FINAL REPORT

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for Cuyahoga County

Prepared for Cuyahoga County Emergency Services Cuyahoga County,

December 2003

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan

Cuyahoga County, Ohio

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 FOREWORD ...... 1 1.1 CUYAHOGA COUNTY NATURAL DISASTER BACKGROUND ...... 1 2.0 COUNTY INFORMATION ...... 3 2.1 CUYAHOGA COUNTY PROFILE AND COMMUNITY INFORMATION ...... 3 Metroparks ...... 3 Watershed Organizations ...... 6 Chagrin Region ...... 7 1. Hunting Valley ...... 7 2. Woodmere Village ...... 7 3. Orange Village ...... 8 4. Moreland Hills ...... 8 5. Chagrin Falls Village ...... 9 6. Chagrin Falls Township ...... 9 7. Bentleyville ...... 9 Cleveland Region ...... 10 1. Cleveland ...... 10 2. Linndale Village ...... 11 3. Village of Bratenahl ...... 11 Cuyahoga Region ...... 12 1. Newburgh Heights ...... 12 2. Cuyahoga Heights ...... 12 3. Brooklyn Heights ...... 13 4. Seven Hills ...... 13 5. Independence ...... 14 6. Valley View ...... 14 7. Broadview Heights ...... 14 8. Brecksville ...... 15 Heights Region ...... 16 1. East Cleveland ...... 16 2. Cleveland Heights ...... 16 3. University Heights ...... 16 4. Shaker Heights ...... 17 Hillcrest Region ...... 18 1. Euclid ...... 18 2. Richmond Heights ...... 18 3. Highland Heights ...... 19 4. Mayfield Village ...... 19 5. South Euclid ...... 20 6. Lyndhurst ...... 20 7. Mayfield Heights ...... 20 8. Gates Mills Village ...... 21 9. Beachwood ...... 21 10. Pepper Pike ...... 22 Southcentral Region ...... 22 1. Brooklyn ...... 22 2. Parma ...... 23 3. Parma Heights ...... 23

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan i Cuyahoga County, Ohio 4. North Royalton ...... 24 Southeast Region ...... 24 1. Garfield Heights ...... 24 2. Maple Heights ...... 25 3. Highland Hills ...... 25 4. North Randall ...... 26 5. Warrensville Heights ...... 26 6. Bedford Heights ...... 27 7. Bedford ...... 27 8. Walton Hills ...... 28 9. Oakwood Village ...... 28 10. Glenwillow ...... 29 11. Solon ...... 29 Southwest Region ...... 29 1. Olmsted Township ...... 29 2. Olmsted Falls ...... 30 3. Brook Park ...... 30 4. Berea ...... 31 5. Middleburg Heights ...... 31 6. Strongsville ...... 32 Westshore Region ...... 32 1. Bay Village ...... 32 2. Westlake ...... 32 3. North Olmsted ...... 33 4. Lakewood ...... 34 5. Rocky River ...... 34 6. Fairview Park ...... 35 2.2 CENSUS INFORMATION ...... 36 2.3 CUYAHOGA COUNTY AUTHORITY TO ADOPT PLAN ...... 39 2.4 ADOPTION OF THE PLAN ...... 39 2.5 CUYAHOGA COUNTY LAND USE AND FUTURE LAND USE ...... 40 2.6 OTHER EXISTING PLANS ...... 44 3.0 ALL NATURAL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLANNING PROCESS ...... 45 3.1 MISSION STATEMENT ...... 45 3.2 MITIGATION CORE GROUP ...... 45 3.3 ADJACENT COUNTY NOTIFICATION ...... 47 3.4 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION PROCESS AND INVOLVEMENT ...... 47 3.5 MEETINGS ...... 47 Introduction of the Planning Process – Meeting 1 ...... 48 Development of Problem Statements – Meeting 2 ...... 48 Problem Statements ...... 48 Determination of Overall Goals and Action Items – Meetings 3 and 4 ...... 50 Severe Storms ...... 50 Flooding ...... 50 Coastal and Streambank Erosion ...... 51 Tornadoes ...... 51 Earthquakes ...... 51 Drought ...... 51 3.6 MATRIX DEVELOPMENT ...... 51 3.7 PUBLIC REVIEW ...... 52

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan ii Cuyahoga County, Ohio 3.8 FINALIZATION ...... 53 4.0 STATE OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 54 4.1 INITIAL HAZARD DETERMINATION FOR CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 54 4.2 SEVERE WEATHER HISTORY IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 55 Significant Events ...... 56 Winter 2003 ...... 59 Severe Thunderstorms ...... 59 Winter Storms ...... 59 Wind Chill ...... 60 Winter Storm Watches and Warnings ...... 60 Cuyahoga Severe Weather Mitigation Efforts ...... 60 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ...... 60 Current Development Trends ...... 60 Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses/Potential Dollars Lost ...... 60 Matrix Results for Severe Storms ...... 61 4.3 HISTORY OF FLOODING IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 62 Significant Events ...... 64 Flash Flooding ...... 65 River Flooding ...... 65 Infrastructure and Critical Facilities ...... 67 Repetitive Loss Flooding ...... 71 At-Risk Structures ...... 73 Non-Flood Zone Flooding ...... 75 Cuyahoga County Flood Mitigation Efforts ...... 75 Past Mitigation Efforts ...... 75 Current Development Trends ...... 75 Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses / Potential Dollars Lost ...... 77 Matrix Results for Flooding ...... 81 4.4 TORNADO HISTORY IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 84 What is a Tornado? ...... 84 Cuyahoga County Events ...... 86 Tornado Path Map ...... 88 Tornado Mitigation Efforts ...... 88 Current Development Trends ...... 89 Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses / Potential Dollars Lost ...... 89 Matrix Results for Tornadoes ...... 89 4.5 COASTAL AND STREAMBANK EROSION ...... 90 Streambank Erosion ...... 90 Coastal Erosion ...... 91 Ohio Erie Erosion Statistics by County ...... 92 Mitigation Efforts ...... 94 Ohio Coastal Management Program ...... 94 Coastal Erosion Area Program ...... 94 Current Development Trends ...... 95 Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Assessment / Potential Dollars Lost ...... 95 Matrix Results for Erosion ...... 97 4.6 EARTHQUAKE HISTORY IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 98 Cuyahoga County Risk Zone ...... 98 Monitoring of Earthquakes ...... 99

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan iii Cuyahoga County, Ohio Earthquake Occurrence in Cuyahoga County ...... 101 Cuyahoga County Earthquake Mitigation Efforts ...... 101 Current Development Trends ...... 101 Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses ...... 101 Potential Dollars Lost ...... 102 Matrix Results for Earthquakes ...... 102 4.7 DROUGHTS AND WILD LAND FIRES HISTORY IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY ...... 102 Droughts Precursor to Other Disasters ...... 103 Cuyahoga County Drought Mitigation Efforts ...... 103 Current Development Trends ...... 105 Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment ...... 105 Potential Dollars Lost ...... 105 Matrix Results for Droughts ...... 106 4.8 OTHER HAZARDS – DAMS ...... 107 Hazard Assessment / Vulnerability Assessment ...... 108 Action Item ...... 108 5.0 HIGHEST RATED ACTIVITIES AND ACTION PLAN...... 109 5.1 HIGHEST RATED ACTIVITIES ...... 109 5.2 ACTION ITEMS SCHEDULE ...... 111 6.0 CUYAHOGA COUNTY ALL NATURAL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN MAINTENANCE ...... 112 APPENDIX 1 – CORRESPONDENCE SENT OUT TO COMMUNITIES ...... 113 INITIAL LETTER OF CONTACT / NOTIFICATION (COPY)...... 113 MATRIX LETTER (COPY) ...... 115 LAST CHANCE LETTER (COPY) ...... 116 ACTION ITEMS SURVEY LETTER (COPY) ...... 118 APPENDIX 2 – MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEMBERS ...... 119 APPENDIX 3 – NOTIFICATION TO ADJACENT COUNTIES ...... 122 LETTER TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY DIRECTORS (COPY) ...... 122 LETTER TO SURROUNDING COUNTY COMMISSIONERS (COPY) ...... 124 APPENDIX 4 – PUBLIC NOTIFICATION ...... 127 CUYAHOGA COUNTY, DIVISION OF EMERGENCY SERVICES ...... 127 CLEVELAND PLAIN DEALER – COMMUNITY NEWS ...... 129 APPENDIX 5 – MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEETING MINUTES ...... 130 FEBRUARY 26TH, 2003 - KICK-OFF MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEETING SUMMARY ...... 130 MARCH 31ST, 2003 - SECOND MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEETING SUMMARY ...... 132 APRIL 14TH, 2003 - THIRD MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEETING SUMMARY ...... 136 MAY 19TH, 2003 - FOURTH MITIGATION CORE GROUP MEETING SUMMARY ...... 140 APPENDIX 6 – REGIONAL MEETING SUMMARIES ...... 144 MAYFIELD HEIGHTS MARCH 13TH MEETING SUMMARY ...... 144 MAPLE HEIGHTS MARCH 19TH MEETING SUMMARY ...... 146 CLEVELAND MARCH 31ST MEETING SUMMARY ...... 148 PARMA APRIL 10TH MEETING SUMMARY ...... 150 FAIRVIEW PARK APRIL 14TH MEETING SUMMARY...... 152

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan iv Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 7 – PROBLEM STATEMENTS AND MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES ...... 154 MITIGATION CORE GROUP DEVELOPED PROBLEM STATEMENTS ...... 154 Severe Storms ...... 154 Flooding ...... 154 Coastal and Streambank Erosion ...... 155 Tornadoes ...... 156 Earthquakes ...... 156 Drought ...... 156 MITIGATION CORE GROUP DEVELOPED ACTION ALTERNATIVES ...... 157 Severe Storms ...... 157 Flooding ...... 157 Coastal and Streambank Erosion ...... 158 Tornadoes ...... 158 Earthquakes ...... 158 Drought ...... 159 APPENDIX 8 – SEVERE STORM HISTORY ...... 160 APPENDIX 9 – SNOW AND ICE EVENTS ...... 169 APPENDIX 10 – METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING EROSION HAZARD MAP ...... 171 2.0 PROBLEM QUANTIFICATION ...... 171 2.1 Erosion ...... 171 2.1.1 Observed Erosion Problems ...... 171 2.1.2 Predicted Erosion Potential ...... 171 2.1.3 Overall Erosion Ranking ...... 172 2.1.4 Erosion and Capital Projects ...... 173 3.1 Problem Priority Ranking Methodology ...... 173 3.3 Scoring System for Erosion ...... 173 APPENDIX 11 – OHIO COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ...... 175 APPENDIX 12 – HIGHEST RATED MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES FOR EACH COMMUNITY ...... 176 BAY VILLAGE ...... 176 BEACHWOOD ...... 176 BEDFORD ...... 177 BEDFORD HEIGHTS ...... 177 BENTLEYVILLE ...... 177 BRATENAHL ...... 178 BRECKSVILLE ...... 178 BROADVIEW HEIGHTS ...... 178 BROOKLYN ...... 178 BROOKLYN HEIGHTS ...... 179 BROOK PARK ...... 179 CHAGRIN FALLS ...... 180 CLEVELAND ...... 180 CLEVELAND HEIGHTS ...... 180 EAST CLEVELAND ...... 180 FAIRVIEW PARK ...... 181 GARFIELD HEIGHTS ...... 181 GATES MILLS ...... 182

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan v Cuyahoga County, Ohio HIGHLAND HEIGHTS ...... 182 HUNTING VALLEY ...... 183 INDEPENDENCE ...... 184 MAPLE HEIGHTS...... 184 MORELAND HILLS ...... 185 NEWBURGH HEIGHTS ...... 185 OAKWOOD VILLAGE ...... 185 OLMSTED FALLS ...... 186 ORANGE VILLAGE ...... 186 PARMA ...... 186 PARMA HEIGHTS ...... 186 RICHMOND HEIGHTS ...... 187 ROCKY RIVER ...... 187 SHAKER HEIGHTS ...... 187 SOLON ...... 187 SOUTH EUCLID ...... 188 UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS ...... 188 VALLEY VIEW ...... 188 WARRENSVILLE HEIGHTS ...... 189 BEREA ...... 189 CUYAHOGA HEIGHTS ...... 189 LAKEWOOD ...... 190 MAYFIELD VILLAGE ...... 190 MIDDLEBURGH HEIGHTS ...... 190 NORTH ROYALTON ...... 190 OLMSTED TOWNSHIP ...... 190 PEPPER PIKE ...... 191 WESTLAKE ...... 191 APPENDIX 13 – EXISTING PLANNING DOCUMENTS / ORGANIZED WATERSHED GROUPS ...... 192 APPENDIX 14 – ADDITIONAL CRITICAL FACILITIES ...... 195 APPENDIX 15 – SUMMARY TABLE OF PARTICIPATION ...... 221 APPENDIX 16 – TORNADO EVENTS ...... 222 APPENDIX 17 – INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY MAPS ...... 223 BAY VILLAGE ...... 223 BEACHWOOD ...... 224 BEDFORD HEIGHTS ...... 225 BEDFORD ...... 226 BENTLEYVILLE ...... 227 BEREA ...... 228 BRATENAHL ...... 229 BRECKSVILLE ...... 230 BROADVIEW HEIGHTS ...... 231 BROOK PARK ...... 232 BROOKLYN HEIGHTS ...... 233 BROOKLYN ...... 234 CHAGRIN FALLS VILLAGE ...... 235 CLEVELAND ...... 236

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan vi Cuyahoga County, Ohio CUYAHOGA HEIGHTS ...... 237 EUCLID ...... 238 FAIRVIEW PARK ...... 239 GARFIELD HEIGHTS ...... 240 GATES MILLS ...... 241 HIGHLAND HEIGHTS ...... 242 HUNTING VALLEY ...... 243 INDEPENDENCE ...... 244 LAKEWOOD ...... 245 MAPLE HEIGHTS...... 246 MAYFIELD ...... 247 MIDDLEBURG HEIGHTS ...... 248 MORELAND HILLS ...... 249 NORTH OLMSTED ...... 250 NORTH ROYALTON ...... 251 OAKWOOD ...... 252 OLMSTED FALLS ...... 253 OLMSTED TOWNSHIP ...... 254 ORANGE ...... 255 PARMA HEIGHTS ...... 256 PARMA ...... 257 PEPPER PIKE ...... 258 RICHMOND HEIGHTS ...... 259 ROCKY RIVER ...... 260 SEVEN HILLS ...... 261 SHAKER HEIGHTS ...... 262 SOLON ...... 263 SOUTH EUCLID ...... 264 STRONGSVILLE ...... 265 VALLEY VIEW ...... 266 WALTON HILLS ...... 267 WARRENSVILLE HEIGHTS ...... 268 WESTLAKE ...... 269 APPENDIX 18 – DOCUMENTATION OF PUBLIC COMMENT ...... 270 COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM HUNTING VALLEY POLICE CHIEF ...... 270 COMMENTS FROM BEACHWOOD CHIEF OF FIRE, PATRICK KEARNS ...... 270

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan vii Cuyahoga County, Ohio 1.0 Foreword

The Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support the development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 jurisdictions. Cuyahoga County was one of the first counties in the State of Ohio to undertake this planning process.

The All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will allow Cuyahoga County to:

 Locate its areas of risk and assess the cost and magnitude of the risk;  Develop strategies and priorities to mitigate risk from natural hazards and identify action steps or projects to reduce the risk;  Guide the communities in their risk management activities and minimize conflicts between agencies responsible for mitigation; and  Provide eligibility for future mitigation program funds.

There was a great amount of effort put into obtaining a100% response rate for all 59 jurisdictions. Municipalities were contacted numerous times about the importance of their participation in the planning effort. Copies of the letters sent out can be found in Appendix 1.

Participating communities can adopt the plan created by the County and will be eligible for federal disaster mitigation funding. There were three ways of participating in the planning process: 1) completing the Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Survey; 2) completing the matrix; and 3) completing the at-risk structure inventory. There were 56 municipalities that completed and returned the survey, 37 municipalities completed the matrix, and 42 completed the at-risk inventory. (Eight communities had no at-risk structures within their boundaries and thus were not required to complete an at-risk inventory.) There were 33 communities with full participation. Details of each community‟s participation can be found in the table in Appendix 16 of this Plan. There were 3 communities that did not participate at all, the Village of Glenwillow, the Village of Linndale and the Village of Woodmere. These three communities will not be eligible to adopt the Plan, nor will they be eligible for federal disaster mitigation funding.

1.1 Cuyahoga County Natural Disaster Background

Cuyahoga County is susceptible to several natural hazards including severe storms, flash flooding, 100-year floodplain flooding, non-flood zone flooding, coastal and streambank erosion, tornadoes, earthquakes and drought. The primary natural hazard risk in Cuyahoga County is severe storms, which includes winter storms.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 1 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The following are historical Presidential Declarations of Disaster for Cuyahoga County:

Type of Incident Date of Presidential Declaration Heavy rain and floods March 24, 1964 Tornado April 14, 1965 Heavy rain and floods July 15, 1969 Storms and flooding July 1972 Storms and flooding April 27, 1973 Floods September 11,1975 Severe blizzard conditions January, 26, 1978 Heavy Rains and Floods July 21, 2003 Regional Power Outage August 14-15, 2003

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 2 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 2.0 County Information

2.1 Cuyahoga County Profile and Community Information

Cuyahoga, named for the Native American word “crooked,” describes the where many of these first residents lived. When the County was established by an Act in 1807, the population was approximately 1,400. By 1846, only a few Native American settlements remained. The population of Cuyahoga County peaked in 1970 at 1,721,300. Over the last ten years, the County experienced a slight decline in population from 1,412,140 in 1990, to 1,393,845 in 2000.

Employment by major industries shows that the service industry represents the largest segment of jobs at over 30%, followed by the trades, manufacturing, government, real estate financing, insurance and banking.

With 59 political subdivisions, Cuyahoga County is the largest county in the State. The largest cities within the county based upon the 2000 census are:

 Cleveland 478,459  Parma 85,655  Lakewood 56,646  Euclid 52,717  Cleveland Heights 50,769  Strongsville 43,858  North Olmsted 34,113  Westlake 31,719  Garfield Heights 30,734 American Indian Education Center's  Shaker Heights 29,405 2002 Competitive Powwow

Based upon the 2000 Census statistics, Caucasians make up 67.4% of the population of Cuyahoga County, African Americans make up 27.4%, Hispanics 3.4%, Asians comprise 1.8%, Native Americans make up 0.2%, and Other at 1.5%. Data for the demographic profiles of each community was obtained from the University of Akron, Center for Policy Studies, Institute for Health and Social Policy, Census 2000.

Coinciding with changing dynamics such as fewer children per family and declining population trends, regional growth dynamics have contributed to the decline in population of communities in Cuyahoga County. This factor is known as negative growth and began in the City of Cleveland and its inner ring suburbs and has now continued to affect many of the suburbs in the southeastern region, which include Bedford, Bedford Heights Maple Heights, North Randall, Warrensville Heights, Oakwood and Walton Hills. Suburban communities such as Solon and Orange Village, as well as communities outside of Cuyahoga County, have experienced population growth from 1970 through the 1990‟s.

Cleveland Metroparks

The System of Cuyahoga County includes and the public access to beaches in Cleveland at Edgewater State Park, and in Bay Village at Huntington Park, and the Emerald Necklace Trail. The system features 14 woodland park reservations and

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 3 Cuyahoga County, Ohio the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. This Park District comprises over 20,000 acres of various landscapes and attractions for park visitors to enjoy. Information on these natural recreational areas that include natural rivers, and , and ravines has been included for the potential impact on surrounding communities and neighborhoods.

The park reservations include Bedford, Big Creek, Bradley Woods, Brecksville, Brookside, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, , Garfield Park, Hinckley, Huntington, Mill Run, North Chagrin, Ohio & Erie Canal, Rocky River, and South Chagrin. Fishing, hiking trails, boating, wildlife sanctuaries, horticulture, biking and picnic areas offer visitors year round recreation. For further information on the reservations and maps see: http://www.clemetparks.com/visit/index.asp

Discussions of participating communities who are in watershed protection or planning areas where partnership organizations have been developed are included in the relevant regional sections that follow.

Rocky River Reservation is part of the Cleveland Metroparks System and is located in the following communities: Olmsted Township, Berea in this region and Brook Park, Fairview Park, Lakewood, North Olmsted and Rocky River in the Westshore Region. The first land purchased for Cleveland Metroparks can be seen from the Stinchcomb- Groth Memorial in Rocky River. The character of this reservation is influenced by Rocky River. Massive shale cliffs and many trails wind through the valley‟s deep floodplain forests and meadows. The reservation includes three golf courses.

The Rocky River Valley was settled early in this area‟s history and reflects many of the sights common to the first settlers. Frostville Museum, an affiliate of Cleveland Metroparks, illustrates how the 1800s settlers lived and worked in the Rocky River Valley.

Mill Stream Run Reservation is located in Strongsville, Berea and Middleburg Heights in this region, North Royalton in the Southcentral region. Several 19th Century communities like Albion, Sanderson‟s Corners, and Slab Hollow sprang up to take advantage of the waterpower from the east branch of the Rocky River and its tributaries. After sawmills and gristmills were established, basket factories, taverns, ‟s shops and tailors followed. Artifacts have been found here that indicate Native American tribes frequented this area over 8,000 years ago.

A major component of The Cleveland Metroparks is the Big Creek Parkway and Reservation. The parkway is a refreshing alternative to the standard suburban commuter routes to Cleveland. The reservation runs parallel to Pearl Road from Valley Parkway to Brook

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 4 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Park Road through the following communities: Brooklyn, Parma and Parma Heights in the Southcentral Region and Middleburg Heights and Strongsville in the Southwest Region. The highlight of the reservation is Lake Isaac, which is classified as a glacial pothole created thousands of years ago, and is a migrant waterfowl refuge. A hiking trail follows the northern side of the lake and passes through marshes, a floodplain, pine plantation woodlands and an orchard. The wildlife includes fox, mink, deer, and opossum and is one of the most active wildlife corridors in Cuyahoga County.

The West Creek Management Plan adopted a strategy in 2001 entitled “A Watershed Approach for the Future,” which was prepared by the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. The participating communities included Parma, Brooklyn Heights, Seven Hills and Independence. Located just south of the City of Cleveland in the south central section of Cuyahoga County, West Creek travels nine miles through these four suburban communities. The watershed encompasses 14 square miles between State Road to I-77 (east to west), and I- 480 to just south of Pleasant Valley Road (north and south).

The first goal of this watershed protection strategy is to achieve future viability as related to /water quality, green space protection, education and organization of a watershed advisory council. The second goal is to create the first connection for recreational access from suburban communities west of the Cuyahoga River Valley to the Ohio and Erie Canal, the Cuyahoga River, and the Towpath trail, which are part of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park.

The Bedford Reservation occupies several communities in the southeast region and includes: Bedford, Bedford Heights, Oakwood, Valley View and Walton Hills. Bedford Reservation gives the appearance of a continuous forest of large trees and challenging terrain, which discouraged early logging operations. The reservation offers trails, picnic areas, and a golf course. Flowing through the reservation is Tinkers Creek, named for a member of the surveying party. The stream drops 220 feet over a course of two miles and has cut a steep, walled gorge. The gorge, declared a National Natural Landmark, is a unique area with numerous horticulture species. The Tinker‟s Creek Gorge Scenic Overlook on Gorge Parkway offers a spectacular vista, especially in the fall.

The Cuyahoga Valley National Park, located in Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, features a variety of natural, cultural and historical resources and attractions along the Ohio Erie Canal and includes bike trails, winter sports, fishing and hiking trails through the communities of Newburgh Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Valley View and Independence in the Cuyahoga Region.

The North Chagrin Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System occupies several of the communities in the Hillcrest Region including, Mayfield Village, Willoughby Hills and Gates Mills. Since the 1920s, the North Chagrin Reservation has been a special combination of outdoor recreation areas and wildlife sanctuaries. An interesting feature of the reservation is Squire‟s Castle, built at the turn of the century by F.B. Squire, which was to serve as the gatehouse of his country estate, but plans for the remainder of the estate never materialized.

Euclid Creek Reservation is named for the Euclid Creek that runs through the entire park. The communities that are located within the Reservation include Euclid, South Euclid, and Richmond Heights. The southern portion of the reservation is the site of a “ghost town.” The ghost town, formally known as the Village of Bluestone, flourished in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when its populace quarried the blue-gray siltstone for use in building sidewalks and other construction. The bluestone is still exposed in the Quarry Picnic Area.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 5 Cuyahoga County, Ohio South Chagrin Reservation is located in Bentleyville, Solon and Moreland Hills, and features an arboretum, polo field, lodge and trails.

Watershed Organizations

The Euclid Creek Watershed and the Watershed occupy many of the communities in Cuyahoga County. In 2000, the ten municipalities in the Euclid Creek Watershed organized informally with the assistance of the Area Wide Coordinating Agency (NOACA), to form the Euclid Creek Watershed for the purpose of addressing common environmental, storm water and development concerns in the area. In 2001, NOACA obtained a grant from the Ohio Lake Erie Protection Fund to develop a regional storm water program model for USEPA‟s Phase II program, and to undertake a demonstration of the use of this model with the Euclid Creek communities. Each of the communities agreed to provide matching funds for the effort and to cooperate with it. The Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) is serving as the coordinating agency for this demonstration effort.

In 2002, the SWCD obtained a grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources to serve as a Watershed Coordinator for Euclid Creek, to facilitate development of a watershed plan for Euclid Creek and to assist member communities of the watershed in complying with the Phase II Storm Water Program.

The participating communities of this effort are:

 City of Beachwood  City of Mayfield Heights  City of Cleveland (Region V)  City of Richmond Heights  City of Euclid  City of South Euclid  City of Highland Heights  City of Willoughby Hills (Lake County)  City of Lyndhurst  Village of Mayfield

Advisor to the Euclid Creek Watershed Council: John Beeker, Environmental Planning Director, NOACA 1299 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114 – (216) 241-2414 ext. 250 E-mail: [email protected]

The Chagrin River Watershed Partners is another non-profit organization that serves a coalition of community members in a four county area. The members share information and work collectively to solve local and watershed wide problems in a manner that ensures a sustainable future for the Chagrin River Watershed. Cuyahoga County communities that are members include:

 Beachwood  Mayfield Village  Bentleyville  Mayfield Heights  Chagrin Falls Township  Moreland Hills  Chagrin Falls Village  Orange Village  Gates Mills  Pepper Pike  Highland Heights  Solon  Hunting Valley  Woodmere  Lyndhurst

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 6 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The contact information for this non-profit organization is Chagrin River Watershed Partners, Inc., P.O. Box 229, Willoughby, Ohio 44096-0229 – (440) 975-3870

In the 1970‟s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built Dike 14, a dredge spoil disposal area at the mouth of Doan Brook. The Brook had already been confined to a culvert when I-90 was built. This culvert was extended for approximately 2,000 feet under the dredge spoil area completely cutting off the stream from Lake Erie. In 1974, the cities of Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights and Cleveland formed the Joint Committee on Doan Creek Watershed to facilitate coordinated work to protect and preserve Doan Brook. In 2001, the Joint Committee on Doan Brook Watershed evolved into the Doan Brook Watershed Partnership, a 501 © (3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to develop and implement a watershed management plan for the preservation of Doan Brook.

Chagrin Region

1. Hunting Valley Originally part of Orange Township, the area was incorporated as a village in 1924. Primarily a residential village of private estates, farm acreage, and large suburban homes, Hunting Valley is located adjacent to the Chagrin River, bordered on the north by Gates Mills, on the south by Moreland Hills, on the east by Geauga County, and on the west by Pepper Pike. The township was settled in 1815 and established in 1820. Some of the first families laid out farms in the 1820s in the area where the Chagrin River and Fairmount Boulevard now intersect.

Orange was a thriving farming community at the beginning of the 20th century, when Cleveland industrialists such as Jeptha Wade II, and O.P. and M.M. Van Swerigen began to purchase property in this area for their country homes. Jeptha Wade ll bought 455 acres on Fairmount Road and called it Valley Ridge Farm. In 1913, Andrew Squire developed a working farm and a horticulture and landscape gardening center, where Mather College of Western Reserve University students studied horticulture and pharmaceutical experiments in the 95-acre garden and arboretum. In 1934, Squire bequeathed the Squire Valley View Farm Estate to Western Reserve University.

In 1940, the population was 336. Descendants of the early families lived on subdivided private estates. In 1970, University School established a 175-acre campus. The population peaked in 1992, at 780.

Demographics Land area: 8 sq. mi. Population: 735 (including residents located in Geauga Former town hall in Hunting Valley Co.)

2. Woodmere Village In 2003 this Village celebrates its 58th year since becoming incorporated. Woodmere Village is less than one square mile and is located along Chagrin Boulevard. It began as a rural community along a country road by African Americans from the City of Cleveland in search of a quiet community with a small town atmosphere. The Village‟s former main street was the two- lane dirt Kinsman Road, which is now called Chagrin Boulevard. On a weekly basis, 200,000 people travel through Woodmere Village on their way to and from work. In 1999, the Village obtained a grant from the Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners to hire a traffic/consulting firm to lead a community process and develop a master plan to address pedestrian and

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 7 Cuyahoga County, Ohio vehicular traffic concerns. Woodmere Village‟s Master Plan recommends creating a tree-lined boulevard on both sides of Chagrin Boulevard, developing property easements to provide pedestrian walkways, new sidewalks, crosswalks and traffic signalization at intersections.

Demographics Land area: 0.3 sq. mi. Population: 828

3. Orange Village Orange Village was originally part of Orange Township formed in 1820, which also included the communities of Moreland Hills, Woodmere, Pepper Pike, Hunting Valley and part of Chagrin Falls. Sereus Burnett was the first settler in the area, arriving in 1815. The name Orange was chosen because several of the settlers had migrated from Orange, Connecticut. The area grew into a thriving agricultural community and by 1820 the population was nearly 300. Prior to 1850 log homes existed. After 1850 frame homes replaced log houses. Steam sawmills and cheese factories developed into major businesses by the turn of the century. The main road, S.O.M. Center Road derived its name from Solon, Orange and Mayfield Townships.

In the early 20th Century, Oris P. and Mantis Van Swerigen began buying farmland as part of their plan to develop the entire district from Shaker Heights to the Chagrin River. As population increased, the desire for separate governmental representation led to the creation of the various and separate communities.

Demographics Land Area: 3.6 sq. mi. Population: 3,236

4. Moreland Hills Moreland Hills is the historic birthplace of James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the , who was born in a near S.O.M. Center and Jackson Roads in 1831. He was raised on a farm, worked as a driver and bowman on the Erie Canal, and attended school at Geauga Seminary and Hiram Electric Institute. He left the area in 1869, when he was elected to the Ohio Senate.

Settlement began in 1815, where the road that became Ohio Rt. 87 crosses the Chagrin River. The families of Serenus Burnett, C.L. Jackson and Seth Mapes were among the early settlers. During the 19th century, the area was known for its steam sawmills, cheese factories and productive farms. Beginning in 1897, the Cleveland Chagrin Falls Railway contributed to the suburban development of Moreland Hills, which brought residents back and forth to employment in Cleveland. It also brought visitors to an amusement park built by John Stoneman adjoining Crystal Lake.

Historical marker in Moreland Hills

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 8 Cuyahoga County, Ohio In 1935, residential developer Robert Stem began constructing new subdivisions. The Village was incorporated in 1929, and a village charter was adopted in 1972. The South Chagrin River Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System runs through the Village along the Chagrin Valley.

Demographics Land area: 7.2 sq. mi. Population: 3,298

5. Chagrin Falls Village Named by its early settlers for its clear river, large and small waterfalls, the Village of Chagrin Falls was incorporated in 1844. The waterfalls along the river were harnessed to run a variety of enterprises including a woolen and paper mill, a foundry, and factories making axes and woodenware. Today, one paper mill still exists. As the mill owners prospered, they replaced modest homes with more elaborate ones. Through historic preservation, many of these homes have been restored and are listed on the State of Ohio Historic Inventory. Chagrin Falls evolved from a manufacturing town, to a farming community, to the prosperous residential community of today. It has a rich history of early artists that began here, including Henry Church Jr., born in 1836, who was a blacksmith in the Village known for his paintings – many of which are in national museums.

Demographics Land area: 2.2 sq. mi. Population: 4,024 Henry Church Jr.’s “The Monkey 6. Chagrin Falls Township Picture” – Chagrin Falls Township was created by the Board of Commissioners of Cuyahoga County in March 1845, a year after Chagrin Falls Village was incorporated. It is not one of the original townships of the Western Reserve. The government was put in place at a meeting at Griswold‟s Tavern on April 7th, 1845. Although not documented, it is possible that residents petitioned for a township to unify the area. Since Chagrin Falls Village lies wholly within the township of Chagrin Falls, property owners of the village are subject to the real property tax levied by the township, in addition to that levied by the village. That gives property owners beyond the boundaries of the village, but within the township, a tax advantage.

Demographics Population: 4,159

7. Bentleyville This residential village is bounded by Moreland Hills to the north and the west, and to the south by Solon. The South Chagrin Reservation of the Metroparks System occupies significant acreage of the Village. Bentleyville was originally part of the Chagrin Falls Township.

In 1831, Adamson Bentley, a minister of the Disciples of Christ, came to the area and bought land at the junction of the Aurora Branch of the Chagrin River. He built a sawmill and a gristmill and in 1836, a clothing store. He and his followers met in a log schoolhouse. Other early settlers built a triphammer (metal forging) shop, a tannery shop and developed a stone quarry along the river. A chair and rake factory and various general stores and shops were developed.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 9 Cuyahoga County, Ohio One of the historic early settlers was Ralph Russell, founder of the North Union Shaker community in 1822. In 1928, various proposals were suggested by the Village of Chagrin Falls to annex all of Chagrin Falls Township. Some residents opposed to the annexation wanted to separate and join the Moreland Hills area. However another group of residents circulated petitions for the formation of another village, voted to secede and created Bentleyville as a separate incorporated village in 1929.

The population has grown from 80 in 1950, to 301 in 1960, 338 in 1970 and 381 in 1980. There have been numerous proposals to annex the Village to Chagrin Location of Bentleyville within Falls, Solon, or Moreland Hills, but its residents have Cuyahoga County remained independent.

Demographics Land area: 2.6 sq. mi. Population: 947

Cleveland Region

1. Cleveland The City of Cleveland is one of the largest cities in the State of Ohio. Currnetly 478,403 residents populate one of 21 wards. The City has been subdivided into 36 neighborhoods as Statistical Planning Areas (SPA‟s) for census analysis and planning purposes.

The origin of many Cleveland neighborhoods can be traced to the early and middle portions of the nineteenth century. Shortly after the City‟s founding by Moses Cleaveland in 1796, settlement began around the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, northwest of Public Square, near the area now known as the warehouse district. Due to the existence of swampy conditions and the resulting outbreaks of malaria, settlements moved to higher ground. By 1820, the area‟s largest white settlement had 756 residents located near the intersection of Broadway and Harvard Avenues, which was known as the Village of Newburgh. Only 600 residents lived in the nearby Village of Cleveland that same year. Newburgh was annexed by the City of Cleveland in 1873.

Other areas of very early settlement included Ohio City, which was incorporated in 1836 and was annexed to Cleveland in 1854, and Old Brooklyn (formerly Village of South Brooklyn), which began developing in the 1830‟s and was the site of the first greenhouse. Later in the nineteenth century, industrial development along the Cuyahoga River led to settlement of such areas as Tremont and Slavic Village. Settlement spread out to the east side development of Hough, which was incorporated as the Village of East Cleveland in 1866 and annexed to Cleveland in 1872. Edgewater was incorporated as the Village of West Cleveland in 1871 and was annexed to Cleveland in 1894. Glenville was incorporated as a

Lakefront stadium and Rock Hall Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 10 Cuyahoga County, Ohio village in 1870 and annexed to Cleveland in 1902 and 1905. Cleveland continued its expansion in the twentieth century by annexing the adjacent communities of in 1910, Euclid- Green in 1914 and 1926, West Park in 1923 and Miles Heights in 1928 and 1932.

Post War development emerged in portions of Cleveland neighborhoods in Riverside, Kamms Corners, Puritas-Longmeade on the far west side, and portions of Lee-Harvard Miles and Euclid Green neighborhoods on the southeast side of Cleveland.

Demographics Land area: 77 Square Miles Population: 478,403

2. Linndale Village This small village nestled just southeast of the City of Cleveland‟s Bellaire Puritas neighborhood and bounded to the east by Brooklyn has 117 residents and 71 households. The Village was important to Cleveland‟s early industrial development, as it was one of two stops for freight transfer along the Cleveland Belt and Terminal Railroad Company in 1889. From this mainline, Cleveland Akron and Canton Southern Railroad was located two miles from the passenger station at the Terminal Tower and connected two important freight transportation yards, which were the Clark Avenue stockyards station and the Linndale yards. (www.railsandtrails.com, Ohio Railway report, December 31, 1902.) Linndale Village was incorporated in 1902.

The village is noted for its role in the historic migration of African Americans, who were recruited in this area from the south by the railroad companies to work at the Linndale yards. Many of these early settlers worked repairing the engines at the Linndale yards turn around station and established churches, which remain part of the community today.

Demographics Population: 117 Cleveland Union Terminal Electric Engine Land area: .9 mi. #1050

3. Village of Bratenahl Located just east of downtown Cleveland, Bratenahl was incorporated in 1905. The Village of Bratenahl was originally part of the Villages of Glenville and Collinwood. In 1902, when Glenville was anticipating annexation by the City of Cleveland, residents decided to form their own independent village. The Village began as a summer colony for Cleveland‟s wealthy families such as the Britton, Corning, Garfield, Mather, Hanna and Rockefeller families.

In 1903, the portion north of Lake Shore Boulevard and Michigan Southern Railroad, extending from Gordon Park to Coit Road, seceded and was incorporated into the Village of Bratenahl. In 1901, the Village of Collinwood was annexed to Cleveland.

Shoreline view in Bratenahl Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 11 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Known for its quiet, country-like atmosphere, beautiful trees and lakefront views, historic mansions and large estates coexist with older traditional homes, and two high-rise condos are on the lakefront. Cluster homes and townhouses, private clubs and a private marina have also been developed in the last few years.

Primarily a senior citizen community, the Village maintains its own city services while 72% of its taxes collected are paid to the City of Cleveland.

Demographics Land area: 1 sq. mile Population: 1,337

Cuyahoga Region

1. Newburgh Heights The Ohio legislature created Cuyahoga County in 1807. In 1809, Cleveland was named as the county seat, over the objections of its more populous neighbor, Newburgh. Early eastern Slavic immigrants principally from Poland and Czechoslovakia found work here in the Cleveland Rolling Mills Company that operated a steel plant. In 1867, Cleveland annexed portions of Newburgh Township, which was referred to as the “ ward.” In 1904, Newburgh Heights was organized and incorporated as a village. The community remains historically connected to the historic Warszawa district in Cleveland‟s Slavic Village neighborhood that includes the Parishes of St. Stanislaus and Our Lady of Lourdes Churches.

Today Newburgh Heights continues to celebrate at Washington Park with its historic greenspace that now has a horticulture center, arboretum and recreation fields that are maintained by the Cleveland Metroparks St. Stanislaus Church Sanctuary System. In the vicinity of Washington Park is Burke Entered in the National Register of Brook, a wetland part of the Ohio Canal Heritage Trail Historic Places in 1976 and Corridor.

Demographics Land area: 0.6 sq. mi. Population: 2,389

2. Cuyahoga Heights Cuyahoga Heights Village became a separate political subdivision after severing political relations with Newburgh Heights in 1918. Samuel Clapp, who became the clerk of the Village in 1918, gave this account of the controversy, which was published in in 1936.

“The residents of what is now Cuyahoga Heights were paying higher taxes but improvements were The Cuyahoga River winds its way through Cuyahoga Valley National Park.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 12 Cuyahoga County, Ohio being made in other sections of town near Washington Park.” An election was held on February 2, 1918 and 59 persons turned out in the bitter cold to vote for secession, with four trustees elected. Today many of its residents have been living there for generations.

Demographics Land area: 3.2 sq. mi. Population: 599

3. Brooklyn Heights Incorporated as a village in 1903, this residential / industrial community is bounded by Cleveland on the north and west, on the east by the Cuyahoga River and Independence, to the south by Seven Hills and to the west by Parma. In 1920, the population was 605. The Cleveland Growers Marketing Company was established and the community developed into a national leading vegetable greenhouse area with over 100 acres under glass. In 1927, the area west of Brook Park Road, representing about 2/3 of the area of the Village and about half the population, was annexed to Cleveland. The remaining 413 people rebuilt the community and grew to 1,600 people in 1958. Industry began to replace agriculture and in 1984, the population reached 1,653 and had over 100 industries. Development over the past 10 years along Tiedeman Road includes the production facilities for the Plain Dealer, Ohio‟s largest newspaper, several restaurants and retail shopping.

Demographics Population: 1,558 View of down town Cleveland Land area: 1.73 sq. mi. from Brooklyn Heights.

4. Seven Hills Seven Hills is located in central Cuyahoga County, 13 miles south of Cleveland, and is bounded by Brooklyn Heights to the north, Independence to the east, Broadview Heights to the south and Parma on the west. Its early development is tied to the two neighboring communities of Independence and Brooklyn. Independence was known for its orchards, vineyards and stone quarries. The stone business was prominent in the area before the Civil War. Later, large areas of land were cleared and used for farming. In 1914, the eastern portion of Independence Township was incorporated as the Village of Independence. In 1927, the remainder of the township became the Village of Seven Hills and began operating under the mayor-council form of government.

The hilly terrain and natural setting probably gave rise to the name, but the early residents may also have referred to the ancient area of Rome known as “The Seven Hills of Rome”. Through the years, Seven Hills has remained primarily a residential community. Because of early suburban development in the community, only 12 farms remained by 1938.

The population grew from 333 in 1938, to 555 in 1940, 1,350 in 1950, 5,708 in 1960, and over 16,000 in 1980. Seven Hills is distinctive because it has no central Seven Hills City Hall

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 13 Cuyahoga County, Ohio business district or town square. Seven Hills became a City in 1961.

Demographics Population: 12,080 Land area: 4.86 sq. mi.

