrial minerals (e.g. calcium carbo- lable by the end of June the following nate rock (marble and limestone), dolo- Initially, production data from mineral year. mite, olivine, nepheline syenite, quartz) producers were collected by the Directorate of Mining (Bergvesenet - NGU has compiled the overview of Natural and dimension stone (e.g. larvi- BV) and the Geological Survey of mineral production data based on the kite, granite, marble, slate/flagstone and Norway (Norges geologiske undersø- response to enquiries to producers. building stone) kelse - NGU), published annually in The producers of gravel and aggregate 'Norway's mining production' and contacted are mainly taken from the Building materials (e.g. gravel, sand, 'Mineral resources in Norway', NGU Gravel and Aggregate Database, hard-rock aggregate, rock for ballast respectively. Since 2006, the annual and on producers registered in the and clay) overview has been published in colla- Directorate of Mining’s database. boration between NGU and BV. Metallic ores (eg. iron, nickel and ilmenite Where fewer than three companies - titanium) The primary goals in publishing mine- are involved, NGU and BV have ral production data include: come to an agreerment with the pro- Energy minerals (eg. coal and peat) ducers on how the figures can be Demonstration of the importance of the presented in diagrams and tables. All of the above materials are essen- mineral industry to the Ministry of Trade Data on total production tonnage, tial for every-day life: modern society and Industry, to other ministries and annual overturn and employment are cannot exist without using mineral public authorities and to the general given priority. raw materials such as iron ore for public, production of steel, limestone for Data on mineral resources of natio- cement and paper, aggregate for Assistance to county and local authorities, nal significance have been collated by road-building, sand and gravel for and to industry in ensuring optimal land- NGU.

Peer - Richard Neeb,Team leader Peter Brugmans, Senior consultant

7 www.ngu.no www.bergvesenet.no

www.prospecting.no www.ngu.no/grusogpukk

8 3. Web sites and databases

NGU maintains and continuously The criteria used to select the depo- regarding the significance of mineral expands databases on Norway's nati- sits of national interest are: resources in planning processes, in onal mineral resources. Data on sand accordance with the Planning and and gravel, hard-rock aggregate, Deposits with a potential for major Building Act. Local authorities (coun- industrial mineral and ore deposits, exports, including export after initial pro- ties, municipalities) are referred to and natural stone are all freely acces- cessing in Norway, NGU's Gravel and Aggregate sible at www.ngu.no, under the hea- Database, and are made aware of any dings: Geological services, then: Deposits with a potential for becoming significant deposits that should Databases. significant producers for the Norwegian remain available for future extraction. market, Distribution of information to indus- The website of the Directorate of try and administrative users in an Deposits which could be expected to Mining effective manner is a major challenge. come into production within a time per- (www.bergvesenet.no/eng_index.php) The internet portal www.prospec- spective of 50 years. provides information on the ting.no, developed by NGU and the Directorate's institutional role, and Directorate of Mining, provides It is important to ensure that signifi- information about the mining indus- access to data on geology, mining cant mineral deposits are a fully inte- try and related activities.The site also claims and protected areas. Detailed grated part of municipal land-use gives information on relevant regula- geological maps and information on planning. How firmly and in which tions and has links to the appropriate known mineral deposits are both way potential mineral deposits must laws.The site also provides informati- essential in the identification of new be secured for future extraction may on on mining activities on Svalbard, prospects. vary from deposit to deposit. and regulations applying there. National, county and municipal aut- NGU has developed a provisional horities will find NGU's database The prospecting portal (www.pro- overview of mineral resources of nati- helpful in responsible long-term specting.no), which is updated every onal significance.These are deposits management of mineral resources. Monday, shows current claims and which have a substantial value, and pre-claims. which must be given appropriate The Directorate of Mining (BV) has attention in landuse planning processes. the right to comment on matters

Summary of the number of Norwegian mineral deposits that NGU has information on, Summary of Directorate of Mining. together with the number of deposits considered of importance, where the information has been prepared for internet presentation. Number of pre-claims: Commodity type Prepared for internet presentation 3221 Industrial Minerals 2350 Metals 4513 Number of areas in the Planning Natural stone 1144 and Building Act reserved for Aggregates 1100 resource exploitation: Sand/gravel 9200 1908 Total 18307

9 Kvalsund, quartzite Tana, quartzite Spitsbergen Stjernøy, nepheline syenite Bjørnevann, gneiss

Gruve 7, coal Alta, flagstone TROMSØ Barentsburg, coal Svea Nord, coal Trælen,Skaland, graphite

Andøy, peat Bergneset, gabbro

Svalbard Sortland, gneiss Hekkelstrand, dolomite Lødingen, syenite Kjøpsvik, limestone Drag, quartz Hammerfall, dolomite Løgavelen, dolomite BODØ Fauske, marble Mårnes, quartzite Fonndalen, gravel Main centres of mineral Ørtfjell, iron Altermark, talc production in Norway Mosjøen, gabbro Seljeli, dolomite

Industrial minerals Velfjord, limestone Metallic ores

Hestvika, limestone Natural stone

Nord-Fosen, gneiss Snåsa, flagstone Hard-rock aggregates Sparbu, serpentinite Sørli, flagstone Leinsmyra, peat Ottersbo, quartzite Verdal, limestone Sand and gravel TRONDHEIM Vassfjellet, gabbro Lia, gabbro Coal Kristiansund, gneiss Støren, trondhjemite Fræna/Eide, limestone Glærum, Berkåk, trondhjemite Peat limestone Ålesund, gneiss Oppdal, flagstone Steinsvik, olivine Åheim, olivine Stranda, olivine Svelgen, sandstone Lefdal, olivine Tolga, trondhjemite

