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E-Journal of the World Academy of Art & Science ERUDITIO “A multidisciplinary forum focused on the social consequences and policy implications of all forms of knowledge on a global basis” VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1 SEPTEMBER 2012 ISSN 2227-9679 ARTICLES Human Capital, Its Self-Augmenting Growth and Individuality - Ivo Šlaus The Emerging Individual - Garry Jacobs Abdus Salam (1926–1996) – more than a Nobel Laureate - Olof Tandberg Evolution of Individuality - Ashok Natarajan Study of Individuality and Social Evolution in Literature - Janani Harish A History of the Individual in European Culture - Augusto Forti Individuality, Humanism & Human Rights - Winston Nagan and Aitza Haddad Secretariat of the Soul and Certainty - Orio Giarini Looking for a New Alchemy: from the Lead of Information ot the Gold of Knowledge - Emil Constantinescu A New Model of Education: Development of Individuality through the Freedom of Learning - Mirjana Radovic-Markovic and Dusan Markovic The Evolution of Cooperation - John Scales Avery The New Morality - Yehudi Menuhin The Global Values Discourse - Garry Jacobs and Winston Nagan Economics of Dignity: Growing People from Consumers to Members - Saša Popović and Ljudmila Mila Popovich Returning to Vico: The Role of the Individual in the Investigation of the Social Sciences - Saulo José Casali Bahia1 and Craig Hammer The Heart of the Humanities - Ullica Segerstrale Eruditio Vision The vision of the Journal complements and enhances the World Academy’s focus on global perspectives in the generation of knowledge from all fields of legitimate inquiry. The Journal also mirrors the World Acad- emy’s specific focus and mandate which is to consider the social consequences and policy implications of knowledge in the broadest sense. The vision of the Journal encompasses major challenges facing global soci- ety and seeks to examine these issues from an interdisciplinary, multi-method and value guided perspective. Editorial Board Winston Nagan (Editor-in-Chief) – Member of the Board of Trustees, World Academy of Art & Science; Professor of Law & Director, Institute of Human Rights, Peace and Development, University of Florida Walter Truett Anderson – Former President, World Academy of Art & Science; Fellow of the Meridian International Institute (USA) and Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Saulo José Casali Bahia – Member of the Board of Trustees, World Academy of Art & Science; Federal Justice, Brazil Zbigniew Bochniarz – Secretary General, World Academy of Art & Science; Visiting Professor, University of Washington, USA Garry Brewer – Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science; Frederick K. Weyerhaeuser Professor of Resource Policy and Management, Yale University Frank A. Chervenak – Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science; Professor and Chairman, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Håkan Hydén – Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science; Samuel Pufendorf Professor in Sociology of Law, Lund University Garry Jacobs – Chairman of the Board of Trustees, World Academy of Art & Science; Vice-President, The Mother’s Service Society, Pondicherry, India Peter Nijkamp – Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science; Full Professor in Regional Economics and in Economic Geography, VU University, Amsterdam Ivo Slaus – President, World Academy of Art & Science; Dean, Dag Hammarskjold University College for International Relations & Diplomacy, Zagreb; Member, Club of Rome Alberto Zucconi – Member of the Board of Trustees, World Academy of Art & Science; President, IACP Editorial Assistants Latha Chandrasekaran, Namita Dandona, Aitza M. Haddad, Craig Hammer, Hariny Narayanan, Ranjani Ravi and Ranganayaki Somaskandan Copyright Information: Publisher: World Academy of Art & Science, 4225 Solano Avenue, Suite 631, Napa, CA 94558, USA. Editorial office: University of Florida, Levin College of Law, P.O. Box 117625, 2500 SW 2nd Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Published under Open Access Policy Guidelines. For more details see Editorial Policy online. Website: http://eruditio.worldacademy.org/ Email address: [email protected] 1 ERUDITIO E-Journal of the World Academy of Art & Science Volume I, Issue 1, September 2012 CONTENTS Editorial: Individuality (Issue 1, Part 1) 1 Human Capital, Its Self-Augmenting Growth and Individuality 2 -Ivo Šlaus The Emerging Individual 9 -Garry Jacobs Abdus Salam (1926–1996) – more than a Nobel Laureate 23 -Olof Tandberg Evolution of Individuality 30 -Ashok Natarajan Editorial: Individuality (Issue 1, Part 2) 42 Study of Individuality and Social Evolution in Literature 44 -Janani Harish A History of the Individual in European Culture 53 -Augusto Forti Individuality, Humanism & Human Rights 58 -Winston Nagan