5. Independence Independence became a City in 1814. Located south of Brooklyn Heights and Cuyahoga Heights, and bounded by Seven Hills to the east, Valley View to the west and Brecksville to the south, the residential and commercial City of Independence has an economic corridor with more than 50% of the suburban commercial properties in the Cleveland area. With more than 1,400 businesses located on Rockside Road, over 35,000 employees work in, and/or travel to, Independence. The business crossroads of Northeast Ohio, Independence, is accessible to every major residential suburb. The is just 15 minutes west and downtown Cleveland is just 10 minutes north. The National Parks System, which is adjacent to the city, offers its residents a great amenity.

Demographics Land area: 9.6 sq. mi. Upscale development along Population: 7,109 Rockside Road.

6. Valley View Located along the historic Erie Canal and now part of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, the village of Valley View is located on Canal Road, 3.5 miles south of Rockside Road. Constructed in 1825, the same year that the northern section of the Ohio and Erie Canal was built, it is a historic example of federalist style architecture and features exhibits relating to the architectural styles and construction techniques of that time as well as exhibits on the Frazee family.

Also located in this community is the Canal Visitor Center, 1.5 miles south of Rockside Road, which serves as a visitor center and museum. Permanent exhibits illustrate the 1,200 years of natural history in the valley, including the history of the Erie Canal. The first German settlement was located here and later Irish immigrants built the canal. This building once served canal boat passengers waiting to pass through Lock 38. Tinkers Creek Road, which travels along the Bedford Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System, is accessible from Canal Road in Valley View.

Demographics Land area: 5.6 sq. mi. Population: 2,179

7. Broadview Heights The Chippewa Indians originally occupied the land that is now Broadview Heights. The first white settler was Seth Paine who in 1811, was sent as a surveyor by Colonel John Breck. Colonel Breck‟s land included what is now known as Brecksville, Broadview Heights and North

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 14 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Royalton. In 1926, the residents of what is now Broadview Heights petitioned for and received incorporation for the Village of Broadview Heights. Descendants of some pioneer families still live in Broadview Heights. Due to prime, open, rural and developable land, between 1990 and 2000 Broadview Heights was one Broadview of the fastest growing residential Heights has communities in Cuyahoga County, a country- increasing over 30% during this ten-year like period. In 2002, the Cuyahoga County atmosphere. Planning Commission published an update of the City‟s 1996 Master Plan that identifies existing land use, natural features and potential for future development.

Demographics Population: 15,967 Land area: 13 sq. mi.

8. Brecksville Brecksville borders Independence on the north and Broadview Heights on the west. Breck Township was incorporated as the Village of Brecksville in 1922, and achieved city status on December 16th, 1960. It currently operates under the mayor-council form of government.

Seth Paine left Williamsburg, Massachusetts with his family and Melzer Clark for the Western Reserve. A land surveyor, Paine began work in the current Brecksville area in 1811 and also acted as a land agent for the Breck family, owners of a substantial tract of land in the area. Paine selected 200 acres of flat land for himself and became known as the first white settler in Breck Township, named after the Breck heirs.

Brecksville remained an agricultural community throughout the nineteenth century. The construction of paved roads and the introduction of the automobile made Brecksville more accessible to Cleveland residents. In 1937-38, many farms in the village were uprooted to make room for the construction of Ohio Route 82. Post World War II migration from the City of Cleveland to the suburbs contributed to the growth of Brecksville. In 1960, the population reached 5,345, enabling it to be incorporated as a city. By 1970, the population nearly doubled to 9,137.

The Brecksville City School District operates six schools and Cuyahoga Community College also has a branch there. The city‟s largest employers include the Brecksville Veterans‟ Administration Hospital, Ohio Bell, B.F. Goodrich and the Brecksville Board of Education. Brecksville Reservation, which is part of the Cleveland Metroparks System, is located here and includes Chippewa Creek cut by seven gorges left behind by the glaciers that once covered this area.

Demographics Land area: 19.6 sq. mi. Population: 13,382

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 15 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Heights Region

1. East Cleveland Formerly known as the Hamlet of Collamer and originally part of East Cleveland Township, East Cleveland was organized in 1895 and became a city in 1911. An earlier village of the same name was annexed to Cleveland in 1872. Located 7 miles from downtown Cleveland, it is bounded on the north and west by Cleveland, and by Cleveland Heights on the east and south. The population reached 10,000 in 1910. In 1916, the City rejected annexation by the City of Cleveland. In 1916, the City charter provided for women‟s suffrage in municipal elections – then the only such charter provision east of Chicago. In 1920, the population reached 27,000. In 1911, National Electric, which would become the lamp division of General Electric Company, began the construction of Nela Park on Noble Road, and other light industries developed along and Central Railroads during World War II.

In 1929, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. began a 600 unit residential development on the Forest Hill estate that belonged to his father, but due to the depression only 80 homes were completed. In 1938, he donated Forest Hill Park to the cities of East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights. In 1916, the Rockefellers and Andrew Carnegie donated the land and funding for the East .

In 1990, the population was 33,000. In an effort to stem maintain or increase population in 2003, the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority broke ground for the first of 80 planned new homes at East 125th Street and Phillips Avenue.

Demographics Land area: 3.1 sq. mi. Population: 27,217 Rockefeller Building, c., 1930s

2. Cleveland Heights Cleveland Heights was home to Native American tribes such as the Erie and Seneca. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, pioneers established settlements in the area of Mayfield and Superior Roads. By the mid 1800‟s the area that was to become Cleveland Heights was a farm community whose lands were originally part of East Cleveland, Euclid, Newburgh, and Warrensville townshops. In 1891 Patrick Calhoun, grandson of Vice President John C. Calhoun, created the Euclid Heights subdivision which was north of Cedar Road and west of Conventry Road. Cleveland Hts. was established as a village in 1903. In 1921 it was incorporated as a city. It is located twenty minutes from downtown and close proximity to . Over 135 acres of parkland are located in this community.

Demographics Land area: 8.1 sq. mi. Population: 49,958 Cleveland Heights, Ohio

3. University Heights University Heights was incorporated as Idlewood Village in 1908. The present name was adopted in 1925 when John Carroll University moved to the heights. During the 19th century, the township‟s primary occupation was farming. Close to World War I, farming began to give

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 16 Cuyahoga County, Ohio way as residential growth expanded. The population grew from 500 in 1925, to 2,237 in 1930 and almost 6,000 in 1940, when University Heights was incorporated as a city.

Among the factors contributing to the City‟s success as a residential suburb has been its aesthetic appeal. Tree lined streets twice earned the Tree City USA award. Historic Bellefaire Jewish orphanage established in 1868 relocated to University Heights and exemplifies the campus concept of Institutional Planning. In 2003, this community‟s high standard for community planning and development celebrate the grand opening of a new town center shopping complex on Cedar Road. The careful design and attention to architectural details will ensure the long- term viability and aesthetics of this community.

Demographics: Land area: 1.8 sq. mi. John Carroll University Population: 14,146

4. Shaker Heights Shaker Heights is home to four lakes, plentiful parklands and is the only eastern suburb that has two rapid transit lines connecting it to downtown and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. It was Ohio‟s first planned garden city and has a regional Nature Center identified as a National Environmental Education Center. 70% of Shaker Heights is located within a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Doan Brook has remained the focal point of the community for 200 years. In 1799, Nathaniel Doan settled his family there and built a tavern at a . The Doan‟s Brook Village around Doan‟s Tavern rivaled the City of Cleveland for more than 100 years.

In 1812, 20 members of Jacob Russell‟s family established their homestead upstream near what is now the intersection of South Park Boulevard and Lee Road. A few miles upstream, the North Union Shakers made a living from the brook and used it as a spiritual place of worship. The Shakers built the two Shaker Lakes to power their sawmills, gristmills and woolen mill. During the 1900s, Doan‟s Corners and the North Union Shakers thrived and the surrounding areas became farms and villages, including the Village of Glenville, located near the brook valley between Doan Creek and Lake Erie.

In 1900, Doan‟s Corners merged with the City of Cleveland and became University Circle, and Glenville had become the affluent garden suburb. By 1930, nearly all of the land around Doan Brook watershed was developed as Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights and Cleveland.

As Cleveland grew, philanthropists such as Jeptha Wade, William Gordon and John D. Rockefeller planned and donated a series of parks to provide respite for city people. It was reported that on one Sunday in 1896, 44,000 people either walked or drove along the brook in Rockefeller Park.

Demographics Land area: 6.3 Population: 29,405 Shaker Lakes

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 17 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Hillcrest Region

1. Euclid The township of Euclid was one of the first communities to be established in the Western Reserve. Moses Cleaveland and four employees of the , formed a contract and created Euclid (named after the Greek mathematician) Township. The township consisted of more than 35 square miles of land.

David Dille, a Virginia Company Lieutenant from the Revolutionary War, is credited as the founder of Euclid. He built a log cabin on the west of Euclid Creek. The early community was a farming area, subsisting on cash crops such as wheat and table grapes. Early industries included saltworks, sawmill and shipbuilding. In 1850, the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad built tracks through the township. The Village was incorporated in 1877, rescinded a year later and reincorporated again in 1903, when the boundaries were changed. By the end of the nineteenth century, several companies were quarrying much sought after Euclid blue stone for building.

The community is a partner in the Euclid Creek Watershed Partnership. Businesses and institutions such as Lincoln Electric Company, Argo Tech Corporation, Reliance Turbine Engine, Park Ohio Industries, Chesterfield Steel and Euclid Hospital helped to establish a strong and diverse tax base.

Demographics Land area: 10.83 sq. mi. Population: 52.717 Euclid City Hall

2. Richmond Heights Richmond Heights was the last portion of Euclid Township to be incorporated as a village. Originally incorporated as the village of Clairibel in 1917, it became Richmond Heights in 1918. It is bounded on the north and west by Euclid, on the east by Highland Heights, on the south by Lyndhurst and southwest by South Euclid.

The area developed slowly. It was principally a farming community, and the only major early industry was a series of charcoal pits that provided fuel for the growing iron industry in Cleveland. Its population was 265 in 1920, and grew to 891 in 1950. Major expansion followed the installation of gas and water mains in 1953.

The City remains primarily residential with a strong retail sector located at the Hillcrest Square Shopping Center at Richmond and Wilson Roads. The also provides the region with a great resource for business and cargo air transportation.

Demographics Land area: 4.4 sq. mi. Population: 10,944 Richmond Heights City Hall

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 18 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 3. Highland Heights The City of Highland Heights is located 18 miles northeast of Cleveland, and is bounded by Mayfield Village on the east, Mayfield Heights and Lyndhurst on the south, and Richmond Heights on the west. Originally part of Mayfield Township, it was formed in 1819, together with Gates Mills, Mayfield Village, Mayfield Heights and a portion of Lyndhurst. Settlement began in the area in 1805, when several families migrated from the State of New York. The first settler was Rufus Mapes.

Development of the area was slow until 1877, when a plank road was built from East Cleveland through Euclid and Mayfield Townships, along what is now Mayfield Road. In 1899, the development of the Cleveland and Eastern Interurban Railway between Cleveland and Chardon contributed to the growth of this community. By the 1920s, the automobile made the Township even more accessible. Highland Heights became a village in 1920, when the township was divided into four villages. It became a city in 1967.

Several major businesses helped to establish a strong tax base for this community including the Allen Bradley Company, Picker International and Cole National Corporation. The community was the first in Cuyahoga County to require all new subdivisions to have underground wiring and ornamental street lighting. In 1996, the City adopted a Master Plan for future commercial, recreational and residential land use recommendations that identified the federally Designated Wetland areas, preservation of its 96 acres of recreation area/uses; which includes the Airport Greens Golf Course and Whiteford Park.

Demographics Land area: 7 sq. mi. Population: 8,082 Location of Highland Heights

4. Mayfield Village In 1819, the Township of Mayfield was founded with the first town hall meeting. The township consisted of Mayfield Village, Gates Mills, Mayfield Heights, Highland Heights, and a small part of Lyndhurst. By the mid 1800s, a blacksmith shop, a school, a church and a general store were located at the intersection of the S.O.M. Center and Wilson Mills Road. On March 21st, 1921 Mayfield Village became incorporated. Today, much of the rustic charm remains in this residential community. The North Chagrin Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System covers nearly one quarter of the 4.2 square mile village. Sunset Pond, picnic and hiking trails are located in this preserve. The Mayfield Township Historical Society is located in the Bennett VanCuren Home, adjacent to Wiley Park.

Demographics Land area: 4.2 sq. mi. Population: 3,435 Historical charm in Mayfield Village

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 19 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 5. South Euclid The area encompassing South Euclid, along with East Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, Lyndhurst, Richmond Heights and Euclid was formed into the township of Euclid in 1809. It was named Euclid in honor of the Greek mathematician and patron by one of the Connecticut land surveyors. When surveyors began to lay out the proposed roads, they followed existing Indian trails. The intersection of what are now Mayfield and Green Roads was the intersection of two Indian trails and was called South Euclid by early settlers.

South Euclid became a village in 1917, and was incorporated as a city in 1941. The community remains principally residential, owner occupied single-family homes. The history of South Euclid has been preserved by the South Euclid Historical Society Museum on the grounds of the South Euclid – Lyndhurst Library on Mayfield Road. Retail shopping districts developed at the intersection of Cedar and Warrensville Center and Green and Mayfield Roads. A 26-unit market rate residential unit is planned for 2003. South Euclid Library Demographics Land Area: 4.7 sq. mi. Population: 23,537

6. Lyndhurst Incorporated in 1917, the area was originally part of Euclid Township, and was renamed Lyndhurst (from Lyndhurst, ) in 1920, during a high school contest. The region was settled by German immigrants and was principally agricultural before World War I. The population was 288 in 1920. In 1922, water mains were installed and the increase in automobile transportation helped to promote suburban growth. In 1923, a resident protest about combining Lyndhurst schools with those in South Euclid led to a 1924 landmark court decision that ruled that the broad interests of education prevail over other considerations, and the schools were combined.

Major growth took place after World War II, and the population reached 18,092 in 1980. The City has a strong retail business base. Lyndhurst City Hall

Demographics Land area: 4.4 sq. mi. Population: 15,279

7. Mayfield Heights Mayfield Heights is located east of Cleveland, bounded by Highland Heights and Mayfield Village on the north, Lyndhurst on the west, Pepper Pike on the south, and Gates Mills on the east. It was originally part of Mayfield Township, which was formed in 1819 and also included Gates Mills, Highland Heights, Mayfield Village and part of Lyndhurst. Some of the city‟s early homes are still intact and remain part of the community‟s historic past. The community adopted a residential zoning code to maintain integrity in design and building standards. Approximately 60% of the City‟s households are single-family homes, 42% are apartments. Mayfield Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 20 Cuyahoga County, Ohio was incorporated as a city in 1950. Population increased after 1950, peaking in 1970 at 22,139. The City has more than 20 acres of park and recreational land, including parks located on Chelmsford, Belrose and Oakville Roads.

Demographics Land areas: 4.2 sq. mi. Population: 19, 386

8. Gates Mills Village Mayfield Heights historical home Gates Mills is located in the Chagrin Valley and is design. bounded by Mayfield Heights on the west, Geauga County on the east, and Hunting Valley on the south. Originally part of Mayfield Township, Gates Mills was founded in 1826 by Holsey Gates, who bought 130 acres of Chagrin River land from the Connecticut Land Company to ensure that he would have a good water supply for a sawmill. The excellent location and abundant water supply led to the construction of several more mills that gave the area its name. Agriculture flourished here, and potash, cheese and rake factories were established. By 1850, Gates Mills was a thriving community exporting manufactured products.

During the post Civil War period, the water powered mills languished and the vitality of the Village declined. In the 1890s, Cleveland‟s professional business leaders, S. Prentiss Baldwin, Frank Ginn and Frank Walker, established country retreats here. They supported the development of the Cleveland and Eastern Interurban Railway, which connected the Village to the City of Cleveland in 1899. In 1905, Gates Mills was incorporated by landowners to Working Mill in Cuyahoga County in the preserve the well-to-do-New England character 1850s of the community, which has remained residential. The Village of Gates Mills was incorporated in 1920.

Demographics Land area: 9.1 sq. mi Population: 2,493

9. Beachwood Beachwood is named for the beech trees that populated this area, which was part of one of the original townships of the Western Reserve known as Warrensville. Warrensville Township lost land over the course of a century to seven cities and villages, including Beachwood. Beachwood became a village in 1915, when it seceded from Warrensville Township after township officials decided to close a school in this area. Beachwood Publication

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 21 Cuyahoga County, Ohio In 1927, Beachwood School was built, which was later renamed Fairmount School.

In 1884, Centenary Church was constructed next to Beachwood Village Hall. The stone foundation came from a small quarry on the Bleasdale farm, near Harvard and Richmond Roads. At the corner of Green Road and Halburton Road is the Warrensville East Cemetery, now owned by the City. The site has gravestones that mark early settlers beginning in 1813. The Village became a City in 1960, when the population was 6,089.

Demographics Land area: 4.6 sq. mi. Population: 12,186

10. Pepper Pike In 1815, sixteen pioneers settled in the area called Orange, which included the present cities of Pepper Pike, Orange, Moreland Hills, Hunting Valley and Woodmere. A township was established in 1820 with 36 voters. By the late 1800s, there was a village hall at Orange Center, now the intersection of Pinetree and S.O.M. Center Road. There were nine one-room school elementary schools in the area. High school students went to nearby towns at a cost of 50 cents per year, per pupil.

In the late 1880s, the area benefited from the successful cheese factories that had become the primary industry. In 1924, the residents of the northern Orange Township voted to separate and the Village of Pepper Pike was incorporated. This primarily residential community is home to Ursuline College, and Brentwood, Suburban and St. Luke‟s Hospitals were also established here.

Demographics Land area: 7.1 Sq. mi. Population: 6,040 Eaton Collection Mall in Pepper Pike

Southcentral Region

1. Brooklyn Brooklyn is located contiguous to Cleveland on its east, north and west borders, and the city of Parma to its south. Brooklyn Township was organized in 1818, and occupies a significant part of Cleveland‟s early west side territory, which was bounded on the north by Lake Erie and on the east by the Cuyahoga River, Rockport was to the west and on the south was Parma and Independence townships. The incorporation of these separate municipalities, along with the annexations by the City of Cleveland throughout the 19th and early 20th century of Ohio City, Old Brooklyn, Linndale and Brooklyn Heights left only a small area in the southwest corner of the original Brooklyn Township. That portion of the former township became Brooklyn Village in 1927, Brooklyn, Ohio location and was chartered as the City of Brooklyn in 1950.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 22 Cuyahoga County, Ohio In 1966, Brooklyn became the first community in the nation to mandate use of seatbelts. In 1994, the Plain Dealer opened a 200 million dollar printing and distribution center on Tiedeman Road, adjacent to I-480 on Brooklyn‟s south side. Big Creek Parkway, which is a component of Big Creek Reservation runs parallel to Pearl Road from Valley Parkway to Brook Park Road and is located in 6 communities, including Brooklyn.

Demographics Population: 11,586 Land area: 4.3 sq. mi.

2. Parma Parma, the 9th largest city in the State of Ohio, is bounded by Cleveland and Brooklyn on the north, Brooklyn Heights and Parma Heights on the west, Seven Hills on the east and North Royalton and Broadview Heights on the south. Parma was originally part of Parma Township, created in 1826. The first settlers were the Beniah Fay family from New York State, who settled along the Cleveland-Columbus road in 1816. The name was taken from Parma, New York, where it was probably derived from the early 19th century fascination with classical Italy. During the 19th century, Parma remained largely agricultural, with the sole manufacturer in the area being Dudley and William Humphrey‟s clock shop. In 1912, a portion of the township seceded to form the Village of Parma Heights.

In 1924, Parma was incorporated as a village. In 1931, a proposition to annex it to the City of Cleveland was defeated, and Parma became a city. Between 1950-1980, population soared from less than 20,000 to 110,000. Major industries such as General Motors, Modern Tool and Die, Union Carbide, Cox Cable Television and 25 smaller industries provide economic stability to the City.

Cuyahoga Community College‟s western campus, Parmatown Shopping Center and Mall, Parma Community General Hospital, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center and 90 acres of the Big Creek Reservation of the Metroparks System are also located in the city.

Demographics Stearns House Homestead / Population: 85,655 Museum Land area: 20.9 sq. mi.

3. Parma Heights Parma Heights is located southwest of Cleveland and is bounded by Brook Park and Middleburg Heights on the west, and Parma to the north, east and south. The early settlers were predominantly German and lived on family farms, with a few commercial establishments and country inns located along Wooster Pike, which is now Pearl Road, the main road from Cleveland to Columbus. The Village of Parma Heights was separated from the original Parma Township in 1911 because residents perceived a lack of representation. The population count was 300 in 1915, 900 in 1920 and 1,330 in 1940.

Natural gas and electric utilities were introduced in the area in 1915. Population growth was slow and the area remained rural until after World War II. Parma benefited from the post World War II exodus from Cleveland when housing construction boomed. By 1950, the population had increased to 3,901. In 1953, a new charter was adopted, modifying the mayor-council form of

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 23 Cuyahoga County, Ohio government and providing for a greater degree of home rule. By the mid 1970s, 98% of the residential and 96% of the commercial acreage had been developed. Parma Heights has little industry but has many businesses and more than 200 office structures. There are 97 acres of city parks and 136 acres are a part of Big Creek Reservation of the Metroparks System.

Demographics Population: 21,659 Fall foliage in Big Creek Land area: 4.3 sq. mi. Reservation

4. North Royalton Originally part of Royalton Township established in 1818. The township was named after the Vermont town of early settlers David and Knight Sprague. Knight Sprague built the first town hall. In 1881 from Royalton township was changed to North Royalton. It is bounded to the north by Parma, to the east by Brecksville, to the south by Medina County, and to the west by Strongsville. Sometime between 1880-1890 the name was changed to North Royalton.

Melzer Clark was the first settler, in 1811, in the Southeast part of the township, which was then known as Brecksville. In 1816, his widow married Lewis Carter and their first son, Lorenzo, was the first child born in the township.

In 1816, John Coates from New York, age 67, bought 3,500 acres of land and built an aristocratic style mansion. The following year another New Yorker, Jonathan Bunker acquired a tract of 150 acres and established the first fruit tree orchard in North Royalton.

In 1927 it was incorporated as a Village. In 1950, Civil Services were established for police officers. The population at that time was 3,939. In 1961 it received it‟s City Charter.

Demographics Population: 28,648 Land area: 21.2 sq. mi. Apple picking in North Royalton. Southeast Region

1. Garfield Heights Garfield Heights was originally part of the Village of Newburgh, but split off in 1907 as the Village of South Newburgh, and incorporated as the City of Garfield Heights in 1919. It was known as the “City of Homes.” The City took its name from Garfield Park, the former Newburgh Park, renamed in 1897 in memory of President James Abram Garfield.

Local farmers supplemented their income by producing black salt, which is a mixture of lye and potash from burned timber, and was more profitable than grain. Developers began to promote the area as a residential community in the late 1920s. The population jumped from 2,550 in 1920, to nearly 16,000 by 1930. Whereas early residents were Germans, immigration after 1920 included working class Poles, Slavs and Italians. The population in 1990 was 31,739.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 24 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The Garfield Park Reservation of the Metroparks System is located here. The reservation features a picnic area, marsh, trails and a nature center. In 1894, the City of Cleveland purchased three farms, a half mile south of the city limits as a site for a new south side park. It officially opened in 1895, as Newburg Park, and most of the original stonework is still intact. The park was leased to the Metroparks System in 1996.

Demographics Land area: 7.2 sq. mi. Population: 30,734 Garfield Park Reservation All Purpose Trail. 2. Maple Heights Maple Heights was originally the northwest part of Bedford Township, established in 1823. The early history of Maple Heights is synonymous with that of Bedford. Benjamin Fitch, of Connecticut, was the first known settler, in 1813, of what would later become Maple Heights. John Dunham, who arrived in 1817, built the road known as Dunham Road, which allowed access to the Ohio Canal after 1827. By the turn of the century, immigrants from Bohemia, Slovenia and Lithuania began to settle in the area to work in the nearby Rolling Mills steel-rolling factory in Newburgh Heights. The first Czech settlers were the Uhlik, Hodus and Tesnicka families and the first Slovenian families were the Potisek and Rybak families, between 1906 and 1909.

In 1914, residents of the Maple Grove area voted to form their own community when annexation to Bedford Village seemed imminent. Maple Heights Village was incorporated in 1915 with a population of 1,000. It was named for the maple trees in the area. The Village continued its growth principally by immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

In 1930, the population was 5,950, charter through a vote of the residents adopted a mayor- council form of government. Between 1930-1940, the population grew from 5,950 to 6,728. The Mapletown Shopping Center was built in 1947 at Libby and Broadway Roads, and the giant shopping, recreational, housing and medical center of Southgate began in 1951. The population increased from 15,586 in 1950, to 31,667 in 1960. The 50th anniversary of the City was celebrated in 1982, when its population reached 34,093.

Demographics The valley of the Cuyahoga in 1846 (from A Land area: 5.2 sq. mi. History of the City of Cleveland: Its Population: 26,156 Settlements, Rise and Progress, 1796-1896, by James Harrison Kennedy)

3. Highland Hills Incorporated in 1990, the community was formerly part of Walton Hills Township. The 3 square mile community is located between Shaker Heights, Beachwood, Orange and Warrensville Heights. The community participated in a 2001 Ohio Restoration Project for urban watersheds to develop a plan for mitigating flooding, erosion and loss of property from Mill Creek.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 25 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Highland Park Golf Course and the Eastern Campus of Cuyahoga County Community College are conveniently located on Richmond Road.

Demographics Population: 1,618 Land area: 3.0 sq. mi.

4. North Randall North Randall was incorporated as a village in 1908, Urban stream in need of restoration and operates under the mayor-council form of government. Originally part of Warrensville Township, North Randall was known as Plank Road Station in the early 1800s. The construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad nearby in 1857 opened the farming community to neighboring areas and resulted in rapid growth and development. In 1908, the North Randall Park racetrack was opened and became known as the “Saratoga of the West.” From 1909-1938, it was part of the Grand Harness Racing Circuit and gained national recognition for its meets. Organized horse racing was introduced in Ohio in 1937, when thoroughbreds were recruited from Kentucky to race in Cincinnati. As the demand for the sport increased, North Randall provided an ideal site for northern Ohio racing enthusiasts at Thistledown Race Track, which originally opened as Thistledown Park in 1925.

In 1975, Randall Park Mall was developed, which is one of the biggest shopping and commercial complexes in the country.

In 1999, the Village completed its Master Plan, which was prepared by the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. The purpose of the master plan was to inventory existing conditions, provide recommendations to improve its regional shopping, and redevelopment options for a hotel at Northfield and Emery roads and other opportunities for development at other vacant sites.

Demographics Land area: 0.8 sq. mi. Population: 906 Thistledown Race Track

5. Warrensville Heights Originally part of Warrensville Township, Warrensville Heights was incorporated as a separate village in 1927, and as a city in 1960. It is bounded by Warrensville Township and Shaker Heights on the north, Bedford Heights and Maple Heights on the south, Cleveland on the west and Orange on the east. The township was named after its early settler, Daniel Warren. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Village was recognized as the “geranium center of the U.S.,” due to the existence of 8 large greenhouses on Emery and Richmond Roads. By 1985, only two greenhouses remained. This agricultural region evolved into a residential suburb after World War II. Between 1940 and 1960, the population increased from 1,175 to 23,000. The population Location of Warrensville Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 26 Cuyahoga County, Ohio peaked in 1970 at 18,925. In the 1980s, the City had over 100 light commercial and industrial businesses along the Emery Industrial Parkway, engaged primarily in metal fabrication and petroleum by-products, and food services.

In 2002, the City, in partnership with the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission, published the City‟s Master Plan. Community Goals identified include image, neighborhoods and housing, community services, economic development, commercial and natural resources.

Demographics Land area: 4 sq. mi. Population: 15,109

6. Bedford Heights Bedford Heights is located just west of Bedford, and the area‟s early history is synonymous with its neighbor of the same namesake. Bedford Heights was originally part of Bedford Township, which was established in 1823. The decade of the 1960s marked the largest period of growth. Between 1960 and 1970, the population of Bedford Heights grew 148%, which coincided with the City‟s rapid build out of residential development.

Called “Service City USA,” the City adopted a Master Plan in 1998 to identify goals that describe the overall views of the community. The master plan identified goals with policy recommendations that included the preservation of residential areas, economic development, and planning of vacant land and future land use.

Demographics Land area: 4.5 sq. mi Population: 11,375 Forested valley of Tinker’s Creek 7. Bedford Incorporated in 1837 as a town and as a city in 1930, Bedford is bounded by Maple Heights to the northwest, the Bedford Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System to the southwest, Oakwood Village on the south and Bedford Heights on the east. The area was originally part of Bedford Township, which was established in 1823. The waterfall of Tinker‟s Creek is a tributary of the Cuyahoga River and powered the first gristmill in 1815, as well as other industries. In 1816, Benjamin Fitch arrived and began making splint-bottom chairs, developing the industry that eventually became the Taylor Chair Company, which was established in 1885.

Daniel Benedict named Bedford after his hometown in Connecticut. The population in 1840 was 2,021. Hezekiah Dunham, whose own home still remains opposite the town square, planned the town center, town hall and a school. In 1881, the ConnottonValley Railroad opened through Bedford, and the Akron, Bedford & Cleveland Interurban line operated between 1895 and 1932. Local industries included the B.L. Marble Co. Inc, Gate‟s Bedford Roller Mill, The McMyler Interstate Company (designed, developed and manufactured ore and coal handling equipment), Owen Tire & Rubber and the Bedford Distillery. Tinkers Falls at normal flow

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 27 Cuyahoga County, Ohio By 1940, the population was 7,390, and by 1995 the population was 14,882. In 1999, the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission published the City of Bedford Master Plan for short term and long-term development opportunities and quality of life recommendations. The “Small Town Atmosphere” was ranked as the City‟s number one strength by resident survey responses.

Demographics Land area: 5.3 sq. mi. Population: 14,214

8. Walton Hills Walton Hills is home to one of the earliest pioneers of the Western Reserve, named Nobles, who built a log cabin near Tinker‟s creek that was part of the original Bedford Township. One of the town‟s first structures built was Walton School Building, which still stands on Walton Road. In 1951, Walton Hills broke away from Bedford Township and was incorporated as an independent village. The 1950s were a boom era for Walton Hills when the population doubled from about 800 to 1,976 in 1960.

The Village boasts two natural attractions: Tinker‟s Creek and the Bridal Veils Falls. Another attraction is the historic Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area on the Village‟s southwestern border. Several manufacturers including the Ford Stamping Plant, Ferro Chemical Corporation and Noran Transtar Industries, Inc. help stabilize the economic tax base of this semi- rural, planned community.

Demographics Land area: 6.9 sq. mi. Population: 2,400 Bridal Veil Falls

9. Oakwood Village One of the smaller communities of Cuyahoga County, Oakwood Village was originally part of Bedford Township and was incorporated as a village in 1951. It is bounded on the north by Bedford, on the south by Summit County, on the east by Glenwillow, and on the West by Walton Hills. In 1962, residents unsuccessfully petitioned to have Oakwood annexed to the City of Solon, in an effort to thwart public housing. The population increased slowly from 3,283 in 1960, to 3,392 in 1990. The Oakwood Village Booster Club was formed to raise funds through the sale of promissory notes and other projects to enable the purchase of land to house municipal offices. In 1955, a service building was built, and in 1960 a police department was created. The Conrail and Norfolk Southern Railroad lines cross the Village.

Demographics Land area: 3.8.7 sq. mi. Population: 3,667 Conrail train

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 28 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 10. Glenwillow In 1883, the Connotton Valley Railway Company built Falls Junction at Cochran Road and the tracks, which served Chagrin Falls. The Austin Powder Company relocated to northeastern Ohio and founded a company town, naming it Glenwillow, and moved the depot there. The Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway used the depot until 1974.

In 1993, the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway donated this historic depot to the Midwest Railway Preservation Society. In 2002, to celebrate the history of this Village and “how railroads built Cleveland,” the Preservation Society hosted a historic 106-mile train ride for passengers aboard 1930 and 1950 passenger coaches through three Northeast Ohio Counties, which passed through Tinkers Creek and Cuyahoga River watersheds.

Demographics Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad Station Land area: 2.9 sq. mi. Population: 449

11. Solon The first settlers in the area were sea captain Jason Robbins and merchant Issac Samuel Bull, who chose land on either side of what is now Aurora Road near Grantwood Golf Course, in 1820. They helped to found the township of Solon in 1825, with the consent of 8 votes. The name Solon was derived from the middle name of one of Issac Bull‟s sons.

The first school was established in 1822, with seven pupils. In the early 1950s, Mayor Edwin Carter acted on his vision of what the then sleepy town of Solon could be. He persuaded voters to pass strict zoning codes to control expansion and to set aside 2,200 acres of land for industrial use. The town became a city in 1960. By 1970, the population reached 11,147 and grew to 14,341, in 1980. The City of Solon has adopted another progressive initiative with its recently formed Bikeway Commission, to develop a bikeway/pedestrian master plan for existing and proposed bikeway routes in the City.

Demographics Land area: 20.4 sq. miles Population: 21,802

Southwest Region

1. Olmsted Township Olmsted Township is located in the southwestern corner of Cuyahoga County. It borders North Olmsted on the north and Brook Park and Berea on the east, and surrounds Olmsted Falls on 3 sides, and is part of Rocky River Reservation.

3 trustees, who are elected at large, govern the township. The area was originally named Plum Creek Township. Aaron Olmstead, a shareholder in the Connecticut Land Company, bid on and purchased the northern half of the area in 1807. In 1814, the James Greer family became the

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 29 Cuyahoga County, Ohio first white settlers in the area, which they called Kingston in memory of their former home in Vermont.

In 1823, Kingston was organized as the Village of Lenox in honor of settlers who had emigrated from New England. In 1829, village officials agreed with Charles Olmstead, the son of Aaron Olmstead, to accept the name to Olmstead in exchange for a library, which was the first library west of the Allegheny River. By 1950, the population reached 1,216. Increased population led to the development of North Olmsted and Olmsted Falls.

Demographics Population: 10,575 Land area: 10 sq. mi.

2. Olmsted Falls Located on the southwestern border of Cuyahoga County on the border of Lorain County, the early history of this residential community is tied closely to those of North Olmsted and Berea. Olmsted Falls was carved out of the original Olmsted Township, the name derived from the early settler, Aaron Olmstead, in 1829.

During the 1820s, a sawmill and gristmill were built at the waterfalls of the west branch of the Rocky River. In 1843, the town of Norris Falls was created in the center of the township, and in 1845, the town was renamed Olmsted Falls after the larger falls used for the mills. In 1857, the Village of Olmsted Falls was incorporated and a mayor- council government was adopted.

In 1849, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati Railroad was built through Olmsted Falls, and the Village benefited significantly until expansion of the area slowed at the turn of the century. After World War II, highway development and suburban migration contributed to post war growth, and Olmsted Falls became a city in 1961.

Demographics Population: 7,962 Olmsted Falls Land area: 4 sq. mi.

3. Brook Park Originally part of Middleburg Township, residents voted to establish their own municipality in 1914. The first elected mayor, William J. Sifleet, referred to as the father of Brook Park, named the community for the brook that ran through the western portion of the area. Between 1915- 1916, Brook Park had a short-lived gas well boom, and the city council passed an ordinance to grant the Berea Pipe Line Company and the East Ohio Gas Company the right to operate and maintain pipelines for the purpose of supplying natural gas to residents.

In 1925, Cleveland City Manager, William R. Hopkins, selected the northwest quadrant of Brook Park as the site for the Hopkins Airport. In 1941, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics research laboratory broke ground for what would become NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958, which is NASA‟s primary installation for the development of rocket propulsion.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 30 Cuyahoga County, Ohio This industrialization trend continued with other major industries including Fisher Aircraft Assembly Bomber Plant in 1943, and Ford Motor Company‟s Engine Plants #1 & #2. Brook Park became a city in 1961. It is also part of Rocky River Reservation.

Demographics Population: 22,218 Land area: 8 sq. mi.

4. Berea Berea was founded in 1836. John Baldwin, one of Berea‟s founding fathers, prospered with his invention of the lathe that cut slabs of stone into grindstones to sharpen tools for home, farm and industry. Baldwin is also credited for establishing Baldwin Institute, which later became Baldwin Wallace College. The sandstone found along the Rocky River shoreline was used as building stone for many prestigious buildings in the region, the United States and abroad. Immigrants found work in the quarries early in the 19th century. Major employers in Berea are Southwest Coe Lake is situated behind Berea's General Medical Health Center and Baldwin Wallace City Hall and the Cuyahoga County College. Berea is also part of Rocky River Library. Reservation.

Demographics Land area: 5.3 sq. mi. Population: 18,970

5. Middleburg Heights The first settler in the area was Jared Hickox who arrived in 1809 after accepting a free 58 acre track of land. Low wet terrain and numerous swamps hindered agricultural growth. During the mid 1800s, 75% of Middleburg Township remained dense, unsettled woodland. The construction of railroads in the late 1840‟s opened the area to neighboring communities, particularly Olmsted Falls and Berea.

In 1842, the sandstone quarry industry developed along the river, which attracted many German and Polish settlers. The incorporation of Berea in 1850 led to the partitioning of the township, and Berea took the quarry industry with it. An attempt by Berea to annex Middleburg Township in the 1920‟s led to the incorporation of Middleburgh Hts. as a village in 1927. In 1925, many farms were taken when the City of Cleveland developed the municipal airport. The depression and the appropriation of 294 acres by the United States government in 1942 for a bomber plant further altered the development of the township. Middleburgh Hts. was incorporated as a City in 1961.

Demographics Population 15,542 Land area: 8 sq. mi. Middleburg Heights City Hall

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 31 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 6. Strongsville In 1816, John Stoughton Strong of Vermont led a party along a trail along the Rocky River to what was known as Township No. 5, where they cleared about an acre and built log cabins for shelter. Strong purchased 7 lots of 160 acres each at approximately $1.50 an acre, and moved his family to Ohio in 1818, and the area was named Strongsville. In 1819, a log cabin was built that served as a schoolhouse, church and town hall. In 1822, the township was divided into five school districts, and later into ten districts. By 1826, the township had increased to 89 households. Strong built the first gristmill and sawmill. He died in 1863 at age 92. Strongsville became a village in 1923, and became a city in 1961. Today, major employers include: Van Dorn Demag, Avery Denison Automotive, Central Reserve Life Insurance, and Hy Level Industries machine parts.

Demographics Land area: 24.6 sq. mi Landmarks in Strongsville Population: 43,858

Westshore Region

1. Bay Village Lake Road, which runs through Bay Village along the Lake Erie shoreline, was once an Indian trail for the Erie Indians. In 1799, Joseph Cahoon visited the area and wrote to his wife in Vermont how beautiful the area was. The Cahoon Family was the first to settle there, in 1810. In 1818, they built their four-bedroom home, which currently serves as the Ros Museum and houses memorabilia of the early settlers who were farmers, millers, shoemakers and .

John Huntington, a founder of Standard Oil, built a summer home in 1880 on 100 acres along Lake Erie, which is now part of the Huntington Reservation. Huntington Reservation is one of the oldest reservations in Cleveland Metroparks System and remains a vital and aesthetic park in the community that features the only public beach with a picnic pavilion between Cleveland and Lorain. Also located there is Huntington Playhouse, a community theatre. In 1901, residendts voted to create the area known as Bay Village. In 1903, the trustees incorporated the area as Village of Bay. The present day charter of Bay Village became effective as the City of Bay Village in 1950, when the population was 6,917 persons.

Demographics Land area: 4.6 sq. mi. Population: 16,087 Bay Village Common House.

2. Westlake The Cahoon and Porter families were the first settlers in this area in 1810, which began as Township 7 of the Connecticut Western Reserve. It was then incorporated as Dover Township

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 32 Cuyahoga County, Ohio by the state legislature, in 1811. In 1812, eighteen voters met in Philo Taylor‟s log cabin to form the first township government.

The Cahoon family built the first gristmill in 1813, just east of Cahoon Creek, where they also built a sawmill and distillery for making peach brandy. The abundance of timber fostered the development of other sawmills and asheries that were used to drain burned wood of lye and boil it into potash. The northern border of the area, which slopes down to the Lake Erie shoreline, was cleared for planting crops and providing pasture for livestock. Dover Township agriculture grew with truck farming, especially the cultivation of grapes. By the latter half of the nineteenth century, Dover was the second largest point for grape production in the United States. As a township, Dover was much larger than the present day Westlake. By the end of the nineteenth century, the area to the south (now North Olmsted) and the area to the north (now Bay Village) both split from Dover and became independent municipalities. In 1911, Dover Township was incorporated as Dover Village.

By 1900, the population of Dover grew to 2,233. In 1910, the census recorded 1,550 persons. In 1940, the Village changed its name to Westlake. 75% of land is residentially zoned. Major employers include St. John‟s Westshore Hospital and Clinic, and outpatient facilities for health care providers including ; the Lakewood Country Club; and the recently built Promenade Shopping Center at Crocker and , near the I-90 interchange. Bradley Woods Reservation is located here.

Demographics Population: 31,719 Land area: 16.5 sq. mi. Lakewood Country Club Golf Course

3. North Olmsted North Olmsted is located on the western edge of Cuyahoga County, 12 miles southwest of Cleveland. The Village of North Olmsted was formed in 1908 from portions of Olmsted and Dover townships. James Greer was the first settler to arrive, in 1814. Other families followed him from New England, and organized the Village of Lenox in 1823. In 1829, the Village was renamed after early settler Aaron Olmstead. Olmstead remained a small rural farming community until the 1920s, when it began to prosper as a truck gardening and greenhouse center.

In the 1930s, North Olmsted remained a quaint, neighborly village that reminded many of its New England origins. In 1931, under the leadership of Mayor Charles A. Seltzer, the North Olmsted Municipal Bus Line was organized to provide service that had been lost when the interurban rail lines were discontinued. When some citizens and certain public utilities opposed the concept of a municipal owned bus line in local courts, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Village, and determined the claim that North Olmsted‟s bus line established the precedent for the entire nation.

North Olmsted was incorporated as a city in 1960, and remains primarily residential with almost no industry. It is part of Rocky River and Bradley Woods Reservation. Bradley Woods Reservation is located on a massive formation of Berea sandstone and is

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 33 Cuyahoga County, Ohio characterized by deep forests of red maples, sour gums, tupelos, yellow birches and pin oaks. Bunns Lake, dedicated in 1986, was created to provide waterfowl habitat and fishing opportunities. North Olmsted is home to the Great Northern Shopping Center and Mall.