Otta, flagstone/soapstone Elstad, quartzite Halsvik, gneiss DIRECTORATE OF MINING Gudvangen, WITH COMMISSIONER OF MINES AT SVALBARD anorthosite Østre Slidre, flagstone Hamar, gravel Eikefet, gneiss Askøy, gneiss Åndalen, gneiss Hamar, limestone Hole, limestone BERGEN Jondal, flagstone Dal, gneiss Nittedal, peat Hadeland, porphyry OSLO Ullensaker, peat Steinskogen, basalt Feiring, gneiss Berakvam, gneiss Røyken, granite Vinterbro, gneiss Espevik, gneiss Svelvik, gravel Årdal, gravel Sundland, peat Mona, gravel Tau, quartz diorite Skien, Tjerbo, peat , gravel gneiss Larvik, larvikite Kragerø, gabbro Sirevåg/Hå, anorthosite Iddefjorden, granite Kragerø, quartzite Hedrum,larvikite Bjørntvedt and Rekefjord,anorthosite/gabbro Tellnes, ilmenite Dalen, limestone Lindesnes, gneiss Glamsland, Kristiansand, feldspar/quartz gneiss

10 4. Developments in the mining and quarrying industry

The past 20-25 years have seen sub- major player in the industry, particu- based industries in recent years. stantial structural changes in the larly through its ownership of Norsk The mineral and mining industry is industry. Production of industrial Jernverk / Rana Gruber, capital intensive, requiring a higher minerals has increased and producti- AS Sydvaranger and their subsidiaries. investment per employee than indus- on of natural stone has increased Having sold AS Olivin, the state no try in general. Over half of the total moderately, whereas sand and gravel longer has shares in the mineral mineral production (calculated on the production has more or less remain- industry on mainland Norway. Today, basis of turnover) is exported, and ed stable. Recently, coal production most large export-orientated mineral the domestic share of production is on Svalbard has increased significantly. producers are wholly or largely the basis for an important mineral In contrast, production of metallic owned by foreign companies.At cur- processing industry. Profitability ores has decreased sharply in recent rent rates, the total production value varies between different branches years. of the mining and quarrying industry throughout the industry, and has seen approximately the same between individual companies Twenty years ago, the state was a positive development as other land- within each branch.

Production of Norway's most important mineral products Values in mill. NOK (2006) 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Hard rock aggregate Limestone Sand and gravel Natural stone Olivine Ilmenite Coal

11 PRODUCTION OF NORWAY’S MOST IMPORTANT PRODUCTION OF NORWAY’S MOST IMPORTANTE MINERAL PRODUCTS MINERAL PRODUCTS

(2006, FOB MILL NOK) (2006, MILL. METRIC TONNES)

AGGREGATE AGGREGATE LIMESTONE SAND AND GRAVEL

2389 45.3 1874 COAL 13.4 LIMESTONE

1095 STEINSTEIN SAND AND GRAVEL 6.2 Constructions material 3034 mill. NOK Construction materials 59.03 mill. tonnes Industrial minerals 2888 " IIndustrial minerals 11.17 " Natural stone 1006 " 645 Coal 2.43 " OLIVINE Metallic ore 1120 " Metallic ore 1.47 " 2.9 Coal 1155 " Natural stone 1.07 " Total 9203 mill. NOK Total 75.17 mill. tonnes 601 2.4 562 0.85 COAL 0,84 533 ILMENITE NATURAL STONE 0.799 QUARTZ/QUARTZITE 391 IRON NATURAL STONE ILMENITE 0.76 OLIVINE DOLOMITE 0.62 IRON 281 SLATE/FLAGSTONE NEPHELINE SYENITE 0.33 NEPHELINE SYENITE CLAY 247 QUARTZ/QUARTZITE 0.32 TALC/SOAPSTONE 0.17 PEAT 137 0.099 FELDSPAR BUILDING STONE 0.078 120 BUILDING STONE 0.065 GRAPHITE SLATE/FLAGSTONE 115 NICKEL Referanse: 0.057 NICKEL 76 Produsentene og NGU/Bergvesenet 0.009 0.008 60 Juni 2007 DOLOMITE 35 P. R . N . / P. B. TALC/SOAPSTONE Reference: 25 17 Producers and NGU/Bergvesenet PEAT 9 November 2007 FELDSPAR P. R . N . / P. B. GRAPHITE CLAY

EMPLOYED IN THE MINERAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYED IN THE MINERAL INDUSTRY 2006 2006: 4264 employed, and at Svalbard 411

AGGREGATE

SAND AND GRAVEL 252 1272 88 567 LIMESTONE

513

Construction materials 1879 516 COAL IIndustrial minerals 1032 411 Natural stone 837

Coal 459

Metallic ore 468 134

Total 4675 367 NATURAL STONE 359 280 230 188 SLATE/FLAGSTONE 550 ILMENITE/NICKEL 184 IRON 112 OLIVINE 262 106 91 NEPHELIINE SYENITE 178 191 Referance: 162 Producers and NGU/Bergvesenet QUARTZ/QUARTZITE 20 November 2007 88 P. R.N./ P. B. DOLOMITE 145 453 105 78 BUILDING STONE 684 58 75 SOAPSTONE/TALC 18 67 GRAPHITE 48 Referanse: 40 Produsentene og NGU/Bergvesenet 25 Juni 2007 PEAT 22 FELDSPAR P. R . N . / P. B. CLAY

12 5. Mining and quarrying industry in 2006

General overview

Approximately 75 million tonnes of The total export value for the indus- nite, iron and nickel. Finally, export of mineral resources were extracted in try in 2006 was NOK 5.6 billion, coal to Europe represented a value Norway in 2006, representing a total representing 61% of the overall turn- of NOK 1059 million. value of NOK 9.2 billion.Turnover of over.The export value for industrial industrial minerals increased slightly minerals was NOK 2.52 billion, of The mining and quarrying industry is from 2005 to 2006, from NOK 2.80 which calcium carbonate slurry, olivi- a typical regional industry, especially to NOK 2.89 billion, turnover of ne and nepheline syenite are the strongly represented along the coast. natural stone decreased from NOK most important products.The natural The industry gives employment to 1.09 to NOK 1.00 billion and turn- stone industry exported stone blocks about 4,700 full-time employees, in a over of metallic ores increased from for NOK 567 million (of which NOK total of 670 companies. Numbers are NOK 0.7 to 1.1 billion NOK. 532 million relates to larvikite), and slightly lower than for 2005, as earli- Turnover of gravel and hard-rock slate/flagstone and building stone for er data included estimates for com- aggregate for the building industry NOK 89 million. Similar data for panies from which no response has showed a slight fall from NOK 3.00 hard-rock aggregate, rock for ballast been received for 2006. Measured to NOK 2.99 billion. and gravel indicate an export value of according to turnover, the most NOK 500 million, whereas exports important mineral-producing counti- from ore production amounted to es are Møre og Romsdal, Rogaland, NOK 890 million, consisting of ilme- Nordland,Vestfold and Finnmark.