and Aitza Haddad Secretariat of the Soul and Certainty 79 -Orio Giarini Editorial: Individuality (Issue 1, Part 3) 88 Looking for a New Alchemy: from the Lead of Information to the Gold of Knowledge 91 -Emil Constantinescu A New Model of Education: Development of Individuality through the Freedom of Learning 97 -Mirjana Radovic-Markovic and Dusan Markovic The Evolution of Cooperation 115 -John Scales Avery The New Morality 125 -Yehudi Menuhin Editorial: Individuality (Issue 1, Part 4) 133 The Global Values Discourse 136 -Garry Jacobs and Winston Nagan Economics of Dignity: Growing People from Consumers to Members 150 -Saša Popović and Ljudmila Mila Popovich Returning to Vico: The Role of the Individual in the Investigation of the Social Sciences 157 -Saulo José Casali Bahia and Craig Hammer The Heart of the Humanities 161 -Ullica Segerstrale 3 Editorial: Individuality Issue 1 Part 1 We are pleased to introduce Eruditio, the new electronic journal of the World Academy of Art & Science. The first issue of Eruditio is dedicated to the theme of Individuality as viewed from a mul- tidisciplinary perspective applicable to global social issues. In February 2012 the Academy hosted a web-seminar on Individuality that generated important papers presented from multiple vantage points. Additional papers were presented at the conference on “Humanities and the Contemporary World” organized by the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts earlier this month. Issue 1 of Eruditio will consist of 16 papers released in four parts over the next two months. The first four papers are described below. Links are provided so that you can also access the individual papers online and add your comments. Issue 1 – Part 1: Individuality Human Capital, its Self-Augmenting Growth and Individuality - by Ivo Šlaus The Emerging Individual - by Garry Jacobs Abdus Salam (1926–1996) – more than a Nobel Laureate - by Olof Tandberg Evolution of Individuality - by Ashok Natarajan Ivo Šlaus’ paper reinvigorates a longstanding theme, which stresses the centrality of the indivi- dual, and in particular, individual capacity as a crucial component of an improved human prospect. This is a theme that was central to the work of former president of the Academy, Harold Lasswell, whose entire academic career was devoted to giving space and importance to the individual social participant in the global social process. Šlaus stresses the importance of human capacity as a resource to be appropriately used rather than irresponsibly discarded. Garry Jacobs stresses in his article, The Emerging Individual, the importance of an evolutionary perspective for deepening our understanding of the relationship between human and social capital and the role of the individual in their development and the multiple processes through which they interact. Jacobs emphasizes the element of creative complexity and the exponential uniqueness of the indivi- dual in social process and progressive development. Olof Tandberg in his short biographical sketch of the distinguished theoretical physicist, Abdul Salam, provides a particularized focus on a unique and complex individual and his immense achieve- ments as a scientist, and a human being with a developed social conscience and deep sense of social responsibility. It is a fine example of an individual who made a difference. Ashok Natarajan provides a sweeping insight drawn from the history of civilization. He underscores the importance of the intelligence and innovativeness of humanity, but also laments the loss of knowledge to future generations. He stresses the importance of diverse capabilities in enhan- cing the psychological position of the individual in history. The paper provides a good focus on the problem of human aspirations and the salience of the individual in this process. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, he focuses on the issues of social conformity and social difference. He then traces the development of social capacity for accomplishment through the stages of manners, behaviors, character, and individuality. Winston P. Nagan Trustee Chair, Program Committee Editor-in-Chief, Eruditio 1 World Academy of Art & Science Eruditio, Issue 1 - Part 1, June 2012 World Academy of Art & Science Eruditio, Issue 1 - Part 1, June 2012 Human Capital: Its Self-Augmenting Growth & Individuality A simple, Possibly Naïve Approach Ivo Šlaus President, World Academy of Art and Science; Dean, Dag Hammarskjold University College for International Relations & Diplomacy, Zagreb Abstract: Human and social capital are the true wealth of humankind, currently grossly underutilized. In this paper, interrelations of various forms of capital are presented and the historical development of human and social capital is traced. Evidence for self-augmentation of human capital and conditions affecting its development are given. 1. Introduction