Demographics Population: 34,113 Land area: 11.62 sq. mi.

4. Lakewood Located on the shore of Lake Erie adjacent to the City of Cleveland on the east and Rocky River on the west, originally part of Rockport Township since 1819, Lakewood became a village in 1903, and was incorporated as a city in 1911.

The discovery of natural gas and oil in the area supported the community‟s development. Wells were drilled as early as 1883 and additional natural gas wells were discovered in 1911, but were depleted a few years later. The construction of a municipal light plant in 1896 and a streetcar line in 1903 facilitated the village‟s growth. A real-estate boom followed the opening of the Detroit Superior Bridge, which crosses the Cuyahoga River from downtown Cleveland, and lakefront properties increased to $15,000 an acre. By 1920, the population exceeded 40,000. Lakewood‟s facilities include Lakewood Hospital, established in 1907. Lakewood is part of the Rocky River Reservation.

In 1994, the Buckeye Center for Public Policy Solutions, a non-profit think tank based in Dayton and composed of Ohio Professors, ranked Lakewood tops in economic climate among Ohio‟s 19 largest cities. The study evaluated taxes, crime and the regulatory burden of government. As a mature community in an inner ring suburb with high-density development, it has not contributed to the broader, regional problems attributed to exurban sprawl.

Demographics Population: 56,646 Lake Erie shore Land area: 5.5 sq. mi.

5. Rocky River The first permanent settlers arrived in 1810. The name of the settlement has changed from Granger City, to Riverbank, to Rockport, and finally to Rocky River Hamlet. It was incorporated as a hamlet in 1893, and became a village in 1903, when the first mayor, Mark Mitchell, and a council were elected. In 1960, a charter adopted the mayor-council government. Rocky River is named for the river, which was named by American Indians who camped and stored their canoes on the island at the mouth of the River, which is now the home of the Cleveland Yachting Club. The river is part of the Cleveland Metroparks System and Rocky River Reservation.

Demographics Population: 20,735 Land area: 4.8 sq. mi. The Rocky River

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 34 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 6. Fairview Park Overlooking scenic Rocky River Valley, which is part of Cleveland Metropolitan Park System‟s Rocky River Reservation, the Village of Fairview was established by ordinance in 1911. Originally, the Village was a rural area, home to truck gardens and orchards. In 1948, Fairview Village changed its name to Fairview Park to avoid confusion with other towns of the same name. In 1950, the Village became incorporated as the City of Fairview Park with an estimated population of 9,000.

In 1997, the new Fairview Park Regional Library became the hub of community activity with its collection that includes genealogy, a children‟s section, a spacious meeting room and computer terminals. In 2001, the new 47,000 square foot McGowan Building, located at the western end of Lorain Road, took occupancy. The City is currently developing additional parcels east of the McGowan building for a 43,000 square foot medical building facility. Other items of interest include the recent membership to the First Ring Consortium, a 14-city membership non- profit organization that fosters community and economic development.

Demographics Population: 17,572 Land area: 4.7 sq. mi.

Fairview Park City Hall

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 35 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 2.2 Census Information

The following table lists the population for each of the 59 jurisdictions of the County:

2000 Jurisdiction Total Population Cuyahoga County 1,393,978 Bay Village 16,087 Beachwood 12,186 Bedford 14,214 Bedford Heights 11,375 Bentleyville 947 Berea 18,970 Bratenahl 1,337 Brecksville 13,382 Broadview Heights 15,967 Brook Park 21,218 Brooklyn 11,586 Brooklyn Heights 1,558 Chagrin Falls 4,024 Chagrin Falls Township 135 Cleveland 478,403 Cleveland Heights 49,458 Cuyahoga Heights 599 East Cleveland 27,217 Euclid 52,717 Fairview Park 17,572 Garfield Heights 30,734 Gates Mills 2,493 Glenwillow 449 Highland Heights 8,082 Highland Hills 1,618 Hunting Valley 735 Independence 7,109 Lakewood 56,646 Linndale 117 Lyndhurst 15,279 Maple Heights 26,156 Mayfield 3,435 Mayfield Heights 19,386 Middleburg Heights 15,542 Moreland Hills 3,298 Newburgh Heights 2,389 North Olmsted 34,113 North Randall 906 North Royalton 28,648

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 36 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 2000 Jurisdiction Total Population Oakwood Village 3,667 Olmsted Falls 7,962 Olmsted Township 10,575 Orange 3,236 Parma 85,655 Parma Heights 21,659 Pepper Pike 6,040 Richmond Heights 10,944 Rocky River 20,735 Seven Hills 12,080 Shaker Heights 29,405 Solon 21,802 South Euclid 23,537 Strongsville 43,858 University Heights 14,146 Valley View 2,179 Walton Hills 2,400 Warrensville Heights 15,109 Westlake 31,719 Woodmere 828

The following is a table of the number of residential home sales and average sales price for residential homes in 2001 in the various communities in Cuyahoga County:

Community Number of Sales Average Selling Price Bay Village 369 $185,900 Beachwood 179 $244,700 Bedford 234 $ 89,700 Bedford Heights 114 $117,600 Bentleyville 16 $568,000 Berea 334 $119,500 Bratenahl 59 $291,600 Brecksville 262 $238,500 Broadview Heights 364 $243,900 Brook Park 299 $113,100 Brooklyn 130 $119,900 Brooklyn Heights 19 $129,000 Chagrin Falls Village 103 $254,200 Cleveland E/R 4,245 $ 56,100 Cleveland W/R 3,461 $ 78,000 Cleveland Heights 856 $140,500 Cuyahoga Heights 7 $138,300 East Cleveland 368 $ 53,200

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 37 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Number of Sales Average Selling Price Euclid 974 $ 94,100 Fairview Park 361 $143,000 Garfield Heights 577 $ 91,500 Gates Mills 49 $457,700 Glenwillow 13 $139,800 Highland Heights 163 $269,100 Highland Hills 2 $ 63,000 Hunting Valley 7 $759,300 Independence 102 $206,200 Lakewood 977 $131,800 Linndale 1 $140,000 Lyndhurst 357 $150,700 Maple Heights 506 $ 86,100 Mayfield Heights 265 $153,900 Mayfield Village 51 $193,100 Middleburg Heights 356 $138,300 Moreland Hills 95 $516,200 Newburgh Heights 35 $ 71,800 North Olmsted 620 $133,400 North Randall 8 $122,000 North Royalton 548 $156,800 Oakwood Village 65 $114,300 Olmsted Falls 246 $160,400 Olmsted Township 145 $182,700 Orange 66 $307,600 Parma 1,425 $119,700 Parma Heights 316 $114,300 Pepper Pike 105 $393,600 Richmond Heights 210 $169,600 Rocky River 497 $181,800 Seven Hills 194 $173,100 Shaker Heights 593 $221,200 Solon 522 $258,800 South Euclid 592 $109,100 Strongsville 907 $194,200 University Heights 292 $148,700 Valley View 14 $195,000 Walton Hills 27 $187,600 Warrensville Heights 176 $ 66,900 Westlake 700 $229,200 Woodmere 3 $ 60,400 Cleveland 7,706 $ 65,900 County All 24,583 $128,700 Suburbs 16,877 $157,300

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 38 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The following are housing stats for Cuyahoga County from the 2000 Census, obtained from the U.S. Census web site.

Total Housing Units 616,903

Occupied 571,457

Owner occupied 360,988 Renter occupied 210,469 Vacant 45,446

Units in Structure 616,903 1, detached 354,973 1, attached 37,591 2 59,729 3 or 4 25,309 5 to 9 27,640 10 to 19 30,125 20 to 49 20,995 50 or more 57,272 Mobile home 3,214 Boat, RV, van, etc. 55

According to the Cuyahoga County Auditor, the three most commonly structured residential buildings with their average cost are as follows:

Colonial $178,993 Bungalow $104,660 Ranch $ 85,389

2.3 Cuyahoga County Authority to Adopt Plan

The Cuyahoga County Board of Commissions has the authority to adopt the plan once it has been approved by the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA). Once the plan has been adopted by the local jurisdictions, FEMA will formally approve the plan.

2.4 Adoption of the Plan

The adoption process will take place after all of the agencies that need to evaluate the plan have done so. Multi-jurisdictional plans take much more coordination than single jurisdictional plans. Therefore, the Mitigation Core Group will pursue adoption of these plans in a timely manner after they receive approval by the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA).

The communities that did not participate, Glenwillow, Linndale and Woodmere, will not be adopting the Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. These communities were notified several times of the planning process that was taking place, and chose not to participate. In order for these communities to be eligible for Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 39 Cuyahoga County, Ohio funding in the future, they must go through the required mitigation planning steps, however they may be able to utilize some of the information collected for this plan as part of their process.

2.5 Cuyahoga County Land Use and Future Land Use

According to the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission, Cuyahoga County will soon become the first “built-out” county within the State of Ohio. In 1948, nearly 26% of the County‟s land was developed. By 2002, nearly 90% had been developed. Please see the figures on the following pages.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 40 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Source: 1981 Land Use/Land Cover from Ohio Department of Natural Resources

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 41 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

1948 Land Use

Source: http://planning.co.cuyahoga.oh.us/green/

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 42 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

2002 Land Use

Source: http://planning.co.cuyahoga.oh.us/green/

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 43 Cuyahoga County, Ohio For the past 50 years, the health of the County was based on economic growth and new housing options at the edge of the urbanized area. The future health of the County will be based on its attraction as a sustainable, desirable and healthy place to live and work.

The ultimate goal for Cuyahoga County is a balanced pattern of development that accommodates both urbanization and land conservation. A Greenspace Plan is being developed to promote a broad comprehensive vision for greenspace protection and restoration within the County. Along with conservation, the plan will promote complimentary development. The hope is that through planning, creating and managing greenspaces, Cuyahoga County will be a place where:

 Natural places are an integral part of daily life;  Natural processes are visible and instructional; and  Waterfronts are cared for and accessible.

The Cuyahoga County Planning Commission has developed a greenspace vision for the County that:

 Builds off of the County‟s unique geography and natural history;  Emphasizes the environmental, community and economic importance of greenspace;  Intends to inspire decision makers to make greenspace a priority in the community;  Promotes connecting neighborhoods in the County to greenspace and the County‟s natural resources; and  Encourages the “regreening” of the more urban portions of the County to make them more desirable places to live.

Source: http://planning.co.cuyahoga.oh.us/green

Basic elements of the plan include the creation of a system of natural corridors, a countywide trail system, the preservation of scenic views, and the protection and restoration of critical natural areas.

2.6 Other Existing Plans

The survey sent out to each of the 59 jurisdictions included a question regarding existing planning documents. Each jurisdiction was asked to mark whether they had comprehensive plans, floodplain ordinances, land use ordinances, or organized watershed groups. A table was created of the results received from participating communities and can be found in Appendix 13. The majority of these existing documents compliment mitigation efforts. For example, floodplain ordinances serve to guide development away from hazardous areas while stormwater management plans, as required in planning and zoning codes of many communities, reduce the effects of erosion due to increased runoff. Community master plans also compliment mitigation efforts by identifying environmentally sensitive areas, land use trends, etc., which is information that can be used in future mitigation planning.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 44 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 3.0 All Natural Hazards Mitigation Planning Process

The Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support the development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 jurisdictions. In their effort to meet the mission of protecting lives, property, economic viability and quality of life for the people of the County, Cuyahoga County sought the expertise of the engineering firm Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. to help them fulfill this task.

The approach undertaken in the creation of the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for Cuyahoga County can be described as both comprehensive and collaborative. The comprehensive approach includes following the interim final rule guidelines enacted under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) suggested guidelines for the creation of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. Additional items that Cuyahoga County chose to address as part of the comprehensive analysis of their community were addressed as well. It should be noted that during this planning process, the Ohio Emergency Management Agency and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources were coordinating the preparation of a step-by-step guide to help communities prepare natural hazard mitigation plans. Since this guide was in development, all attempts were made to coordinate efforts to meet the suggested guidelines of the Ohio Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidebook.

3.1 Mission Statement

The mission of the Mitigation Core Group that has been assembled to create the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (CANHMP) is to develop a working document that fulfills the mandates of the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, and satisfies the requirements of FEMA and the Ohio EMA, as well as meets the needs of all of Cuyahoga County.

Further, by researching and planning for future natural hazards and implementing appropriate mitigation techniques, Cuyahoga County can save lives and protect property, reduce the cost of disasters, provide for a rapid and efficient recovery by coordinating response efforts, and increase the educational awareness of natural hazard events and their effects on the people, property and resources of the County.

3.2 Mitigation Core Group

Obtaining support from the whole community required a comprehensive approach to preparing the Mitigation Plan. Identifying those persons, community leaders and government agencies with the knowledge and authority to help a community organize a plan is key to the planning effort. A core group of leaders was necessary in order to give this task validity. Those that participated in the Mitigation Core Group included:

. Cuyahoga County Emergency Services Staff . Various Community Emergency Coordinators and Fire Chiefs . Cuyahoga County Planning Commission Staff . Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency Staff . Cuyahoga County Department of Development . Cuyahoga County Engineer‟s Office . Cuyahoga County Board of Health Staff

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 45 Cuyahoga County, Ohio . FMSM Staff Members The group consisted of the following members:

Cuyahoga County Emergency Services Staff Murray Withrow Jeanne Schmotzer

Community Emergency Coordinators/Fire Chiefs

Bay Village: Lt. John Dixon Garfield Heights: Chief Anthony Collova Beachwood: Chief Patrick J. Kearns Highland Hills: Chief Lloyd Noles Bedford: Chief Ken Rybka Independence: Chief Peter Nelson Bedford Heights: Chief Ken Ledford Lakewood: Chief Lawrence Mroz Brecksville: Chief Ed Egut Mayfield Village: Chief David Mohr Broadview Heights: Chief Lee Ippolito Olmsted Falls: Chief William Fisher Brooklyn: Chief Paul Duchoslav Orange: Chief Fred Fritz Brooklyn Heights: Chief Mark Schrade Chris Kostura (Police Department) Cleveland: Asst. Chief Timothy O‟Toole Rocky River: Chief Chris Flynn East Cleveland: Acting Chief Ron Jonovich Strongsville: Chief Paul Haney, Alan Fairview Park: Chief David Simon Finkelstein Westlake: Chief Richard Pietrick

Cuyahoga County Planning Commission Paul Alsenas Dan Meaney

Cuyahoga County Floodplain Administrator Richard Sicha (with Cuyahoga County Planning Commission)

Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) Howard Maier Ron Eckner

Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) – 100- year sewer flooding survey Rich Connelly Jeff Duke

Cuyahoga County Engineer’s Office Rich Lavery

Cuyahoga County Department of Development Tracey Nichols Harry Conard

Chagrin River Watershed Partners Kyle Dreyfuss-Wells

City of Independence – Economic Development Ron White

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 46 Cuyahoga County, Ohio OEMA Brigitte Bouska

Community Development Directors Rocky River: Kory Koran

Cuyahoga County Board of Health (also representing Cleveland, Lakewood, and Shaker Heights Boards of Health) Terry Allan Martin Baier

Cleveland Department of Public Service Mark Ricchiuto

Mayors/City Managers Association Representative Mayor Deborah Sutherland

Orange Village Bruce White

City of Brook Park Michael Von Duhn – Public Works Director

3.3 Adjacent County Notification

As required, adjacent counties were notified of the hazard mitigation planning process taking place in Cuyahoga County. County Commissioners and Emergency Management Agencies were sent a letter informing them of the process. Please see Appendix 3 for copies of the letter sent.

3.4 Public Notification Process and Involvement

A press release was issued to announce the development of the hazard mitigation plan and to invite residents to participate in the process. An article was also run in The Cleveland Plain Dealer and the Sun Times notifying the public of the planning process and inviting them to participate. Please see Appendix 4 for copies of both press releases.

A 30-day public review period was provided for during the planning process. This included a copy of the draft plan that was posted on the County‟s web site and a hard copy that was available for review at the Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services. A public hearing was held during that 30-day public review period at which comments and questions were welcomed. Documentation of the public comments received is included in Appendix 18.

3.5 Meetings

Throughout the planning process, there were four Mitigation Core Group meetings and five regional meetings throughout the County, open to the public. Minutes of these meetings can be found in Appendices 5 and 6. Summaries of the core group meetings are provided below.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 47 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Introduction of the Planning Process – Meeting 1

The primary focus of the first meeting was a discussion of the process to be followed in the creation of a Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan, and established a timeline for the project. The core group members also reviewed a draft of the Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Survey.

Development of Problem Statements – Meeting 2

The core group determined a prioritized list of hazards for Cuyahoga County. The core group then developed problem statements for each hazard.

Problem Statements Below are some examples of problem statements that were created for the hazards associated with Cuyahoga County. Please note: All problem statements associated with each hazard can be found in Appendix 7.

Severe Storms Severe storms are the number one hazard facing Cuyahoga County in terms of frequency of occurrence. Severe storms occur throughout the year and historically have had dramatic, repetitive effects on the communities of the County.

 Due to the location and elevation of Cuyahoga County, susceptibility to severe weather can differ dramatically based on location within the County. This makes it difficult to release appropriate warnings and notices of severe events.  Due to the unpredictability of storm events, reaction time and relay of information to the general public is lacking.  All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc).

Overall goal: To reduce the effects of severe storms on Cuyahoga County by better preparation for each severe storm event.

Flooding Flooding is the second highest ranked hazard for Cuyahoga County due to its frequency of occurrence although the dollar value of loss associated with this hazard is not as high as the other hazards for the County. This hazard was subdivided into three categories for assessment: flash flooding, 100-year floodplain flooding and non-flood zone flooding.

Flash Flooding  The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the storm water in some areas of Cuyahoga County.  Youth play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods. There needs to be further education focused on youth about the potential for danger.  There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County.

Overall goal: To concentrate on making the general public more aware of events and those areas of high hazard potential.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 48 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 100-Year Floodplain Flooding  Most communities in Cuyahoga County follow the minimum NFIP and still allow new structures to be built in the 100-year floodplain.  Within Cuyahoga County, there are 59 individual communities, which means 59 interpretations of the NFIP regulations. There is a communication problem among the communities about what other districts are doing and how there can be more continuity.

Overall goal: To coordinate efforts, where feasible, regulating the 100-year and to learn from each other how each community utilizes and enforces their regulations.

Non-Flood Zone Flooding  There is generally a lack of awareness as it relates to non-flood zone flooding in the County, and there are currently no initiatives to educate residents of these occurrences.

Overall goal: To save lives and property, reduce flood damage and increase educational awareness of flooding in the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Coastal and Streambank Erosion Due to its location on Lake Erie, Cuyahoga County is very prone to coastal erosion in the communities located along the lake. Both coastal and streambank erosion are exacerbated by the other natural hazards occurring in the County, namely flooding and severe storms.

 Existing structures and the construction of new homes on the coastline are a potential disaster waiting to happen.  There is a lack of consistent riparian area regulations in Cuyahoga County.  Natural areas around some of the waterways (specifically Brecksville and Bedford) have been affected by stormwater and streambank erosion in recent years.

Overall goal: To increase educational awareness of coastal and streambank erosion in the communities affected, as well as to learn about different techniques communities are using to control erosion.

Tornadoes Tornadoes are a natural hazard that has historically had dramatic effects on the communities of Cuyahoga County and will continue to do so.

 There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County.  There are no tornado shelters in public areas or parks within Cuyahoga County.

Overall goal: To increase public educational awareness about the effects of tornadoes on the community, and how to respond to warning sirens.

Earthquakes Because of the lower frequency of occurrence of this hazard, earthquakes are not one of the higher rated hazards for the County.

 There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance.

Overall goal: To reduce potential damage of earthquakes and to increase awareness.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 49 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Droughts Droughts are one of the lesser-known hazards for Cuyahoga County.

 There are concerns over sensitive populations (elderly and children) and where they are located, in relation to drought and heat distress.

Overall goal: To reduce potential damage of droughts by public awareness of the long-term effects of a drought.

Determination of Overall Goals and Action Items – Meetings 3 and 4

The core group developed overall goals to address each hazard. Goals are defined as general guidelines that explain what a community wants to achieve in the future, which set a community‟s priorities. Goals should be realistic and explain what a community wants to achieve concerning mitigation.

The core group then addressed how each problem statement relates to each hazard by creating possible alternatives. One of the alternatives considered for all of the hazards is the “No Action” option. The core group identified alternatives by utilizing strategies and measures to implement that particular alternative. Below are some examples of the alternatives that were developed by the Mitigation Core Group.

Severe Storms  No action.  Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System countywide that will be interoperable.  Backup generators for critical facilities and residences (i.e., Orange Village, Olmsted Township); evaluate pumping stations.  Mapping of critical facilities to ensure that the locations of such facilities are known countywide.

Flooding Flash Flooding  No action.  Evaluate installing elevation markers or gates related to high hazard areas.  Install NOAA weather radios in all critical facilities, schools and hospitals to increase the amount of waning time.

100-Year Floodplain Flooding  No action.  Secure funding to update FEMA maps.  Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate.

Non-Flood Zone Flooding  No action.  PSAs about non-flood zone flooding awareness.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 50 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Coastal and Streambank Erosion  No action.  Seek funding to remove structures affected by erosion.  Incorporate riparian setback requirements for new builds. Work with watershed groups to evaluate causes of erosion and seek funding to create an action plan to reduce erosion.

Tornadoes  No action.  Seek funding for an interoperable warning system (countywide).

Earthquakes  No action.  Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Department to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake.

Drought  No action.  Create a map of sensitive populations and work with County Housing Authority to locate these populations.

3.6 Matrix Development

Once the alternatives were created for each hazard, the core group established evaluation criteria to rank each of the alternatives. The criteria selected included: economically justifiable; technically feasible; socially equitable, environmentally sound and publicly acceptable.

The evaluation criteria and the alternatives developed by the core group were then placed in a matrix that organized all the alternatives and how they rated. Utilizing a matrix allowed the core group to systematically review all alternatives, identifying which mitigation method(s) are appropriate based on the specified criteria. The combined results of all the Mitigation Core Group members were tabulated and the matrix comparison was completed. Each of the activities was given an averaged number based on all the Mitigation Core Group scores, which will help Cuyahoga County focus their mitigation strategies on the highest rated activities.

A sample of the Cuyahoga County matrix is on the following page.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 51 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Total Cost Effective Technically Feasible Socially EquitableLocal Regulations Socially AcceptableFunding Available Environmentally SoundMeets Federal, StateActivities and Reduce Risk

Severe Storms

No Action. 0 Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems 0 but none are interoperable. Ice Storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities. Seek funding for alternative systems such as 0 underground utilities. Communities within Cuyahoga County have difficulty predicting resources needed to respond to severe storm events, such the need for salt during the 0 winter season. Develop plans for the future use using “worst case scenario.”

Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e. elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe 0 storms events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations; 2) Locate and identify special needs population. Cuyahoga Communities do not know where all their critical facilities are located countywide. Map all the critical facilities of every community within 0 the County. Cuyahoga residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event. Develop 0 innovative PSAs via mass mailing and community papers to reach residents of the County. Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e. well water, septic systems and long-term power 0 outages.) Seek funding for back up generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis.) All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc.) 0 Evaluate countywide communication interoperability. Seek funding to make communities' first responders interoperable. The older communities within Cuyahoga (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have sever problems with back-ups during severe storm events, which cause ecological, environmental and health issues. Evaluate 0 other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention) The local communities bear “sole financial burden” when cleaning up after a severe storm. Develop plan for participation to coordinate efforts in 0 mitigation process. There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storms events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden 0 emergency response services. Develop outreach for communities and awareness of existing mutual aide resources. Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event. Seek funding for critical lights and 0 critical utilities backup. Severe storm events have the potential to cause dramatic effects on traffic and transportation, and there are no contingency plans for diverting traffic to 0 avoid storm damage. Seek funding for intelligent traffic transportation system.

Flash Flooding

3.7 Public Review

After the draft plan was completed, the Mitigation Core Group provided for an official 30-day public review period before hosting a public meeting. The plan was posted on the County‟s web site and a copy of the plan was made available at the County Emergency Services office for review.

Public input is necessary in order to gauge the opinion of the community and build support for the Plan. There were draft copies of the Plan available at the public meeting, along with a set agenda to keep the discussion on course. The Mitigation Core Group reviewed the process of the draft All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan and the overall goals to be implemented. There were several large-scale maps available for public review of the potential hazards in their community. Ample time for public comment was provided for and documented, for incorporation into an added section within the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 52 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 3.8 Finalization

Once all comments were reviewed and added to the draft Plan, the preparation of the final Plan began. FMSM staff will attend the formal adoption of the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan by County officials.

Implementation of the Plan is crucial. The Mitigation Core Group must strategize effectively to put the Plan into action. Cuyahoga County must follow through to translate the goals and objectives developed during the planning process into action steps. It is recommended that a monitoring program be included in the Plan.

Task 1 – Kick-Off Meeting Task 6 – Alternatives, Action Items & Evaluation Criteria Task 2 – Regional Public Meetings Task 7 – Evaluation of Alternatives Task 3 – Data Gathering Task 8 – Prepare Draft Plan Task 4 – Hazard Assessment & Problem ID Task 9 – Public Meeting (s) Task 5 – Establish Goals & Objectives Task 10 – Final CANHMP Preparation

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 53 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 4.0 State of Natural Disasters and Hazard Assessment for Cuyahoga County

4.1 Initial Hazard Determination for Cuyahoga County

In order to properly evaluate the natural hazards that Cuyahoga County may be susceptible to, a four-step process was utilized. This process was completed in order to “narrow-down” the hazards that Cuyahoga County should prepare for, and potentially mitigate, in the future.

Step 1 - FMSM Engineers researched FEMA„s Ohio Disaster History According to FEMA database to determine which hazards FEMA had 1989 Severe Storms & Flooding 1990 Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding documented as possible natural hazards, including 1992 Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding future threats, for the State of Ohio. Several 1995 Severe Storms & Flooding 1996 Severe Storms & Flooding hazards that are listed on FEMA‟s web site include 1996 Severe Storms & Flooding Flooding, Severe Storms, Tornadoes and Winter 1997 Severe Storms & Flooding Storms. 1998 Severe Storms

Step 2 - FMSM Engineers contacted the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) that allows reviews of historic hazard information all the way down to the County level. The NCDC web site presents each type of hazard and the historic information associated with it for each County, offering several hazard search parameters. These parameters include: droughts, dust storm, flooding, fog, hail, hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, wild/forest fires, ocean/lake surf, precipitation, snow and ice, temperature extremes and thunderstorms and high winds. Of those parameters, dust storms, severe fog, hurricanes/tropical storms, wild/forest fires and ocean/lake surf have either never been documented in Cuyahoga County, or have not occurred since 1950. This left droughts, flooding, hail, lightning, tornadoes, snow and ice, severe precipitation, temperature extremes and thunderstorms and high winds to further assess. Note that earthquakes and coastal/streambank erosion are not part of the NCDC database.

The information pertaining to earthquake susceptibility was attained from USGS and the Ohio Earthquake Program Manager, Candace Sherry, at the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA) and the information pertaining to coastal Initial Hazard Assessment for No. of Cost in and streambank erosion was retained from several Cuyahoga County Events Millions sources such as the Army Corps of Engineers, the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission, the Severe Storms (1950-2003) 177 22.457 Chagrin River Watershed Partners, Euclid Winter Storms 51 40.96 Watershed Coordinator, Doan Brook Watershed Coordinator, Rocky River Watershed Coordinator, T-Storms/High Winds/Lightning 274 37.837 Lake Erie Direct and the Cuyahoga Watershed Coordinator. Hail 96 5.136 Floods (1950-2003) 49 12.67 Step 3 - FMSM reviewed the Ohio Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment, a document created in 1998 Flash Floods 28 6.497 by OEMA for local and state emergency 100-Year/Non-Floodzone 21 6.180 preparedness officials. The Ohio Hazard Analysis Floods and Risk Assessment looks at both natural and non- Tornadoes (1950-2003) 29 67.75 natural (technological) hazards. Coastal and Stream Erosion TBD Step 4 – Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Earthquakes (1836,1850, 6 epicenters Services completed a Draft Comprehensive Hazard 1868, 1888, 1955, 1991) Analysis, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Study Droughts, Excessive Heat 18 205.04 for Cuyahoga County, April 2001. The Division of and Extreme Cold (1950-2003)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 54 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Emergency Management utilized the approach that the Ohio Emergency Management utilized in the document called the Ohio Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment to assess their risk to each hazard including non-natural hazards.

All of the above documents were provided and explained to the Mitigation Core Group for their review and assessment. The Mitigation Core Group made the decision to explore six hazards, based on all the above information.

4.2 Severe Weather History in Cuyahoga County

Cuyahoga County, like most communities in Ohio, is susceptible to severe weather. The severe weather category is a “catch all” to hazards that do not meet other specific criteria. Severe weather is Cuyahoga County‟s number one hazard for several reasons. The first is specific criteria of severe weather, as it relates to thunderstorms, is a wind classification of 58 mph and above. Hazards that fit into the severe weather category include winter storms and thunderstorms. One of the biggest problems associated with severe weather is the lack of public education and awareness. Severe storms can produce damage, but also are often the precursor for much more severe weather to follow. One example of this is how tornadoes are

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 55 Cuyahoga County, Ohio directly associated with thunderstorms. The following paragraphs describe some of the specific severe storm hazards that have affected Cuyahoga County.

Significant Events

September 25, 1994 - Hail - $5.0 Million. Lightning and large hail, driven by strong winds, occurred at a number of locations including Bedford and Oakwood where hail covered the ground like snow and stripped foliage from trees. Numerous homes and businesses reported damage to siding, roofs, windows, and vehicles. A MetroParks ranger at Brookside Park was injured when lightning struck a nearby light pole, then jumped to the tree that he was standing under, striking him.

October 30, 1996 - High Winds - $7.6 Million. A deep low pressure moving east across Ontario, Canada brought winds of 60 to 70 miles per hour, with higher gusts, to Northern Ohio. Trees, limbs and power lines were downed, some across roads, and others on cars, and buildings causing considerable damage. In Cuyahoga County, at Cleveland Hopkins Airport, a stewardess was blown off the steps of a commuter plane but was not injured. Falling trees in Bay Village struck at least 2 cars, a truck and a house and shingles were blown from roofs in Berea. In Wayne County, signs were ripped from their standards and dropped on roads and a landfill was closed in Paint Township because of flying metal and tin. At Apple Creek, the arc from wind whipped downed electrical wires leading to a barn may have ignited a fire which was then whipped into an inferno by the high winds. The barn and some of the cattle in it were destroyed. A 16-ton concrete wall at a Revco drugstore under construction in Akron in Summit County was toppled and, in Springfield Township, a storage facility under construction was destroyed. Also in Summit County, a 45-year-old man was struck by a falling tree at Raintree Country Club and died of head injuries. A wind gust of 67 miles per hour was reported at Kent in Portage County. A wind gust of 79 miles per hour was reported at Fairport Harbor in Lake County. A 71-mile per hour wind gust was reported in Ashtabula County, where a tree fell on a house in Geneva. In Jackson Township in Mahoning County, a construction barrel was blown into the path of a car, causing the car to collide with a truck and a concrete wall on Interstate 80. The driver of the car was treated for injuries. A 68-mile per hour wind gust was reported at Toledo Express Airport in Lucas County. On Interstate 75 near Bowling Green in Wood County, a wind gust caused a semi truck to veer left of center and sideswipe another rig. There were no injuries. Also in Bowling Green, at least one tree fell on a house, one tree fell on two cars and a dumpster landed on another car. In Perrysburg Township, also in Wood County, the Islamic Center of Toledo was damaged when two minarets on top of a building were toppled. In Liberty Township, a wind gust forced a car into a utility pole, slightly injuring the driver. In Sandusky County, corn stalks that had been injured by corn borers were very susceptible to the high winds. The loss to the corn crop was estimated at 10 to 30 percent. In Washington Township in Richland County, half the roof was blown from a barn, crumpled, and scattered across a road and a field. Tin strips dangled like confetti from what was left of the roof

November 9, 1996 - Heavy Snow - $21 Million. Heavy lake effect snow occurred over a seven day period. Total storm accumulations ranged from 6 inches in Elyria (Lorain County) to 69 inches in Chardon (Geauga County). Other significant storm totals were 50 inches in Shaker Heights (Cuyahoga County), 48 inches in Jefferson (Ashtabula County), 28 inches at Kirtland (Lake County), and 15 inches in Mesopotamia (Trumbull County). The storm wreaked havoc on power and telephone lines. Cleveland Electric Illuminating estimated 185,000 customers were without power, some for several days. Dozens of emergency shelters were opened for people who were without electricity. In Wickliffe and Willoughby (Lake County), motels and hotels that still had power, were sold out. Schools throughout northeast Ohio were closed. Cleveland

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 56 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Hopkins Airport (Cuyahoga County) was closed on two occasions, each due to a commercial airplane skidding off the . Cables were downed on mass transit trains and fallen trees blocked the tracks as well as a number of roads. Thousands of trees fell or were damaged during the course of the storm. The ground was already saturated at the beginning of the storm causing shallow rooted trees to topple. Some trees still had their leaves and the extra weight of the snow on them caused many limbs to fall; an estimated 80 percent of city trees in Shaker Heights (Cuyahoga County) suffered damage. Most cities used 15 percent of their snow removal budgets and the National Guard was called to help clear snow from roads and the roofs of buildings. Hundreds of homes, garages, carports, barns and commercial buildings had roofs that collapsed or were severely damaged. A plastics manufacturing plant in Mentor (Lake County) had a major roof collapse, but no one was on the third shift. The roof of the Faith Baptist Church (Perry Township, Lake County) collapsed, but no one was in the building. Also, in Lake County, the roofs of three large storage buildings fell in at an 84 Lumber company in Concord Township. Everyone was evacuated. In Ashtabula County, the roof of the Methodist Church in Geneva caved in, and in the city of Ashtabula the roofs of a nursery and a warehouse collapsed. The roof of a 100-year-old barn in Hambden Township (Geauga County) caved in, but all the animals were accounted for. The roof of the Cleveland Children's Museum (Cuyahoga County) collapsed only a short time after it closed. A house in Garfield Heights (Cuyahoga County) caught on fire from a downed electric line. The roof collapsed at Card Pak, Inc. in Warrensville Heights (Cuyahoga County) igniting a fire in which three firefighters suffered minor injuries. The roof of L. Gray Barrell and Drum Company in Cleveland, (Cuyahoga County) collapsed, critically injuring two workers. Eight Cablevision workers were slightly injured when lightning struck their customer service office in Cleveland (Cuyahoga County) and shocked them through their headphones. In Conneaut (Ashland County) four women were rescued from their car, in the nick of time, after it became stuck in the snow on the railroad tracks on the Mill Street Conrail crossing. The car was demolished by a train, but no one was injured.

December 11, 2000 - High winds - $4.4 Million. A very strong area of low pressure moved across Northwest Ohio and Lake Erie on the evening of December 11th. Damaging winds occurred along and behind a cold front stretching south from the low. The damaging winds began just before midnight and continued through the early morning hours then gradually diminished. Widespread power outages occurred with several thousand trees downed. Over 20 percent of the homes in Northeast Ohio suffered power outages. Wind gusts in excess of 55 mph were measured at all of the major reporting sites. A gust to 80 mph was recorded on the east side of Cleveland with a 74 mph measured in Portage County at the Kent State Airport. A 72 mph gust was measured at Canton with a 67 mph gust in downtown Akron. Buildings lost roofs in Cleveland (Cuyahoga County), Polk (Ashland County), Bainbridge (Geauga County), Shelby (Richland County) and rural Erie County. Buildings under construction in Summit County (near Richfield) and Ottawa County (Oak Harbor) were destroyed. Radio towers were toppled near Painesville in Lake County and also in Stark County. Also in Stark County, a small plane was blown over a chain link fence and destroyed. A new mobile home was blown over and destroyed in Wayne County. Many barns were either blown down or lost roofs. Several dozen homes were damaged by fallen trees, as were approximately 100 cars. In rural Hancock County, a row of 32 power poles was knocked down by the winds.

December 13, 2000 - Winter Storm - $2.5 Million. Low pressure moved up the Ohio Valley and across central Ohio late on December 13th. Light precipitation began during the afternoon hours and increased in intensity during the evening. Freezing rain fell south of a line from Marion County northeast to Trumbull County. Significant ice accumulation was reported in this area by early on the 14th. Further north, most of the precipitation fell in the form of snow. The

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 57 Cuyahoga County, Ohio heaviest snow fell along and just south of Lake Erie. Accumulations of 7 inches were reported from Lucas County east to Huron County. Around 6 inches of snow fell from the Cleveland Metro area northeast to Ashtabula County. Locations just south of the heavy snow band saw a mixture of freezing rain and snow. Scattered power outages resulted from the freezing rain accumulation. Numerous accidents were also reported.

March 9, 2002 - High Winds - $8.9 Million. A strong and very fast moving cold front raced east across northern Ohio during the late afternoon and early evening hours. Damaging winds occurred along and behind this front. A 41-year-old male was struck and killed by a falling tree in Lorain (Lorain County). A second fatality occurred in Cuyahoga Falls (Summit County) when a 63-year-old male was struck and killed by a falling tree. Peak wind gusts include: 69 mph at Toledo Express Airport (Lucas County) at 258 pm; 55 mph at Mansfield Lahm Airport (Richland County) at 415 pm; 63 mph at Findlay Airport (Hancock County) at 423 pm; 62 mph at the Lorain County Airport at 429 pm; 62 mph at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (Cuyahoga County) at 448 pm; 58 mph at Toledo Metcalf Airport (Wood County); 53 mph at the Wayne County Airport at 454 pm; 51 mph at the Ashtabula County Airport at 517 pm; 60 mph at Akron- Fulton Airport (Summit County) at 520 pm; 62 mph at Akron-Canton Airport (Summit County) at 523 pm; 63 mph at the Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport (Trumbull County) at 607 pm; 54 mph at the Marion County Airport at 610 pm. Other measured wind gusts include; 100 mph at Bowling Green (Wood County); 78 mph at the Huron County Airport; 75 mph at Burton (Geauga County); 75 mph at Fremont Airport (Sandusky County); 74 mph at Louisville (Stark County); 65 mph at Medina (Medina County). Thousands of trees and hundreds of power poles were downed in northern Ohio. Widespread power outages occurred with several hundred thousand people without power at the peak of the storm. Over a million dollars in damage occurred at a school construction site in Struthers (Mahoning County). A fire truck responding to an emergency was blown over in Trumbull County injuring two people. Three mobile homes were destroyed in Sandusky County injuring three people. Two additional people were injured by a falling tree in Ravenna (Portage County). A large poultry farm building was leveled in Marion County. A large building collapsed in North Baltimore (Wood County) and damaged two adjacent buildings forcing the closure of three businesses. A woman was seriously injured in Maple Heights (Cuyahoga County) by flying glass and debris. Several buildings were destroyed in Wyandot County and an historic covered bridge was severely damaged. Two homes were destroyed in Ottawa County. Two cargo containers were blown off of a moving train and into Sandusky Bay (Erie County). Other buildings were destroyed in Seneca, Hancock, Crawford, Morrow, Ashland and Stark counties. Hundreds of other buildings sustained damage and over 100 cars were damaged or destroyed by debris and fallen trees.

December 24, 2002 - Heavy Snow - $3.1 Million. An area of low pressure developed along the Gulf Coast early on December 24th and then moved rapidly northeast. This low moved across eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania during the morning hours of the 25th. Snow developed well north of the low and spread into northern Ohio during the evening of the 24th. The snow intensified during the early morning hours and again in the afternoon. The snow finally tapered off from west to east during the evening of the 25th. Heavy snow fell in northern Ohio along and north of U.S. Highway 30. Generally, 6 to 10 inches of snow fell in this area with a maximum of 11.2 inches of snow recorded at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. Snow totals at other locations include: 7.1 inches at Toledo Express Airport; 5.8 inches at Mansfield Lahm Airport; 5.2 inches at the Akron-Canton Regional Airport and 5.5 inches at the Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport. Northwest winds increased to 15 to 25 mph during the storm and caused considerable blowing and drifting with whiteout conditions at times. Travel was severely hampered by this storm and dozens of accidents occurred as a result of the treacherous driving conditions caused by the snow.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 58 Cuyahoga County, Ohio March 24, 2002 - Winter Storm - $1.6 Million. Heavy snow developed to the north of a stationary front stretching across southern Ohio. Snow accumulations ranged from 6 to 8 inches. Some freezing rain also mixed with the snow south and east of a line from Marion to Mansfield to just north of Youngstown. The snow was very wet and heavy making conditions on untreated roadways very treacherous.

Winter 2003 Attempts were made to obtain information documenting the winter storms of 2003 in detail, with specifics on damages, but no information is on file at the Cuyahoga County Emergency Services office. The National Climatic Data Center web site was also searched for any information pertaining to the winter storms of 2003 and the following information was obtained:

January 6, 2003 - Heavy Snow - $325,000. Cold northerly winds blowing across Lake Erie caused bands of lake effect snow to develop during the morning. The snow intensified during the afternoon and finally dissipated during the evening. Maximum snowfall totals ranged from 8 to 9 inches in Cuyahoga, Medina and Summit Counties, to 10 inches in Geauga County.

January 26, 2003 - Heavy Snow - $325,000. Cold north to northwest winds blowing across Lake Erie caused lake effect snow showers to develop during the early morning hours. These snow showers intensified after daybreak and persisted through the evening hours. Snowfall totals ranged from 6 to 9 inches across Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga and northern Ashtabula Counties. Most of the accumulation occurred during the late morning and early afternoon hours.

Severe Thunderstorms A severe thunderstorm watch is issued by the National Weather Service when the weather conditions are such that damaging winds of 58 mph or more, or hail three-fourths of an inch in diameter or greater, is likely to develop. Citizens should locate a safe place in the home and tell family members to watch the sky and listen to the radio or television for more information. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued when a severe thunderstorm has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. At this point, danger is immediate, citizens should move to a safe place, turn on a battery-operated radio or television, and wait for the "all clear" by the authorities.

Tornadoes and flash flooding are spawned by thunderstorms. When a "severe thunderstorm warning" is issued, review what actions to take under a "tornado warning" or a "flash flood warning." When thunderstorms produce heavy rains (which can cause flash flooding), strong winds, hail, lightning and tornadoes, people should get inside a sturdy building and stay tuned to a battery-operated radio for weather information.