Export values 2006 Extraction of various mineral Limestone resources: Coal C. 75 million tonnes

Dimension stone

Iron Production value: Aggregates 9.2 billion NOK

Olivine

Ilmenite Export:

Nephline syenite 61 prosent

Slate/Flagstone

Soapstone/Talc Number of companies:

Dolomite 560

Quartz/Quartzite

Feldspar/Anorthosite Other companies: 110 Graphite

Nickel

Peat Number of employees: 4675 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Mill. NOK

13 Hustadmarmor AS, Elnesvågen, Møre og Romsdal. Photo: Hustadmarmor AS. 5.1 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

Industrial minerals are minerals and Nepheline syenite is produced on amounted to NOK 227 million rocks, which form a basis for indus- Stjernøy in Alta municipality, also by NOK. Regarding cement production, trial applications because of their North Cape Minerals, and is mainly the value of the burnt clinker pro- non-metallic, chemical and/or physical used in the glass and ceramics indus- duct is not included. properties.Applications are nume- tries.The same company produces rous, and include many common pro- quartz and feldspar at Glamsland Quartz and quartzite are produced ducts used in every-day life, such as near Lillesand.The main owners of by 6 companies, with 88 employees. In paper, plastic, ceramics, glass and the company are UNIMIN/Sibelco, 2006, 0.8 million tonnes were produ- paint. which have a large share of the world ced, representing a value of NOK 137 markets for quartz, feldspar, olivine million. Quartz is used as a raw mate- The total turnover of industrial mine- and nepheline syenite. rial for the production of glass, cera- rals in 2006 amounted to NOK 2.89 mics and porcelain, and, in the metall- billion, for a production of 11.2 milli- Twenty-four companies with 591 urgical industry for a range of silicon- on tonnes. 1032 persons were employees produce calcite marble based products. Quartz is used in employed. Most of the production is and/or dolomite. Norway has be- semiconductor technology, quartz exported; mainly calcium carbonate come a major producer of calcium glass and in manufacture of fibre-opti- slurry, olivine and nepheline syenite. carbonate for fillers, with cal cable. It is also used as a filler in According to the producers, the total Hustadgruppen as the main supplier. plastic, rubber and paint. Elkem Salten export value amounted to NOK 2.5 The extracted carbonate rock is is preparing to open a new quartz billion. transported to Hustadmarmor AS in quarry near Nasa in Rana municipali- Møre where calcium carbonate slurry ty, and Norwegian Crystallites has Norway is among the world's leading is produced. Most of the production started trial production at Svanvik in producers of olivine and nepheline is exported. Sør-Varanger municipality. syenite.A total of 2.9 million tonnes of olivine were produced, mostly by Hustadmarmor is the world's largest Talc is produced by Norwegian Talc North Cape Minerals from producti- producer of calcium carbonate slurry Altemark AS in Rana municipality, and on sites at Åheim and Raubergvika in for the paper industry, for which pro- is processed in Knarrvik in Møre og Romsdal, and Bryggja in duction data have been included in Hordaland before it is sold. Kvam Nordfjord. Olivine serves as a flux in this overview. In addition, substantial Talk AS in Gudbrandsdalen is also in iron ore smelting, increasing produc- amounts of carbonate rock are pro- production. tion capacity in the smelting process. duced for other applications, cement Olivine replaces the carbonate mine- production, burnt lime, and lime for Graphite is produced by Skaland ral dolomite in steel production, thus soil improvement and environmental Grafittverk AS on the island of Senja, strongly reducing CO2 emission, acid neutralization.The overall pro- and the company recently opened a while also forming slag. duction value for these applications new graphite mine at Trælen on Senja.

15 Natural stone production, Grorud, Oslo read syenite. Photo: Peer-Richard Neeb. 5.2 NATURAL STONE

Natural stone is defined as all stone with 311 employees. Most of the of NOK 281 million and bulding that can be cut, split or hewn for production was exported as rough stone with a value of NOK 76 milli- outside use, in buildings and in monu- blocks to Italy, China, Spain and on.The most important products for ments.There is further division bet- France. New technology has made the industry are flagstone from Alta ween dimension or block stone, production more efficient, and the and Oppdal and phyllitic slate from slate/flagstone and building stone. favourable location of the deposits, Otta. near the coast, adds to the profita- In 2006, the industry produced bility of the industry. Lundh Labrador All material produced is processed 799,000 tonnes of dimension stone, AS is the largest producer. near the quarries. C. 32% of the pro- representing a value of NOK 601 duction is exported, and the flagstone, million, 99,000 tonnes of slate/flag- Dimension stone is also produced being resistant to wear, is particularly stone with a value of NOK 281 milli- from: Gneiss in Finnmark and Sogn suitable for areas with heavy traffic, on and 170,000 tonnes of building og Fjordane, syenite in Lødingen in such as Railway stations and pave- stone with a value of NOK 76 milli- Nordland, anorthosite in Rogaland, ments. on. In addition, the industry produced granites in Buskerud, Oslo, and soapstone with a value of NOK 48 Østfold, trondhjemite in Sør Some growth is expected in demand million for use in hearths and ovens. Trøndelag and Hedmark, soapstone for slate/flagstone for export, where- The whole Norwegian stone industry at Otta and Bardu, and finally marble as dimension stone is experiencing provides employment for 837 people. at Fauske.Altogether, 17 companies increased competition. Over the past The total export value of dimension with 56 employees produced dimen- few years, the domestic market has stone amounted to NOK 567 milli- sion stone with a value of NOK 67 varied somewhat regarding dimensi- on, of which NOK 529 million was million in 2006. Many of the smaller on stone for building and outdoor for larvikite, while the export value stone producers have not submitted structures. In recent decades, the of slate was NOK 59 million. production data for 2006, so that the Norwegian stone industry has conso- actual overall production tonnage lidated into fewer, larger units, especi- Larvikite from several quarries in the and its value are probably higher than ally within production of slate/flagsto- vicinity of Larvik dominates reported here. ne and larvikite. In addition to the Norwegian dimension stone produc- production centres mentioned above, tion: the larvikite is a resource of uni- Slate/flagstone and building stone are a number of small contracting com- que quality, fetching high prices on produced from many different locali- panies produce building stone for the world market.Turnover was tites throughout the country. In 2006, their own use. NOK 532 million in 2006 (NOK 704 34 companies with 434 employees million in 2005), from 7 companies produced slate/flagstone with a value

17 Sand and gravel production for concrete. Monaryggen, Eidsberg comune, Østfold. Photo: Peer-Richard Neeb. 5.3 BUILDING MATERIALS:

sand and gravel, hard-rock aggregate, and clay

Hard-rock aggregate and gravel are exten- used for concrete aggregate. One third is size.Altogether, 25% of hard-rock aggrega- sively used in building and construction. used for rock fill at construction sites, as te production is exported, of which 37% The materials are extracted from bedrock well as for rock fill and cover of subsea for use in road making, 24% in concrete, by blasting (especially hard-rock aggregate) piping on the Norwegian continental shelf. 24% in the offshore industry, and 15% for or from natural sand and gravel deposits. other applications. Since 1990, export to The material is crushed and sorted to the NGU has mapped about 9,200 sand and the European mainland has increased by most appropriate size for use in buildings, gravel deposits, and some 1,100 deposits 150% in volume. In 2006, total export ton- roads and other constructions. for extraction of hard-rock aggregate.The nage amounted to 11.5 million tonnes of online database is located at hard-rock aggregate and 0.3 million tonnes It can no longer be claimed that Norway www.ngu.no/grusogpukk. According to of sand and gravel.The most important has unlimited resources of sand, gravel and the databases of the Directorate of export destinations were Germany, the rock for crushing. Information on the Mining, 1,908 areas have been reserved for United Kingdom, the Netherlands and deposits of sand, gravel and rock for crus- extraction of such resources in land-use Poland. In addition, another 3.8 million hing are of major importance for area plans by local authorities, including both tonnes of hard-rock aggregate was produ- development planning.Areas with suitable deposits currently in production and pro- ced for use on the Norwegian and deposits are frequently allocated to other spective deposits. Some 1,200 of the actual British/Dutch continental shelf areas. purposes than material extraction in muni- producers have been asked to supply pro- cipal land-use plans. It is essential that aut- duction data for 2006; c. 290 sand and gra- In Norway, about 160 companies of signifi- horities have information about these vel producers have responded, and 270 cant size produce tonnages varying from deposits so that the resources can be utili- producers of hard-rock aggregate. 80,000 to 4.6 million tonnes of sand and zed before the areas are used for other gravel and hard-rock aggregate annually. purposes. NGU's online Gravel and In 2006, total production of sand, gravel The largest of these are all located in Aggregate Database has proved to be very and hard-rock aggregate was 59 million southern Norway, including Feiring Bruk useful for this purpose. tonnes, representing a turnover of NOK AS, Franzefoss Pukk AS, Mesta AS, 2.98 billion.Actual production value is pre- NorStone AS, Norsk Stein AS, NCC Roads Hard-rock aggregate can in many cases be sumably well over NOK 3 billion, as would Norge AS, Kolo-Veidekke AS, Halsvik used for the same building and constructi- have been documented if more producers Aggregates AS and Oster Grus og Sand AS. on applications as natural sand and gravel, had responded with their production data. but is more expensive due to the cost of Clay is used for the production of light- blasting and crushing. Nevertheless, con- About 45 million tonnes of hard-rock weight prefabricated building blocks, bran- sumption of hard-rock aggregate for such aggregate have been sold, with a total ded Leca: clay is extracted by Maxit applications has increased.This can partly value of NOK 2.345 billion: 35% is used AS/Leca exclusively for Leca Rælingen in be attributed to local scarcity of sand and for road making, 15% for surface paving, Akershus. Near Bratsberg in Bø, gravel, but is also due to more demanding 10% in concrete, and 40% for other uses. Telemark,clay is produced for producti- quality specifications, that cannot always be In 2006, the production of sand and gravel on of building bricks.The total value met by natural gravel and sand. reached 13.4 million tonnes, representing a of the 320,000 tonnes of clay produ- value of NOK 643 million: 17% is used in ced, before burning and processing, To minimize transport costs, most road making, 10% for surface paving, 53% in amounts to NOK 9 million.The com- sand/gravel and hard-rock aggregate is concrete, and 20% for other applications. panies had c. 40 employees. produced locally, near the place where it is to be used. Of the total production, 46% is The industry employs about 1,880 per- used for road construction and 19% is sons, in 560 companies of widely ranging

19 5.4 METALLIC ORES

Rana Gruber AS, Nordland. Photo: Rana Gruber AS. requiring substantial processing. Due to the high price for iron ore, there has been considerable interest in purchase of Rana Gruber AS. Similarly, the interest for Sydvaranger AS in Kirkenes, Finnmark is also increasing, with prospects for re-ope- ning production.