Lightning is also a major threat during thunderstorms. In the United States, 75 to 100 Americans are struck and killed each year by lightning. The myth that lightning never strikes twice in the same place needs to be replaced by the fact that lightning can strike several times in the same place in the course of a single discharge.

Winter Storms The leading cause of death during winter storms is transportation accidents. Preparing your vehicle for the winter season, and knowing how to react if stranded or lost on the road are vital to safe winter driving. Another major problem is the lack of concern citizens have for frigidly cold temperatures during the Ohio winters, when the wind chill can dramatically affect the temperature outside, causing frostbite in a matter of minutes.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 59 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Wind Chill Wind Chill is a calculation of how cold it feels outside when the effects of temperature and wind speed are combined. A strong wind combined with a temperature just below freezing can have the same effect as a still air temperature 35oF colder.

Winter Storm Watches and Warnings A winter storm watch indicates that severe winter weather may affect your area. A winter storm warning indicates that severe winter weather conditions are definitely on the way. A blizzard warning signifies that large amounts of falling or blowing snow, and sustained winds of at least 35 mph are expected for several hours.

As can be seen in the chart below, severe storms affect Ohio with great frequency, but are also associated with other hazards such as tornadoes and severe flooding.

Ohio Disaster History

Year Disaster Type # Of Events 1989 Severe Storms & Flooding 831 1990 Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding 870 1992 Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding 951 1995 Severe Storms & Flooding 1065 1996 Severe Storms & Flooding 1097 1996 Flooding & Severe Storms 1122 1997 Severe Storms & Flooding 1164 1998 Severe Storms 1227

Cuyahoga Severe Weather Mitigation Efforts Currently, there are no severe weather mitigation efforts underway in Cuyahoga County, nor have any occurred in the recent past. As part of the preparation of the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan, the Mitigation Core Group has chosen Severe Storms as one of the problem hazards and has chosen to address this hazard with specific action items.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure Due to the non-site specific nature of this hazard, the effects on critical facilities and infrastructure cannot be determined. However, thunderstorms may cause similar effects as flooding on infrastructure. Please see the flooding section that follows for more details.

Current Development Trends Since severe storms are a non-site specific hazard, current development trends have no effect other than the knowledge that in regard to mitigation for severe storms, anything considered should be conducted Countywide. Cuyahoga County is a built-out community and as such, development trends are a non-issue, except potentially when it comes to redevelopment of particular areas of the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses/Potential Dollars Lost Because severe storms are random in nature, the Mitigation Core Group has chosen to look at historic events to determine Cuyahoga County‟s susceptibility. According to the National Climatic Data Center web site, from 1955-2002, Cuyahoga County experienced 264 thunderstorms and/or high wind events, totaling over $37.5 million in damages. From 1993- 2003, there were 51 snow and ice events, totaling just shy of $41 million in damages. (Please see Appendix 8 and 9 for the detailed storm listings.)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 60 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Matrix Results for Severe Storms

Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Average

Severe Storms

No Action. 9 Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems 33 but none are interoperable. Ice Storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities. Seek funding for alternative systems such as 26 underground utilities. Communities within Cuyahoga County have difficulty predicting resources needed to respond to severe storm events, such the need for salt during the 27 winter season. Develop plans for future use using “worst case scenario.” Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e. elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe 27 storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations; 2) Locate and identify special needs population. Cuyahoga Communities do not know where all their critical facilities are located countywide. Map all the critical facilities of every community within 29 the County. Cuyahoga residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event. Develop 26 innovative PSAs via mass mailing and community papers to reach residents of the County. Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e. well water, septic systems and long-term power 25 outages.) Seek funding for back up generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis.) All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc.) 33 Evaluate countywide communication interoperability. Seek funding to make communities' first responders interoperable. The older communities within Cuyahoga (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have severe problems with sewage back-ups during severe storm events, which cause ecological, environmental and health issues. Evaluate 27 other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention) The local communities bear “sole financial burden” when cleaning up after a severe storm. Develop plan for participation to coordinate efforts in 29 mitigation process. There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storm events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden 27 emergency response services. Develop outreach for communities and awareness of existing mutual aid resources. Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event. Seek funding for critical lights and 27 critical utilities backup. Severe storm events have the potential to cause dramatic effects on traffic and transportation, and there are no contingency plans for diverting traffic to 25 avoid storm damage. Seek funding for intelligent traffic transportation system.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 61 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The above matrix results shows the average rating for all the Core Croup members for the severe storm hazard. According to the results received from the participating communities, the four highest rated activities within this hazard category were the following:

 Seek funding for an enhanced, interoperable Siren and Warning System countywide. This activity stresses the importance of having a common countywide warning system that each community can access.

 Evaluate countywide communications interoperability. Seek funding to make communities’ first responders interoperable. This activity is in response to the fact that not all communities located in Cuyahoga County can communicate with one another based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc.).

 Map all of the critical facilities of every community within the County. This activity will allow for increased knowledge about each critical facility, where they are located, and the most direct routes to take to get to a critical facility in case of an emergency.

 Develop a plan for participation to coordinate cleanup efforts into the mitigation process. This activity addresses the fact that local communities bear “sole financial burden” when cleaning up after a severe storm which can become a financial strain on many communities. By coordinating cleanup efforts among communities, this allows for costs to be better distributed among communities.

4.3 History of Flooding in Cuyahoga County

The history of flooding in Cuyahoga County is extensive. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) has comprehensive information available back to 1993. Flooding is the number two disaster in frequency of events and disaster dollars associated with each event.

There were over sixty events documented between 1993 and 2002, as shown in the following table. More detailed descriptions of the yellow highlighted events are provided after the table.

Source: NCDC WEB SITE

Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 1 Countywide 11/17/1993 1000 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 5K 0 2 Independence 04/12/1994 1800 Flood N/A 0 0 5K 0 3 Cleveland 05/14/1994 1840 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 50K 0 4 E Portion 07/07/1994 1530 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 50K 0 5 CUYAHOGA 08/13/1994 0550 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 5.0M 0 6 Independence 08/13/1994 0900 Flood N/A 0 0 5.0M 0 7 E Portion 09/28/1994 1820 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 5K 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 62 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 8 Independence 01/15/1995 0700 Flood N/A 0 0 35K 0 9 Countywide 04/21/1995 0910 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 20K 0 10 Cleveland / N 06/21/1995 1922 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 Olmsted 11 East Half 07/05/1995 1930 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 20K 0 12 West Half 07/05/1995 1940 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 100K 0 13 Countywide 07/15/1995 1935 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 800K 0 14 Near Chagrin Falls 07/16/1995 2050 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 5K 0 15 Near Strongsville 08/16/1995 1405 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 2K 0 16 OHZ011 04/23/1996 03:45 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 17 Countywide 04/23/1996 08:30 AM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 18 OHZ011 04/30/1996 04:00 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 19 East Half 05/10/1996 05:30 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 20 Euclid 05/17/1996 11:30 AM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0 21 Northeast 06/12/1996 01:39 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 50K 0 22 Southwest 06/18/1996 10:30 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0 23 Cleveland 06/19/1996 07:00 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 20K 0 24 Newburgh Heights 08/20/1996 05:45 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 25 Maple Heights 08/20/1996 07:22 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 26 Countywide 09/07/1996 06:00 AM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 100K 0 27 Berea 09/07/1996 08:15 AM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 100K 0 28 Cleveland 09/13/1996 09:30 AM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 29 Cleveland 09/13/1996 12:35 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 30 OHZ011 02/27/1997 06:45 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 31 Countywide 06/01/1997 09:15 AM Flood N/A 0 0 40K 15K 32 OHZ011 06/01/1997 09:30 AM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 33 OHZ011 06/01/1997 10:00 AM Flood N/A 0 0 100K 0 34 OHZ011 06/01/1997 11:00 AM Flood N/A 0 0 400K 0 35 North Olmsted 09/20/1997 01:30 AM Flood N/A 0 0 75K 0 36 Strongsville 09/20/1997 02:10 AM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 37 North Royalton 09/20/1997 02:30 AM Flood N/A 0 0 75K 0 38 Euclid 01/07/1998 07:56 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 63 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 39 OHZ011 01/08/1998 07:00 AM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 40 Cleveland 01/09/1998 01:17 AM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 41 Countywide 04/16/1998 08:20 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 42 OHZ011 04/16/1998 09:00 PM Flood N/A 0 0 75K 0 43 Chagrin Falls 05/31/1998 05:40 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 44 Cleveland 08/10/1998 09:30 AM Flood N/A 0 0 275K 0 45 Cleveland 07/09/1999 06:00 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 46 Cleveland 10/13/1999 03:15 PM Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 47 Cleveland 07/27/2000 02:45 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 250K 0 48 North Olmsted 05/21/2001 07:00 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 49 Countywide 08/31/2001 02:40 PM Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 TOTALS: 0 0 12.677M 15K

Mag = Magnitude, Dth = Deaths, Inj = Injuries, PrD = Property Damage, CrD = Crop Damage

Significant Events

Event 6: The Cuyahoga River raged over its banks at Independence and surrounding areas in the valley, exceeding flood stage of 16.0 feet and cresting at 22.9 feet at 13/1315EST. Nearby tributaries also backed up and flooded. Roads, businesses and some homes were flooded and evacuations were necessary.

Event 13: Thunderstorm rains of two to three inches fell on saturated ground in less than an hour and a half producing widespread flooding of streets, poor drainage areas, and basements. The Cain Park Amphitheater was flooded and had to be evacuated. A popular nightclub in Cleveland located in a basement became flooded and patrons had to leave through knee-deep water. About 500 basements were flooded in North Olmsted and numerous basements were reported flooded in South Euclid.

Event 26: Four to six inches of heavy rain from the remnants of Hurricane Fran caused flooding of streets, basements and low lying areas in several locations, especially in Cleveland, Parma, Strongsville and Olmsted Falls. Monkey Island, at the Cleveland Zoo, was inundated, and picnic tables, asphalt and fences were damaged, but no animals were injured. There was up to one foot of water on some streets in Parma.

Event 34: The Cuyahoga River at Valley View overflowed its banks. A number of businesses and numerous basements and roads were flooded, cars were submerged and some schools were closed on June 2, 1997 because of impassable roads. Thirty-five people were evacuated. The Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area and Cleveland Metro parks closed the federal park and the Brecksville Reservation because of Cuyahoga River flooding.

Event 44: Heavy thunderstorm rain caused widespread flooding of roads and low lying areas in Cleveland and surrounding suburbs. In Newburgh Heights, Interstate 77 was flooded with three

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 64 Cuyahoga County, Ohio to four feet of water and an elderly couple had to be rescued from their floating car. Over five inches of rain was measured in some southern and eastern sections as storms repeatedly crossed the area for several hours.

Flash Flooding Flash Floods are the number one weather related killer in the United States, with around 140 deaths recorded each year. Flash Floods can happen anywhere at anytime. Cuyahoga County‟s concern for flash flooding is two-fold. One, the lack of warning time to let communities know that a flash flood is imminent and two, undersized infrastructure being unable to handle a specific storm event.

River Flooding The following areas have been listed as flood prone areas due to close proximity to a river or creek. The source of the flood is given followed by the area affected:

Rocky River: Areas along Rocky River from North Royalton‟s Bennett Road northwest to Berea. In Berea, from the 800 block of Prospect Road northeast to Eastland and Sheldon Roads. Rocky River Reservation north to Lake Erie.

Rocky River Tributary: From Berea east to Zona Lane in Parma. In Middleburg Heights, center of Webster Road to northeast portion of Alan and Ragall Parkways.

Tinker’s Creek: From just east of Dunham Road in Walton Hills, then east, northeast to Oakwood.

Chagrin River: From Old Mill Road in Hunting Valley north to Chagrin River Road.

Big Creek: From just northeast of Tobik Road northwest to the intersection of Big Creek and Stumph Roads, then northeast to Linndale.

Euclid Creek: In Lyndhurst, from Cedar Road to Mayfield Road. In South Euclid, from Mayfield Road to Anderson Road. From Anderson Road east/southeast to Ridgebury Road. In Richmond Heights, from Anderson Road northwest along Glenridge Road to Euclid Cemetery then northwest to Lake Erie.

Cuyahoga River: In Brecksville, areas near the intersection of Riverview, Vaughn and Snowville Roads. In Cuyahoga Valley, East Valley, Brookside Road and Rockside Road to Warner Road.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 65 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 66 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Infrastructure and Critical Facilities The locations of critical facilities within Cuyahoga County in relation to the 100-year floodplains are shown on the map on page 68. Due to the large number of critical facilities within Cuyahoga County, only the fire departments, police stations and hospitals are depicted on the map. A complete listing of the critical facilities in Cuyahoga County (including schools, nursing homes, etc.) can be found in Appendix 14 of the plan.

The following are infrastructure concerns in regards to flooding listed in response to a question on the Mitigation Plan Survey that was mailed out to all 59 jurisdictions. The question was as follows:

“What infrastructure concerns does your community have as it relates to flooding? (For example, please list any intersections, culverts, and/or bridges that have systemic flooding issues.)”

Community Description of Problem  Porter Creek – Ashton Lane culvert/bridge Bay Village  Wischmoyer Creek – Lake Road culvert Beachwood Intersection of Richmond and South Woodland  Cresswell Avenue Bedford  Wood Creek under Broadway  Areas along Bear Creek, properties along Aurora Rd.  Consistent flooding: railroad right-of-way north and south of Fargo Bedford Heights Ave; at the termination of approx. 102” stormwater drain at 5626 Richmond Rd  Culvert running under Rockside Road  Nine Mile Creek Bratenahl  Dugway Creek  Riverview Rd. between Snowville Rd. and the County line Brecksville  Valley Parkway Ford  Riverview Road/Vaughn Road culvert  West 130th at I-480 Brook Park  West 130th south of Brook Park Rd.  Sheldon Road at Abrams Creek Brooklyn Heights Lancaster culvert, Van Epps Road hill Problem area underpasses: Berea Rd. & Detroit Ave. Broadway Ave. & Harvard Ave. Canal Rd. Cedar Ave. & Ashland Ave. East 32 St. & Lakeside Ave. East 36 St. & St. Clair Ave. Cleveland East 37 St. (north of Woodland Ave.) East 38 St. & Superior Ave. East 40 St. & Payne Ave. East 55 St. (tracks) East 65 St. & Carnegie Ave. East 65 St. & Central Ave. East 71 St. & Hastings Ave. East 71 St. & Quincy Ave.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 67 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Description of Problem East 75 St. & Colfax Ave. East 79 St. & Bessemer Ave. East 79 St. (RTA bridge) East 79 St. & Woodland Ave. East 93 St. & Buckeye Ave. East 105 St. & Quincy Ave. East 131 St. & St. Clair Ave. East 140 St. (Aspinwall to Lakeshore) East 152 St. East 185 St. (St. Clair to Waterloo) Holmden Ave. Ivanhoe Ave. Puritas between Enterprise and W. 168th West Clinton & West Blvd. West 117 St. between Detroit & Berea West 112 St. & Berea Ave. West 130th St. from Gilmore to Brook Park West 143 St. & Lorain Ave. West 150 St. between Industrial and Brook Park

Low spots: East 167/Harvard East 93/Richmond/Meech East 147/Edgewood East 110 behind Glenville East 123 & 121/Superior Arlington/East 123 between Thornhill Bellflower Ave. (Charles Harris Park) 3645 Seymour 3628 East 61 5928 Ackley East 71/Worley Hamlet/Adolpha 2500 West 3rd Canal/Commercial 12414 Emery 12501 Hirst 12409 Ervin 12601 Milligan Gilmore/West 132 Harold/West 130 Cuyahoga Heights I-77 North and South, North of Grant Ave.  Broadway – Millcreek Project Sewers Garfield Heights  Hydro breaks in street sewers Severe erosion of Millcreek and occasional localized flooding. Erosion is most severe between Harvard Rd. and Warrensville Center Road Highland Hills where streambank erosion has threatened to destabilize adjacent slopes and structures.  Flooding along Chagrin River Road within the Village between SR Hunting Valley 87 (South Woodland Rd.) and Fairmount Blvd.  Fairmount Blvd. floods occasionally just east of Chagrin River Independence  Lower Brookside Road, west of Riverview Rd.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 68 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Description of Problem  Cuyahoga River Valley  Schaaf/Fuhrmeyer Roads at West Creek  Clifton Lagoon – residential Lakewood  Sweetwater Landing/Metroparks  Wastewater treatment plant Maple Heights Streets experiencing flooding: Waterbury, Franklin, Clare Low spot along Mayfield Rd. between SOM Center Road and the East Mayfield Heights Corporation Line of the City  East 49th and Harvard  East 38th St.  East 27/29th Streets  Brow Avenue and East 53rd Street  East 42nd and McGregor Newburgh Heights  East 26th Street  I-77 South (between Harvard and Grant in Cuyahoga Heights)  I-77 North bound exit ramp at Harvard  Harvard Ave. (between Washington Park Blvd. and East 27th) – directly across from Harvard Heat Treat Operation  Bridgeview and Washington Park Blvd. City is built on a ridge defined by Lorain Rd. Water falling north of Lorain Road is problematic. Sewage is pumped up and over the ridge North Olmsted by many pumping stations located throughout the north half of the city. Due to infiltration, the city has had a severe flooding problem in the northeast quadrant of the city. Many areas in need of mitigation.  Flooding on Northfield Rd. near Miles Rd. North Randall  Periodic flooding on Derbyshire Rd. and North Randall Drive Bridges at Ridge Road and the east branch of the Rocky River and North Royalton Bennett Road and the east branch of the Rocky River  Tinker‟s Creek by the Metropark entrances on Richmond Rd. Oakwood Village  Macedonia Road about 7647  Bugsby Ditch: Flooding of Bagley Rd. east of Fitch Rd. Olmsted Falls  Plum Creek: culvert/bridge over Plum Creek  SR 91 at Norfolk and Southern overpass  Solon Blvd. storm sewer Solon  Meadow Parkway at the entrance to treatment plant  Area of Cannon Rd. and Richmond Rd. (Hawthorne Creek flooding) Basement flooding problem along Meadowbrook Blvd. from approx. University Heights Warrensville Center Road to Cleveland Heights line  96” storm sewer along I-480 is filled with silt Valley View  Canal Road storm sewer system between I-480 and Fosdick Road overwhelmed by rain Walton Hills Periodic flooding along Tinkers Creek  Northfield Road underpass under the Erie Railroad bridge Warrensville Heights  Miles Road – 23000 block

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 69 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 70 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Repetitive Loss Flooding Cuyahoga County has 59 repetitive loss structures and 3 mitigated structures, according to FEMA Region V records. Repetitive loss structure is a term that is usually associated with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). For Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program purposes, a repetitive loss structure is one that is covered by a flood insurance contract under the NFIP, that has suffered flood damage on two or more occasions over a 10-year period, ending on the date when a second claim is made, in which the cost to repair the flood damage, on average, equals or exceeds 25% of the market-value of the structure at the time of each flood loss event. A repetitive loss structure is important to the NFIP, since structures that flood frequently put a strain on the flood insurance fund. It should also be important to a community because of the disruption and threat to residents‟ lives by the continual flooding.

Numerous attempts were made to recover information from the County agencies on how and why these repetitive loss structures are flooding. However, research into how and why the flooding is occurring has not yielded any results.

The map on the following page illustrates the general locations of the repetitive loss structures. Please note on the map that there are only 48 repetitive loss structures illustrated, although the total for the County is 59 plus the three that have already been mitigated. This is due to the fact that only 48 could be accurately located through geocoding because of the information available during the planning process.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 71 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 72 Cuyahoga County, Ohio At-Risk Structures Cuyahoga County has a total of 4,109 at-risk structures, structures located in the 100-year floodplain. Each of the participating jurisdictions received a map with their structure inventory count on it and location of structures. They were to differentiate between residential and commercial structures and then return the maps. Based on the information received from the participating communities, the at-risk structures are broken down into the following categories:

 680 Commercial Structures;  1739 Residential Structures; and  1690 Unidentified Structures.

A map illustrating the locations of these structures can be found on the following page.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 73 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

74 Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Cuyahoga County, Ohio Non-Flood Zone Flooding Non-flood zone flooding can be defined as flooding that occurs in areas not defined as floodplains, usually in areas that have been developed at a fast rate. According to the community survey that was filled out by all 59 community representatives, the following communities reported areas of non-flood zone flooding: Bedford Heights, Berea, Brecksville, Broadview Heights, Chagrin Falls Village, East Cleveland, Euclid, Garfield Heights, Highland Hills, Lakewood, Mayfield Heights, Mayfield Village, Newburgh Heights, North Olmsted, Oakwood Village, Orange Village, Solon, South Euclid, and Warrensville Heights.

The following are descriptions of non-flood zone flooding areas and the problems associated with these areas in terms of infrastructure (bridges, culverts, etc.), flood-prone intersections, and ponding:

Lakewood: There are currently no non-flood zone areas within the City that are in need of NFIP mapping. There are, however, problem areas. For example, the area along W. 117th Street near the Conrail tracks experiences flooding, but does not require NFIP mapping. The underpass here floods due to problems with catch basins.

South Euclid: There are currently no non-flood zone areas within the City that are in need of NFIP mapping. The City is plagued with outdated sewer systems. The City is currently addressing these problems street by street with a combination of Issue 2 money and city money.

Garfield Heights: The City Engineer reported that there are no non-flood zone areas that should be mapped. All problems arise in areas of the floodplain. He brought up two areas on Broadway, both within the floodplain that have had problems with flooding: Broadway close to I-480, and Broadway down from 104th Street where the floodplain crosses Broadway.

Warrensville Heights: This City is plagued with the same problem of older sewer systems that plagues many other cities within Cuyahoga County. There are currently no non-flood zone areas within the City that are in need of NFIP mapping.

Cuyahoga County Flood Mitigation Efforts According to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA), there are no flooding mitigation efforts underway nor have any occurred in the recent past.

Past Mitigation Efforts There are three repetitive loss properties that have been mitigated, however, they were not mitigated through any county-sponsored mitigation efforts. The three properties that were mitigated were owner-sponsored events.

Current Development Trends The current development trends in Cuyahoga County are relatively static. Cuyahoga County is considered a built-out community and has very little “new” development occurring.

The surveys mailed out to each of the communities within Cuyahoga County included a question which asked whether the communities had existing planning documents, such as comprehensive plans, floodplain ordinances and land use ordinances. Based on the completed surveys returned by the participating communities, the following table was created that lists the communities that have floodplain ordinances, which can serve to control the movement of development into hazardous areas:

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 75 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Floodplain Ordinance Bay Village Yes Beachwood Yes Bedford Yes Bedford Heights Yes Bentleyville Yes Berea Bratenahl Brecksville Yes Broadview Heights Yes Brooklyn Yes Brooklyn Heights Village Yes Brook Park Yes Chagrin Falls Village Yes Cleveland Yes Cleveland Heights Yes Cuyahoga Heights No East Cleveland Euclid Fairview Park Garfield Heights Yes Gates Mills Yes Highland Heights Yes Highland Hills Yes Hunting Valley Yes Independence Yes Lakewood Yes Lyndhurst Maple Heights No Mayfield Heights Mayfield Village Yes Middleburg Heights Moreland Hills Yes Newburgh Heights North Olmsted North Randall North Royalton Yes Oakwood Village Olmsted Falls Yes Olmsted Township Orange Village Parma Yes

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 76 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Floodplain Ordinance Parma Heights Yes Pepper Pike Richmond Heights Rocky River Seven Hills Yes Shaker Heights Yes Solon Yes South Euclid Yes Strongsville University Heights Yes Valley View Yes Walton Hills Yes Warrensville Heights Yes Westlake Yes

Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses / Potential Dollars Lost Each of the participating jurisdictions received a map with their structure inventory count on it and the location of the structures. They were asked to differentiate between residential and commercial/industrial structures. Based on the information received from the communities, the total number of residential and commercial structures for the communities within Cuyahoga County was tabulated. This information was then taken and compared to the median value of housing units as well as the median value of commercial/industrial at-risk structures to come up with the potential dollars lost within the 100-year floodplain. The average value of residential structures was obtained from the U.S. Census web site (2000 data), and the average value of commercial/industrial structures was obtained from the Cuyahoga County Auditor‟s office.

The total potential dollars lost for at-risk structures is about 1.2 billion dollars. A table of the results is shown on the following pages.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 77 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Median Average Residential Potential Potential Dollars Commercial/Industrial Total Potential Community Value of Price of At-Risk Dollars Lost Lost At-Risk Structures Dollars Lost Home Commercial Structures Residential Comm./Industrial Bay Village $169,000 $ 351,000 149 0 $25,181,000 - $ 25,181,000 Beachwood $242,000 $4,643,000 87 11 $21,054,000 $ 51,073,000 $ 72,127,000 Bedford $ 92,000 $ 475,000 56 21 $ 5,152,000 $ 9,975,000 $ 15,127,000 Bedford $106,000 $1,111,000 11 0 $ 1,166,000 - $ 1,166,000 Heights Berea $119,000 $ 781,000 105 2 $12,495,000 $ 1,562,000 $ 14,057,000 Brecksville $211,000 $1,089,000 9 11 $ 1,899,000 $ 11,979,000 $ 13,878,000 Broadview $171,000 $ 983,000 56 4 $ 9,576,000 $ 3,932,000 $ 13,508,000 Heights Brook Park $112,000 $ 913,000 43 8 $ 4,816,000 $ 7,304,000 $ 12,120,000 Brooklyn $109,000 $1,352,000 - - - Cleveland $ 71,000 $ 301,000 - - - Cleveland $110,000 $ 430,000 0 0 - - - Heights East $ 67,000 $ 172,000 0 0 - - - Cleveland Euclid $ 91,000 $ 615,000 8 0 $ 728,000 - $ 728,000 Fairview Park $135,000 $ 703,000 22 0 $ 2,970,000 - $ 2,970,000 Garfield $ 88,000 $ 455,000 22 134 $ 1,936,000 $ 60,970,000 $ 62,906,000 Heights Highland $216,000 $1,490,000 43 5 $ 9,288,000 $ 7,450,000 $ 16,738,000 Heights Independence $191,000 $2,441,000 26 70 $ 4,966,000 $170,870,000 $ 175,836,000 Lakewood $118,000 $ 331,000 30 3 $ 3,540,000 $ 993,000 $ 4,533,000 Lyndhurst $135,000 $1,543,000 23 1 $ 3,105,000 $ 1,543,000 $ 4,648,000 Maple $ 85,000 $ 432,000 6 0 $ 510,000 - $ 510,000 Heights Mayfield $2,037,000 $2,037,000 0 0 - - - Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 78 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Median Average Residential Potential Potential Dollars Commercial/Industrial Total Potential Community Value of Price of At-Risk Dollars Lost Lost At-Risk Structures Dollars Lost Home Commercial Structures Residential Comm./Industrial Middleburg $149,000 $1,449,000 34 1 $ 5,066,000 $ 1,449,000 $ 6,515,000 Heights North $140,000 $1,184,000 225 114 $31,500,000 $134,976,000 $166,476,000 Olmsted North $170,000 $ 690,000 - - Royalton Olmsted Falls $140,000 $ 490,000 52 6 $ 7,280,000 $ 2,940,000 $ 10,220,000 Parma $114,000 $ 630,000 167 7 $19,038,000 $ 4,410,000 $ 23,448,000 Parma $115,000 $ 826,000 - - Heights Pepper Pike $355,000 $2,322,000 13 0 $ 4,615,000 - $ 4,615,000 Richmond $140,000 $1,336,000 39 0 $ 5,460,000 - $ 5,460,000 Heights Rocky River $175,000 $ 447,000 101 4 $ 17,675,000 $ 1,788,000 $ 19,463,000 Seven Hills $159,000 $1,078,000 21 0 $ 3,339,000 - $ 3,339,000 Shaker $182,000 $ 687,000 160 35 $29,120,000 $ 24,045,000 $ 53,165,000 Heights Solon $218,000 $1,329,000 28 123 $ 6,104,000 $163,467,000 $169,571,000 South Euclid $106,000 $ 333,000 16 0 $ 1,696,000 - $ 1,696,000 Strongsville $170,000 $1,176,000 - - University $138,000 $ 918,000 0 0 - - - Heights Warrensville $ 86,000 $ 738,000 - - Heights Westlake $184,000 $1,052,000 - - Bentleyville $481,000 14 0 $ 6,734,000 - $ 6,734,000 Bratenahl $193,000 $ 945,000 5 1 $ 965,000 $ 945,000 $ 1,910,000 Brooklyn Hts. $141,000 $ 897,000 1 0 $ 141,000 - $ 141,000 Chagrin Falls $ 419,000 - -

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 79 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Median Average Residential Potential Potential Dollars Commercial/Industrial Total Potential Community Value of Price of At-Risk Dollars Lost Lost At-Risk Structures Dollars Lost Home Commercial Structures Residential Comm./Industrial Cuyahoga $115,000 $1,323,000 87 0 $10,005,000 - $ 10,005,000 Heights Gates Mills $429,000 $ 731,000 53 6 $22,737,000 $ 4,386,000 $ 27,123,000 Glenwillow $110,000 $ 800,000 10 3 $ 1,100,000 $ 2,400,000 $ 3,500,000 Highland Hills $ 94,000 $2,046,000 0 0 - - - Hunting $961,000 $ 389,000 11 0 $10,571,000 - $ 10,571,000 Valley Linndale $ 62,000 $ 110,000 0 1 - $ 110,000 $ 110,000 Mayfield $200,000 $2,357,000 44 68 $ 8,800,000 $160,276,000 $169,076,000 Moreland Hills $357,000 $ 653,000 13 0 $ 4,641,000 - $ 4,641,000 Newburgh $ 74,000 $ 84,000 0 0 - - - Heights North Randall $ 99,000 $1,323,000 0 0 - - - Oakwood $115,000 $ 542,000 15 0 $ 1,725,000 - $ 1,725,000 Olmsted $1,226,000 32 1 $ 1,226,000 $ 1,226,000 Township Orange $264,000 $1,650,000 3 0 $ 792,000 - $ 792,000 Valley View $190,000 $1,101,000 129 85 $24,510,000 $ 93,585,000 $118,095,000 Walton Hills $180,000 $1,085,000 - - Woodmere $155,000 $1,216,000 0 0 - - - Total $331,996,000 $923,654,000 $1,255,650,000

Note: Those communities that did not return their at-risk structure maps were not included in the potential dollars lost calculations. Without the distinction between residential and commercial/industrial structures, the calculations could not be made for those communities and the potential losses for those communities were not included in the overall calculated total.

**All information came from the U.S. Census or the Cuyahoga County Auditor‟s office.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 80 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Matrix Results for Flooding

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 81 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Total

Flash Flooding

No Action. 9 People drive through floodwaters. Seek funding to install elevation markers 27 at areas of flash flooding. The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the storm water in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Seek funding to replace inadequate undersized 27 infrastructure in defined areas. Other communities within their watershed who are unable to handle their runoff directly affect communities. Develop partnerships to enhance 27 stormwater regulations countywide. Youth play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods. There needs to be further education focused on youth about the potential for danger. 27 Develop outreach for school aged children in the form of PSAs or other innovative connection. There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios in all 26 critical facilities.

100 Year Floodplain Flooding

No Action. 8 The Flood Insurance Rate Maps for most of Cuyahoga County are outdated, some as much as 20-30 years old. Secure funding to update FEMA Flood 25 Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). Due to the northern location of Cuyahoga County, secondary effects of winter flooding are a problem. Debris clean-up and dealing with ice are 23 sometimes as bad as the actual flood. Develop debris management program and plan. Most communities in Cuyahoga County follow the minimum NFIP and still allow new structures to be built in 100-yr. floodplain. Develop riparian set- 23 back ordinance. Potentially evaluate the fully developed watershed concept. Coordinate with watershed groups to seek funding. Undersized utilities and roadways are directly affected by flood events. Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank 25 infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Within Cuyahoga County, there are 59 individual communities, which means 59 interpretations of the NFIP regulations. There is a communication problem among the communities about what other districts are doing and how there can be more continuity. Coordinate and facilitate outreach to all 25 participating NFIP communities within Cuyahoga County. Evaluate higher standards that could be implemented in the County. (Determine benefits and costs of the program for all communities.)

Non-Flood Zone Flooding

No Action. 9

There is a lack of accurate and updated NFIP maps for Cuyahoga County. There is a great concern about areas that flood but have no related NFIP 26 maps. Seek funding to map non-flood zone areas within the County. There is generally a lack of awareness as it relates to non-flood zone flooding in the County, and there are currently no initiatives to educate 26 residents of these occurrences. PSAs about non-flood zone flooding awareness.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 82 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The above matrix results show the average rating for the surveys received from the participating communities. Based on the results received from participating communities, the highest rated activities for each category of flooding are listed below:

Flash Flooding  Seek funding to install elevation markers at areas of flash flooding. This activity is designed to alleviate the dangers that drivers put themselves at risk for when driving through floodwaters.

 Develop partnerships with other communities within the watershed to enhance stormwater regulations countywide. This activity addresses the problems associated with the runoff that is generated by communities who are unable to handle their storm water, which as a result, negatively affects neighboring communities located in Cuyahoga County.

 Develop outreach for school aged children in the form of public service announcements (PSAs) or other innovative connection. By educating residents, primarily the youth of the community, the dangers facing youth who play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods can be eliminated.

 Seek funding to replace inadequate, undersized infrastructure in defined areas. This activity addresses the fact that the undersized infrastructure in some areas of Cuyahoga County is unable to handle the storm water generated during a storm event, causing flooding problems and creating hazardous areas throughout the County.

100-Year Floodplain Flooding  Secure funding to update FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The Flood Insurance Rate Maps for most of Cuyahoga County are outdated, some as much as 20-30 years old. By ensuring that the maps are up-to-date, the most accurate mitigation and prevention efforts can be planned.

 Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. This activity addresses the problem of undersized utilities and roadways that are directly affected by flood events, causing hazardous conditions for the residents of the County.

 Coordinate and facilitate outreach to all participating NFIP communities within Cuyahoga County and evaluate higher standards that could be implemented in the County. There are 59 individual communities within the County and each one has its own interpretation of NFIP regulations. Communication among and between communities is lacking in terms of what other districts are doing and how there can be more continuity across the County. This activity will resolve these complications.

Non-Flood Zone Flooding  Seek funding to map non-flood zone areas within the County. This activity addresses the concern that there are currently areas within the County that experience flooding, but are not included on NFIP maps.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 83 Cuyahoga County, Ohio  PSA about non-flood zone flooding awareness. This activity addresses the general lack of awareness of residents as it relates to non- flood zone flooding in the County. There are currently no initiatives to educate residents of non-flood zone flooding occurrences. 4.4 Tornado History in Cuyahoga County

Tornadoes are considered the most violent atmospheric phenomenon on the face of the earth, having winds estimated at 300 mph in large tornadoes. Although the number of tornadoes in Ohio does not rank high compared to other states in the United States, the State does average around 14 tornadoes a year. Ohio's peak tornado season runs from April through July, with most tornadoes occurring between 2-10 p.m. Even though June has been the month with the most tornado occurrences, many of the State's major tornado outbreaks have taken place in April and May. However, history has shown that tornadoes can occur during any month of the year and at any time of the day or night. Many of these tornadoes are weak (F0 or F1 on the Fujita Scale), but Ohio has been struck by some of the most destructive (F5) tornadoes ever, including the April 3, 1974 tornado which devastated Xenia, killing over 30 people and destroying 2,000 buildings.

What is a Tornado? Tornadoes are produced from the energy released during a thunderstorm, but account for only a tiny fraction of the overall energy generated by a thunderstorm. What makes them particularly dangerous is that the energy is concentrated in a small area, perhaps only a hundred yards across. Not all tornadoes are the same, of course, and science does not yet completely understand how a portion of a thunderstorm's energy becomes focused into something as small as a tornado.

Tornadoes occur whenever and wherever conditions are right, but they are most common in the central plains of North America, east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachian Mountains. They occur primarily during the spring and summer – the tornado season comes early in the south and later in the north according to the seasonal changes in relation to latitude – usually during the late afternoon and early evening. They have been known to occur in every state in the United States and every continent on the earth, any day of the year, and at any hour.

The damaging strong winds generated from tornadoes can reach 300 mph in the most violent tornadoes, causing automobiles to become airborne, rip ordinary homes to shreds, and turn broken glass and other debris into lethal missiles. The biggest threat to living creatures (including humans) during tornadoes is flying debris and the risk of being tossed about in the wind. Contrary to previous belief, it is not true that the pressure in a tornado contributes to damage by making buildings "explode.”

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 84 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Based on NOAA Storm Prediction Center Statistics

Today, the development of Doppler radar has made it possible, under certain circumstances, to detect tornado winds with radar. However, spotters remain an important part of the system to detect tornadoes, because not all tornadoes occur in situations where the radar can "see" them. Ordinary citizen volunteers make up what is called the SKYWARN (www.skywarn.org) network of storm spotters, who work with their local communities to watch out for approaching tornadoes to ensure that appropriate action is taken during tornado events. Spotter information is relayed to the National Weather Service, which operates the Doppler radars and issues warnings (usually relayed to the public by radio and TV) for communities ahead of the storms. They utilize all the information they can obtain from weather maps, modern weather radars, storm spotters, monitoring power line breaks, and so on.

Although the process by which tornadoes form is not completely understood, scientific research has revealed that tornadoes usually form under certain types of atmospheric conditions. Those conditions can be predicted, but it is not yet possible to predict in advance exactly when and where they will develop, how strong they will be, or precisely what path they will follow. There are some "surprises" every year, when tornadoes form in situations that do not look like the right conditions in advance, but these are becoming less frequent. Once a tornado is formed and has been detected, warnings can be issued based on the path of the storm producing the tornado, but even these cannot be absolutely precise regarding who will, or will not, be struck.

The table below shows that although the State of Ohio may not have the most tornadoes, those that do hit Ohio are significant in damage and in all the indication factors of a large-scale tornado.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 85 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Killer Annual Total Tornado Total Number of Deaths per Number of Killer Tornadoes as a Tornadoes Rank Path Length per Tornadoes 10,000 sq. miles Tornadoes % of all per 10,000 10,000 sq. miles Tornadoes sq. miles 1 Texas Massachusetts Texas Mississippi Tennessee Florida 2 Oklahoma Mississippi Oklahoma Alabama Kentucky Oklahoma 3 Florida Indiana Arkansas Oklahoma Arkansas Indiana 4 Kansas Alabama Alabama Iowa Ohio Iowa 5 Nebraska Ohio Mississippi Illinois Alabama Kansas 6 Iowa Michigan Illinois Louisiana Mississippi Delaware 7 Missouri Arkansas Missouri Kansas North Carolina Louisiana 8 Illinois Illinois Indiana Indiana Michigan Mississippi 9 S Dakota Oklahoma Louisiana Nebraska New York Nebraska 10 Louisiana Kentucky Tennessee Wisconsin Massachusetts Texas

The Fujita scale to the right is the mechanism used to determine the FUJITA SCALE FOR TORNADOES F-0 Weak potential type of tornado that may have Wind: 40-72 mph affected a particular community. It is Light Damage: Some chimneys damaged, twigs and branches based on velocity of wind and the type of broken off trees, shallow-rooted trees pushed over, signboards damaged, some windows broken damage the tornado caused. F-1 Weak Wind: 73-112 mph Moderate Damage: Surface of roofs peeled off, mobile homes Cuyahoga County Events pushed off foundations or overturned, outbuildings demolished, Cuyahoga County lies in the northeast moving autos pushed off the roads, trees snapped or broken; corner of Ohio. Because of the beginning of hurricane speed winds F-2 Strong geography and prevailing weather Wind: 113-157 mph patterns in the spring and summer, storm Considerable Damage: Roofs torn off frame houses, mobile systems produce tornadoes across the homes demolished, frame houses with weak foundations lifted and moved, large trees snapped or uprooted, light-object missiles northern part of Ohio several times each generated year. Records since 1950 suggest that F-3 Strong Wind: 158-206 mph Cuyahoga County can expect a tornadic Severe Damage: Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed event every 6 years, on the average. houses; trains overturned; most trees in forecast uprooted, heavy There are records of tornadoes striking cars lifted off the ground and thrown, weak pavement blown off the roads the Cleveland area dating back to the F-4 Violent early 1800s, but not nearly as frequently Wind: 207-260 mph as they have occurred in the past 50 Devastating Damage: Well-constructed houses leveled, structures with weak foundations blown off the distance, cars years, which may be an indicator of better thrown and disintegrated, trees in forest uprooted and carried reporting and coverage in recent years. some distance away F-5 Violent Wind: 261-318 mph Incredible Damage: Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distance to disintegrate, automobile- sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 300 feet, trees debarked, incredible phenomena will occur.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 86 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 1 CUYAHOGA 06/22/1951 1530 Tornado F2 0 0 2.5M 0 2 CUYAHOGA 05/24/1952 1505 Tornado F1 0 0 25K 0 3 CUYAHOGA 06/08/1953 2000 Tornado F4 6 300 0K 0 4 CUYAHOGA 08/20/1962 2030 Tornado F2 4 20 2.5M 0 5 CUYAHOGA 04/11/1965 2220 Tornado F4 1 100 25.0M 0 6 CUYAHOGA 09/29/1966 1545 Tornado F3 0 20 2.5M 0 7 CUYAHOGA 07/15/1970 0215 Tornado F2 0 1 250K 0 8 CUYAHOGA 05/08/1973 1600 Tornado F0 0 0 3K 0 9 CUYAHOGA 04/02/1977 2057 Tornado F1 0 0 2.5M 0 10 CUYAHOGA 05/02/1983 1455 Tornado F3 1 25 25.0M 0 11 CUYAHOGA 03/31/1985 1625 Tornado F0 0 0 250K 0 12 CUYAHOGA 07/12/1992 1842 Tornado F0 0 0 250K 0 13 West Half 05/10/1995 1430 Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 14 Lake Erie 09/02/1995 1000 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0 15 Lake Erie 10/07/1995 1910 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0 16 Lake Erie 07/26/1996 07:20 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 17 East Cleveland 08/21/1997 09:11 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 18 Cleveland 09/23/1997 05:30 PM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 19 Cleveland 06/28/1998 06:27 PM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 20 Lakeshore 07/25/1998 06:00 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 21 Lakeshore 07/25/1998 06:50 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 22 Lakeshore 07/25/1998 10:40 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 23 Valley View 07/28/1999 10:58 PM Tornado F1 0 0 175K 0 24 Lakewood 10/13/1999 03:18 PM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 25 Bay Vlg 06/29/2000 09:15 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 26 Lakewood 08/27/2000 01:40 PM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 27 (bkl)cleveland 08/27/2000 08:50 AM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 Lakef 28 Bay Vlg 08/31/2001 07:35 PM Waterspout N/A 0 0 0 0 29 Solon 11/10/2002 07:08 PM Tornado F1 0 0 6.8M 0 TOTALS: 12 466 67.753M 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 87 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Source: NCDC web site Tornado Path Map The Cuyahoga County Tornado Locations and Path Map below shows that tornadoes, as a non- site specific hazard, are a random occurrence best mitigated by planning ahead. The community is served by having well informed officials who instruct their residents about tornado dangers. The 14 tornadoes from the table above are depicted on the map below. The remaining 15 waterspouts are not depicted. The tornadoes moved in a west to east direction. Additional information on the 14 tornadoes depicted below can be found in Appendix 16.