Production at the sulphide mine of Nikkel og Olivin AS in Ballangen municipality was discontinued in the autumn of 2003 due to insufficient reserves.The company had produced nickel-copper and cobalt concentra- tes.A minor amount of nickel con- centrate is produced by Titania AS. In 2004 and 2005, Falconbridge drilled nickel-copper mineralizations at Espedalen in Oppland county, and in 2006 also in Buskerud and Telemark. Metallic ores are rocks that contain ilmenite concentrate, which after fur- The interest for additional areas for metal-bearing minerals in such quan- ther refinery to titanium dioxide, is prospecting is great. tity that the metals can be extracted used as white pigment in paints, plas- economically. Market prices for tics and paper. Norway has very large Gold was produced at Bidjovagge metals are highly variable, with con- resources of titanium minerals, inclu- near Kautokeino from 1985 to 1992. sequences for the value of mineral ding a rutile deposit near Førde that Recently, there has been renewed concentrates.Total production value has gained international attention in interest in gold exploration at Pasvik, and export value for metallic ores recent years. Kvænangen, Mo i Rana, Setesdal and increased substantially in 2006, to Bindal.Within the past two years, NOK 1,120 and 866 million, respecti- In the early 1980s, iron ore was the there has been trial production at vely. 1.47 million tonnes of ore con- most important mineral raw material Bindal.The mining company Store centrate were produced.The industry being produced in Norway. Iron ore Norske Spitsbergen Grubekompani had 468 employees. production has subsequently decli- has unsuccessfully applied for permis- ned.The only iron ore mine currently sion to drill for gold in a deposit near Production in Norway has changed in in operation, Rana Gruber AS in Ny Ålesund in the summer of 2003. recent years, and at present only two Nordland has changed its production They are now working on new deposits are in production.Titania AS process and now focuses on fines exploration prospects in Finnmark. in Sokndal in Rogaland produces concentrate and speciality products

20 5.5. ENERGY MINERALS

coal coal

coal

5.5.1 Coal 3 500 3 000 Energy minerals comprise all mineral New deposits are now being opened 2 500 compounds that release heat upon for full-scale production in the USA, 2 000 combustion, including oil, gas, coal, oil South Africa, the Philippines, and 1 500 shale and peat.The world's known Australia. 1 000 coal reserves are estimated to last 500 for another 155 years, whereas Interest for coal production on - reserves of oil and gas are sufficient Svalbard developed towards the end for 41 and 65 years respectively at of the 19th century.There has been 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 current production levels. Over 68% coal production on Svalbard with Store Norske of the oil reserves and 67% of the export to Norway and other coun- Trust Arktikugol gas reserves are located in the tries since 1906, only interrupted by Total Middle East and Russia. Mineable coal WWII.Today, Store Norske reserves have been identified in 70 Spitsbergen Grubekompani AS Figure 5.5.1 Coal production on countries.The world's coal producti- (SNSG) has Gruve 7 in operation Svalbard in the period 1997-2006. on increased by 7.4% in 2005; over near Longyearbyen, and Svea Nord, the past 25 years, the increase which was opened in 2001 with suffi- amounts to 78%. New exhaust gas cient reserves for 15-20 years.About scrubbing technology reduces polluti- 30% of Svalbard coal goes to the on from coal combustion. metallurgical industry; the remainder is used for energy and for cement 5.5.2 Peat World coal consumption is increasing production. SNSG exports coal to rapidly and is now in excess of 5 billi- Germany, the United Kingdom, About 6 peat deposits are currently on tonnes per year. Consumption is, France and all the Nordic countries. in production in Norway: those, in particular, increasing in the USA which have submitted reports are and China. Demand has continued to Production increased steadily in located in Østfold,Akershus, increase, especially because of econo- recent years, but was interrupted by Hedmark,Vestfold, Nord Trøndelag mic growth in China and India.The a complete production stop for 9 and Nordland. price of coal has now reached a level months after a fire in July 2005. that would have been regarded as Production was resumed at the end Production is restricted to so-called unrealistic only a few years ago.As a of April 2006. white moss bogs, where the product result, the delivery time of newly dug out before further processing for ordered mining equipment and mate- SNSG is currently prospecting for use in soil improvement and other rials has increased significantly, in new mineable coal deposits: Ispallen, applications. Most of the production parallel with the general price increa- south of Svea, seems to be the most is nowadays used by gardening cen- se of most raw materials. China and promising target. tres and in farming. India have major reserves of coal.

21 6. Management functions (BV)

6.1 PRE-CLAIMS AND Number of pre-claims in 3500 CLAIMS the period 1997-2006 3000 2500 2000 Norwegian legislation distinguishes In the past year, exploration activities 1500 between claimable and non-claimable related to pre-claiming occurred 1000 minerals. Claimable minerals are mainly in two areas, southeastern and 500 owned by they are defined by the northern Norway. 0

Mining Act of 30 June 1972 (mining 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 law). Claimable minerals include all It is of major importance that the metals with a specific gravity higher claimant is required to submit New pre-claims in the course of each year than 5 g/cm3, and any minerals con- reports on the results of the explo- taining these metals, as well as tita- ration to the Directorate of Mining Total number of pre-claims at the end of each year nium and arsenic and minerals con- after the investigations have been taining these metals, and pyrrhotite completed.These reports become and pyrite. Bog ores and alluvial gold public domain if and when the pre- Figure. 6.1 Pre-claim transactions in the are exempt from the Mining Act. claim expires naturally (ie. is not period 1997-2006 (number of pre-claims). Alluvial gold occurs in unconsolidated renewed).These are then an impor- sand and gravel deposited by rivers. tant source of information for com- panies when interest in that particu- The online portal lar area or adjacent areas revives and www.prospecting.no which is a new phases of exploration commence. 250 cooperative service provided by the 200

Directorate of Mining and the 150 Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) 6.1.2 Claims 100 shows active claims.The website is updated weekly. In 2006, 30 new claims were appro- 50 ved in two tenders. By the end of the 0 year, 159 claims were held in 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 6.1.1 Pre-claim Norway, exclusive of Svalbard, of

which 95 new-type claims conform New claims in the course The interest for new pre-claims to current legislation as effective of each year increased considerably in 2006, after 30 June 1972 (so-called 'flateut- Total number of claims relative to 2005: 1,743 new pre-claim mål') and 64 are old-type claims pre- at the end of each year applications were submitted, as dating 1972 (so-called 'lengdeutmål'). against 535 in 2005.The number of Figure. 6.2 Claim transactions in the peri- claim applications has not been hig- od 1997-2006 (number of claims). her since 1998. Nickel, gold, copper and molybdenum remain the most interesting metals. Most recently, there has also been interest in thorium and uranium.