Tornado Mitigation Efforts According to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA), there are no tornado mitigation efforts underway in Cuyahoga County, nor have any occurred in the recent past.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 88 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Current Development Trends Since tornadoes are a non-site specific hazard, current development trends have no effect. Cuyahoga County is a built-out community and as such, development trends are a non-issue except potentially when it comes to redevelopment of particular areas of the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses / Potential Dollars Lost Based on the knowledge that tornadoes are a random event, the Mitigation Core Group has decided to look at tornadoes as a hazard of chance. The best way to deal with a random hazard event is to look at historic information and try to be as prepared as possible. The Mitigation Core Group realized that tornadoes are usually accompanied by other hazards when they affect their community. In fact, when tornadoes hit a community they are typically coupled by other natural events such as high winds, thunderstorms, lighting and possibly flash floods.

According to the National Climatic Data Center, since 1955, Cuyahoga County has experienced 29 documented tornado events (see table on page 85). Damage estimates have ranged from $3,000.000 to $25,000,000. Based on the information available and the number of events that have occurred in Cuyahoga County, the average amount of damage incurred by a tornado is approximately $6.9 million per event.

Matrix Results for Tornadoes

Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Total

Tornadoes

No Action. 8

There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a 34 countywide interoperable warning system. County must develop detailed PSAs on siren system as part of the countywide interoperable 33 system. There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga 26 County. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios in all critical facilities.

There are no tornado shelters in public areas or parks within Cuyahoga County. Evaluate Metro Park system and mobile home park sites to determine potential to install multi-use 24 tornado shelters. Seek funding to implement installation of tornado shelters.

The matrix results above are for the hazard of tornadoes. Based on the results received from the participating communities, the two highest rated activities are as follows:

 Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. This activity addresses the current lack of a common warning system shared by all communities and the potential dangers that can arise by not having such a coordinated system. By installing a countywide interoperable warning system, advanced warning can be given to the residents of the County, eliminating potential dangers.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 89 Cuyahoga County, Ohio  Develop detailed PSAs on the siren system as a part of the countywide interoperable system. This activity addresses the fact that the residents will have to be educated about the new system to facilitate their understanding of its functions. Public service announcements will serve to familiarize the residents with the system.

4.5 Coastal and Streambank Erosion

Erosion, the detachment of particles of soil and surficial sediments and rocks, is a natural process. This process becomes a problem when human activities like construction cause it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.

Urbanization increases erosion rates by replacing vegetation with impervious surfaces like pavement and rooftops. Surfaces such as these do not allow any infiltration of rainwater, causing water to run across these surfaces in large sheets that often flow at high velocities. When this increased surface flow reaches a stream, the result is often increased erosion rates.

By removing vegetation, the important roles of providing protective cover and soil erosion prevention are thus eliminated. Plants function in intercepting rainwater before it hits the ground, breaking the impact of a raindrop before it hits the soil, thus reducing its ability to erode. Plants slow down the water as it flows over the land (runoff) and this allows much of the rain to soak into the ground. Plant roots also have an important function in holding the soil in position and preventing it from being washed away.

Streambank Erosion Streambank erosion, the direct removal of banks and beds by flowing water, often becomes problematic with increased development in an area. Streambank erosion is exacerbated by the lack of vegetation. The riparian zone can be defined as the area of land adjacent to and including the stream.

The impacts of erosion can be severe. In addition to the loss of land due to bank erosion, dramatic changes in the course of a river or creek can result. These changes in the stream‟s course can result in a loss of aquatic habitats. Deposition of the eroded soil can lead to Streambank Erosion sedimentation in reservoirs and downstream areas. Water quality is reduced due to the high sediment loads, which also impacts aquatic habitats. Damage to public utilities (roads, bridges and dams) can also result due to increased stream flow and stream velocity as well as sedimentation and there are often high maintenance costs associated with trying to prevent or control erosion.

Conservation easements, restrictions placed on the deed of a piece of property to protect its natural resources in perpetuity, can preserve critical riparian buffer and floodplain areas to allow for water quality improvement, the protection of wildlife habitat and flood protection. Conservation easements constitute a legally binding agreement that prohibits certain land uses and types of development from taking place.

The following table was compiled from data from the Chagrin River Watershed Partners (CRWP). The Chagrin River Watershed Partners identified and investigated streambank

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 90 Cuyahoga County, Ohio erosion sites within the Chagrin River Watershed for possible inclusion in a Tree Revetment Demonstration Project. The following are the streambank erosion sites located in Cuyahoga County:

Site Location General Features/Characteristics Stream bank slumping evident due to Caines Field – Aurora Bentleyville erosion. Classic erosion on outside of Jackson Field – S. Chagrin Moreland Hills bend due to lack of riparian buffer, soil Metropark – Chagrin River type and stormwater inputs. Example of destabilized channel with Bentleyville Park – Aurora Bentleyville erosion due to soil type and stormwater Branch inputs. Channel widening. High gradient tributary with cobble/boulder McCarthy Site – Griswold Falls Road, substrate. Previous tree revetments need Creek Chagrin Falls Township minor maintenance. Stormwater and prior channel modification. Probably previously straightened channel West Hill Colony – Pepper responding to increased stormwater inputs Pepper Pike Creek by down cutting to bedrock and widening. Needs restoration. Over time river channel has changed causing flow to be directed towards site. Miles Road Bridge – Bentleyville Flows altered by upstream filling and Chagrin River channel constriction due to reconstruction of bridge. 2 sites, upper and lower. Upper is Swijaks – Upper Chagrin rotational slide with previous hardening Bentleyville River efforts. Lower is under cutting with tree loss. Steep 50‟ slope with previously installed Terrell Site – Upper Chagrin Falls Township at toe of slope. Upper 2/3 of Chagrin River slope still unstable.

Coastal Erosion Due to its location along Lake Erie, Cuyahoga County is highly prone to coastal erosion. Many lakefront properties are situated on cliffs in highly erodible areas.

The Lake Erie coastal erosion problem is widespread and very costly. The following statistics obtained from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources illustrate the magnitude of the coastal erosion problem:

 Economic losses exceed tens of millions of dollars per year. Damage caused by an eroding bluff in Cuyahoga County (1986).

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 91 Cuyahoga County, Ohio  Nearly 2,500 structures are within 50 feet of destruction.  95% of Ohio‟s Lake Erie shore is eroding.  Erosion rates are as high as 110 feet in one year.  Protection structures often increase erosion rates.  Manmade shoreline structures trap sand supply; 43% of the shore is now beachless.

Ohio Lake Erie Erosion Statistics by County

Long and Short-term Recession Data by County Long-term: 1877 to 1973 Short-term: 1973 to 1990

Long-term Long-term Short-term Short-term County Distance (ft.) Rate (ft/yr) Distance (ft.) Rate (ft./yr.) Ashtabula 82 0.9 28 1.6 Lake 160 1.7 32 1.9 Cuyahoga 60 0.6 8 0.4 Lorain 80 0.8 12 0.7 Erie (lake) 103 1.6 42 2.5 Ottawa (lake) 208 2.0 27 1.6 Lucas 520 5.4 46 2.7 Erie (bay) 241 2.8 32 1.9 Ottawa (Bay) 61 2.0 21 1.2

Source: http://ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/lakeerie/lefact2.htm

The map on the following page illustrates areas of streambank and coastal erosion within Cuyahoga County. The information provided on streambank erosion came from a study done by the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District entitled the “Regional Intercommunity Drainage Evaluation Study.” This data was submitted for use in the Plan in draft form. The data was collected and developed from a variety of sources, including community surveys, field observations and modeling results. The modeling, done in the MIKE SWIM program, was used to predict erosion by looking at stream velocities and comparing those to the soil erosive velocity factor. Out of bank flooding for the 2-year storm was also assessed. More detailed information on the criteria used for determining what qualified as an area prone to streambank erosion can be found in Appendix 10. The information provided on coastal erosion was obtained from aerial photographs from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 92 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 93 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Mitigation Efforts According to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA), there are no erosion mitigation efforts underway in Cuyahoga County, nor have any occurred in the recent past. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources implemented a program entitled the “Ohio Coastal Management Program” as a means of mitigating erosion losses. Information about this program follows.

Ohio Coastal Management Program Ohio‟s Lake Erie coast has experienced numerous pressures and conflicts regarding the use and enjoyment of the area. Ohio‟s coast is now more than 85% developed, and significant losses of wetlands and other habitat have occurred.

In recognition of the Lake Erie region‟s value and the pressures that threaten its resources, the Ohio General Assembly passed the Ohio Coastal Management Law in 1988. This law authorized ODNR to act as lead agency in developing and implementing a comprehensive Coastal Management Program (OCMP).

The purpose of the OCMP is to integrate management of Ohio‟s Lake Erie coastal region in order to preserve, protect, develop, restore and enhance its resources. OCMP policies attempt to establish a balance between resource protection and development, and to provide guidance to coastal property owners as well as government agencies and commercial interests.

Each year, Ohio receives close to $2 million from the Natural Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which provides federal funding oversight. This money is used to help upgrade coastal neighborhoods, as well as improve lake access; relieve nonpoint pollution in tributary streams; preserve coastal wetlands; and protect historic shipwrecks and underwater preserves.

There are six areas of strategic emphasis for the OCMP. Activities that would accomplish goals related to these six areas are given highest priority for funding.

1. Water resources and watersheds 2. Coastal land use and development 3. Coastal habitat, wetlands, and natural areas 4. Coastal flooding and erosion 5. Recreational opportunities, and 6. Fish and wildlife resources

For further details on eligible parties and activities, please see Appendix 11.

Coastal Erosion Area Program The Coastal Erosion Area Program is another area under the Ohio Coastal Management Program. Coastal Erosion Areas consist of land areas along Lake Erie that are anticipated to be lost due to erosion within a thirty-year period if no additional approved erosion control measures are completed within that time. These are areas where recession is expected to exceed 9 feet in the next 30 years.

The ODNR, Division of Geological Survey determined which areas to include in the Coastal Erosion Area. They used scientific records and data to analyze recession of the Lake Erie shore and forecast erosion rates.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 94 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The purpose of the Coastal Erosion Area is to promote wise land use. Wise land use in turn, will among other things, reduce the risk and loss to private landowners by promoting stabilization of the shoreline.

ODNR will promote the Coastal Erosion Area through a permitting process. A permit must be obtained to construct a new building or septic system with a Coastal Erosion Area (CEA). The CEA permit requires that measures be taken to effectively protect the building or septic system from shore erosion and bluff instability. All new, permanent structures and additions equal to or greater than 500 square feet at ground level must obtain a permit. This applies to residential, commercial, industrial, institutional or agricultural buildings and septic systems.

Current Development Trends Cuyahoga County is a built-out community and as such, development trends are a non-issue except potentially when it comes to redevelopment of particular areas of the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Assessment / Potential Dollars Lost According to statistics released by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the long-term rate of coastal erosion is 0.6 feet per year in Cuyahoga County. There are six communities in Cuyahoga County located along the coast of Lake Erie: Bay Village, Rocky River, Lakewood, Cleveland, Bratenahl and Euclid. Dollar loss estimates for coastal erosion were calculated for each community based upon the length of coastline subject to erosion in each community.

There were several assumptions underlying the analysis. The first was that there were no structures impacted by erosion along the coast. The second assumption was that 20% of the total property value is the land value. The analysis was based on an average lot size of ½ acre.

Average housing values for each community were obtained from the 2000 U.S. Census. 20% of the housing values were then used as the value of the land for a one-acre lot. In order to obtain the land value of a ½ acre lot, the land value for the one-acre lot was multiplied by two (2). Once this value was obtained, it was multiplied by the product of the length of coastline subject to erosion in each of the six communities located along Lake Erie and the long-term rate of erosion (0.6 ft/yr), to yield an overall estimate of total dollars lost for each community. The results can be found in the table below:

Length of Acres of Land value of Total estimated Community coastline (feet) coastline ½ acre lot dollars lost Bay Village 28,000 0.38 $68,000 $26,000 Rocky River 10,280 0.14 $70,000 $10,000 Lakewood 19,800 0.27 $47,040 $13,000 Cleveland 52,000 0.72 $28,400 $20,000 Bratenahl 14,300 0.20 $78,000 $16,000 Euclid 16,700 0.23 $36,000 $ 8,000 Total 141,080 1.94 $327,440 $93,000

The total estimated dollars lost per year for land along the Lake Erie coast in Cuyahoga County is $93,000.00.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 95 Cuyahoga County, Ohio A separate analysis was done for streambank erosion. The information used in this analysis came from a study done by the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District entitled “Regional Intercommunity Drainage Evaluation Study.” This study provided the locations of observed and potential streambank erosion problems. This information was provided in the form of a GIS shapefile that contained information regarding which community the observed or potential erosion problem was located in, the length of the stream experiencing erosion or having the potential of erosion, and whether the erosion problem was occurring on an intracommunity or intercommunity scale. The erosion lengths for each community were totaled and these totals were multiplied by $250, which is the cost estimate to repair one foot of stream in urban areas.

Within the GIS, only erosion sites occurring in urban areas were chosen for analysis. This was done using the query tool in the GIS, selecting urban areas and excluding non-urbanized areas like parks, forests and cropland. The land use used for this analysis was a shapefile obtained from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources that was created based on land use in 1981.

For those sites of erosion listed as intercommunity, meaning more than one community is listed for the location of the erosion site, the number of feet of eroding streambank was divided by the number of communities listed. Specific information was not available about the length of streambank erosion in each of the communities affected by intercommunity erosion occurrences. Calculation results can be found in the table below.

Community Feet of Eroded Bank Cost to Repair Bedford 7,541 $1,885,250 Berea 880 $220,000 Bratenahl 2,000 $500,000 Brooklyn 12,935 $3,233,750 Brook Park 6,673 $1,668,250 Cleveland 37,273 $9,318,250 Garfield Heights 9,634 $2,408,500 Highland Heights 3,736 $934,000 Linndale 2,110 $527,500 Lyndhurst 1,049 $262,250 Maple Heights 6,259 $1,564,750 Mayfield Heights 2,341 $585,250 Mayfield Village 11,686 $2,921,500 Middleburg Heights 445 $111,250 North Royalton 1,062 $265,500 Olmsted Falls 4,313 $1,078,250 Parma 15,512 $3,878,000 Parma Heights 10,966 $2,741,500 Richmond Heights 3,511 $877,750 South Euclid 12,259 $3,067,750 Strongsville 6,858 $1,714,500 Warrensville Heights 4,278 $1,069,500 Total 163,321 $40,833,250

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 96 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The total potential dollars lost per year due to streambank restoration in Cuyahoga County is approximately 41 million dollars. This total is lower than what could be expected if current land use would have been available for use with the analysis.

Matrix Results for Erosion

Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Total

Coastal and Streambank Erosion

No Action. 8

Determine areas of concern along Lake Erie coastline and develop overlay zone to prohibit or restrict development. Create map to show sensitive areas. Several structures have been 20 affected by erosion. Seek funding to remove structures severely affected by erosion.

Streambank erosion has several peripheral issues that need to be further explored (i.e., 23 maintenance of the waterways and drainage concerns.) Develop plan. Incorporate riparian set-back requirements for new builds. Develop consistent riparian area 22 regulations countywide. Work with established watershed groups to evaluate causes of erosion and seek funding to 23 create an action plan to reduce it. There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, debris, redirecting traffic and clean-up. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by stream 23 bank erosion.

Based on the results received from participating communities, the three highest rated activities for this hazard are as follows:

 Develop a plan that will be used to guide the evaluation of several peripheral issues like the maintenance of waterways and drainage concerns. By developing a plan that addresses the peripheral issues associated with erosion, problems and erosion occurrences can be lessened throughout the County.

 Work with established watershed groups to evaluate the causes of erosion and seek funding to create an action plan to reduce it. The plan will then be used as a guide by residents and other groups for minimizing the occurrence of erosion by undertaking preventative measures.

 Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. This activity addresses the infrastructure issues that arise in conjunction with erosion, primarily roadways falling in and the cleanup of debris. This activity will increase safety for all residents.

 Mapping of river and coastal erosion will be a 5-year action item dependant upon FEMA producing the tools. Erosion maps other than the map provided in this section were not available at the time of the plan‟s writing due to the fact that the HAZUS-MH tool was not available.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 97 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 4.6 Earthquake History in Cuyahoga County

It would be surprising to many Ohioans that the State has experienced more than 120 earthquakes since 1776, and that 14 of these events have caused minor to moderate damage. The largest historic earthquake in Ohio was centered in Shelby County in 1937. This event, estimated to have had a magnitude of 5.5 on the Richter scale, caused considerable damage in Anna and several other western Ohio communities, where at least 40 earthquakes have been felt since 1875.

Northeastern Ohio, east of Cleveland, is the second most active area of the State. At least 20 earthquakes are recorded in the area since 1836, including a 5.0 magnitude event in 1986 that caused moderate damage. A broad area of southern Ohio has experienced more than 30 earthquakes. The figure on the Epicenters of past earthquakes in Ohio. following page illustrates locations of the fault systems and tectonic zones within the State of Ohio.

Cuyahoga County Risk Zone According to Candice Sherry, Ohio Earthquake Program Manager, Cuyahoga County and the northeast quadrant of the State of Ohio are in one of the most active areas as it relates to earthquakes. However, based on their geology, Cuyahoga County is at a low risk as it relates to potential damage caused by an earthquake.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 98 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Source: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/OhioSeis/html/fltmap.htm

Monitoring of Earthquakes The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Geological Survey has established a 22 station cooperative network of seismograph stations throughout the State in order to continuously record earthquake activity. The network, which went on line in January 1999, ended a five-year gap during which there was only one operating station in Ohio. The state was dependent on seismographs in Kentucky and Michigan to record Ohio earthquakes.

The 22 stations of the new seismograph network, which is called OhioSeis, are distributed across the state, but are concentrated in the most seismically active areas or in areas that provide optimal conditions for detecting and locating very small earthquakes that are below the threshold of human notice. These small micro earthquakes are important because they occur

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 99 Cuyahoga County, Ohio more frequently and help to identify the location of faults that may periodically produce larger, potentially damaging earthquakes.

The OhioSeis seismograph stations are located at colleges, universities and other institutions, employing new technology that not only makes them very accurate, but also relatively inexpensive and easy to operate and maintain. In contrast to the old technology, in which a pen made a squiggly line on a paper drum, the new system is entirely digital and uses a Macintosh desktop computer to continuously record and display data. Two other innovations have made the system unique. An inexpensive Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver is used to keep very precise time on the continuously recorded seismogram, and each station's computer is connected to the Internet for rapid data transfer.

Each OhioSeis station is a cooperative effort. Seismometers, the instruments that detect Earth motions, and other seismic components were purchased by the Division of Geological Survey with funds provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through the Ohio Emergency Management Agency, as part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program. The computers and Internet connection were purchased and provided by the cooperating institutions.

The Division of Geological Survey is coordinating the seismic network and has established the Ohio Earthquake Information Center at the Horace R. Collins Laboratory at Alum Creek State Park, north of Columbus. This facility functions as a repository and laboratory for rock core and well cuttings, but has a specially constructed room for earthquake recording. The seismograph system allows for very rapid location of the epicenter and calculation of the magnitude of any earthquake in the State. The earthquake records, or seismograms, from at least three seismograph stations are needed to determine earthquake locations (epicenters). These records can be downloaded from the Internet at any station on the network, and location and magnitude can be determined. Small earthquakes were in many cases not even detected by distant, out-of-date seismograph stations.

The OhioSeis network provides a whole new dimension of understanding about the pulse of the Earth beneath Ohio. Although the new seismograph network will not predict earthquakes or provide an alert prior to an event, it will provide insight into earthquake risk in the State so that intelligent decisions about building and facility design and construction, insurance coverage and other planning decisions can be made by individuals, business and industry, and governmental agencies. The closest monitoring stations to Cuyahoga County are located at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Lakeland Community College.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 100 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Station CLEO Station WSDO Location: Location: Cleveland Museum of Natural History Lakeland Community College 1 Wade Oval Drive, University Circle 7700 Clocktower Dr. Cleveland, OH 44106-1767 Kirtland, OH 44094-5198

Lat: 41.512° North Lat: 41.637° North Long: 81.614° West Long: 81.365° West Elev: 192 m Elev: 231 m

Contact Person: Contact Person: Robert J. Bartolotta David Pierce [email protected] [email protected]

Joe DeRocher [email protected]

Earthquake Occurrence in Cuyahoga County According to the Geological Survey, the following is a list of earthquakes with a magnitude of greater than 2.0 that have occurred in Cuyahoga County since 1900.

Year Magnitude 1906 2.9 1929 2.9 1951 2.9 1955 3.3 1955 2.7 1991 3.5 Source: OhioSeis – The Ohio Seismic Network located at www.dnr.state.oh.us/OhioSeis/html

Cuyahoga County Earthquake Mitigation Efforts According to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA), there are currently no earthquake mitigation efforts underway in Cuyahoga County, nor have there been any in the recent past.

Current Development Trends Since earthquakes are a non-site specific hazard, current development trends have no effect. Cuyahoga County is a built-out community and as such, development trends are a non-issue except potentially when it comes to redevelopment of particular areas of the communities within Cuyahoga County. Public Service Announcements may positively affect the community if an earthquake were to occur.

Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Analyses Since the last earthquake with a magnitude of greater than 2.0 occurred in 1991, the Mitigation Core Group felt that the best approach to analyzing vulnerability to an earthquake would be by looking at other communities and how they deal with earthquakes and preparedness.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 101 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Potential Dollars Lost Due to the non-site specific nature of this hazard, the best way to deal with preparing for future events is to consider historical occurrences. Cuyahoga County has not had a recorded earthquake of greater than 2.0 in magnitude since 1991. Because of the history of earthquake occurrences in Cuyahoga County (see table above) and the natural geology, which puts the County at low risk as it relates to potential damage by an earthquake, no dollar calculations have been considered at this time.

Matrix Results for Earthquakes

Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Total

Earthquakes

No Action. 10

There is little to no public awareness campaigns occurring in the County as it relates to the seriousness of earthquakes and how an earthquake could affect the community as a whole. 23 Develop PSAs targeting children and senior citizens.

There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance. Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Departments to develop 23 standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake.

Lack of weather radios in rural areas to notify residents of disasters. Seek funding for NOAA 21 radios and notification devices (countywide).

The matrix results above show the results from all the Core Croup members for this hazard. Based on the results received from the participating communities, the following are the two highest rated activities for this hazard:

 Develop PSAs targeting children and senior citizens that will educate them on the seriousness of earthquakes and the effects of such events. This emphasizes the need for more public awareness of earthquakes. Residents of Cuyahoga County need to know that earthquakes are a potential hazard for their community.  Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with the Building Department to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake. This activity addresses the current lack of building standards that address earthquake resistance.

4.7 Droughts and Wild Land Fires History in Cuyahoga County

A drought is a period of abnormally dry weather that persists long enough to produce a serious hydrologic imbalance (i.e., crop damage, water supply shortage, etc.). The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency, and the duration and the size of the affected area.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 102 Cuyahoga County, Ohio According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) web site, there have been 6 drought events that have affected Cuyahoga County since 1995. The most costly in terms of damages caused was the following:

September 1999 Drought conditions continued across most of northern Ohio during September. Widespread heavy rain occurred on September 29th but did little to help crop conditions. For the month, only 1.63 inches of rain fell in Mansfield, making it the 9th driest September on record. Of the 1.63 inches, 1.14 inches fell on the 29th. Even with an inch of rain on the 29th, both Toledo and Cleveland finished with below two inches of rain for the month. Losses from reduced crop yields are estimated at $200 million for northern Ohio alone.

Droughts Precursor to Other Disasters Due to the drying effects of a drought, the potential for wild land fires is often increased during and after a drought event. During an average year in Ohio, an estimated 15,000 wildfires and natural fuel fires occur. Typically, a reported 1,000 wild land fires burn an average of between 4,000 to 6,000 acres in Ohio each year.

The threat of wild land fires is especially great in areas referred to as the urban/rural fire interface. The wild land-urban interface can be defined as the zone where structures and other human developments meet or intermingle with undeveloped lands. The map on the following page illustrates these interface areas within Cuyahoga County.

Cuyahoga County Drought Mitigation Efforts According to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA), there are no drought mitigation efforts underway in Cuyahoga County, nor have any occurred in the recent past.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 103 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 104 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Current Development Trends Since droughts are a non-site specific hazard, current development trends have no effect. Cuyahoga County is a built-out community and as such, development trends are a non-issue except potentially when it comes to redevelopment of particular areas of the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment Cuyahoga County has experienced six drought events during the time period from 1995 - 2003, as are listed below. Unlike most hazards, the threat of a drought tends to be dismissed because of the relatively long time a drought takes to have damaging effects. Please refer to the Matrix Results section below for what the Mitigation Core Group plans in regard to mitigating the effects of droughts in Cuyahoga County.

Potential Dollars Lost Due to the non-site specific nature of this hazard, the best way to deal with preparing for future events is to consider historical occurrences. The following information was obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) web site and spans from 1950-2003. Due to the fact that only one of the drought events includes a damage estimate, an average for the six events has not been calculated. Cuyahoga County is an urban county with a small percentage of land use falling in the agricultural category. Therefore, damage estimates for the County would not be as significant as other counties with a greater proportion of agricultural land use.

Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

1 Northern Ohio 09/01/1995 0000 Drought N/A 0 0 0 0

2 Ashland, Ashtabula, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Fulton, Geauga, Hancock, Henry, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, 08/01/1996 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Morrow, Ottawa, Portage, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Wayne, Wood, Wyandot

3 Ashland, Ashtabula, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Fulton, Geauga, Hancock, Henry, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, 06/01/1999 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Morrow, Ottawa, Portage, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Wayne, Wood, Wyandot

4 Ashland, Ashtabula, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Fulton, Geauga, Hancock, Henry, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, 07/01/1999 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Morrow, Ottawa, Portage, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Wayne, Wood, Wyandot

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 105 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

5 Ashland, Ashtabula, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Fulton, Geauga, Hancock, Henry, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, 08/01/1999 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Morrow, Ottawa, Portage, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Wayne, Wood, Wyandot

6 Ashland, Ashtabula, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Fulton, Geauga, Hancock, Henry, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, 09/01/1999 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 200.0M Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Morrow, Ottawa, Portage, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Wayne, Wood, Wyandot

TOTALS: 0 0 0 200.000M

Matrix Results for Droughts

Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Total

Drought

No Action. 10

Wild land fires are a secondary effect of droughts. There is a lack of equipment and/or 21 accessibility to fighting wild land fires. Seek funding for equipment to fight wild land fires. An urban wild land interface map (public parks vs. homes) is needed to illustrate where 20 boundaries meet. Create map delineating areas.

Sensitive population concerns (elderly and children) about where they are located, in relation to drought and heat distress. Create map. Determine where sensitive population is located 22 (i.e. senior centers, low-income.) Work with County Housing Authority to locate.

There is a lack of educational awareness about how droughts can lead to fires, how flash floods can exacerbate the problem, the effects of a drought on a community and how to react 24 when one occurs. Develop PSAs.

Based on the results received from the participating communities, the following are the two highest rated activities for this hazard:

 Development of a PSA on how droughts can lead to fires, how flash floods can exacerbate the problem, the effects of drought on a community and how to react when one occurs. This activity addresses the lack of educational awareness on the subject of droughts.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 106 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

 Create a map of where sensitive populations (elderly and children) are located. Determine areas that may have a higher concentration of such populations like senior centers and low-income housing. This activity addresses the concern for the well-being of sensitive populations as they are often more affected by things like drought and heat distress.

4.8 Other Hazards – Dams

A dam failure is defined as a gradual or immediate collapse or failure of water impounding systems or structures, resulting in downstream damages.

According to the Ohio Administrative Code, dams are classified into four classes, Class I, II, III, and IV. The following parameters are the criteria for the classification: 1) Height of dam – defined as the vertical dimension as measured from the natural streambed at the downstream toe of a dam to the low point along the top of the dam. 2) Storage volume – defined as the total volume impounded when the pool level is at the top of the dam immediately before it is overtopped. 3) Potential downstream hazard – defined as the resultant downstream damage should the dam fail, including probable future development.

Classes are defined as the following:

Class I  Height of dam: Greater than 60 feet  Storage volume: Greater than 5000 acre-feet  Potential downstream hazard: Probable loss of life, serious hazard to health, structural damage to high value property (i.e., homes, industries, major public utilities)

Class II  Height of dam: Greater than 40 feet  Storage volume: Greater than 500 acre-feet  Potential downstream hazard: Possible health hazard including loss of a public water supply or wastewater treatment facility; flood water damage to homes, businesses, industrial structures (no loss of life envisioned), damage to state and interstate highways, railroads, roads that provide the only access to residential or critical areas such as hospitals and nursing homes

Class III  Height of dam: Greater than 25 feet  Storage volume: Greater than 50 acre-feet  Potential downstream hazard: Damage to low value non-residential structures, local roads, agricultural crops and livestock

Class IV  Height of dam: Less than or equal to 25 feet  Storage volume: Less than or equal to 50 acre-feet  Potential downstream hazard: Losses restricted mainly to the dam

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 107 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Below is a list of Class I dams located in Cuyahoga County.

Nearest Distance Name Class Stream Owners Community from Dam East Forest Hill Park Dam Branch of City of East I East Cleveland 0.4 #2 Dugway Cleveland Brook Northeast Ohio Lakeview Cemetery Dugway I East Cleveland 0.02 Regional Flood Control Dam Brook Sewer District Kerruish Stormwater City of I Mill Creek Maple Heights 0.35 Control Facility Dam Cleveland Tributary to Aurora Briar Lake Briar Hill Lake Dam I branch of Solon 0.02 Association Chagrin River Lower Shaker Lake Doan Cleveland City of I 0.1 Dam Brook Heights Cleveland Upper Shaker Lake Doan Cleveland City of I 0.1 Dam Brook Heights Cleveland City of Fairmount Reservoir I Offstream Cleveland 0.02 Cleveland Ivex Corp. Lower Lake Chagrin Ivex I Chagrin Falls 0.02 Dam River Corporation Tributary to Hollenbeck Lake Dam I Parma Heights 0.8 Private citizens Big Creek

According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Dam Safety Engineering Program, none of the Class I dams listed above has an emergency action plan or inundation map associated with it.

Hazard Assessment / Vulnerability Assessment Due to the lack of emergency action plans with inundation maps of the affected areas and structure inventories, an accurate assessment of vulnerability is not possible at this time. Also, no potential loss calculations have been considered at this time.

Action Item The action item for this hazard will involve developing emergency action plans for any facility owned by one of the participating communities. The City of Cleveland owns four of the Class I dams listed above and the City of East Cleveland owns one. The long-range plans for both of these communities should include developing emergency action plans for the dams that they own.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 108 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 5.0 Highest Rated Activities and Action Plan

5.1 Highest Rated Activities

The following are the highest rated activities for Cuyahoga County as a whole, obtained by averaging the matrix results received from the participating communities. Because FEMA has asked that each community participating in this plan identify at least one action item that their community is interested in undertaking, there is an additional listing of the highest rated action items for each participating community that can be found in Appendix 13.

Severe Storms 1. Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System countywide that will be interoperable. (33) 2. Develop detailed PSAs and Public Education Program on the Siren and Warning System as part of the countywide interoperable system. (33) 3. Evaluate countywide communication interoperability. Seek funding to make communities‟ first responders interoperable. (33) 4. Map all of the critical facilities of every community within the County. (29) 5. Develop a plan for participation to coordinate cleanup efforts in the mitigation process. (29)

Flooding

Flash Flooding 1. Seek funding to install elevation markers at areas of flash flooding. (27) 2. Seek funding to replace inadequate, undersized infrastructure in defined areas. (27) 3. Develop partnerships to enhance storm water regulations countywide. (27) 4. Develop outreach for school aged children in the form of PSAs or other innovative connection to inform them of the dangers of playing in high hazard areas in relation to flash floods. (27)

100-Year Floodplain Flooding 1. Secure funding to update FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). (25) 2. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. (25) 3. Evaluate higher standards that could be implemented in the county in regards to NFIP regulations. Determine benefits and costs of the program for all communities. (25)

Non-Flood Zone Flooding 1. Seek funding to map non-flood zone areas within the county. (26) 2. Develop PSAs about non-flood zone flooding awareness. (26)

Tornadoes 1. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. (34) 2. Develop detailed PSAs and Public Education Program on siren system as part of the countywide interoperable system. (33) 3. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios in all critical facilities. (26)

Coastal and Streambank Erosion 1. Develop a plan to address peripheral issues associated with erosion (i.e. maintenance of the waterways and drainage concerns). (23)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 109 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 2. Work with established watershed groups to evaluate causes of erosion and seek funding to create an action plan to reduce it. (23) 3. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. (23)

Earthquakes 1. Develop PSAs on the seriousness of earthquakes and target children and senior citizens. (23) 2. Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Departments to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake. (23)

Droughts (Wild land Fires) 1. Seek funding for equipment to fight wild land fires. (21)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 110 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 5.2 Action Items Schedule

Model Implementation Schedule (Year) Funding Activity Rating Cost Estimate Hazard Prioritization Responsible Entity Implementation Schedule Severe Storms

Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Cuyahoga County 1 33 2007 TBD $15-20 million countywide that will be interoperable. Emergency Services

Cuyahoga County Emergency PSAs about Siren and Warning System. 1 33 2007 TBD $250,000 Services/Individual municipalities

All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication Cuyahoga County utilized within a particular community. Evaluate countywide 1 33 2005 TBD $100 Million Emergency Services communication interoperability. Seek funding to make communities' first responders interoperable.

Cuyahoga County Emergency Map all of the critical facilities of every community within the 1 29 2005 TBD $20,000 Services/Cuyahoga County. County Planning Commission The local communities bear "sole financial burden" when cleaning Cuyahoga County up after a severe storm. Develop a plan for participation to 1 29 *See note below Emergency Services coordinate efforts in the mitigation process. Flash Flooding People drive through floodwaters. Seek funding to install 2 27 TBD TBD TBD Individual municipalities elevation markers at areas of flash flooding. The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the storm water in some areas of the county. Seek funding to replace inadequate 2 27 TBD TBD TBD Individual municipalities undersized infrastructure in defined areas.

Other communities within their watershed who are unable to handle Cuyahoga County Soil the runoff they generate directly affects neighboring communities. and Water Conservation 2 27 TBD TBD TBD Develop partnerships to enhance storm water regulations District/Northeast Ohio countywide. Regional Sewer District

Youth play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods. Cuyahoga County Develop outreach for school aged children in the form of PSAs 2 27 2005 TBD $25,000 Emergency Services and or other innovative connection. individual communities There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in Cuyahoga County some areas of the county. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios 2 26 2006 TBD $100,000 Emergency Services and in all critical facilities. individual municipalities 100 Year Floodplain Flooding Cuyahoga County Planning Secure funding to update FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps Commission/Cuyahoga 2 25 2008 TBD $2 million (FIRM). County Emergency Services/Individual municipalities

Undersized utilities and roadways are directly affected by flood events. Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas 2 25 TBD TBD TBD Individual municipalities of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Within Cuyahoga County, there are 59 individual communities, which means 59 interpretations of the NFIP regulations. There is a Cuyahoga County communication problem among the communities about what other Planning districts are doing and how there can be more continuity. Commission/Watershed Coordinate and facilitate outreach to all participating NFIP 2 25 2005 TBD $200,000 organizations/Northeast communities within Cuyahoga County. Evaluate higher Ohio Regional Sewer standards that could be implemented in the County. District/ Individual (Determine benefits and costs of the program for all municipalities communities.) Non-Flood Zone Flooding Cuyahoga County There is a lack of accurate and updated NFIP maps for Cuyahoga Planning County. There is a great concern about areas that flood, but have 2 26 2005 TBD $5,000 Commission/Northeast no related NFIP maps. Seek funding to map non-flood zone Ohio Regional Sewer areas within the County. District There is generally a lack of awareness as it relates to non-flood Cuyahoga County zone flooding in the County, and there are currently no initiatives to Emergency 2 26 2006 TBD $25,000 educate residents of these occurrences. PSAs about non-flood Services/Individual zone flooding awareness. municipalities Coastal and Streambank Erosion

Regional stormwater study currently being Individual undertaken by Develop a plan that addresses maintenance of the waterways municipalities/Northeast 3 23 TBD TBD NEORSD but cost and drainage concerns. Ohio Regional Sewer estimates cannot District be released until board has heard the report

Regional stormwater study currently being Cuyahoga County Soil Work with established watershed groups to evaluate causes undertaken by and Water Conservation of erosion and seek funding to create an action plan to reduce 3 23 TBD TBD NEORSD but cost District/Northeast Ohio it. estimates cannot Regional Sewer District be released until board has heard the report

There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, Individual municipalities/ debris, redirecting traffic and clean-up. Seek funding to 3 23 TBD TBD TBD Cuyahoga County permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by Engineer streambank erosion. Tornadoes Seek funding for a countywide interoperable siren and Cuyahoga County 4 34 see severe storms action items warning system. Emergency Services Develop detailed PSAs and public education program on siren Cuyahoga County and warning system as a part of the countywide interoperable 4 33 see severe storms action items Planning Commission system. * Note: The Cuyahoga Emergency Resource System (CERS) and related database may be utilized by communities when resources are required to mitigate an incident. Communities can access the CERS by contacting CECOMS. There are no current cost estimates for this action as it is a service already provided by the Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 111 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 6.0 Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Maintenance

The Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will be reviewed, and if necessary updated, on a yearly basis by the County‟s Division of Emergency Services. When a mitigation activity is conducted, the Plan will be utilized at that time and may be updated after the mitigation activity takes place. Major updates will be sent to the Ohio Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency Region V to ensure that the newly updated plans still meet the required Disaster Mitigation Plan standards.

The Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. Cuyahoga County will also review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the County to ensure that they are addressing current and expected conditions. The County will also review the risk assessment portion of the Mitigation Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data.

The Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan will be incorporated into other existing planning documents and capital improvement plans where appropriate. The Cuyahoga County Planning Commission will refer to the CANHMP wherever feasible within the existing documents that support mitigation and growth within Cuyahoga County. Each individual community will be responsible for integrating the CANHMP with any existing comprehensive plans or ordinances in that community. In addition, each community will be responsible for implementing their highest rated mitigation alternatives. A listing by community can be found in Appendix 13.

The Mitigation Core Group will be consulted to determine how the public will be involved in the maintenance of the plan. Information regarding plan updates may be provided on the County‟s web site, and press releases may also be issued to inform the public of the ongoing plan maintenance. The Mitigation Core Group will also consider holding an annual public meeting to address the Plan and its continued maintenance.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 112 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 1 – Correspondence Sent Out to Communities

Initial Letter of Contact / Notification (Copy)

March 2003

Insert Name Address CSZ

Dear:

The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires that local communities develop a hazard mitigation plan with specific goals and objectives for mitigating natural disasters such as severe winter storms, coastal erosion, flooding and tornadoes. The Cuyahoga County Office of Emergency Services received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 political jurisdictions. All local communities in Cuyahoga County must have a federally approved plan in order to qualify for pre or post disaster mitigation funding.

In order to assure your community to be able to adopt the plan currently being prepared, federal regulations require your participation in the planning process. By filling out the accompanying survey and providing us with pertinent information requested in the survey, you can meet the requirement and adopt the plan, once it is finalized. We, or our consultant, Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. (FMSM), may also follow-up with you as it relates to questions in the survey and other information needed to support the plan.

The County will sponsor a series of five regional meetings in March and April to solicit community and public input for the plan. We encourage you to send a representative to support the process and facilitate local adoption. Attendance by your community in these meetings will also demonstrate your participation in the planning process and expedite federal approval of the plan.

The plan will be completed by November 2003. Participating communities can then adopt the plan created by the County and expedite eligibility for federal disaster mitigation funding when the next natural disaster occurs. The plan will also help communities achieve and sustain future economic and community development, growth and change that incorporates their local values, and concerns for resiliency to natural disasters. Although natural weather related occurrences will continue, this planning process will help you lessen their impact on your community.

Please forward your completed survey and any other pertinent information to:

Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. Attention: Kari Mackenbach 6600 Busch Blvd., Suite 100 Columbus, OH 43229 (614) 846-1400 (614) 846-9566

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 113 Cuyahoga County, Ohio If you would desire to receive this survey via email, please send an email requesting the survey to [email protected].

Thank you for your time.

Sincerely,

Murray Withrow

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 114 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Matrix Letter (Copy)

June 6, 2003

Insert Name Address CSZ

Dear Mitigation Core Group and Emergency Coordinators:

In order to be eligible for mitigation funding, the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires that local communities develop a hazard mitigation plan with specific goals and objectives for mitigating natural disasters such as severe winter storms, coastal erosion, flooding and tornadoes. The Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 political jurisdictions.

Thank you for participating in this planning process. At our last meeting, we discussed the need for each community representative and Mitigation Core Group member to fill out a matrix rating all the mitigation alternatives that were selected for your community. This will be the last request that will be made of each community representative except for the review of the Cuyahoga County All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. By completing the accompanying matrix and returning it to us, you can meet the requirement and adopt the plan, once it is finalized.

The plan will be completed by November 2003. Participating communities can then adopt the plan created by the County and expedite eligibility for federal pre-disaster mitigation funding. Thank you for your continued support of this important project.

Please forward your completed survey in the provided self-addressed stamped envelope to:

Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. Attention: Kari Mackenbach DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSION: 6600 Busch Blvd., Suite 100 Columbus, OH 43229 June 13th, 2003 (614) 846-1400 (614) 846-9566

If you would desire to receive this excel file matrix via email, please send an email requesting the matrix to [email protected]. Please bear in mind that the size of the matrix is printable on 11x17 paper.

Sincerely,

FULLER, MOSSBARGER, SCOTT AND MAY ENGINEERS, INC.

Kari Ann Mackenbach, CFM Environmental Planner

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 115 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Last Chance Letter (Copy)

June 5, 2003

Chagrin Falls Township Chagrin Falls Village City of Broadview Heights City of Lyndhurst Village of Glenwillow Village of Highland Hills Village of Linndale Village of Newburgh Heights Village of Oakwood Village of Woodmere

Dear PERSONALIZED:

In order to be eligible for mitigation funding, the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires that local communities develop a hazard mitigation plan with specific goals and objectives for mitigating natural disasters such as severe winter storms, coastal erosion, flooding and tornadoes. The Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 political jurisdictions. All local communities in Cuyahoga County must have a federally approved plan in order to qualify for pre or post disaster mitigation funding.

In order for your community to be able to adopt the plan currently being prepared, Federal Regulations require your participation in the planning process. The County, through Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. and through the Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services has made several attempts to solicit your participation in filling out comprehensive surveys and providing information regarding properties at-risk of flooding. As of the date of this letter our records indicate that we have not received any response to those requests. Unfortunately, we must have a deadline for the communities to submit the information. That date is June 13, 2003. If we do not receive a response, then we must go forward without your community‟s participation. However, we want you to participate and enable your community to be eligible for mitigation funding. By filling out the accompanying documents and providing us with pertinent information requested, you can still meet the requirements, adopt the County sponsored plan, and once it is finalized be eligible for mitigation funding. For your convenience we have enclosed the original comprehensive survey and your community‟s at-risk structure map.

The plan will be completed by November 2003. Participating communities can then adopt the plan created by the County and expedite eligibility for federal disaster mitigation funding when the next natural disaster occurs.

Please forward your completed survey, at-risk assessment document, and the mitigation alternatives matrix to:

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 116 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. Attention: Kari Mackenbach 6600 Busch Blvd., Suite 100 Columbus, OH 43229 (614) 846-1400 (614) 846-9566

If you would desire to receive the word document comprehensive survey, the PDF file at-risk structure assessment, and/or the excel file mitigation alternatives matrix via email, please send an email requesting the survey to [email protected].

Thank you for your time.

Sincerely,

FULLER, MOSSBARGER, SCOTT AND MAY ENGINEERS, INC.

Kari Ann Mackenbach, CFM Environmental Planner

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 117 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Action Items Survey Letter (Copy)

September 29, 2003

To: Berea Pepper Pike Euclid Seven Hills Lakewood Strongsville Lyndhurst Westlake Mayfield Heights Village of Cuyahoga Falls Middleburg Heights Village of Walton Hills North Olmsted Olmsted Township North Royalton

As you know, Cuyahoga County is currently creating an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan to fulfill the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which states that local communities must create such a plan to be eligible for pre and post-disaster mitigation funding. A Mitigation Core Group has been meeting over the past several months to create a comprehensive Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan that meets the needs of Cuyahoga County and its jurisdictions. One of the final items that the Plan needs is input from each jurisdiction concerning the mitigation alternative(s) that your community would support. This is a requirement in the text of the Interim Rule issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) regarding mitigation planning. In the section that deals with local mitigation plans, the text states the following: “For multi-jurisdictional plans, there must be identifiable action items specific to the jurisdiction requesting FEMA approval or credit of the plan.” Because your community did not return the matrix that was sent out to each community in which action items were to be rated, you must fill out the enclosed survey to gain credit for the plan. The enclosed survey is a summary of the mitigation alternatives that received the highest ranking by the Mitigation Core Group. Please evaluate each alternative and select at least one alternative from those listed that your community could support. If none of those listed are acceptable, all of the action items considered by the Mitigation Core Group are included on the accompanying page. You can select from that list and include it in the row marked “Other.” Please indicate which community you represent. All results will be included in the Final Plan, which will be completed by November 2003. In order to incorporate your responses into the Plan, we will need the surveys back by Friday October 10th. Participating communities are entitled to adopt the Plan created by Cuyahoga County, which will expedite eligibility for federal disaster mitigation funding when the next natural hazard event occurs. Thank you for your participation. Please contact me if you have any questions. I can be reached at (614) 846-1400 or my email at [email protected]. Sincerely, FULLER, MOSSBARGER, SCOTT AND MAY ENGINEERS, INC.

Katie Dixon Environmental Planner

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 118 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 2 – Mitigation Core Group Members

Name Organization Address City State Zip Email Phone Cuyahoga County Planning 323 Lakeside Ave., Cleveland, OH Paul Alsenas [email protected] 216-443-3700 Commission Suite 400 44114-1009 Cuyahoga County Planning 323 Lakeside Ave., Cleveland, OH Dan Meaney [email protected] 216-443-3700 Commission Suite 400 44114-1009 Cuyahoga County Planning 323 Lakeside Ave., Cleveland, OH Richard Sicha [email protected] 216-443-3700 Commission Suite 400 44114-1009 Northeast Ohio Areawide Cleveland, OH 216-241-2414 Howard Maier 1299 Superior Ave. [email protected] Coordinating Agency 44114 x361 Northeast Ohio Areawide Cleveland, OH 216-241-2414 Ron Eckner 1299 Superior Ave. [email protected] Coordinating Agency 44114 x300 Cuyahoga Northeast Ohio Regional Rich Connelly 4747 East 49th Street Heights, OH [email protected] 216-641-6000 Sewer District 44125 Cuyahoga County Cleveland, OH Rich Lavery 1370 Ontario Street 216-741-3019 Engineer‟s Office 44113 Cuyahoga County Cleveland, OH Tracey Nichols Department of 112 Hamilton Court [email protected] 216-443-7260 44114 Development Cuyahoga County Cleveland, OH Harry Conrad Department of 112 Hamilton Court [email protected] 216-443-7531 44114 Development Rocky River, Kory Koran Rocky River 21012 Hilliard Blvd. [email protected] 440-331-0600 OH 44116 Cuyahoga County Board of Health (Cleveland, 1375 Euclid Ave., Suite Cleveland, OH Martin Baier [email protected] 216-443-6690 Lakewood and Shaker Hts. 524 44115 Boards of Health Cuyahoga County Board of Health (Cleveland, 1375 Euclid Ave., Suite Cleveland, OH Terry Allan [email protected] 216-443-6690 Lakewood and Shaker Hts. 524 44115 Boards of Health) Cleveland Department of 601 Lakeside Ave., Cleveland, OH Mark Ricchiuto [email protected] 216-664-2231 Public Service Room 113 44114 Mayors and City Managers 350 Dover Center Bay Village, OH Deborah Sutherland [email protected] 440-899-3415 Association Road 44140

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 119 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Name Organization Address City State Zip Email Phone Brecksville, OH Ed Egut Brecksville Fire Department 9023 Brecksville Road [email protected] 440-526-2634 44141 Bedford, OH Ken Rybka Bedford Fire Department 165 Center Road [email protected] 440-232-1214 44146 Bedford Bedford Heights Fire Ken Ledford 5661 Perkins Road Heights, OH [email protected] 440-786-3251 Department 44146 Cuyahoga County Cleveland, OH Murray Withrow 1255 Euclid Ave. [email protected] 216-443-3196 Emergency Services 44115-1807 Cuyahoga County Cleveland, OH Jeanne Schmotzer 1255 Euclid Ave. [email protected] 216-443-7622 Emergency Services 44115-1807 2855 W. Dublin- Columbus, OH Brigette Bouska OEMA [email protected] 614-799-2526 Granville Rd. 43235 Bay Village, OH Lt. John Dixon Bay Village Police Dept. 27214 Wolf Road 440-871-1234 44140 Beachwood, OH Chief Patrick J. Kearns Beachwood Fire Dept. 2700 Richmond Rd. [email protected] 216-292-1965 44122 Broadview Broadview Heights Fire Chief Lee Ippolito 3591 E. Wallings Rd. Heights, OH [email protected] 440-526-4493 Dept. 44147 Brooklyn, OH Chief Paul Duchoslav Brooklyn Fire Dept. 7521 Memphis Ave. [email protected] 216-749-1212 44144 Brooklyn Chief Mark Schrade Brooklyn Heights Fire Dept. 345 Tuxedo Ave. Heights, OH [email protected] 216-351-3542 44131 Cleveland, OH Asst. Chief Timothy O‟Toole Cleveland Fire Dept. 601 Lakeside Ave. [email protected] 216-664-3734 44114 East Cleveland, Acting Chief Ron Jonovich East Cleveland Fire Dept. [email protected] OH 44112 Fairview Park, Chief David Simon Fairview Park Fire Dept. 20777 Lorain Rd. [email protected] 440-356-4418 OH 44126 Garfield Chief Anthony Collova Garfield Heights Fire Dept. 5115 Turney Rd. Heights, OH [email protected] 216-475-4053 44125 Highland Hills, Chief Lloyd Noles Highland Hills Fire Dept. 3700 Northfield Rd. OH 44122 [email protected] 216-591-1212

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 120 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Name Organization Address City State Zip Email Phone Independence, Chief Peter Nelson Independence Fire Dept. 6305 Selig Drive [email protected] 216-524-4001 OH 44131 14601 Madison Ave., Lakewood, OH Chief Lawrence Mroz Lakewood Fire Dept. [email protected] 216-529-6658 Station #1 44107 Olmsted Falls, Chief William Fisher Olmsted Falls Fire Dept. 8051 Brookside Drive [email protected] 440-235-3238 OH 44138 Orange, OH Chief Fred Fritz Orange Fire Dept. 4600 Lander Rd. [email protected] 440-498-4402 44022 Rocky River, Chief Chris Flynn Rocky River Fire Dept. 21012 Hilliard Blvd. [email protected] 440-895-2623 OH 44116 Westlake, OH Chief Richard Pietrick Westlake Fire Dept. 3200 Crocker Rd. [email protected] 440-835-6421 44145 Strongsville, OH Alan Finkelstein Strongsville Fire Dept. 18600 Royalton Road [email protected] 440-238-3102 44136 Strongsville, OH Chief Paul Haney Strongsville Fire Dept. 18600 Royalton Road [email protected] 440-238-3102 44136 770 S.O.M. Center Mayfield Village, Chief David Mohr Mayfield Village Fire Dept. [email protected] 440-461-1208 Road OH 44143 Orange, OH Citris Kostura Orange Village Police Dept. 4600 Lander Road [email protected] 44022 Shaker Heights, [email protected] Chief Don Barnes Shaker Heights Fire Dept. 3400 Lee Road 216-491-1200 OH 44120 heights.oh.us

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 121 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 3 – Notification to Adjacent Counties

Letter to Emergency Management Agency Directors (Copy)

COMMISSIONERS Jimmy Dimora Peter Lawson Jones Tim McCormack

MEMORANDUM

To: Tom Kelly, Lorain County EMA Director Buck Adams, Medina County EMA Director Dale Wedge, Geauga County EMA Director Annette Petranic, Summit County EMA Director Mark Griffiths, Portage County EMA Director Bob Archer, Lake County EMA Director

From: Murray A. Withrow, Cuyahoga County Emergency Services Date: March 10, 2003 Subject: Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Plan (CANHMP)

The purpose of this letter is to notify you that Cuyahoga County is actively developing a Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Plan (CANHMP). This is a required notification. In an effort to continue to meet the mission of protecting lives, property, economics viability and quality of life for the people of Cuyahoga County, the County Commissioners have hired Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. (FMSM) to help them facilitate and complete the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Mitigation Plan. The CANHMP will address natural disasters that could affect local communities, including flooding, tornados, winter storms, earthquakes or other natural disasters. By developing the CANHMP, Cuyahoga County can locate their areas of risk, assess the magnitude of the risk, and develop strategies and priorities for reducing risk. All 59 jurisdictions within the County will be participating. This letter serves as a notification to adjacent communities that Cuyahoga County is actively developing the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Mitigation Plan. Please contact us as necessary with any questions, comments, concerns, or for more information or clarification on this planning effort. Cc: Kari Mackenbach

ADMINISTRATION CECOMS CENTER EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SARA/LEPC Office (216) 443-3196 24-hr Dispatch (216) 771-1363 Office (216) 443-5700 Office (216) 443-7597 FAX (216) 443-4923 Office (216) 443-5941 FAX (216) 443-5705 FAX (216) 443-5705 FAX (216) 443-5705

Department of Justice Affairs, 1255 Euclid Avenue, Room 102, Cleveland, Ohio 44115-1807 Ohio Relay Service (TTY) 1-800-750-0750

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 122 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The following emergency management agency directors were sent the aforementioned letter notifying them of the development of the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Plan:

Ms. Annette Petranic, Director Summit County EMA 191 South Main Street Akron, Ohio 44308 (330) 643-2558 [email protected]

Mr. Thomas Kelley, Director Lorain County EMA 322 North Gateway Blvd. Elyria, Ohio 44035 (440) 329-5117 [email protected]

Mr. Charles (Buck) Adams, Director Medina County EMA 555 Independence Drive Medina, Ohio 44256 (330) 722-9240 [email protected]

Mr. Mark Griffiths, Director Portage County EMA 8240 Infirmary Road Ravenna, Ohio 44266 (330) 297-3607 [email protected]

Mr. Dale Wedge, Director Geauga County Dept. of Emergency Services 12518 Merritt Road Chardon, Ohio 44024 (440) 285-9200 [email protected]

Mr. Robert Archer, Director Lake County EMA 8505 Garfield Road, P.O. Box 480 Mentor, Ohio 44061 (440) 256-1415 [email protected]

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 123 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Letter to Surrounding County Commissioners (Copy)

February 25, 2003 CL2003002L01

County Commissioners address city state zip

Re: Notification Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Plan (CANHMP)

Dear County Commissioners:

The purpose of this letter is to notify adjacent counties that Cuyahoga County is actively developing a Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (CANHMP).

In an effort to continue to meet the mission of protecting lives, property, economic viability and quality of life for the people of Cuyahoga County, the County Commissioners have hired Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. (FMSM) to help them facilitate and complete the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. The CANHMP will address natural disasters that could affect local communities, including flooding, tornadoes, subsidence, winter storms, earthquakes or another natural disaster. By developing the CANHMP, Cuyahoga County can locate their areas of risk, assess the magnitude of the risk, and develop strategies and priorities for reducing risk. All 59 jurisdictions within the County will be participating.

Local communities must meet eligibility requirements for future pre-disaster and post-disaster mitigation program funds (i.e. HMGP, FMA). The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA2K) requires that a natural hazard mitigation plan be developed that meets an established set of criteria. The purpose of the plan is to ensure that the community has established goals and objectives, in addition to a well thought out process for mitigating future damages.

This letter serves as notification to adjacent communities that Cuyahoga County is actively developing the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. Please contact us as necessary with any questions, comments, concerns, or for more information or clarification on this planning effort.

Sincerely,

Murray Withrow Manager, Cuyahoga County EMA

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 124 Cuyahoga County, Ohio CC: Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners Mr. Thomas Kelley, Director Lorain County EMA Mr. Robert Archer, Director Lake County EMA Mr. Dale Wedge, Director Geauga County Dept. of Emergency Services Mr. Mark Griffiths, Director Portage County EMA Mr. Charles (Buck) Adams, Director Medina County EMA Ms. Annette Petranic, Director Summit County EMA Kari Mackenbach, FMSM Engineers Lorain County Board of Commissioners Lake County Board of Commissioners Geauga County Board of Commissioners Portage County Board of Commissioners Medina County Board of Commissioners Summit County Board of Commissioners

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 125 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The following County Commissioners were sent the aforementioned letter notifying them of the development of the Cuyahoga County All-Natural Hazards Plan:

Lake County Lake County Board of Commissioners P.O. Box 490 105 Main Street Painesville, Ohio 44077 [email protected]

Geauga County Geauga County Board of County Commissioners 470 Center Street, Building #4 Chardon, Ohio 44024-1068 (440) 285-2222, (440) 564-7131, (440) 834-1856 Ext. 6150 or 6180 [email protected]

Lorain County Lorain County Board of Commissioners 226 Middle Avenue Elyria, Ohio 44035 (440) 329-5111

Summit County County of Summit Council 175 S. Main Street Akron, Ohio 44308-1314

Medina County Board of County Commissioners 144 North Broadway Street Medina, Ohio 44256

Portage County Portage County Board of Commissioners 449 S. Meridian Street, 7th Floor Portage County Administration Building Ravenna, Ohio 44266 (330) 297-3600

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 126 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 4 – Public Notification

Cuyahoga County, Division of Emergency Services

For Immediate Release For More Information Contact: Cuyahoga County, Division of Emergency Services Contact person: Murray Withrow Phone number: (216) 443-3196 Email: [email protected]

Input sought to assist in planning for natural disasters Cuyahoga County Announces Regional Public Participation Meetings for the 2003 All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan

The recent winter storms suffered throughout the country underscore the need for comprehensive, effective local planning to appropriately respond to such natural disasters. If local communities wish to qualify for pre- or post-disaster mitigation funding, they are required by The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 to develop a federally approved hazard mitigation plan with specific goals and objectives for mitigating natural disasters such as severe winter storms, coastal erosion, flooding and tornadoes. The Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners received a grant from the Ohio Emergency Management Agency in November of 2002 to support development of an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan for the County, including all 59 political jurisdictions. Representatives from each jurisdiction and the public are invited to participate in the planning process to accurately plan for the special needs of each community should a natural disaster occur.

Cuyahoga County is one of the first counties in the State of Ohio to undertake this planning process. The County will sponsor a series of five regional public participation meetings in March and April to solicit public input for the local plan. Although these natural weather related occurrences will continue, planning will help local communities lessen the impact of these often unpredictable calamities.

The meetings will provide an overview of the All-Natural Hazard Mitigation planning process, review a list of potential hazards and solicit input on that list, and provide a comprehensive survey to seek input into the planning process.

According to Murray Withrow, Manager of Cuyahoga County‟s Division of Emergency Services, “The purpose of this program is to identify methods and actions needed to lessen and reduce the impact of natural disasters. We hope each community within the County and the public will attend the local meetings and tell the planning team what‟s important to know about their communities related to natural disasters.”

The Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services and the Cuyahoga County Emergency Management Advisory Board, in partnership with Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers, Inc. (FMSM), will conduct hazard analyses based on available information from federal, state and local community sources. The purpose is to identify and evaluate potential alternatives for mitigation measures that can be taken in the event of a natural disaster, and create an action plan for implementation by participating communities.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 127 Cuyahoga County, Ohio The plan will be completed by November 2003. Participating communities can then adopt the final plan for their own community and expedite eligibility for federal disaster mitigation funding for declared natural disasters. The plan will also help communities achieve and sustain future economic and community development, growth and change that incorporate their local values and concerns for resiliency to natural disasters.

Regional meetings will be held on the following dates at these locations:

Thursday, March 13th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM – Mayfield Regional County Library, Community Room, 6080 Wilson Mills Road, 440-773-0350.

Wednesday, March 19th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM – Maple Heights Regional Library, 5225 Library Lane, 216-475-5000.

Monday, March 31st, 2003 – 2:30 PM to 3:30 PM – Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Room 218, 325 Superior Avenue, 216-623-2800.

Thursday April 10th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM Parma Regional County Library, 7335 Ridge Road, 440-885-5362.

Monday, April 14th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM – Fairview Park Regional Library, Community Room, 21255 Lorain Road, 440-333-4700.

For additional information about the meetings, contact the Cuyahoga County Division of Emergency Services at (216) 443-5700. For directions to the libraries listed, contact those facilities at the numbers listed.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 128 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cleveland Plain Dealer – Community News http://www.cleveland.com/

3/12/03

Cuyahoga County

Disaster Response Meetings

Cuyahoga County is sponsoring public meetings on planning to respond to natural disasters. Communities that wish to qualify for aid through the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 must have an approved plan. The meetings will offer an overview of the All Natural Hazard Mitigation planning process. Call 216-443-5700.

7-8:30 p.m. tomorrow – Mayfield Regional County Library Community Room, 6080 Wilson Mills Road

7-8:30 p.m. March 19 – Maple Heights Regional Library, 5225 Library Lane.

2:30-3:30 p.m. March 31 – Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Room 218, 325 Superior Ave.

7-8:30 p.m. April 10 – Parma Regional County Library, 7335 Ridge Road.

7-8:30 p.m. April 14 – Fairview Park Regional Library, Community Room, 21255 Lorain Road.

 2003 The Plain Dealer. Used with permission.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 129 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 5 – Mitigation Core Group Meeting Minutes

February 26th, 2003 - Kick-Off Mitigation Core Group Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Members of the Mitigation Core Group Attended CUYAHOGA COUNY (database will be maintained) as well as several E- MEETING Coordinators. 1. Introductions to the Mitigation Core Group the County Consultant FMSM.

2. FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning Process to the Mitigation Core INTRODUCTION AND Group in a Power Point POWER POINT Presentation/Discussion included the PRESENTATION FROM assurance from FMSM that the Kari to send finished and approved copies FMSM OUTLINING THE County/Consultant Plan was not to replace a of Press Release outlining dates of Public ALL-NATURAL communities existing Natural Mitigation plan. Meetings and Disaster Mitigation Survey MITIGATION PLANNING However if a community did not have a plan to all Mitigation Core Group Members PROCESS TO CORE or were not satisfied with their current plan, GROUP MEMBERS they could adopt the County’s Plan as long as they participated in the process. The Plan must be completed by November 2003. Once submitted, County’s participating communities will qualify for future mitigation funds. Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are welcome to attend are the following: Regional meetings will be held on the following dates at these locations:

Thursday, March 13th, 2003 - 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM - Mayfield Regional County Library, Community Room, 6080 Wilson Mills Road, 440-473-0350.

Wednesday, March 19th, 2003 - 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM - Maple Heights Regional Library, 5225 Library Lane, 216-475-5000. ESTABLISHED MEETINGS AND Friday, March 31st, 2003 - 2:30 PM to 3:30 PM - IMPORTANT DATES Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Room 218, 325 Superior Avenue, 216-623-2800.

Thursday, April 10th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM Parma Regional County Library, 7335 Ridge Road, 440-885-5362.

Monday, April 14th, 2003 - 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM - Fairview Park Regional Library, Community Room, 21255 Lorain Road, 440-333- 4700.

Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 130 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, Ohio on the following dates and times: March 31st, 10:00 AM April 14th, 3:00 PM May 12th, 10:00 AM The Mitigation Core Group reviewed a draft of the Cuyahoga CANHMP Survey. Some items of discussion were further clarification of Repetitive Loss Flooding…Kari emphasized that Areas as opposed to individual residential/commercial addresses should be the focus with the exception of extreme cases. Also the Mitigation Core Group was encouraged to develop Problem Statements for their respective communities where applicable. DRAFT OF DISASTER “x amount of housing/buildings are going into a Kari will revise some of the language in MITIGATION SURVEY floodplain” would be an example of a problem the Disaster Mitigation Survey to appease PRESENTED TO CORE statement. Also documentation of Repetitive Loss concerns of the Mitigation Core Group GROUP MEMBERS Structures defined as “2 or more events in a 10- Members year period”. These repetitive events are having a draining effect on the National Insurance Program.

A few Mitigation Core Group members expressed their desire to change wording in the Survey to identify “At Risk” hazards in the Subcategory section. There are communities that are at a higher risk for Wild Land Fires during drought conditions. Next meeting to take place March 31st 10:00 AM in Kari will forward any necessary and ADJOURNMENT the Willow Rm. at the Independence Civic Building pertinent documents. at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, Ohio

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 131 Cuyahoga County, Ohio March 31st, 2003 - Second Mitigation Core Group Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Members of the Mitigation Core Group Attended CUYAHOGA COUNY (database will be maintained) as well as several E- MEETING Coordinators. 1. Mission Statement has been finalized. 2. Mitigation Survey-All of the County’s 59 municipalities, townships, villages, etc. will be included. So far 10-12 surveys have been received. Deadline for submitting mitigation survey is in two weeks. 3. Emergency Coordinators need to distinguish GENERAL between residential and commercial This information will be corrected directly DISCUSSION structures built within the flood plan in their from the Emergency Coordinators community. Also, critical facilities within each community need to be identified. 4. The Prioritized Hazard for Cuyahoga County has been determined by today’s vote of attending CORE Group members to be Severe Storms as number one natural hazard, and Flooding was number two. DEVEOPLING PROBLEM STATEMENTS FOR:

SEVERE STORMS  Effects on traffic/transportation  Unexpected-storm events…reaction time  Ice Storms- Utility issues  Resources for community “passing the hat” for i.e. salt, etc.  Response to sensitive populations and critical facilities  In relation to severe events Cuyahoga County affected by diverse storms affects I.e. 5” of snow in Cleveland and 2” of snow in DEVELOPMENT OF Brecksville due to Lake effect as well as PROBLEM elevation. Kari will be putting these ideas into actual STATEMENTS WAS  Apathy problem statements and then distributing THE MAIN FOCUS FOR  Rural areas effects (Well water & Septic to Mitigation Core Group to assess and THE CORE GROUP issues, power outage) comment on. MEMBERS  Taxed Emergency Response resources  Inter-Community communication  Communication Issue (Only 14 communities have sirens)  Lack of sirens-14 sirens are not compatible and run independently.  Educational component to general public (continual education as well?)  Older communities-Sewage back-ups- ecological & environmental & health issues  Local community bears “sole” financial burden.  Year to year variances of storm events makes financial budgeting inconclusive I.e. overtime…salt costs, resources

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 132 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP  Infrastructure cost (exponential strained) pot holes, water lines  Looting issues after severe storm further taxing emergency response services  Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down)  Utility access for residential structures in older areas  Coordinating road construction with appropriate seasons (ODOT)  General public response to severe storms

FLASH FLOODING  “People” as it relates to driving thru standing water. Inexpensive solution is to mark PCV tube with the elevation of water and insert it into affected area…Kentucky  Basement Flooding  Back ups  Flash-flood events  Flooding-infrastructure-unable to handle the water  Communities directly affecting others  Regulatory-should be evaluated for current uses I.e. pipe size-Cuyahoga is built-up  Look at other communities…watershed  Raw sewage into lake and rivers  Flash floods taking hazardous materials (1st flush) into water system  Certain areas within Cuyahoga County fast rate of water level  Educational component must be instilled I.e. apathy, youth specific areas-hazardous  Landslides-How flash floods affect them  Metro parks-as it relates to recreation areas uses

FLOODING  Flood Plain insurance maps are outdated  Cuyahoga River, Rocky River prone to flooding  Winter flooding  Allowing new structures to be built in 100 yr. Flood plain  Infrastructure problems…roads-utilities  Educational Component  Higher standards for residential and commercial development  What do all the communities do as far as standards go?

NON FLOODZONE FLOODING  Lack of mapping /maps or ability to regulate  Lack of awareness (general)

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 133 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP COASTAL & STREAMBANK EROSION  Existing structures & new homes on coastline  Maintenance issues  Drainage issues  Natural areas-distributed  Lack of regulation in riparian areas  Needs uniformity  Outlying areas-Brecksville, Olmsted Townships building out  Infrastructure issues (roadways falling in, debris & redirecting traffic, clean-up)  “New” water running into a new system

TORNADOES  Lack of sirens  Different Public Alert/Notification Systems  Apathy/Desensitizing to actual hazards from the general public  Lack of tornado structures  See Severe Storms

DROUGHT-Wild land Fires (in relation to)  Lack of equipment (accessibility) to fighting fires.  Urban wild land interface (public parks vs. homes) map needed to illustrate where they meet.  Utility issues (uses) direct drain on utilities  Sensitive population concerns in relation to droughts/heat.  Drought/Heat…tandem problem  Water uses-public education component  Trees-Drought’s long term consequences Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are welcome to attend are the following: Regional meetings will be held on the following dates at these locations: Friday, March 31st, 2003 - 2:30 PM to 3:30 PM - Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Room 218, 325 Superior Avenue, 216-623-2800.

Thursday, April 10th, 2003 – 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM ESTABLISHED Parma Regional County Library, 7335 Ridge PLEASE SEE CHANGE IN LAST CORE MEETINGS AND Road, 440-885-5362. GROUP MEETING DATE IMPORTANT DATES

Monday, April 14th, 2003 - 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM - Fairview Park Regional Library, Community Room, 21255 Lorain Road, 440-333-4700.

Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, Ohio on the following dates and

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 134 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP times: March 31st, 10:00 AM April 14th, 3:00 PM May 19th, 10:00 AM DRAFT OF DISASTER MITIGATION SURVEY Kari will have more information at our next The surveys are coming in at a steady pace. PRESENTED TO CORE Mitigation Core Group meeting. GROUP MEMBERS Next CORE Group meeting is April 14th @ 3:00p.m. at the Independence Civic Center. The Kari will forward any necessary and ADJOURNMENT agenda is set to ideally address Goals & Potential pertinent documents. Action Items in response to today’s Problem Statements.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 135 Cuyahoga County, Ohio April 14th, 2003 - Third Mitigation Core Group Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Members of the Mitigation Core Group CUYAHOGA COUNY Attended (database will be maintained) as well MEETING as several additional Emergency Coordinators. 1. Mission Statement has been finalized. 2. Mitigation Survey-All of the County’s 59 municipalities, townships, villages, etc. will be included. So far 45% of the surveys have been received. Deadline for submitting mitigation survey is in one There will be a follow-up letter going out to week. those communities that have not submitted their 3. Emergency Coordinators need to survey. If you know of any community that distinguish between residential and hasn’t submitted as described in the document commercial structures built within the that was provided at the last Mitigation Core flood plan in their community. Also, GENERAL Group meeting please encourage them to critical facilities within each community DISCUSSION submit their survey. need to be identified.

4. The Prioritized Hazard for Cuyahoga The Emergency Coordinators will be receiving County had been determined at March additional maps on the structure inventory for 31st CORE Group meeting with a vote of their individual community with instructions on attending CORE Group members to be what to do. Severe Storms as number one natural hazard, and Flooding was number two. 5. FMSM provided a 7-page handout as a guide for today’s discussion that listed by priority the Problem Statements discussed at the last CORE meeting. SOLVING PROBLEM STATEMENTS FOR:

SEVERE STORMS Due to the unpredictability of storm events, reaction time and relay of information to the general public is lacking. Solution: Sirens/Warning Systems interoperability We will continue with the development of Ice Storms have dramatic effects on potential activities at our next Mitigation Core communities within Cuyahoga County, in DEVELOPMENT OF Group meeting. relation to public utilities. PROBLEM Solution: Develop Public Service STATEMENTS WAS Announcement (PSA’S) THE MAIN FOCUS Communities within Cuyahoga County have FOR THE CORE difficulty predicting resources needed to GROUP MEMBERS Kari will provide a comprehensive document respond to severe storm events, such the that describes all the action items that we need for salt during the winter season. discussed. Solution: Plan future use using “worst case scenario” Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e. elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storms events. Solution: PSA’S that reflects the “special needs”; also need to identify where the special

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 136 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP needs population resides Cuyahoga Communities do not know where all their critical facilities are located countywide. Solution: Although a potentially sensitive issue since 911, mapping of critical facilities of every community within the County would be the ideal. Due to the location and elevation of Cuyahoga County, susceptibility to severe weather can differ dramatically based on the location with the County. This makes it difficult to release appropriate warnings and notices of severe events. Solution: Innovative PSA’S Cuyahoga residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event. Solution: PSA’S The rural areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e. well water, septic systems and long-term power outages). Solution: Back up generators for critical facilities and residences. I.e. Orange Village, Olmsted Township All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc.) Solution: Evaluate countywide communication interoperability. The older communities within Cuyahoga (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have sever problems with sewage back-ups during severe storm events, which cause ecological environmental and health issues. Solution: Evaluate other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention). The local community bears “sole financial burden” when cleaning up after a severe storm. Solution: Participate in coordinating efforts in mitigation process. There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storms events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden emergency response services. Solution: Awareness of existing mutual aid resource. Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 137 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP after a severe storm event. Solution: Have backup for critical lights and critical utilities. I.e. fold up stop signs to create a 4 way stop (Westlake) for an inexpensive alternative. Severe storm events have the potential to cause dramatic effects on traffic and transportation, and there are no contingency plans for diverting traffic to avoid storm damage. Solution: Intelligent traffic transportation system. OVERALL GOAL: To reduce the affects of severe storms on Cuyahoga County by better prepared for each severe storm event.

FLASH FLOODING People drive through floodwaters. Solution: Evaluate installing elevation markers or gates as it related to high hazard areas. The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the storm water in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Solution: Identify those geographic areas and increase the pipe size in areas of undersized Other communities within their watershed who are unable to handle the runoff directly affect communities. Solution: Develop partnership to enhance regulations countywide. Youth play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods. There needs to be further education focused on youth about the potential for danger. Solution: Outreach to school aged children There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Solution: NOAA weather radios in all critical facilities schools and hospitals

100 YEAR FLOODPLAIN The Flood Insurance Rate Maps for most of Cuyahoga County are outdated, some as much as 20-30 years old. Solution: Secure funding to update FEMA Maps. The last Public Meeting was held Monday, ESTABLISHED April 14th, 2003 - 7:00 PM to 8:30 PM - MEETINGS AND Fairview Park Regional Library, Community IMPORTANT DATES Room, 21255 Lorain Road, 440-333-4700.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 138 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP The last Mitigation Core Group Meeting is scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, Ohio on the following date and time: May 19th, 10:00 AM DRAFT OF DISASTER MITIGATION SURVEY The surveys must be completed as soon as PRESENTED TO possible! CORE GROUP MEMBERS Kari will forward any necessary and pertinent documents. Next CORE Group meeting is May 19th a.m. at

ADJOURNMENT the Independence Civic Center. The meeting We will be looking at evaluation criteria and will start at 10:00am finishing up the potential action items for each of the problem statements.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 139 Cuyahoga County, Ohio May 19th, 2003 - Fourth Mitigation Core Group Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Members of the Mitigation Core Group Attended CUYAHOGA COUNY (database will be maintained) as well as several E- MEETING Coordinators. Mitigation Survey-All of the County’s 59 municipalities, townships, villages, etc. will be included. So far 79% of the surveys have been received. Deadline for submitting mitigation survey has past! Those Communities who have not yet submitted a completed survey please do so This information was discussed by the ASAP attending Emergency Coordinators Emergency Coordinators need to distinguish between residential and commercial structures built within the flood plan in their community. Also, critical facilities within each community need to be identified. GENERAL CORE Group Members need to specify number of DISCUSSION homes within their Community experiencing basement back-ups due to Severe Weather. In preparing Action Items to address the Problem Statements the Evaluation Criteria needs to address the following components. Please refer to attached database to It must be Cost Effective determine if your community has Technologically Feasible submitted both the community survey and Environmentally Sound the at-risk structure inventory. Socially Equitable Meets Federal, State and Local guideline and regulations Activities reduce risk Socially Acceptable COMING UP WITH ACTION ITEMS FOR Kari will be incorporating the Solutions to PROBLEM STATEMENTS NOT DISCUSSED AT the Problem Statements in the overall LAST CORE GROUP MEETING: CANHMP

SEVERE STORMS Problem Statement: Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event. DEVELOPMENT OF Potential Solution: Underground utilities PROBLEM STATEMENTS WAS FLASH FLOODING THE MAIN FOCUS FOR Problem Statement: There is not sufficient THE CORE GROUP warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some MEMBERS areas of Cuyahoga County. Potential Solution: NOAA Weather Radio

100 YEAR FLOODPLAIN Problem Statement: The Flood Insurance Rate Maps for most of Cuyahoga County are outdated, some as much as 20-30 years old. Potential Solution: Secure funding to update FEMA Maps. Doable!

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 140 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Problem Statement: Due to the northern location of Cuyahoga County, secondary affects of winter flooding are a problem. Debris clean-up and dealing with ice are sometimes as bad a problem as the flooding. Potential Solution: Establishing a Debris Management Plan (Cuyahoga County has just begun the process), Preventative Maintenance (making sure that the residents know that they are responsible for clearing debris off their own property through Public Education). Problem Statement: Most communities in Cuyahoga County follow the minimum NFIP and still allow structures to be built in 100-year floodplain. Potential Solution: Revisit 100-year Floodplain maps. Evaluate the fully development watershed program. / Riparian Set back ordinance in relation to Phase II 300 feet. Problem Statement: There is a lack of coordination in evaluating higher standards for residential and commercial development within the 100-year floodplain. Potential Solution: Coordinate/Facilitate CRS benefits/costs of Program (for all communities). Problem Statement: Within Cuyahoga County, there are 59 individual communities, which means 59 interpretations of the NFIP regulations. There is a communication problem among the communities about what other districts are doing and how there can be more continuity. Potential Solution: Same as above

NON-FLOODZONE FLOODING Problem Statement: There is a lack of accurate and updated NFIP maps for Cuyahoga County. There is a great concern about areas that flood but have no related NFIP maps. Potential Solution: Seek funding for non-flood zone area. Problem Statement: There is generally a lack of awareness as it relates to non-flood zone flooding in the County, and there are currently no initiatives to educate residents of these occurrences. Potential Solution: PSA’S i.e. flood awareness week.

COASTAL AND STREAMBANK EROSION Problem Statement: Existing structures and the construction of new homes on the coastline are a potential disaster waiting to happen. The current water level does not pose an issue, but if/when the water level increases, there will be devastating effects on structures along the coastline. Potential Solution: Education

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 141 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Problem Statement: Natural areas around some of the waterways (specifically Brecksville and Bedford) have been affected by storm water and stream bank erosion in recent years. Potential Solution: Incorporate riparian areas only as it applies to new development. Seek funding (peripheral) to remove structures affected by erosion.

TORNADOES Problem Statement: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Potential Solution: Seek funding for interoperable siren system (countywide) (Sirens, NOAA Radios, Reverse 911) Problem Statement: The general public is desensitized to the use of sirens. A strong public outreach program needs to be conducted about the use of sirens in the County and how citizens should respond to them. Potential Solution: Large scale PSA’s (countywide) evaluate communities with existing systems…have system in place. Problem Statement: There are no tornado shelters in public areas or parks within Cuyahoga County. Potential Solution: Evaluate Park Areas, Mobile Home Areas, Parks, Playgrounds, Schools and the Metro-park System.

EARTHQUAKES Problem Statement: There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance. Potential Solution: PSA – Problem Statement There is little to now public awareness campaigns Someone in the group mentioned occurring in the County as it relates to the Moment Force-Large Buildings as an seriousness of earthquakes example Potential Solution: PSA Problem Statement Lack of weather radios in rural areas to notify residents of potential danger. Potential Solution: Seek funding to for NOAA radios countywide.

DROUGHTS Problem Statement Wild land fires are a secondary effect of droughts. There is a lack of equipment and/or accessibility to fighting wild land fires. Potential Solution: Seek funding for equipment to fight wild land fires. Problem Statement An urban/wild land interface map needs to be created to determine sensitive areas. Potential Solution: Create map.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 142 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Problem Statement Sensitive Populations and where they are located is a concern. Potential Solution: Create map identifying where these sensitive populations are located. Lack of educational awareness about how droughts can lead to fires Potential Solution: Develop PSA’s ESTABLISHED PUBLIC MEETING DATE STILL TO BE MEETINGS AND DETERMINED IMPORTANT DATES RAFT OF DISASTER MITIGATION SURVEY The surveys must be completed as soon as Kari will have more information at our next PRESENTED TO CORE possible! Mitigation Core Group meeting. GROUP MEMBERS PUBLIC MEETING DATE STILL TO BE ADJOURNMENT DETERMINED

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 143 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 6 – Regional Meeting Summaries

Mayfield Heights March 13th Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Attendees: Don Armour, Kari Mackenbach, Jackie Ryan 2rd Regional Meeting at Maple Hts. CUYAHOGA COUNTY Krupp, Jeanne Schmotzer, Murray Withrow, John Regional Library March 19, 2003 at MEETING Pitchler, Ed Jenik and Steve Ineman 7:00p.m FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning Process to the Public Officials and the General Public in a Power Point Presentation/Discussion. FMSM assured officials/public present, that this effort will not replace the existing Emergency Operation Plan (EOP), rather the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will enhance the EOP and compliment its requirements.

In regard to participation in this planning effort. Attending one meeting would suffice, however more active participation was encouraged. The Plan must be INTRODUCTION AND completed by November 2003. Once submitted and POWER POINT approved the County and the participating communities Each Emergency Coordinator will be PRESENTATION will qualify for future mitigation funds. receiving a map of their community FROM FMSM with the structure inventory OUTLINING THE ALL- One funding source was discussed. The Hazard delineated on the map. Each NATURAL Mitigation Grant Program HMGP is a federal funded Emergency Coordinator will be asked MITIGATION grant program available after a Federal Declaration is to decipher which structures are PLANNING PROCESS declared. These monies are potentially available to residential and which structures are TO CORE GROUP other communities and not just the communities that commercial. MEMBERS AND suffered the disaster. Any community can apply for PUBLIC mitigation funding even if event didn’t occur in their jurisdiction. By having an All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan in place for your community allows your community to remain eligible for funds through the HMGP process. Go to www.fema.gov to attain more information.

FMSM identified in their Structure Inventory (GIS map of the Mayfield Region Structural Inventory was displayed as well) 4,109 Structures in Cuyahoga County were built in flood plans. 788 floods plan structures are in the Mayfield Hts. Region Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group Kari confirmed dates and times members are welcome to attend are the following: and/or changes and the information Wednesday, March 19th, 2003 – 7:00-8:30 PM at Maple to the Mitigation Core Group Hts. Regional County Library, 5225 Library Lane, 216- Members were distributed along with 475-5000. Monday, March 31st 2:30-3:30 PM at the Press Releases to the Plain Dealer ESTABLISH-ED Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Community Rm. and Sun Times. MEETINGS AND 212 Wing, Superior Ave. 216-623-2800. IMPORTANT DATES Thursday, April 10th at Parma Regional County Library 7335 Ridge Rd. 440-885-5362. Final public meeting is Monday, April 14th, 2003 –7-8:30 PM at Fairview Park Regional Library, Community Rm. 21255 Lorain Rd.. 440-333-4700.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 144 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, OH. on the following dates and times: March 31st, 10:00 AM April 14th, 3:00 PM May 12th will have to be rescheduled. May 12th, 10:00 AM Disaster Mitigation Survey has been distributed to Kari revised the Disaster Mitigation DISASTER CORE Group. Any member of the Public who attends Survey to reflect concerns of CORE MITIGATION SURVEY the Regional meetings is welcome to fill out the survey Group. as well for much important feedback. Next meeting is March 19, 2003 at the Maple Hts. Kari will forward any necessary and ADJOURNMENT Regional Library. pertinent documents.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 145 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Maple Heights March 19th Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP CUYAHOGA COUNTY Attendees: Kari Mackenbach, Jackie Ryan Krupp, 4th Regional Meeting at Downtown Cleveland REGIONAL MEETING Murray Withrow, Chief Rybka, Michael Skoldowski Public Library March 31st, 2003 at 2:30p.m FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning County and Kari to make sure CORE Process to the Mitigation Core Group and Public in a Members and E-CORE Members are notified Power Point Presentation/Discussion. FMSM assured of all meetings so that they have ample members of CORE group present, that the opportunity and plenty of notice to attend. County/Consultant Plan was not to replace a

communities’ existing Natural Mitigation plan.