22 6.2 NON-CLAIMABLE required if total production from one approved in 2006: it related to acqui- MINERALS or more deposits in the same munici- sition of shares in a company with a pality exceeds 100,000 tonnes. quartz concession. Non-claimable minerals are not sub- Similar rules apply to acquisition of ject to the Mining Act, and are thus in shares in companies, which own car- 12 principle the property of the landow- bonate concessions. If the total 10 ner. Exploration and production of ownership after the acquisition exce- 8 such minerals is therefore the eds 20% of all shares, then the acqui- 6 responsibility of the landowner, or of sition is subject to aforementioned 4 2 others, upon agreement with the lan- Carbonate Act.A concession is also 0 downer. required for agreements involving 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 supply of carbonate rock for periods Carbonate In practice, non-claimable minerals exceeding 5 years.The Carbonate can be grouped as industrial minerals, Act also applies to marble and dolo- Quartz natural stone, and sand and gravel mite. In 2006, 3 concessions accor- and hard-rock aggregate for building ding to the Carbonate Act have been and construction purposes.Alluvial approved. Figure 6.3 Overview of the number of car- gold and bog ores are also classified bonate and quartz concessions approved in the period 2002-2006. as non-claimable. 6.2.2 Rights defined in Acquisition of deposits of non-clai- the Quartz Act of 1949 mable minerals is covered in the Concession Act of 2003 that regula- Acquisition of quartz deposits is 45 40 tes acquisition of real estate and regulated by the Quartz Act of 17 35 fixed property. Rights of ownership June 1949.There is no lower limit for 30 25 and/or extraction of carbonate and the production volume requiring a 20 quartz deposits are laid down in the concession. 15 10 Limestone Act of 1914, and in the 5 Quartz Act of 1949 respectively. The same applies to acquisition of 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Extraction of alluvial gold on state- shares from quartz concession owned property is governed by sepa- owners. If the total ownership after Concessions rate legislation. the acquisition exceeds 20% of all Concessions with environmental impact assessment. shares, then the acquisition is subject to the aforementioned Quartz Act.A

6.2.1 Rights defined in concession is also required for agree- Figure 6.4 Overview of the number of plan- the Carbonate Act ments involving supply of quartz for ning documents on which comments have periods exceeding 2 years.The been made in the period 2002-2006. Acquisition of carbonate deposits is Quartz Act also applies to quartzite regulated in the Carbonate Act of 03 and rock crystal. One concession July 1914 nr. 5.A concession is according to the Quartz Act was

23 6.2.3 Permission for hority is either the County 12 production from state- Agricultural Board, or the municipali- 10 owned claims ty.The Directorate of Mining is the 8 6 sole hearing instance in cases concer- 4 The Directorate of Mining has ente- ning such mineral deposits, and has, in 2 red into 3 agreements involving per- collaboration with the Ministry of 0 mission to third parties for producti- Agriculture, defined standard require- 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 on from state-owned claims.The ments to be included with the con- Environmental impact assesment actual claims for which these agree- cession requirements.Among others, KU Vedl. I ments apply are located in Rana, the requirements include an operati- Vurd. vedl.II Nome and Ballangen municipalities. onal plan, monitoring reports as well as supervision. Figure 6.6 Number of cases according to 6.3 MANAGEMENT Planning and Building Act in the period 2002-2006. ISSUES GOVERNED BY 6.3.2 Chapter VII-a of OTHER LAWS the Planning and Building Act of 2005 This mainly comprises comments made on draft land-use plans, conces- As of 01 April 2005, a new guideline comment prior to final approval. In sions according to the Concession for environmental impact studies 2006, the Directorate processed 7 Act of 2003, etc., which are subject became effective.This guideline envi- applications, which were all proces- to official hearings. By the end of sages the development that the sed within the set deadline. 2006, the Directorate of Mining had Directorate of Mining's role as registered c. 350 municipal plans, 40 responsible authority will eventually Two additional applications were sub- partial municipal plans, and 7 shore- lapse, after which all responsibility for mitted according to Appendix 1 of zone plans. Of the 434 municipalities obligatory impact assessments will be the previous law after 01 April 2005. in Norway, 29 municipal area deve- held by the municipalities. At the request of the respective lopment plans are lacking, 5 munici- Applications submitted before the municipalities, the Directorate of palities do not have such plans, and 3 above date may still be processed by Mining accepted responsibility for municipalities have not yet been con- the Directorate if so desired, and administering these applications, con- tacted regarding the issue. many municipalities actually prefer forming to the pre-2005 guideline, this.The Directorate has registered and also processed these within the 6.3.1 The Concession 14 such applications, which will be set deadline. Act of 2003 processed according to the previous practice. Acquisition of mineral deposits, inclu- ding sand and gravel for building and Paragraph §7 of above guideline sta- construction applications is regulated tes that land regulation and municipal in the Concession Act of 28 area development plans that involve November 2003 nr. 98, effective as of extraction from deposits must be 1st January 2004.The concession aut- submitted to the Directorate for

24 7. Mineral deposits of national importance (NGU)

Natural stone quarry in Larvikite, Tvedalen, Larvik comune,Vestfold. Photo: Lundhs Labrador AS.

NGU has prepared an over- Deposits with a potential for sizeable There is a continuing need for accu- view of mineral resources exports, including export after initial rate, up-to-date information on new processing in Norway, deposits and for a more integrated of national significance, overview, both in relation to planning combining substantial value Deposits with a potential for becoming processes and for the mineral and and where a satisfactory significant producers for major home markets, and mining industry. NGU has prepared treatment is needed in an overview of mineral resources of land-use planning proces- New deposits which can be expected national significance, which may con- ses. Criteria for the select- to come into full production within 50 tribute to answering the question: ion of deposits include: years. What are the possibilities for future production?