However if a community did not have a plan or were

not satisfied with their current plan, they could adopt

the County’s Plan as long as they participated in the

process. Attending one meeting would suffice,

however more active participation was encouraged.

The Plan must be completed by November 2003.

Once submitted, County’s participating communities

will qualify for future mitigation funds. Other

communities can apply for mitigation funding even if

event didn’t occur in their jurisdiction. Some

communities never collect Federal funding for their

Natural Disasters. When that occurs than another

community (whose own Natural Disaster plan is

completed and submitted to FEMA) may collect those INTRODUCTION AND monies put aside from the FEMA after a designated POWER POINT period of time, etc. PRESENTATION

FROM FMSM FMSM identified in their Structure Inventory (GSI map OUTLINING THE ALL- of the Structural Inventory of the Cuyahoga County NATURAL MITIGATION region was on display compliments of FMSM with a PLANNING PROCESS conservative total of 4,109 Structures built in flood TO CORE GROUP plans). There were a total of 1,110 Structures MEMBERS AND identified in the Maple Hts. Region. PUBLIC

Kari explained that the primary focus and responsibility

of FMSM were the following: Hazard Assessment,

Hazard Management, Plan Preparation, and Plan Kari said she would discuss Murray’s request Implementation. The later Plan Implementation is not with Don. currently addressed in the scope of work issued by the

County. Murray Withrow would like FMSM to consider

taking a more active role in the Plan Implementation

portion of the overall plan.

Kari explained that FEMA would be excited to study

FMSM and County’s findings regarding Stream Bank

erosion. Water Shed groups will be helping in this

effort.

Other potential Natural Mitigation problems for the

future such as the potential devastation of the Goby

fish in the Great Lakes and Rivers were discussed.

CORE Members will be asked to help FMSM to

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 146 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP develop a Matrix that will identify County’s top Natural Mitigation Disasters. A score will be given for each category. The completed Matrix with the tallied scores will be distributed to CORE group members. Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are welcome to attend are the following: Monday, March 31st 2:30-3:30 PM at the Downtown Cleveland Public Library, Community Rm. 212 Louis Stokes Wing, Superior Ave. 216-623-2800. Thursday, Kari confirmed dates and times and/or April 10th at Parma Regional County Library 7335 changes and the information to the Mitigation Ridge Rd. 440-885-5362. Final public meeting is Core Group Members were distributed along Monday, April 14th, 2003 –7-8:30 PM at Fairview Park ESTABLISHED with Press Releases to the Plain Dealer and Regional Library, Community Rm. 21255 Lorain Rd.. MEETINGS AND Sun Times. 440-333-4700. IMPORTANT DATES

The last Core Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are scheduled Group meeting scheduled for May 13th will in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic probably be rescheduled. Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, OH. on the following dates and times: March 31st, 10:00 AM April 14th, 3:00 PM May 12th, 10:00 AM (?) Disaster Mitigation Survey has been distributed to DISASTER CORE Group. Any member of the Public who attends Kari revised the Disaster Mitigation Survey to MITIGATION SURVEY the Regional meetings is welcome to fill out the survey reflect concerns of CORE Group. as well for much important feedback. Next meeting is March 31st at the Downtown Cleveland Kari will forward any necessary and pertinent ADJOURNMENT Public Library. documents.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 147 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cleveland March 31st Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP CUYAHOGA COUNTY Attendees: Kari Mackenbach, Jackie Ryan Krupp, John 4th Regional Meeting at Parma Regional REGIONAL MEETING Snack, Patrick Holland, Rose Zitiello Meeting April 10th, 2003 at 7:00pm FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning Process to the Mitigation Core Group and Public in a Power Point Presentation/Discussion. FMSM assured members of CORE group present, that the County/Consultant Plan was not to replace a communities’ existing Natural Mitigation plan. However if a community did not have a plan or were not satisfied with their current plan, they could adopt the County’s Plan as long as they participated in the process. Attending one meeting would suffice, however more active participation was encouraged. The Plan must be completed by November 2003. Once submitted, County’s participating communities will qualify for future mitigation funds. Other communities can apply for mitigation funding even if event didn’t occur in their jurisdiction. Some communities never collect Federal funding for their Natural Disasters. When that occurs than another community (whose own Natural Disaster plan is completed and submitted to FEMA) may collect those INTRODUCTION AND monies put aside from the FEMA after a designated POWER POINT period of time, etc. PRESENTATION

FROM FMSM County and Kari to make sure CORE FMSM identified in their Structure Inventory (GIS map OUTLINING THE ALL- Members and E-CORE Members are notified of the Structural Inventory of the Cuyahoga County NATURAL MITIGATION of all meetings so that they have ample region was on display compliments of FMSM with a PLANNING PROCESS opportunity and plenty of notice to attend. conservative total of 4,109 Structures built in TO CORE GROUP floodplains). MEMBERS AND

PUBLIC Kari explained that the primary focus and responsibility of FMSM were the following: Hazard Assessment, Hazard Management, Plan Preparation, and Plan Implementation.

There was discussion regarding the results of the previous CORE Group meeting, which took place previously that day. The Committee members voted to designate Severe Storms as the number one Natural Hazard in the group of Prioritized Hazards. From that discussion, the Director from the County’s Waste Dept. described the challenges that he currently faces when Severe Storms yield debris and hazardous/construction materials. Currently there are 11 permitted sites to take debris from these storms and they are almost filled up. Also some of these sites are located in high hazard areas where they have potential for flooding making for a potential calamity. Transportation challenges were also of concern.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 148 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP CORE Members will be asked to help FMSM to develop a Matrix that will identify County’s top Natural Mitigation Disasters. A score will be given for each category. The completed Matrix with the tallied scores will be distributed to CORE group members. Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are welcome to attend are the following: Kari confirmed dates and times and/or Monday, March 31st 2:30-3:30 PM at the Downtown changes and the information to the Mitigation Cleveland Public Library, Community Rm. 212 Louis Core Group Members were distributed along Stokes Wing, Superior Ave. 216-623-2800. Thursday, with Press Releases to the Plain Dealer and April 10th at Parma Regional County Library 7335 Sun Times. Ridge Rd. 440-885-5362. Final public meeting is ESTABLISHED Monday, April 14th, 2003 –7-8:30 PM at Fairview Park MEETINGS AND Regional Library, Community Rm. 21255 Lorain Rd.. IMPORTANT DATES 440-333-4700.

Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, OH. on the following dates and times: Please note the change in the last Mitigation April 14th, 3:00 PM Core Group Meeting. May 19th, 10:00 AM Disaster Mitigation Survey has been distributed to DISASTER CORE Group. Any member of the Public who attends

MITIGATION SURVEY the Regional meetings is welcome to fill out the survey as well for much important feedback. Next regional meeting is April 10th at Parma Regional Kari will forward any necessary and pertinent ADJOURNMENT Library. documents.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 149 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Parma April 10th Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Attendees: Kari Mackenbach, Jackie Ryan 4th Regional Meeting at Parma Regional CUYAHOGA COUNTY Krupp, Rose Zitiello, Rick Esdinsky-City of County Public Library April 10th, 2003 at MEETING Parma, Alan Finkelstein, City of Strongsville and 7:00p.m Rich Lavery FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning Process to the Mitigation Core Group and Public in a Power Point Presentation/Discussion. FMSM assured members of CORE group present, that the County/Consultant Plan was not to replace a communities’ existing Natural Mitigation plan. However if a community did not have a plan or were not satisfied with their current plan, they could adopt the County’s Plan as long as they participated in the process. Attending one meeting would suffice, however more active participation was encouraged. The Plan must be completed by November 2003. Once submitted, County’s participating communities will qualify for future mitigation funds. Other communities can apply for mitigation funding even if event didn’t occur in their jurisdiction. Some communities never collect Federal funding for INTRODUCTION AND their Natural Disasters. When that occurs than POWER POINT another community (whose own Natural Disaster PRESENTATION FROM plan is completed and submitted to FEMA) may FMSM OUTLINING THE collect those monies put aside from the FEMA ALL-NATURAL after a designated period of time, etc. Contact MITIGATION PLANNING the Ohio Emergency Management Agency to PROCESS TO CORE attain more information. GROUP MEMBERS AND FMSM identified in their Structure Inventory (GIS PUBLIC map of the Parma Region Structural Inventory was displayed as well) 4,109 Structures in Cuyahoga County were built in floodplains. FMSM has called upon all Emergency Coordinators to identify residential and commercial structures located in designated Floodplain. Critical facilities must also be identified.

There was discussion regarding the results of the previous CORE Group meeting, which took place previously, March 31st. The Committee members voted to designate Severe Storms as the number one Natural Hazard in the group of Prioritized Hazards. From that discussion, a representative from the Strongsville Fire Dept. suggested that for the last Public Meeting to held in September to present the draft of the finished plan, we should make a formal announcement to the Mayors and City

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 150 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Managers Association to ask for their participation. Kari explained the mechanisms of the Community Rating Systems which communities can join after they adopt the County’s All Natural Disaster Mitigation Plan. Community Stakeholders can provide flood insurers a 40% discount! Kari also gave examples of Mitigation Activity, which would address the Problem Statements discussed at the previous Core Meeting. Example would be Countywide Sirens to alert unsuspecting public of hazardous weather conditions. Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are welcome to attend are the following: Final public meeting is Monday, April Kari confirmed dates and times and/or 14th, 2003 –7-8:30 PM at Fairview Park Regional changes and the information to the Library, Community Rm. 21255 Lorain Rd. 440- Mitigation Core Group Members were 333-47000. ESTABLISH-ED distributed along with Press Releases to

MEETINGS AND the Plain Dealer and Sun Times. Future Mitigation Core Group Meetings are IMPORTANT DATES scheduled in the Willow Rm. located at the The last Core Independence Civic Building at 6363 Selig Blvd. Group meeting was rescheduled for May Independence, OH on the following dates and 19th @ 10:00AM times: April 14th, 3:00 PM May 19th, 10:00 AM Disaster Mitigation Survey has been distributed to CORE Group. Any member of the Public who Kari revised the Disaster Mitigation Survey DISASTER MITIGATION attends the Regional meetings is welcome to fill to reflect concerns of CORE Group. SURVEY out the survey as well for much important Deadline is in one week. feedback. So far Kari has received about a 45% return. Deadline is in two weeks! Next meeting is April 14th at the Fairview Park Kari will forward any necessary and ADJOURNMENT Regional Library. pertinent documents.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 151 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Fairview Park April 14th Meeting Summary

AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Attendees: Kari Mackenbach, Don Amour, Jackie Ryan Krupp, CUYAHOGA COUNY Rose Zitiello, Murray Withrow, Lt. Steve Wolf, Bob Knaack- Last Regional Meeting MEETING USCS Aux., Joe Mizik- general public,Chief Chris Flynn and Janis Cabala-general public

FMSM presented the All-Natural Mitigation Planning Process to the Mitigation Core Group and Public in a Power Point Presentation/Discussion. FMSM assured members of CORE group present, that the County/Consultant Plan was not to replace a communities’ existing Natural Mitigation plan. However if a community did not have a plan or were not satisfied with their current plan, they could adopt the County’s Plan as long as they participated in the process. Attending one meeting would suffice, however more active participation was encouraged. The Plan must be completed by November 2003. Once submitted, County’s participating communities will qualify for future mitigation funds. Other communities can apply for mitigation funding even if event didn’t occur in their jurisdiction. Some communities never collect Federal funding for their Natural Disasters. When that occurs than another community (whose own Natural Disaster plan is completed and submitted to FEMA) may collect those monies put aside from the FEMA after a designated period of time, etc. Call the INTRODUCTION AND Ohio Emergency Management Agency to attain more POWER POINT information. PRESENTATION FROM FMSM identified in their Structure Inventory (GIS map of the FMSM OUTLINING THE Fairview Park Region Structural Inventory was displayed as ALL NATURAL well) 4,109 Structures in Cuyahoga County were built in MITIGATION PLANNING floodplains. PROCESS TO CORE GROUP MEMBERS AND The Emergency Coordinators will be asked to identify PUBLIC residential and commercial structures located in designated Floodplain. Critical facilities must also be identified.

There was discussion regarding the results of the previous CORE Group meeting, which took place previously that day. The Committee members voted to designate Severe Storms as the number one hazard due their frequency (compared to other Natural Weather occurrences) and the unpredictable nature (Snow belt areas are hardest hit). Kari explained how the Mitigation Core Group listed Problem Statements of each Natural Hazard (Severe Storms, Flash Flooding, Flooding, Coastal Erosion, Droughts and Earthquakes) and how the Mitigation Core Group sub-sequentially devised solutions to those Problem Statements. Kari also gave examples of a Mitigation Activity, which would be a permanent solution the Problem Statements discussed at the previous Core Meeting. A mitigation solution example would be to utilize Countywide Sirens to alert the unsuspecting public of hazardous weather conditions.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 152 Cuyahoga County, Ohio AGENDA ITEM REPORT/DISCUSSION FOLLOW UP Kari confirmed dates and times and/or changes and Public Meetings where all Mitigation Core Group members are the information to the welcome to attend are the following: Final public meeting will Mitigation Core Group meet sometime in September to discuss the draft of the final Members were distributed All Natural Disaster Mitigation Plan. ESTABLISHED along with Press Releases to

MEETINGS AND the Plain Dealer and Sun The last Mitigation Core Group Meetings is scheduled in the IMPORTANT DATES Times. Willow Rm. located at the Independence Civic Building at

6363 Selig Blvd. Independence, OH. on the following date and The last Core times: Group meeting was May 19th, 10:00 AM rescheduled for May 19th @ 10:00AM Disaster Mitigation Survey has been distributed to CORE Group. Any member of the Public who attends the Regional DISASTER MITIGATION meetings is welcome to fill out the survey as well for much SURVEY important feedback. So far Kari has received about a 45% return. Deadline is in one week! Kari will forward any ADJOURNMENT necessary and pertinent documents.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 153 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 7 – Problem Statements and Mitigation Alternatives

Mitigation Core Group Developed Problem Statements

Severe Storms The Mitigation Core Group has prioritized this hazard as their highest concern. The current state of severe storms in Cuyahoga is that they continue to occur throughout the year, and historically have had dramatic, repetitive effects on the communities of Cuyahoga County.

 Due to the unpredictability of storm events, reaction time and relay of information to the general public is lacking.  Ice storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities.  Communities within Cuyahoga County have difficulty predicting resources needed to respond to severe storm events, such as the need for salt during the winter season.  Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e. elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events.  Cuyahoga communities do not know where all of their critical facilities are located countywide.  Due to the location and elevation of Cuyahoga County, susceptibility to severe weather can differ dramatically based on the location within the County. This makes it difficult to release appropriate warnings and notices of severe events.  Cuyahoga residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event.  Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e. well water, septic systems and long-term power outages).  All communities located in Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e. actual equipment used, radios, etc.).  The older communities within Cuyahoga County (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have severe problems with sewage back-ups during severe storm events, which cause ecological, environmental and health issues.  The local community bears “sole financial burden” when cleaning up after a severe storm event.  There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storm events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden emergency response services.  Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event.  Severe storm events have the potential to cause dramatic effects on traffic and transportation, and there are no contingency plans for diverting traffic to avoid storm damage.

Overall goal: To reduce the effects of severe storms on Cuyahoga County by better preparation for each severe storm event.

Flooding The Mitigation Core Group has decided to prioritize the natural hazard of flooding as their second highest concern. The current state of flooding in Cuyahoga County is that floods

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 154 Cuyahoga County, Ohio continue to occur throughout the year and historically have had dramatic effects on the communities within the County.

Flash Flooding  People drive through floodwaters.  The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the storm water in some areas of the County.  Other communities within the watershed who are unable to handle their runoff, directly affect communities of Cuyahoga County.  Youth play in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods. There is a need for further education focused on youth about the potential for danger.  There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County.

Overall goal: To concentrate on making the general public more aware of flash flood events and those areas of high hazard potential.

100-Year Floodplain Flooding  The Flood Insurance Rate Maps for most of Cuyahoga County are outdated, some as much s 20-30 years old.  Due to the northern location of Cuyahoga County, secondary effects of winter flooding are a problem. Debris clean-up and dealing with ice are sometimes as bad a problem as flooding.  Most communities in Cuyahoga County follow the minimum NFIP standards and still allow new structures to be built in the 100-year floodplain.  There is an overall issue as it relates to infrastructure problems. Underutilized utilities and roadways are directly affected by flood events.  There is a lack of coordination in evaluating higher standards for residential and commercial development within the 100-year floodplain.  Within Cuyahoga County, there are 59 individual communities, which means 59 interpretations of the NFIP regulations. There is a communication problem among the communities about what other districts are doing and how there can be more continuity.

Overall goal: To coordinate efforts, where feasible, regulating the 100-year floodplains and to learn from each other how each community utilizes and enforces their regulations.

Non-Flood Zone Flooding  There is a lack of accurate and updated NFIP maps for Cuyahoga County. There is a great concern about areas that flood but have no related NFIP maps.  There is generally a lack of awareness as it relates to non-flood zone flooding in the County, and there are currently no initiatives to educate residents of these occurrences.

Overall goal: To save lives and property, reduce flood damage and increase educational awareness of flooding in the communities within Cuyahoga County.

Coastal and Streambank Erosion The Mitigation Core Group has prioritized the natural hazard of coastal and streambank erosion as their third highest concern. The current state of coastal and streambank erosion in Cuyahoga County is that erosion continues to occur and is exacerbated by other natural hazards, such as flash floods and severe storms.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 155 Cuyahoga County, Ohio  Existing structures and the construction of new homes on the coastline are a potential disaster waiting to happen. The current water level does not pose an issue, but if/when the water level increases, there will be devastating effects on structures along the coastline.  Streambank erosion has several peripheral issues that need to be further explored (i.e., maintenance of the waterways and drainage concerns).  Natural areas around some of the waterways (specifically Brecksville and Bedford) have been affected by stormwater and streambank erosion in recent years.  There is a lack of consistent riparian area regulations in Cuyahoga County. The more defined regulations of some areas are virtually unknown to most citizens.  Outlying areas (i.e., Brecksville and Olmsted Township) are building out and causing dramatic effects on stream erosion.  There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, debris, redirecting traffic and cleanup.

Overall goal: To increase educational awareness of coastal and streambank erosion in the communities affected, as well as to learn about different techniques communities are using to control erosion.

Tornadoes The Mitigation Core Group has prioritized the natural hazard of tornadoes as their fourth highest concern. The current state of tornadoes in Cuyahoga County is that they continue to occur throughout the year and historically have had dramatic effects on the communities of the County.

 There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County.  Communities that do not have siren systems typically have stand-alone systems that are not able to communicate with other areas. Each community has its own method of distributing warnings.  There are no tornado shelters in public areas or parks within Cuyahoga County.

Overall goal: To increase public educational awareness about the effect of tornadoes on the community, and how to respond to warning sirens.

Earthquakes The Mitigation Core Group has decided to prioritize the natural hazard of earthquakes as their fifth highest concern. The current state of earthquakes in Cuyahoga County considers that in the entire State of Ohio, the Cuyahoga area has had the most activity in recent years.

 There are little to no public awareness campaigns occurring in the County as it relates to the seriousness of earthquakes and how an earthquake could affect the community as a whole.  There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance.  Lack of weather radios in rural areas to notify residents of disasters.

Overall goal: To reduce the potential damage of earthquakes and to increase awareness.

Drought The Mitigation Core Group has decided to prioritize the natural hazard of droughts as their sixth highest concern. The current state of this hazard is that droughts will continue to occur, and the

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 156 Cuyahoga County, Ohio County has several options to prepare for a drought and the other potential disasters that could follow, such as fires.

 Wild land fires are a secondary effect of droughts. There is a potential lack of equipment and/or accessibility to fighting wild land fires.  An urban wild land interface map (public parks vs. homes) is needed to illustrate where boundaries meet.  Sensitive population concerns (elderly and children) about where they are located, in relation to drought and heat distress.  There is a lack of educational awareness about how droughts can affect a community and how to react when one occurs.  There is a lack of awareness about how droughts can lead to fires and how flash floods can exacerbate the problem.

Overall goal: To reduce the potential damage of droughts by public awareness of the long- terms effects of a drought.

Mitigation Core Group Developed Action Alternatives

Severe Storms  No action.  Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System countywide that will be interoperable.  Develop Public Service Announcements (PSAs) on the effects of ice storms. Seek funding for alternative systems such as underground utilities.  Plan for future resource (i.e. salt) use by using “worst case scenario.”  PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of sensitive populations and identifying where the special needs population resides.  Mapping of critical facilities of every community with the County.  Innovative PSAs on the susceptibility of certain locations within the County to severe weather.  PSAs on dealing with severe storms via mass mailing and community papers.  Backup generators for critical facilities and residences (i.e. Orange Village and Olmsted Township); evaluate pumping stations.  Evaluate countywide communication interoperability.  Evaluate other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention).  Participate in coordinating efforts in the mitigation process so that local communities do not bear sole financial burden when cleaning up after a severe storm.  Increase awareness of existing mutual aid resource for post-storm law enforcement.  Backups for critical lights and critical utilities. Underground utilities regulations required for local communities who seek funding.  Intelligent traffic transportation system.

Flooding Flash Flooding  Evaluate installing elevation markers or gates related to high hazard areas.  Identify those geographic areas with undersized infrastructure and increase the pipe size.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 157 Cuyahoga County, Ohio  Develop partnerships to enhance stormwater regulations countywide. Phase II stormwater utilities. Cooperational planning.  Outreach to school aged children regarding the dangers of playing in highly hazardous areas in relation to flash floods.  NOAA weather radios in all critical facilities, schools and hospitals. Basin planning.

100-Year Floodplain Flooding  Secure funding to update FEMA maps.  Preventative PSAs about responsibility of debris cleanup. Develop debris management program and plan.  Develop riparian setback ordinance in relation to Phase II communities, 25-300 feet. Revise 100-year floodplain maps. Evaluate the fully developed watershed concept (Chagrin River Watershed). Coordinate with other counties on facilitating mapping and regulations.  Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate.  Coordinate and facilitate Community Rating System (CRS). Determine benefits and costs of the program for all communities.

Non –Flood Zone Flooding  Seek funding for non-flood zone areas (Millcreek and I-77 at Fleet and Grant).  PSAs about non-flood zone flooding awareness.

Coastal and Streambank Erosion  High erosion zone of enforcement. Education. Determine areas of concern along Lake Erie coastline and develop overlay zone to prohibit or restrict development.  Seek funding to remove structures affected by erosion. Evaluate streambank erosion to determine cause.  Incorporate riparian setback requirements for new builds. Work with watershed groups to evaluate causes of erosion and seek funding to create an action plan to reduce it.  Seek funding to remove structures affected by erosion. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion.

Tornadoes  Seek funding for interoperable warning system (countywide) – NOAA radios, sirens, Reverse 911.  Large PSAs countywide. Evaluate other communities with existing systems.  Evaluate Metro Park shelter system, mobile home parks, schools, out-door athletic events.

Earthquakes  PSAs on seriousness of earthquakes.  Evaluate the regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Department to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake.  Seek funding for NOAA radios and notification devices (countywide).

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 158 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Drought  Seek funding for equipment to fight wild land fires.  Create a map of the urban wild land interface.  Create a map of the locations of sensitive populations.  PSAs on how droughts can affect a community.  PSAs on how droughts can lead to fires and how flash floods can exacerbate the problem.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 159 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 8 – Severe Storm History Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

1 CUYAHOGA 03/22/1955 0730 Tstm Wind 74 kts. 0 0 0 0

2 CUYAHOGA 05/12/1956 2000 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

3 CUYAHOGA 07/08/1956 1500 Tstm Wind 65 kts. 0 0 0 0

4 CUYAHOGA 08/05/1956 1835 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

5 CUYAHOGA 08/06/1956 0000 Tstm Wind 74 kts. 0 0 0 0

6 CUYAHOGA 08/18/1956 1528 Tstm Wind 65 kts. 0 0 0 0

7 CUYAHOGA 05/14/1957 1400 Tstm Wind 83 kts. 0 0 0 0

8 CUYAHOGA 06/25/1958 1620 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

9 CUYAHOGA 06/25/1958 1620 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

10 CUYAHOGA 08/07/1958 1400 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

11 CUYAHOGA 04/29/1959 1709 Tstm Wind 66 kts. 0 0 0 0

12 CUYAHOGA 04/22/1962 1703 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

13 CUYAHOGA 05/20/1962 1440 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

14 CUYAHOGA 07/20/1962 1900 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

15 CUYAHOGA 08/20/1962 2035 Tstm Wind 90 kts. 0 0 0 0

16 CUYAHOGA 04/18/1963 0012 Tstm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 0 0

17 CUYAHOGA 06/10/1963 1600 Tstm Wind 59 kts. 0 0 0 0

18 CUYAHOGA 08/03/1963 1635 Tstm Wind 74 kts. 0 0 0 0

19 CUYAHOGA 01/26/1965 1300 Tstm Wind 51 kts. 0 0 0 0

20 CUYAHOGA 05/16/1965 1251 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

21 CUYAHOGA 08/06/1965 1545 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

22 CUYAHOGA 03/23/1966 1430 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

23 CUYAHOGA 02/15/1967 2145 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

24 CUYAHOGA 03/23/1967 1600 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

25 CUYAHOGA 07/23/1967 0930 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

26 CUYAHOGA 05/15/1968 1740 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

27 CUYAHOGA 06/20/1968 1730 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

28 CUYAHOGA 06/25/1968 1800 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

29 CUYAHOGA 07/22/1968 1406 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

30 CUYAHOGA 08/06/1968 2200 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

31 CUYAHOGA 04/21/1969 1730 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

32 CUYAHOGA 07/04/1969 1800 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

33 CUYAHOGA 07/04/1969 1807 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

34 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1970 1435 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

35 CUYAHOGA 06/20/1971 1915 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

36 CUYAHOGA 08/10/1971 1325 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 160 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

37 CUYAHOGA 08/10/1971 1420 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

38 CUYAHOGA 07/18/1972 1617 Tstm Wind 56 kts. 0 0 0 0

39 CUYAHOGA 08/26/1972 1815 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

40 CUYAHOGA 06/03/1973 2216 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

41 CUYAHOGA 03/08/1974 1331 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

42 CUYAHOGA 04/14/1974 1200 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

43 CUYAHOGA 04/14/1974 1220 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

44 CUYAHOGA 05/11/1974 1700 Tstm Wind 65 kts. 0 0 0 0

45 CUYAHOGA 05/11/1974 1712 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

46 CUYAHOGA 06/30/1974 1545 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

47 CUYAHOGA 08/13/1974 1215 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

48 CUYAHOGA 08/13/1974 1420 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

49 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1975 1600 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

50 CUYAHOGA 02/18/1976 1539 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

51 CUYAHOGA 02/18/1976 1551 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

52 CUYAHOGA 03/04/1976 0320 Tstm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 0 0

53 CUYAHOGA 03/05/1976 0230 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

54 CUYAHOGA 03/12/1976 1856 Tstm Wind 51 kts. 0 0 0 0

55 CUYAHOGA 04/21/1976 1629 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

56 CUYAHOGA 07/10/1976 0730 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

57 CUYAHOGA 07/11/1976 1430 Tstm Wind 60 kts. 0 0 0 0

58 CUYAHOGA 07/15/1976 0010 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

59 CUYAHOGA 09/21/1976 1500 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

60 CUYAHOGA 07/07/1977 1515 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

61 CUYAHOGA 07/12/1977 1835 Tstm Wind 58 kts. 0 0 0 0

62 CUYAHOGA 05/20/1978 1745 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

63 CUYAHOGA 06/12/1978 1201 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

64 CUYAHOGA 08/19/1978 1400 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

65 CUYAHOGA 06/10/1979 1615 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

66 CUYAHOGA 06/20/1979 2020 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

67 CUYAHOGA 08/05/1979 1345 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

68 CUYAHOGA 05/13/1980 1735 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

69 CUYAHOGA 05/13/1980 1745 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

70 CUYAHOGA 06/07/1980 1905 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

71 CUYAHOGA 07/05/1980 0825 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

72 CUYAHOGA 08/02/1980 0730 Tstm Wind 70 kts. 0 0 0 0

73 CUYAHOGA 08/02/1980 0735 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 161 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

74 CUYAHOGA 08/02/1980 1513 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

75 CUYAHOGA 06/22/1981 0335 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

76 CUYAHOGA 06/22/1981 0400 Tstm Wind 61 kts. 0 0 0 0

77 CUYAHOGA 06/22/1981 0430 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

78 CUYAHOGA 09/14/1981 0810 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

79 CUYAHOGA 09/14/1981 0915 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

80 CUYAHOGA 01/04/1982 0753 Tstm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 0 0

81 CUYAHOGA 03/31/1982 1149 Tstm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 0 0

82 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1982 1750 Tstm Wind 67 kts. 0 0 0 0

83 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1982 1755 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

84 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1982 1830 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

85 CUYAHOGA 04/28/1983 1201 Tstm Wind 68 kts. 0 0 0 0

86 CUYAHOGA 04/28/1983 1230 Tstm Wind 63 kts. 0 0 0 0

87 CUYAHOGA 05/02/1983 1255 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

88 CUYAHOGA 07/04/1983 1530 Tstm Wind 54 kts. 0 0 0 0

89 CUYAHOGA 07/04/1983 1540 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

90 CUYAHOGA 07/21/1983 1350 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

91 CUYAHOGA 09/06/1983 1640 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

92 CUYAHOGA 06/13/1984 1835 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

93 CUYAHOGA 06/18/1984 1426 Tstm Wind 60 kts. 0 0 0 0

94 CUYAHOGA 03/10/1986 1755 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

95 CUYAHOGA 03/10/1986 1800 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

96 CUYAHOGA 07/25/1986 1950 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

97 CUYAHOGA 08/26/1986 1415 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

98 CUYAHOGA 08/26/1986 1430 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

99 CUYAHOGA 06/29/1987 1250 Tstm Wind 61 kts. 0 0 0 0

100 CUYAHOGA 06/29/1987 1915 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

101 CUYAHOGA 08/02/1987 1720 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

102 CUYAHOGA 08/02/1987 1820 Tstm Wind 56 kts. 0 0 0 0

103 CUYAHOGA 05/09/1988 1530 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

104 CUYAHOGA 05/09/1988 1550 Tstm Wind 61 kts. 0 0 0 0

105 CUYAHOGA 05/15/1988 1920 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

106 CUYAHOGA 06/25/1988 1832 Tstm Wind 73 kts. 0 0 0 0

107 CUYAHOGA 07/10/1988 2030 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

108 CUYAHOGA 08/05/1988 1300 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

109 CUYAHOGA 08/14/1988 1528 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0

110 CUYAHOGA 05/25/1989 2019 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 162 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

111 CUYAHOGA 11/15/1989 1634 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

112 CUYAHOGA 11/27/1989 2320 Tstm Wind 64 kts. 0 0 0 0

113 CUYAHOGA 06/03/1990 1720 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

114 CUYAHOGA 09/06/1990 1815 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 3 3 0 0

115 CUYAHOGA 09/07/1990 0150 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

116 CUYAHOGA 09/14/1990 1515 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

117 CUYAHOGA 09/16/1990 0856 Tstm Wind 62 kts. 0 0 0 0

118 CUYAHOGA 09/23/1990 1815 Tstm Wind 58 kts. 0 0 0 0

119 CUYAHOGA 03/27/1991 2220 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

120 CUYAHOGA 04/09/1991 1622 Tstm Wind 57 kts. 0 0 0 0

121 CUYAHOGA 04/09/1991 1700 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

122 CUYAHOGA 04/15/1991 0945 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

123 CUYAHOGA 05/30/1991 1750 Tstm Wind 65 kts. 0 0 0 0

124 CUYAHOGA 05/31/1991 2148 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

125 CUYAHOGA 06/15/1991 2100 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

126 CUYAHOGA 07/07/1991 2115 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

127 CUYAHOGA 08/30/1991 1345 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

128 CUYAHOGA 08/30/1991 1400 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

129 CUYAHOGA 05/17/1992 1535 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

130 CUYAHOGA 07/10/1992 1640 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

131 CUYAHOGA 07/14/1992 1724 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 1 0 0

132 CUYAHOGA 07/14/1992 1815 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

133 CUYAHOGA 07/14/1992 1845 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

134 CUYAHOGA 08/10/1992 2040 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

135 CUYAHOGA 08/10/1992 2248 Tstm Wind 65 kts. 0 1 0 0

136 CUYAHOGA 09/09/1992 1700 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

137 CUYAHOGA 10/14/1992 1853 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

138 E Portion 09/10/1993 1016 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

139 Middleburg Heights 04/12/1994 1000 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

140 Countywide 04/15/1994 1245 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

141 Parma 06/13/1994 1845 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

142 Garfield Heights And 06/15/1994 1430 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 1 0 5K 0

143 Countywide 06/20/1994 1700 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 50K 0

144 N Royalton 07/05/1994 1135 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

145 Bedford Heights 07/06/1994 2200 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

146 Parma 07/24/1994 1333 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

147 Cleveland 08/04/1994 1225 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 163 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

148 E Portion 08/28/1994 1340 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 1 0 5.0M 0

149 OHZ001>020 - 024>031 - 034>037 - 042>044 - 051>053 - 060 11/01/1994 2000 High Winds 0 kts. 0 1 500K 0 - 061 - 070

150 OHZ001>038 - 042>047 - 11/27/1994 1400 High Winds 0 kts. 0 1 50K 0 051>053 - 060>062 - 070 - 071

151 OHZ001>041 - 047 - 048 11/28/1994 1000 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 500K 0

152 CUYAHOGA 03/07/1995 1825 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0

153 Countywide 03/20/1995 1631 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 5K 0

154 OHZ011 - 012 - 020 - 030 - 031 04/21/1995 1215 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 120K 0

155 CUYAHOGA 05/28/1995 2255 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 250K 0

156 CUYAHOGA 05/28/1995 2305 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 400K 0

157 Lake Erie 07/13/1995 1845 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 1 9 500K 0

158 Countywide 07/13/1995 1900 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 600K 0

Thunderstorm 159 Countywide 07/15/1995 1835 N/A 0 0 40K 0 Windshail

160 Chagrin Falls 07/15/1995 1930 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 4K 0

161 Brook Park 07/15/1995 1938 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 150K 0

162 Cleveland 07/16/1995 1942 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 2K 0

163 Chagrin Falls 08/01/1995 1822 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 15K 0

164 Bay Village Westlake 08/13/1995 2020 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 12K 0

165 North Olmsted 09/13/1995 1855 Thunderstorm Winds N/A 0 0 0 0

166 Northern Ohio 10/05/1995 0900 Strong Winds N/A 0 0 80K 0

167 Northeast Ohio 10/20/1995 1230 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 70K 0

168 Northern Ohio 10/24/1995 0600 Strong Winds N/A 0 0 25K 0

169 Northern Ohio 11/11/1995 0630 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 260K 0

170 North Central And Nor 11/27/1995 1800 High Winds 0 kts. 0 0 40K 0

171 OHZ002>003 - 005>014 - 06:00 01/27/1996 High Wind 68 kts. 0 0 0 0 018>023 - 033 AM

172 OHZ002>003 - 005>014 - 10:00 02/10/1996 High Wind 50 kts. 0 0 45K 0 018>023 - 029 PM

173 OHZ002>003 - 006>014 - 10:00 03/25/1996 High Wind 55 kts. 0 0 529K 0 018>023 - 029>033 - 038 AM

05:37 174 Countywide 04/12/1996 Tstm Wind 72 kts. 1 1 1.0M 0 PM

09:50 175 Cleveland Heights 04/22/1996 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

176 OHZ007>013 - 018>022 - 02:00 04/25/1996 High Wind 52 kts. 0 0 44K 0 027>032 - 036>038 PM

10:55 177 North Olmsted 06/13/1996 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

09:20 178 Independence 07/16/1996 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 164 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

02:45 179 Brecksville 08/15/1996 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 2K 0 PM

06:04 180 Cleveland 08/20/1996 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

07:00 181 Solon 08/20/1996 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 2K 0 PM

182 OHZ009>014 - 019>023 - 04:00 09/07/1996 High Wind 50 kts. 0 0 128K 200K 029>033 - 038 - 047 AM

04:05 183 Northern Portion 09/12/1996 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

184 OHZ002>003 - 005>014 - 12:10 10/30/1996 High Wind 69 kts. 1 2 5.3M 2.3M 017>023 - 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 AM

06:50 185 Western Portion 11/07/1996 Tstm Wind 66 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

01:51 186 Garfield Heights 12/01/1996 Tstm Wind 51 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

12:01 187 Northern Half 12/01/1996 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 20K 0 PM

188 OHZ007>014 - 019>023 - 10:30 02/21/1997 High Wind 58 kts. 0 0 20K 0 029>033 - 038 AM

189 OHZ011>014 - 021>023 - 02:13 02/22/1997 High Wind 50 kts. 0 0 9K 0 031>033 - 038 AM

03:15 190 Hunting Valley 02/22/1997 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 1K 0 AM

191 OHZ002>003 - 005>014 - 12:15 02/27/1997 High Wind 57 kts. 0 0 180K 0 017>023 - 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 AM

10:21 192 OHZ011>012 - 014 03/09/1997 High Wind 54 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

193 OHZ003 - 007 - 010>012 - 017 04:27 05/01/1997 High Wind 60 kts. 0 0 63K 0 - 029>030 - 032 - 037 - 047 AM

01:55 194 Bay Vlg 05/19/1997 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

03:41 195 Westlake 08/16/1997 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

03:45 196 Highland Hgts 08/16/1997 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

09:22 197 Countywide 08/16/1997 Tstm Wind 54 kts. 0 0 5K 0 AM

09:30 198 Cleveland 08/16/1997 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 2 0 75K 0 AM

02:00 199 OHZ011 09/29/1997 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 PM

03:00 200 OHZ011 03/27/1998 High Wind 0 kts. 1 0 2K 0 PM

201 OHZ009>014 - 019>023 - 09:30 03/28/1998 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 305K 0 028>033 - 038 AM

05:00 202 Cleveland 05/31/1998 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 6K 0 PM

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 165 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

05:00 203 Lakewood 05/31/1998 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 1 0 10K 0 PM

05:55 204 Cleveland 05/31/1998 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

07:03 205 Countywide 06/12/1998 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 10K 0 PM

10:17 206 Garfield Hgts 06/13/1998 Tstm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

07:04 207 Countywide 07/21/1998 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 100K 0 PM

05:45 208 Countywide 09/07/1998 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 AM

04:40 209 Countywide 11/10/1998 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 75K 0 PM

210 OHZ003 - 006>013 - 017>021 - 11:15 11/10/1998 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 535K 0 027>031 - 036>038 - 047 AM

04:40 211 OHZ011>014 - 029 03/17/1999 High Wind 55 kts. 0 0 80K 0 PM

212 OHZ007>011 - 017>020 - 09:00 05/06/1999 High Wind 52 kts. 0 0 328K 50K 027>031 - 036>038 - 047 AM

04:30 213 Bedford 06/10/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

02:20 214 North Olmsted 07/06/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 40K 0 PM

02:32 215 Garfield Hgts 07/06/1999 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

04:52 216 Countywide 07/09/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 30K 0 PM

07:56 217 Bay Vlg 07/24/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 3 0 2K 0 PM

10:52 218 Cleveland Lakefront 07/28/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 25K 0 PM

10:53 219 Cleveland Lakefront 07/28/1999 Tstm Wind 56 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

03:55 220 Cle Hopkins Intl Arp 07/31/1999 Tstm Wind 59 kts. 0 0 50K 0 PM

04:00 221 Countywide 07/31/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 200K 0 PM

03:57 222 Countywide 10/13/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 20K 0 PM

04:31 223 Countywide 10/13/1999 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 75K 0 PM

07:45 224 North Olmsted 04/20/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 PM

05:00 225 Cleveland 05/23/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

06:30 226 Fairview Park 05/31/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 PM

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 166 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

11:40 227 Brecksville 06/02/2000 Tstm Wind 59 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

05:00 228 Bay Vlg 07/14/2000 Tstm Wind 54 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

09:00 229 Cleveland 07/21/2000 Tstm Wind 51 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

10:15 230 Countywide 08/06/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 PM

07:15 231 Countywide 08/09/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 25K 0 PM

03:00 232 Countywide 10/04/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 1.0M 0 AM

05:25 233 Countywide 10/04/2000 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 250K 0 AM

05:28 234 Garfield Hgts 10/04/2000 Tstm Wind 51 kts. 0 0 0 0 AM

235 OHZ006>014 - 017>023 - 11:30 12/11/2000 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 4.4M 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 PM

236 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 08:00 02/09/2001 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 320K 0 027>031 - 033 - 038 - 047 PM

237 OHZ003 - 006>007 - 009>014 - 07:00 017>019 - 021 - 023 - 027>029 - 02/25/2001 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 460K 0 AM 031>033 - 036>038

238 OHZ003 - 006>013 - 017>022 - 09:00 04/12/2001 High Wind 0 kts. 1 0 815K 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 AM

05:05 239 North Royalton 06/20/2001 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 1 500K 0 PM

05:45 240 Fairview Park 09/21/2001 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 PM

06:05 241 Shaker Hgts 09/21/2001 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

12:00 242 OHZ010>014 - 021>023 - 033 10/16/2001 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 190K 0 PM

10:15 243 Olmsted Falls 10/24/2001 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

244 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 11:00 10/25/2001 High Wind 0 kts. 0 4 760K 0 027>033 - 036 - 038 - 047 AM

245 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 10:00 02/01/2002 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 1.1M 0 028>033 - 037>038 - 047 AM

246 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 02:30 03/09/2002 High Wind 55 kts. 2 8 8.9M 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 PM

03:00 247 Seven Hills 04/09/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 500K 0 AM

07:33 248 Cleveland 05/25/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 PM

03:30 249 University Hgts 06/14/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

250 Cleveland 06/21/2002 02:20 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 25K 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 167 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD

PM

03:40 251 Garfield Hgts 06/21/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 PM

01:20 252 North Royalton 07/22/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

09:55 253 Parma 07/22/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 2K 0 PM

06:00 254 Solon 07/28/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 30K 0 PM

09:05 255 Countywide 07/28/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 35K 0 PM

09:05 256 Seven Hills 07/28/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

06:18 257 Rocky River 07/29/2002 Tstm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

06:42 258 Cleveland 07/29/2002 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0 PM

06:42 259 North Olmsted 07/29/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

08:25 260 Parma 08/04/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

05:05 261 Cleveland 08/14/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

02:30 262 North Royalton 09/03/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 PM

04:45 263 Solon 09/19/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 25K 0 AM

07:00 264 Bedford 11/10/2002 Tstm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 PM

TOTALS: 18 32 37.526M 2.500M

Key to table abbreviations: Mag = Magnitude (knots) Dth = Deaths Inj = Injuries PrD = Property Damage CrD = Crop Damage

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 168 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 9 – Snow and Ice Events Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 1 Northeast Ohio 12/11/1993 0100 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 5K 0 2 Northeast Ohio 12/25/1993 1100 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 500K 0 3 Extreme Northeast 02/03/1994 0300 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 5K 0 4 North Central And Nor 02/08/1994 1300 Ice Storm N/A 0 6 500K 500K 5 Northern Ohio 02/25/1994 1600 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 50K 0 6 Extreme Northeast 01/03/1995 2100 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 7 OHZ002 - 004>006 - 008>011 - 017 - 019 - 020 - 025>027 - 030 - 01/21/1995 0100 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 500K 0 039 - 049 - 058 - 059 - 068 - 069 8 OHZ011>014 - 020>023 02/04/1995 0900 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 20K 0 9 Extreme Northeast 11/04/1995 0300 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 5K 0 10 Cuyahoga And Geauga C 12/10/1995 2200 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 15K 0 11 OHZ011>014 - 020>023 - 01/02/1996 09:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 3.4M 0 030>033 - 037>038 - 047 12 OHZ002>003 - 005>013 - 03/19/1996 04:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 352K 0 018>021 - 027>030 - 036>037 - 047 13 OHZ010>014 - 021>023 11/09/1996 03:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 13 21.0M 0 14 OHZ011 - 013>014 12/24/1996 05:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 15 OHZ011>014 01/16/1997 10:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 16 OHZ011>014 - 023 11/15/1997 06:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 17 OHZ011>012 - 022 12/06/1997 02:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 18 OHZ011 - 013 - 021>022 12/30/1997 08:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 19 Countywide 01/13/1998 12:00 AM Glaze N/A 0 61 0 0 20 OHZ011 - 013>014 - 021 03/10/1998 03:45 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 21 OHZ011>014 12/22/1998 01:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 22 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 01/02/1999 04:00 AM Winter Storm N/A 0 56 600K 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 23 OHZ009>014 - 018>023 - 01/08/1999 04:00 AM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 46K 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 24 OHZ010>014 - 017>023 - 01/13/1999 01:30 AM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 58K 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 25 OHZ008 - 010>011 01/14/1999 12:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 2 250K 0 26 OHZ011>014 - 023 02/12/1999 05:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 27 OHZ003 - 007>014 - 020>023 03/05/1999 09:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 300K 0 28 OHZ011>014 12/23/1999 05:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 575K 0 29 OHZ011>014 - 020>022 01/19/2000 10:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 315K 0 30 OHZ011 - 013>014 - 023 01/21/2000 01:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 70K 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 169 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 31 OHZ010>013 - 021 01/26/2000 05:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 90K 0 32 OHZ011 - 013 01/27/2000 06:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 20K 0 33 OHZ011>014 02/13/2000 10:00 PM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 170K 0 34 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 020>021 03/11/2000 12:00 PM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 315K 0 35 OHZ011>014 - 021 11/20/2000 06:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 1.3M 0 36 OHZ011>014 12/06/2000 10:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 155K 0 37 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 018>023 - 12/13/2000 02:00 PM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 2.5M 0 030>033 - 036>038 - 047 38 OHZ011>014 - 023 12/27/2000 05:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 295K 0 39 OHZ011 - 013>014 12/31/2000 06:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 85K 0 40 OHZ011 - 013 01/05/2001 03:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 65K 0 41 OHZ011 01/27/2001 12:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 25K 0 42 OHZ010>013 - 019>023 - 03/05/2001 07:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 390K 0 029>030 43 OHZ011>014 03/26/2001 02:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 180K 0 44 OHZ011>014 12/28/2001 02:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 950K 0 45 OHZ011 01/07/2002 10:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 15K 0 46 OHZ010>014 - 021>023 02/27/2002 06:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 250K 0 47 OHZ011>014 03/22/2002 12:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 325K 0 48 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 03/24/2002 08:00 PM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 1.6M 0 027>033 - 036>038 - 047 49 OHZ003 - 006>014 - 017>023 - 12/24/2002 09:00 PM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 3.1M 0 027>033 50 OHZ011 - 013 - 020>021 01/06/2003 06:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 325K 0 51 OHZ010>014 01/26/2003 02:00 AM Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 325K 0 TOTALS: 0 138 40.976M 500K

Key to table abbreviations: Mag = Magnitude (knots) Dth = Deaths Inj = Injuries PrD = Property Damage CrD = Crop Damage

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 170 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 10 – Methodology for Creating Erosion Hazard Map (Map can be found on page 89)

Excerpts from the Problem Ranking Methodology (Revised by JPS 6/13/03)

2.0 Problem Quantification

The severity of the problems were primarily quantified using the MIKE SWMM Hydrologic/Hydraulic computer program. Erosion, local street flooding, arterial road flooding, railroad flooding, highway flooding and structure flooding were identified and quantified using length, depth of flooding, potential impacts, number of streets flooded, and what design storm the flooding occurred.