25 7.1 Industrial minerals of national interest

Tana, quartzite Lebesby, brucite Skallelv, quartzite Stjernøy, nepheline syenite Børselv, dolomite Svanvik, quartz TROMSØ Nakken, dolomite Trælen,Skaland, graphite

Skøelv, dolomite Skånland, limestone Evenestangen, limestone Hekkelstrand, dolomite Fjelldalsheia, limestone Djupåsen, limestone Råndalen, quartz Drag, quartz Kjøpsvik, limestone

Linnajavri, talc Hammerfall, dolomite BODØ Løgavelen,dolomite Mårnes, quartzite Ertenvågdalen, dolomite Ljøsenhammeren, dolomite Nasafjell quartzite

Altermark/Nakken, talc Nevernes, dolomite Seljeli, dolomite Bleikvassli, limestone/dolomite Granåsen, dolomite/brucite

Velfjord, limestone

Kongsmoen, limestone Hestvika, limestone

Raudfjellet, magnesite/talc

Verdal, limestone

TRONDHEIM Fræna/Eide, limestone Glærum, limestone Steinsvik,olivine Tafjord, olivine Åheim, olivine Lefdal, olivine Stranda, olivine Furuhovden, olivine

Raudberg Vik, talc In production Gudvangen, anorthosite Important deposit, not in production Furuberget, limestone BERGEN Hole, limestone

OSLO

Skien, limestone STAVANGER Kodal, apatite Kragerø, quartzite Li, pegmatite, feldspar Hellvik, anorthosite Bjørntvedt and Dalen, limestone , apatite

Glamsland, feldspar/quartz

26 7.2 Natural stone of national interest

Friarfjord, flagstone Varanger, gneiss Loppa, flagstone

Skogberget, flagstone Alta, flagstone TROMSØ

Målselv, soapstone Kautokeino, quartzite

Løddingen, mangerite

Steigen, granite Linnajavri, soapstone

BODØ Fauske, marble

Misvær, marble Saltdal, marble

Vevelstad, granite

Kvemo, flagstone Lierne, limestone Snåsa, flagstone Sparbu, serpentinite Sørli, flagstone

Leksvik, gneiss TRONDHEIM

Naas, marble Støren,trondhjemite Vestnes, gneiss Berkåk, trondhjemite Oppdal, flagstone Tolga,trondhjemite

Dovre, flagstone Førde, gneiss Nordfjord, flagstone Natural stone in production Værlandet, breccia Balestrand, granite Otta, flagstone/soapstone Solund, coglomerate Natural stone, future possible production Årdal trondhjemite Gausdal, flagstone Øystre Slidre, flagstone Voss, flagstone

BERGEN Jondal, flagstone Flisa, gneiss OSLO Grorud, syenite Røyken, granite Hurum, granite

STAVANGER Larvik, larvikite Iddefjorden, granite Sirevåg/Hellevik anorthosite

27 7.3 Sand, gravel and aggregate of national interest

Aggregate in production Kvalsund, quartzite

Sand and gravel in production Bjørnevann, gneiss Aggregate, future possible production TROMSØ

Ballangen, gabbro

BODØ

Fonndalen, gravel

Nord-Fosen, gneiss

Verrabotn, gravel Ottersbo, mylonite TRONDHEIM Hemne, gneiss Kristiansund, gneiss Lia/Vassfjellet, gabbro Visnes, eclogite

Gardermoen, gravel Skipperdalen, trondhjemite Dyrstad, sandstone Gulestø, sandstone Eggemoen, gravel Florø, sandstone Hadeland, porphyry Steinskogen, basalt Hyllestad,trondhjemite Hensmoen, Kilemoen, gravel Huken, Bonkall, Bjønndalen, Halsvik, gneiss (basalt, syenite, porphyry) Gudvangen, anorthosite Eikefet, gneiss Lierskogen, hornfels OSLO Feiring, gneiss Askøy, gneiss BERGEN Eidfjord, gravel Vinterbro, gneiss Fana, gneiss Hurum, gravel Gardermoen, gravel Eggemoen, gravel Hadeland, porphyry Hensmoen, gravel Kilemoen, gravel Steinskogen, basalt OSLO Feiring, gneiss Jelsa, gneiss Vinterbro, gneiss Espevik, gneiss Svelvik, gravel Årdal, gravel Freste, syenite Mona, gravel Tau, quarts diorite Freste, syenite Mona, gravel Himberg, syenite STAVANGER Geitryggen, gravel Dirdal, gneiss Forsand, gravel Kragerø, gabbro Larvik, larvikite Larvik, larvikite Hellvik, anorthosite Rekefjord, anorthosite, norite

28 7.4 Metallic ores of national interest

In production Nussir, copper Important deposit, not in production Bjørnevann, iron Lakselv, platinum/ palladium TROMSØ Gjeddevann, gold

Raitevarre, copper/gold Bidjovagge, copper/gold

Bruvann, nickel

BODØ Sulitjelma,copper/gold

Høgtuva, beryllium Ørtfjell, iron Mofjell, zinc/lead/copper/gold

Målvika, wolfram Kolsvik, gold

Skjækerdalen, nickel TRONDHEIM

Røros-Tydal, zinc/copper/gold

Vakkerlien, nickel

Summary of the number of mineral deposits that, at the time of writing, are Engebøfjellet/Naustdal, rutile considered to be of national interest, the number which are in production and the number considered as a future resource. Orkheia/Ramsgrønova, rutile Espedalen, nickel Commodity type Of national Currently in Future resource interest production

BERGEN Industrial Minerals 60 33 27 Nordli, molybdenum Metals 28 2 27 Ertelien, nickel OSLO Natural stone 57 39 18 Aggregates 43 37 6 Sand and gravel 13 12 1 Total 201 123 79 STAVANGER Kodal, titanium/iron An overview of these deposits is shown on the maps

Ødegården, rutil Bjerkreim/Åsen, titanium/iron/vanadium

Tellnes/Storgangen, ilmenite

29 8. Challenges for the future

Norway has a varied geology, offering International exploration companies industry faces some major challenges, great potential for mineral producti- have, so far, been most interested in including: on.The long shoreline and proximity Norway's nickel resources and have to the European market are impor- carried out helicopter-borne geophy- Exploration and development of future tant. Norway is a considerable mine- sical surveys over many of Norway's mineral deposits, ral producer by European standards. nickel provinces. NGU and BV now register an increasing interest from Increased research efforts, Norway itself has a high consumption international companies in explorati- of mineral products.The mining and on for copper, gold and zinc.The por- Securing the availability of future mine- quarrying industry creates very sub- tal www.prospecting.no, developed by ral deposits in area development plan- stantial values, with great importance NGU and BV came on line at the ning processes. for outlying regions.Typically, mineral right time for use as an aid in their deposits should be planned with a search for new, potential exploration Exploration for and projected production time of 50-100 areas. development of future years.This is, in itself, a contribution mineral deposits to sustainable development. Production of ultrapure silicon for use in solar cells and other electronic In the period 1960-1990, exploration Strong growth in Asia, especially in applications is very interesting, and in Norway was rather extensive, the World's two most heavily popula- the demand for knowledge about after which activity declined.Today, ted nations, China and India, has led quartz as a raw material for silicon mineral and mining companies spend to shortages and high prices for production is increasing. NOK 40-80 million annually on many natural resources. Prices for Norway also has a range of speciality exploration, which represents a mea- metals such as gold, copper, nickel mineral deposits that are not readily ger 1% of the industry's annual turn- and iron have doubled or tripled in available elsewhere in Europe.These over. In contrast, the mining industry price in the last two to three years. include industrial minerals such as has spent SEK 300 million annually Prices have also increased for indus- nepheline (syenite) and olivine, the on exploration activities in Sweden, trial minerals, coal and uranium. ore minerals ilmenite and rutile, larvi- for the past 5 years. It is a tremen- These price increases have led to a kite and another anorthosite with dous challenge to motivate the indus- substantial increase in exploration for colour play for use as natural stone try to increase the annual budget new resources. and white anorthosite and Devonian spent on exploration in Norway. sandstone for use as hard-rock These price increases and the strong- aggregate. Innovative technological Increased research effort er focus on exploration and investi- research on the use of these raw gation of new deposits have led to an materials could provide a basis for Quality requirements for mineral increase in the need for geoscientific new domestic processing industries. products increase steadily.The indus- knowledge, relating to the location of try copes by either enhancing pro- economic mineral deposits and the Currently, the total potential value of cessing of their products, or by fin- processes leading to their formation. proven mineral resources in surficial ding new deposits with purer resour- NGU will contribute to exploration deposits and in bedrock on the ces.This development necessitates for, and development of new mineral Norwegian mainland exceeds NOK 1 improved skills in the industry and in resources for the future. 000 billion.The mineral and mining research institutions.

30 The Research Council of Norway stry, agriculture and nature reserves. area development plans, despite the supported the project "From quartz While there is extensive land mana- tremendous value they may repre- sand to solar cells" , which was com- gement consideration in relation to sent.This is yet another reason for pleted in 2005.The project is an these types of resources and the mapping currently known deposits as example of the type of research nee- areas where they occur, mineral well as areas with a potential for ded in order to add value to resour- resources are typically omitted from new deposits in greater detail. ces in the future.A major increase in research and development efforts will be required to achieve the same effect for other mineral resources. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Industrial minerals are defined as mineral and rocks with economic value, which are produced because of their non-metallic, physical and chemical properties, except for fossil fuels, water and gemstones. Industrial minerals are used in many products, i.a. as filler in paint, paper and Securing future mineral plastic and as major constituents in ceramics, glass and cement. deposits in area develop- ment planning NATURAL STONE Natural stone is defined as all stone that can be cut, split or hewn into slabs or blocks for out- side use, as building material, and for ornamental or decoration purposes. There is further dis- In the oil and gas industry, it is com- tinction between slate/flagstone anddimension stone. Slate/flagstone comprises a group of mon to calculate the in-situ value of rock types, which have a naturally occurring platy cleavage. Common types of slate/flagtsone the oil and gas in a reservoir as the include shale, phyllite, mica schist, and flagstone. Dimension stone is extracted as large blocks, product of the extractable reserves which are then sawn or cleaved into slabs or other forms. Important types of dimension stone include larvikite, marble, granite, limestone and sandstone. Bulding stone is produced from and a given price.The same exercise, slate, flagstone, gneiss and granite which can be cleaved along a plane of schistosity. when applied to the mineral and mining industry, shows that many BUILDING MATERIALS deposits represent very substantial These materials include sand, gravel, hard-rock aggregate and clay. Sand and gravel are terms values, in some cases of the order of used interchangeably for surficial materials used in building and construction. Particle size fraction determines the nomenclature used in a geological context: 0.06-2mm sand, 2-64mm NOK 100 billion. gravel, and 64-256mm is designated as stone.

Measured in land usage, the mineral HARD-ROCK AGGREGATE and mining industry takes little space. The most common rock types suitable for production of hard-rock aggregate include: gneiss, Data from Sweden indicate that the granite, quartzite, gabbro and syenite. industry uses only 0.05% of the total METALLIC ORES area. Most of this area is related to Metallic ores comprise all rock types containing minerals and metals with a specific gravity extraction of sand and gravel. higher than 5 g/cm3, occurring in large enough amounts to make extraction economically fea- sible. Norway has a long-standing tradition of ore extraction, dating back to the 1600s, with Røros (copper) and Kongsberg (silver) among the best-known historical mining centres. Society has long neglected important aspects of management of mineral ENERGY MINERALS resources.This is clear when we Energy minerals comprise all rock types and minerals that release energy on combustion: coal, compare public management of mine- which occurs on Svalbard, and peat found throughout Norway belong here. Coal is used in the metallurgical industry and in the manufacture of cement. Peat is mainly used in gardening ral resources with the efforts made and in agriculture. in relation to other types of natural resource or sectors, including fore-

31 Design: B. Svendgård,Trykk: NGU NGU

DIRECTORATE OF MINING WITH COMMISSIONER OF MINES AT SVALBARD

Leiv Eirikssons vei 39 Postbox 3021 Lade N-7441 Trondheim, Norway NGU N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Telephone:+47 73 90 40 50 Telefax:+47 73 92 14 80 Visiting adress: Leiv Eirikssons vei 39 Svalbard office: Telephone:+47 79 02 12 92 Telephone:+47 73 90 40 00 Telefax:+47 79 02 14 24 Telefax:+47 73 92 16 20

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] www.bergvesenet.no www.ngu.no