Problems were grouped primarily by location. A problem location may have multiple types of problems such as: debris, flooding, and erosion. An erosion problem may consist of a 5000-foot reach of stream. A flooding problem may consist of a single structure or several streets and dozens of houses within a predicted flooding area.

2.1 Erosion

Erosion can be a very subjective parameter to quantify its severity. For this reason, several methods were utilized to identify observed and predicted streambank erosion. It is also very difficult to predict if erosive conditions will scour the banks, downcut the streambed or deposit sediment.

2.1.1 Observed Erosion Problems For purposes of ranking and prioritizing erosion problems, erosion was quantified during the RIDE Study stream walks by visual observations and recorded on the field forms as "High" or "Medium" severity. These erosion observations were added to the list of RIDE problems along with previous identified erosion problems from the RPSD Study. However, during the RPSD Study, the observations only recorded a "YES" or "NO" and not High, Medium or Low. Thus, all RPSD observed erosion problems were included in the RIDE list of problems.

2.1.2 Predicted Erosion Potential The predicted erosion analysis that was performed included the following methods.

Out-Of-Bank Analysis: For a two-year/24 hour design storm, how much is the flow out of banks compared with the estimated incised channel. If the flow area was 0 to 50% greater than the incised channel, it was recorded as "L" (low) predicted erosion potential. If the flow area was 50 to 100% greater than the incised channel, it was recorded as "M" (medium) predicted erosion potential. If the flow area was greater than 100% greater than the incised channel, it was recorded as "H" (High) predicted erosion potential. For each predicted erosion problem, a length was documented from the SWMM model and recorded in the RIDE Problem Database.

Utilizing the results from the above methodology information for each problem area, the predicted width of the cross section was overlaid onto the GIS map to identify the locations where a structure or street could be impacted if erosion were to erode the streambanks to this predicted potential width. Each erosion problem was also categorized in one of the following two categories:

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 171 Cuyahoga County, Ohio a) "Erosion with no potential for structural or infrastructure impact" (i.e. If there were no streets or structures or known pipes within the predicted width of the stream for a 2- year storm.)

b) "Erosion with potential for structural or infrastructure impact" (i.e. If there were streets or structures or known pipes within the predicted width of the stream for a 2-year storm.)

This information was used in the scoring of each problem as presented in Section 3.3.

Velocity Analysis: For a two-year/24 hour design storm, how high are the velocities compared to the erosive velocity of the soil as identified from the available local soil maps? If the 2-year predicted velocity was 0 to 2 feet per second greater than the allowable erosive velocity of the soil, it was recorded as "L" (Low) predicted erosion potential. If the 2-year predicted velocity was 2 to 4 feet per second greater than the allowable erosive velocity of the soil, it was recorded as "M" (Medium) predicted erosion potential. If the 2-year predicted velocity was greater than 4 feet per second greater than the allowable erosive velocity of the soil, it was recorded as "H" (High) predicted erosion potential. For each predicted erosion problem, a length was documented from the SWMM model and recorded in the RIDE Problem Database.

2.1.3 Overall Erosion Ranking The overall erosion ranking was developed by combining the information from field observations, velocity analysis and out-of-bank analysis. Using this information, three severity categories were developed as described below.

Low Erosion Severity If there were no physical observations of erosion from the stream walks or community information and the Velocity Analysis and Out-Of-Bank Analysis were both categorized as "LOW", then the overall erosion rating was given a "LOW" severity. Also, any stream reach that was not analyzed with the SWMM models or had 2-Year velocities less than the allowable erosive velocity of the soil, then the stream reach was given a "LOW" severity.

Moderate Erosion Severity "Moderate" erosion severity was documented if one of the following conditions were met:

a) If there no were physical observations of erosion from the stream walks or community information but the Velocity Analysis was categorized as "MEDIUM", then the overall erosion rating was given a "MODERATE" erosion severity. or b) If the physical observations from the RIDE stream walks recorded a "MEDIUM" erosion problem then the "MODERATE" erosion severity was recorded in the RIDE Problem Database.

High Erosion Severity "HIGH" erosion severity was documented if one of the following conditions were met:

b) If the RIDE physical observations of erosion from the stream walks had a "HIGH" rating. or c) If the RPSD recorded any physical observations of erosion from the stream walks. (ie. has a "YES" in the RIDE Problem database.) or

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 172 Cuyahoga County, Ohio d) If there were no physical observations of erosion from the stream walks or community information but the Velocity Analysis was categorized as "HIGH", then the overall erosion rating was given a "HIGH" erosion severity.

2.1.4 Erosion and Capital Projects The RIDE Study Team with input from NEORSD, determined that ONLY erosion problems that are an immediate threat to a structure, road, bridge, culvert, pipeline, or concrete lined channels (such as Big Creek due to the severity and safety issues associated with it) will be solved with a capital project. All other erosion problems will be solved as part of a stream improvement project or handled with the Overall RIDE Maintenance Program or the Replacement and Renewal Program. For the scoring of erosion projects, if an erosion problem was predicted to be an "immediate threat", then the problem was given an additional 2 points with a maximum score of 10 for erosion.

3.1 Problem Priority Ranking Methodology

Each intercommunity problem location was prioritized based on the methodology presented in this section. Intra-community problems and numerous reported or observed problems were summarized on the table but were not prioritized. Each problem location was scored in five different categories from a scale of 1 to 10. Each problem category was assigned a weighting factor that is multiplied by the score in each category. The sum of the weight times the score for all 5 categories provides the score for the problem location.

Below are the five categories and the weighting factors:

Category Weighting Factor Debris 0.5 Erosion 1.5 Local Street Flooding 1.0 Arterial Street Flooding 2.0 Structure Flooding 5.0

With this system, Arterial Flooding is two times more important than Local Street Flooding and Structure Flooding is 10 times more important than a Debris problem.

3.3 Scoring System for Erosion

Following is the methodology for scoring erosion problems for the RIDE Study:

SCORING SYSTEM FOR EROSION PROBLEMS Erosion Type Low Length 2 High Length 3 Erosion with no potential for structural or infrastructure 2 4 impact 4 Erosion with potential for structural or infrastructure 6 8 impact 5 Notes: 1. A value of 2 is added to the above scoring matrix if if the erosion is an immediate threat to a structure, pipe, road, bridge/culvert, concrete lined channel or other utility. 2. Low Length = less than 2000 feet of erosion length

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 173 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 3. High Length = greater than 2000 feet of erosion length 4. If there were no streets or structures or known pipes within the predicted width of the stream for a 2-year storm. 5. If there were streets or structures or known pipes within the predicted width of the stream for a 2- year storm

Example: If an erosion problem was not recorded in the field but it had the following characteristics: - a 2-Year stream velocity of 8.5 feet per second - the existing soil has a capacity to handle 4.0 feet per second - the problem length was 3000 feet - the out of bank analysis showed several houses within the width of the stream cross section - there were NO immediate threats identified from the field

Then the Erosion Score = 8 (score) x 1.5 (weight factor) = 12

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 174 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 11 – Ohio Coastal Management Program

Coastal Management Assistance Grants are available for the activities relating to the following six areas:

1. Water resources and watersheds; 2. Coastal land use and development; 3. Coastal habitat, wetlands and natural areas; 4. Coastal flooding and erosion; 5. Recreational opportunities; and 6. Fish and wildlife resources.

These grants are 1:1 matching competitive grants. Eligible parties include:

 Units of local government, including municipalities, townships, counties and villages;  Area-wide agencies, including county and regional planning agencies;  State agencies whose activities affect or are affected by activities in the coastal area;  Colleges, universities and other institutions of higher learning;  School districts;  Park districts, conservancy districts and port authorities; and  Nonprofit organizations that are legally constituted as 501 (c)(3) organizations and have been nominated to undertake the project by one of the other eligible entities listed above.

Funding priority for the grants is Comprehensive Community Planning. This priority comes under the project category Coastal Land Use and Development. The goal is to promote community planning that will address enhanced public access, hazard mitigation, natural resource protection and restoration, and sustainable coastal development issues.

The following are examples of the types of projects that are not eligible:

 Restroom facilities;  Construction of erosion control structures;  Beach nourishment;  Maintenance;  General recreational facilities such as playgrounds, ball fields and courts, etc.;  Road and parking lot construction;  Water and sewer line construction; and  Wetland or other habitat restoration that is required as a condition of a permit or other regulatory action.

The following is a breakdown of the Coastal Management Assistance Grant Timeline:

 Applications printed and distributed annually in late September  Applications due in early December  Grant awards announced in March  Projects begin in July and must be completed by 15 months later in September of the following year

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 175 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 12 – Highest Rated Mitigation Alternatives for Each Community

The following action items were the highest rated mitigation alternatives based on the matrix returned from each community. These actions are thus listed as the chosen action items for that community.

Bay Village Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Bay Village Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: The older communities located in Cuyahoga County (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have severe problems with sewage backups during severe storm events, which cause ecological, environmental and health issues. Evaluate other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention). Score: 33 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the city‟s boundaries.

Beachwood Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Beachwood Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems but none are interoperable. Score: 40 Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Alternative: Determine areas of concern along the Lake Erie coastline and develop an overlay zone to prohibit or restrict development. Create map to show sensitive areas. Several structures have been affected by erosion. Seek funding to remove structures severely affected by erosion. Score: 40 Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Alternative: There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, debris, redirecting traffic and cleanup. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. Score: 40 Hazard: Earthquakes Action Alternative: There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance. Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Department to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 176 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Score: 40

Bedford Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Bedford Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e., elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations 2) Locate and identify special needs populations Score: 35

Bedford Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Bedford Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e., elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations 2) Locate and identify special needs populations Score: 36 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the city‟s boundaries.

Bentleyville Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Bentleyville Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Communities within Cuyahoga County have difficulty predicting resources needed to respond to severe storm events, such as the need for salt during the winter season. Develop plans for the future using “worst case scenario.” Score: 35 Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event. Seek funding for critical lights and critical utilities backup. Score: 35 Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 177 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Action Alternative: There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, debris, redirecting traffic and cleanup. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. Score: 35

Bratenahl Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Bratenahl Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e., well water, septic systems and long-term power outages). Seek funding for backup generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis). Score: 34

Brecksville Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Brecksville Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: People drive through floodwaters. Seek funding to install elevation markers at areas of flash flooding.Score: 28 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: The City of Brecksville is currently developing a storm water management project that will mitigate flooding.

Broadview Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Broadview Heights Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: The County must develop detailed PSAs on siren system as part of the countywide interoperable system. Score: 37

Brooklyn Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 178 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Responsible Party: City of Brooklyn Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities do not know where all of their critical facilities are located countywide. Map all of the critical facilities of every community with the County. Score: 35 Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e., well water, septic systems and long-term power outages). Seek funding for backup generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis). Score: 35 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios in all critical facilities. Score: 35

Brooklyn Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Brooklyn Heights Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: Other communities within their watershed who are unable to handle the runoff they generate directly affects neighboring communities. Develop partnerships to enhance stormwater regulations countywide. Score: 30

Brookpark Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Brookpark Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e., elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations 2) Locate and identify special needs populations Score: 32

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 179 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Chagrin Falls Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Chagrin Falls Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 40 Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: The County must develop detailed PSAs on the siren system as a part of the countywide interoperable system. Score: 40

Cleveland Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Cleveland Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: The older communities within Cuyahoga County (such as Chagrin Falls and Cleveland) have severe problems with sewage backups during severe storm events, which cause ecological, environmental and health issues. Evaluate other communities on how they mitigated sewage backup (back flow prevention). Score: 36 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the eight repetitive loss structures located within the city‟s boundaries.

Cleveland Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Cleveland Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Ice storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities. Seek funding for alternative systems such as underground utilities. Score: 37

East Cleveland Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of East Cleveland Hazard: Severe Storms

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 180 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Action Alternative: All communities located within Cuyahoga County may not be able to communicate with each other based on the type of communication utilized within a particular community (i.e., actual equipment used, radios, etc.). Evaluate countywide communication interoperability. Seek funding to make communities‟ first responders interoperable. Score: 36

Fairview Park Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Fairview Park Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Ice storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities. Seek funding for alternative systems such as underground utilities. Score: 40 Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There are no tornado shelters in public areas or parks within Cuyahoga County. Evaluate the MetroParks system and mobile home park sites to determine the potential to install multi-use tornado shelters. Seek funding to implement installation of tornado shelters. Score: 40

Garfield Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Garfield Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e., elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations 2) Locate and identify special needs populations. Score: 36 Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities do not know where all of their critical facilities are located countywide. Map all of the critical facilities of every community within the County. Score: 36 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the city‟s boundaries.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 181 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Gates Mills Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Gates Mills Hazard: Earthquakes Action Alternative: Lack of weather radios in rural areas to notify residents of disasters. Seek funding for NOAA radios and notification devices (countywide). Score: 35 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the two repetitive loss structures located within the village‟s boundaries.

Highland Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Highland Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e., well water, septic systems and long-term power outages). Seek funding for backup generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis). Score: 40 Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Critical lights and critical utilities (charged power lines down) can become a problem after a severe storm event. Seek funding for critical lights and critical utilities backup. Score: 40 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: The undersized infrastructure is unable to handle the stormwater in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Seek funding to replace inadequate, undersized infrastructure in defined areas. Score: 40 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: Other communities within their watershed who are unable to handle the runoff they generate directly affects neighboring communities within Cuyahoga County. Develop partnerships to enhance stormwater regulations. Score: 40 Hazard: 100-Year Floodplain Flooding Action Alternative: Due to the northern location of Cuyahoga County, secondary affects of winter flooding are a problem. Debris cleanup and dealing with ice are sometimes as bad as the actual flood. Develop a debris management program and plan. Score: 40

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 182 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Hazard: 100-Year Floodplain Flooding Action Alternative: Most communities in Cuyahoga County follow the minimum NFIP and still allow new structures to be built in the 100-year floodplain. Develop a riparian setback ordinance. Potentially evaluate the fully developed watershed concept. Coordinate with watershed groups to seek funding. Score: 40 Hazard: 100-Year Floodplain Flooding Action Alternative: Undersized utilities and roadways are directly affected by flood events. Modify infrastructure to handle bigger storm events. Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Score: 40 Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Alternative: Determine areas of concern along the Lake Erie coastline and develop an overlay zone to prohibit or restrict development. Create a map to show sensitive areas. Several structures have been affected by erosion. Seek funding to remove structures severely affected by erosion. Score: 40 Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Alternative: There are infrastructure issues relating to roadways falling in, debris, redirecting traffic and cleanup. Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. Score: 40 Hazard: Drought Action Alternative: Wild land fires are a secondary effect of droughts. There is a lack of equipment and/or accessibility to fighting wild land fires. Seek funding for equipment to fight wild land fires. Score: 40 Hazard: Drought Action Alternative: There is a lack of educational awareness about how droughts can lead to fires, how flash floods can exacerbate the problem, the effects of a drought on a community and how to react when one occurs. Develop PSAs. Score: 40

Hunting Valley Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability Responsible Party: Village of Hunting Valley Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County communities have difficulty responding to the needs of sensitive populations (i.e., the elderly, foreign languages) during and after severe storm events. 1) Develop PSAs that reflect the “special needs” of those populations 2) Locate and identify special needs populations.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 183 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Score: 36.5

Independence Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability Responsible Party: City of Independence Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storm events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden emergency response services. Develop outreach for communities and awareness of existing mutual aid resources. Score: 40 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: Other communities within their watershed who are unable to deal with the runoff they generate directly affect communities of the County. Develop partnerships to enhance stormwater regulations countywide. Score: 40 Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: There is not sufficient warning time as it relates to flash flooding in some areas of Cuyahoga County. Seek funding to acquire NOAA radios in all critical facilities. Score: 40 Hazard: Drought Action Alternative: There are concerns regarding the sensitive population (elderly and children) about where they are located, in relation to drought and heat distress. Create a map. Determine where the sensitive population is located (i.e., senior centers, low-income areas). Work with the County Housing Authority to locate. Score: 40 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the eight repetitive loss structures located in the city‟s boundaries. Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: The City of Independence is developing a project to assess, study, explore, and recommend solutions to minimize and/or eliminate the frequency and severity of flooding and loss of economic viability for twenty-six businesses and the City.

Maple Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability Responsible Party: City of Maple Heights Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 38

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 184 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Moreland Hills Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability Responsible Party: Village of Moreland Hills Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: The County must develop detailed PSAs on the siren system as a part of the countywide interoperable system. Score: 40

Newburgh Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Newburgh Heights Hazard: Non-Flood Zone Flooding Action Alternative: There is a lack of accurate and updated NFIP maps for Cuyahoga County. There is a great concern about areas that flood but have no related NFIP maps. Seek funding to map non-flood zone areas within the County. Score: 40

Oakwood Village Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Oakwood Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems but none are interoperable. Score: 40 Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Areas of Cuyahoga County have problems with their utilities during and after severe storm events (i.e. well water, septic systems and long-term power outages). Seek funding for backup generators for critical facilities and residences with a history of utility problems (case by case basis). Score: 40 Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for an interoperable warning system. Score: 40

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 185 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Olmsted Falls Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Olmsted Falls Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Ice storms have dramatic effects on communities within Cuyahoga County, in relation to public utilities. Seek funding for alternative systems such as underground utilities. Score: 32

Orange Village Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Orange Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event. Develop innovative PSAs via mass mailing and community papers to reach residents of the County. Score: 40 Parma Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Parma Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Cuyahoga County residents are accustomed to dealing with severe storms, which creates some apathy as it relates to the seriousness of an event. Develop innovative PSAs via mass mailing and community papers to reach residents of the County. Score: 36

Parma Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Parma Heights Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 40

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 186 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Richmond Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Richmond Heights Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 36 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the city‟s boundaries.

Rocky River Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Rocky River Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: People drive through floodwaters. Seek funding to install elevation markers at areas of flash flooding. Score: 40 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located with the city‟s boundaries.

Shaker Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Shaker Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems but none are interoperable. Score: 40

Solon Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Solon Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: Seek funding for an enhanced Siren and Warning System Countywide that will be interoperable. Note: Currently 14 communities have warning systems but none are interoperable.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 187 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Score: 40 Hazard: Earthquakes Action Alternative: There are no building standards that address earthquake resistance. Evaluate regulations for wind resistance and earthquake resistance. Work with Building Department to develop standards to mitigate potential damage during and after an earthquake. Score: 40

South Euclid Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of South Euclid Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 30

University Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of University Heights Hazard: Tornadoes Action Alternative: There is a lack of warning sirens throughout Cuyahoga County. Seek funding for a countywide interoperable warning system. Score: 36

Valley View Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Valley View Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: The Village of Valley View is currently developing projects that include land acquisition, demolition of flood prone structures, elevation of structures and retrofitting. Hazard: Severe Storms Action Alternative: There is a lack of law enforcement in securing areas affected by some severe storm events, which can lead to looting issues that further burden emergency response services. Develop outreach for communities and awareness of existing mutual aid resources. Score: 33 Hazard: 100-Year Floodplain Flooding

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 188 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Action Alternative: Due to the northern location of Cuyahoga County, secondary effects of winter flooding are a problem. Debris cleanup and dealing with ice are sometimes as bad as the actual flood. Develop debris management program and plan. Score: 33 Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the twenty-five repetitive loss structures located in the city‟s boundaries.

Warrensville Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Warrensville Heights Hazard: Flash Flooding Action Alternative: People drive through floodwaters. Seek funding to install elevation markers at areas of flash flooding. Score: 40 The communities listed below were sent an action items survey due to the fact that they did not return a matrix as part of the planning process. Their choice of action item(s) to support and implement are the following:

Berea Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Berea Hazard: Severe Storms Action Item: Seek funding for an enhanced Countywide Siren and Warning System that will be interoperable. Hazard: 100-Year Floodplain Flooding Action Item: Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Item: Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion.

Cuyahoga Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Cuyahoga Heights Hazard: Severe Storms Action Item: Seek funding for an enhanced Countywide Siren and Warning System that will be interoperable.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 189 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Lakewood Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Lakewood Hazard: Severe Storms Action Item: Seek funding for an enhanced Countywide Siren and Warning System that will be interoperable. Hazard: FloodingAction Item: Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the four repetitive loss structures located with the city‟s boundaries.

Mayfield Village Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: Village of Mayfield Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the village‟s boundaries.

Middleburgh Heights Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Middleburg Heights Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located within the city‟s boundaries.

North Royalton Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of North Royalton Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: North Royalton is currently working with the Ohio Emergency Management Agency on a mitigation project, which will allow the City to buy out homeowners in flood prone areas to create a green space. Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located with the city‟s boundaries

Olmsted Township Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 190 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Responsible Party: Olmsted Township Hazard: Severe Storms Action Item: Seek funding for an enhanced Countywide Siren and Warning System that will be interoperable. Hazard: Flooding Action Item: Evaluate and rank infrastructure problems. Determine areas of vulnerability for both utilities and roadways and seek funding to permanently mitigate. Hazard: Coastal and Streambank Erosion Action Item: Seek funding to permanently mitigate infrastructure that is being affected by streambank erosion. Hazard: Tornadoes Action Item: Evaluate Metropark system and mobile home park sites to determine potential to install multi-use tornado shelters. Seek funding to implement installations of tornado shelters.

Pepper Pike Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Pepper Pike Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the two repetitive loss structures located with the city‟s boundaries.

Westlake Funding Source: Communities will seek funding through the following programs: The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA). Projects will begin upon funding availability. Responsible Party: City of Westlake Hazard: Flooding Action Alternative: Mitigate the repetitive loss structure located with the city‟s boundaries.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 191 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 13 – Existing Planning Documents / Organized Watershed Groups

Organized Comprehensive Floodplain Land Use Community Watershed Other Documents Plan Ordinances Ordinances Groups Bay Village Disaster Plan X X Beachwood Under review X X X Master Storm Sewer Maps Bedford Ch. 1353 and FEMA floodplain maps Bedford Heights X X X City Disaster Plan Bentleyville Ch. 1446, 1272 Section 1266 Berea X X Bratenahl In process X Stormwater Management Brecksville Ch. 1159 Plan, Stormwater Management Ordinance Broadview Heights X X Ord. #1987-1, Brookyln Ord. #1986-46 1991-88 Zoning and land use Brooklyn Heights X X studies underway Flood Brook Park Prevention Ordinance Chagrin Falls X X X X Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 X Zoning Code X Cleveland Heights X X X X Cuyahoga Heights None None None None East Cleveland Euclid X X Fairview Park Garfield Heights X X X Chagrin River Gates Mills X X X Watershed Partners

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 192 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Organized Comprehensive Floodplain Land Use Community Watershed Other Documents Plan Ordinances Ordinances Groups Highland Heights X X X X Maps depicting 100 and 500- Hunting Valley X X X yr flood plains Stormwater Management Independence X X Plan Rocky River Lakewood X X X Watershed Council Lyndhurst X X X Storm Maple Heights X Management X Plan in process Zoning Phase II EPA NPDES Mayfield Heights Master Plan Ordinances General Permit Mayfield Village X X X X Middleburg Heights Chagrin River Moreland Hills X Ord. #1339 X Watershed Partners Newburgh Heights X X None North Olmsted North Randall X X North Royalton X X X Oakwood Village Rocky River Olmsted Falls X X X Watershed Council Olmsted Township Orange Village X X West Creek Parma X X X Preservation Group Parma Heights X X

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 193 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Organized Comprehensive Floodplain Land Use Community Watershed Other Documents Plan Ordinances Ordinances Groups Comprehensive Erosion Pepper Pike Study Richmond Heights X Rocky River Watershed Rocky River Council Seven Hills X X X Shaker Heights X X X Doan Brook Solon X X X South Euclid X X X X Strongsville X X University Heights X X X X Planning and Valley View X Ch.1228 zoning code Planning and Walton Hills Master Plan Ch.1468 zoning code Mill Creek Warrensville Heights X X X Watershed Partnership Westlake X X X

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 194 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 14 – Additional Critical Facilities

Community Type Address Zipcode

Bay Village Normandy Elementary School 26920 Normandy Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Village Middle School 27725 Wolf Rd. 44140

Bay Village Westerly Elementary School 30301 Wolf Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay High School 29230 Wolf Rd. 44140

Bay Village Glenview Center for Child Care Learning 28727 Wolf Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Village Montessori School 493 Forestview Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Kiddie Kollege and Day Care 28607 Wolf Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Presbyterian Nursery School 25415 Lake Rd. 44140

Bay Village Cooperative Pre-School of Bay Village 29931 Lake Rd. 44140

Bay Village Westside Christian Academy 468 Bradley Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Village City Hall 350 Dover Center Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bay Village Board of Education 377 Dover Center Rd. 44140

Bay Village Bradley Bay Nursing Home 605 Bradley Rd. 44140

Bay Village St. Raphael's Catholic School 525 Dover Center Rd. 44140

Beachwood Beachwood Government Offices 2700 Richmond Rd. 44122

Beachwood Beachwood City Jail

Beachwood Beachwood Middle School 2860 Richmond Rd. 44122

Beachwood Hilltop Elementary School 24524 Hilltop Dr. 44122

Beachwood Fairmount Elementary School 24601 Fairmount Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Bryden Elementary School 25501 Bryden Rd. 44122

Beachwood Agnon School 26500 Shaker Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Fairmount Temple - Religious School 23737 Fairmount Blvd. 44122

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 195 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Beachwood Fairmount Temple 23727 Fairmount Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Temple-Tifereth Israel 26000 Shaker Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Green Road Synagogue 2437 South Green Rd. 44122

Beachwood Jewish Community Center 26001 South Woodland Street 44122

Beachwood Tikvat Yisrael Messianic Congregation 22111 Chagrin Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Young Israel of Beachwood 2463 S. Green Rd. 44122

Beachwood Shaarey Tikrah 26811 Fairmount Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Trinity Presbyterian Church 22111 Chagrin Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Menorah Park Nursing Center 27100 Cedar Rd. 44122

Beachwood Villa Sancta Anna Home for the Aged 25000 Chagrin Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Beachwood Nursing and Healthcare 23900 Chagrin Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Harborside Healthcare 3800 Park East Drive 44122

Beachwood Hospice of NCJW Montefiore 27080 Cedar Rd. 44122

Beachwood Stone Gardens Assisted Living 27090 Cedar Rd. 44122

Beachwood Beachwood High School 25100 Fairmont Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Akiva High School 26500 Shaker Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Cleveland Hebrew School - Main OFC 25400 Fairmount Blvd. 44122

Beachwood Suburban Temple - Kol AMI 22401 Chagrin Blvd. 44122

Bedford Board of Education 475 Northfield Rd. 44146

Bedford Glendale Primary School 400 W. Glendale Ave. 44146

Bedford Central Primary School 799 Washington St. 44146

Bedford Carylwood Intermediate School 1387 Caryl Drive 44146

Bedford High School 481 Northfield Rd. 44146

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 196 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Bedford St. Mary School 270 Union St. 44146

Bedford St. Pius X 370 Center Rd. 44146

Bedford St. Peter Chanel High School 480 Northfield Rd. 44146

Bedford Bedford Nursery 365 Center Rd. 44146

Bedford Childtime Child Care

Bedford Dee's Little Darlings 455 Broadway Ave. 44146

Bedford University Hospital Health Systems Bedford Medical Center 44 Blaine Ave. 44146

Bedford Heights City Hall Complex 5661 Perkins Rd. 44146

Bedford Heights Aurora Upper Intermediate School 24200 Aurora Rd. 44146

Bedford Heights Columbus Intermediate School 23600 Columbus Rd. 44146

Bedford Heights Heskett Middle School 5771 Perkinds Rd. 44146

Berea Berea City Hall 11 Berea Commons 44017

Berea Berea Rec Dept. 451 Front Street 44017

Berea Berea Service Dept. 400 Barrett Rd. 44017

Berea Berea Water Plant 57 1/2 Westbridge St. 44017

Berea Aristocrat Berea Nursing Home 255 Front St. 44017

Berea Berea Center - Alzheimer Care 49 Sheldon Rd. 44017

Berea Berea Board of Education 390 Fair St. 44017

Berea Baldwin Wallace College 275 Eastland Rd. 44017

Berea Berea High School 165 E. Bagley Rd. 44017 Brecksville Brecksville Community Center 1 Community Drive 44141 Brecksville Young Friends of Brecksville 10091 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Brecksville R.I.T.A. 10107 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 197 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Brecksville Central School 23 Public Square 44141

Brecksville Highland School 9547 Highland Drive 44141

Brecksville Haven Hill 4411 Oakes Rd. 44141

Brecksville Brecksville Co-Op School 4430 Oakes Rd. 44141

Brecksville South Suburban Montessori School 4448 Oakes Rd. 44141

Brecksville Blossom School 4450 Oakes Rd. 44141

Brecksville Power Plant 4454 Oakes Rd. 44141

Brecksville Veterans Hospital 10000 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Brecksville Loving Care Nursery 8131 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Brecksville Cuyahoga County Career Center 8001 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Brecksville Horizon Nursery School 65 Public Square 44141

Brecksville St. Basil Church (Kindergarten) 8700 Brecksville Rd. 44141

Brecksville Hilton Elementary 6812 Mill Rd. 44141

Brecksville Chippewa Elementary School 8611 Wiese Rd. 44141

Broadview Heights City Hall 9543 Broadview Rd. 44147

Broadview Heights Harborside Healthcare 2801 E. Royalton Rd. 44147

Broadview Heights Assumption Catholic Church 9183 Broadview Rd. 44147

Broadview Heights Lawrence School 1551 E. Wallings Rd. 44147

Broadview Heights Brecksville/Broadveiw Heights High School 6380 Mill Road 44147

Brooklyn Heritage Christian School 4403 Tiedeman Rd. 44144

Brooklyn Brooklyn High School 9200 Biddulph Rd. 44144

Brooklyn Brookridge Elementary School 4500 Ridge Rd. 44144

Brooklyn Brooklyn Senior Center 7727 Memphis Ave. 44144

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 198 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Brooklyn St. Thomas More Church 4170 North Amber 44144

Brooklyn Roadoan Elementary School 4525 Roadoan Rd. 44144

Brooklyn Brooklyn City Hall 7619 Memphis Ave. 44144

Brooklyn Brooklyn Recreation Center 7600 Memphis Ave. 44144

Brooklyn Brooklyn Service Garage 9400 Memphis Ave. 44144

Brook Park Brook Park Memorial Elementary School 16900 Holland Rd. 44142

Brook Park Brookview Elementary School 14105 Snow Rd. 44142

Brook Park Ford Middle School 17001 Holland Rd. 44142

Brook Park Berea High School 165 E. Bagley Rd. 44142

Brook Park Midpark High School 7000 Paula Drive 44130

Brook Park Polaris Vocation School 44142

Brook Park Southwest General Health Center 44142 MetroHelath Medical Center, 1708 Cleveland EMS Headquarters 44109 Southpoint Drive, 9th Floor 3rd District Police Station, 2001 Payne Cleveland EMS Dispatch Center 44115 Ave., 4th Floor Cleveland St. Augustine Manor 7911 Detroit Ave.

Cleveland Lutheran Medical Center 2609 Franklin Blvd.

Cleveland MetroHealth Medical Center 2500 MetroHealth Drive

Cleveland Deaconess Hospital 4229 Pearl Rd. 44102

Cleveland St. Michael's Hospital 5163 Broadway Ave. 44127

Cleveland Caritas-St. Vincent Charity 2351 East 22nd St. 44115

Cleveland St. Luke's Hospital 11314 Hulda Ave.

Cleveland Fariview/Westpark Center 15531 Lorain Ave.

Cleveland Euclid General 18901 Lake Shore Blvd. 44119

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 199 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Cleveland St. Luke's Hospital 11311 Shaker Blvd. 44104

Cleveland Algart Health Center 8902 Detroit Ave. 44102

Cleveland House 975 East Blvd. 44108

Cleveland Baldwin Manor 2437 Baldwin Rd. 44104

Cleveland Cedarwood Plaza 12504 Cedar Ave. 44106

Cleveland Cityview Nursing 6606 Carnegie Ave 44103

Cleveland Cleveland Clinic Subacute Services 9500 Euclid Ave, Unit 31 44195

Cleveland Cleveland Rehab Special Care 8800 Carnegie Ave 44106

Cleveland Covenant Care Center 4401 West 150th St. 44135

Cleveland Deaconess Skilled Nursing Facility 4229 Pearl Rd. 44109

Cleveland Elizabeth Severance Prentiss Center 3525 Scranton Rd. 44109

Cleveland Eliza Bryant Village 7201 Wade Park Ave. 44103

Cleveland Eliza Jennings Home 10603 Detroit Ave. 44102

Cleveland Extended Rehab Center At Lutheran Hospital 1730 W. 25th St. 44113

Cleveland Fairfax Health Care Center 9014 Cedar Ave. 44106

Cleveland Fairview Hospital Skilled Nursing Unit 18101 Lorain Ave. 44111

Cleveland Forest Hills Center Div. Of Altercare 736 Lakeview Rd. 44108

Cleveland Franklin Plaza 3600 Franklin Blvd. 44113

Cleveland Geri Care Inc. 2438 Mapleside Rd. 44104

Cleveland Hanna House Skilled Nursing Center 11100 Euclid Ave. 44106

Cleveland Hillside Plaza 18220 Euclid Ave. 44112

Cleveland Judson Park/Breuning 2181 Ambleside Rd. 44106

Cleveland Kethley House at Benjamin Rose Place 11900 Fairhill Rd. 44120

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 200 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Cleveland Little Sisters of the Poor 4291 Richmond Rd. 44122

Cleveland Madonna Hall 1906 East 82nd St. 44103

Cleveland Manor Care Health Services 4102 Rocky River Dr. 44135

Cleveland Manor Care Health Services 16101 Lake Shore Blvd. 44110

Cleveland Metro-Health Medical Center - Division 6A 2500 MetroHealth Rd. 44109

Cleveland MetroHealth Center for Skilled Nursing - East 4310 Richmond Rd. 44122

Cleveland Overlook House 2187 Overlook Rd. 44106

Cleveland Palmcrest Bellaire Nursing Home 12709 Bellaire Rd. 44135

Cleveland Rae Ann Center 4650 Rocky River Dr. 44135

Cleveland Rudwick Manor Special Care Center 17322 Euclid Ave. 44112

Cleveland Singleton Health Care 1867 E. 82nd St. 44103

Cleveland Slovene Home for the Aged 18621 Neff Rd. 44119

Cleveland St. Augustine Manor 7801 Detroit Ave 44102

Cleveland St. Vincent Charity Hospital Skilled Unit 2351 E. 22nd St. 44115

Cleveland Suburban Pavilion 20265 Emery Rd. 44128

Cleveland Sunset Nursing Home 1802 Crawford Rd. 44106

Cleveland Traditions Care Center 4387 W. 150th St. 44135

Cleveland UHHS- St. Michael Skilled Nursing Unit 5163 Broadway Ave. 44127

Cleveland University Manor 2186 Ambleside Rd. 44106

Cleveland Villa Care Center 4835 Broadway Ave. 44109

Cleveland Willow Park Convalescent Home 18810 Harvard Rd. 44122

Cleveland Heights City Hall 40 Severance Circle Dr.

Cleveland Heights Cedarwood Plaza Nursing Home 12504 Cedar Rd.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 201 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Cleveland Heights Cleveland Heights High School 13263 Cedar Rd.

East Cleveland Christ the King School 1862 Noble Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Chambers Elementary 14305 Shaw Ave. 44112

East Cleveland East Cleveland Developmental Center 14900 Shaw Ave. 44112

East Cleveland Kirk Middle School 14410 Terrace 44112

East Cleveland Mayfair School 13916 Mayfair Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Prospect School 1843 Standwood Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Rozelle School 12917 Phillips 44112

East Cleveland Shaw High School 15320 Euclid 44112

East Cleveland Superior School 1865 Garfield Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Caledonia School 914 Caledonia 44112

East Cleveland Meridia Huron Hospital 13951 Terrace Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Fire Station No.1 1822 Marloes 44112

East Cleveland Fire Station No.2 14301 Shaw Ave. 44112

East Cleveland Police Department (jail) 14340 Euclid Ave. 44112

East Cleveland Martin Luther King Civic Center 14900 Shaw Ave. 44112

East Cleveland East Cleveland City Hall 14340 Euclid Ave. 44112

East Cleveland Eastern Star 2114 Noble Rd. 44112

East Cleveland McGregor Home 14900 Private Dr. 44112

East Cleveland Candlewood Park 1835 Belmore Ave. 44112

East Cleveland Owl's Nest 2020 Taylor Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Crystal Tower 16000 Terrace Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Apthorp Tower 12900 Superior Rd. 44112

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 202 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

East Cleveland Terrace Tower 15600 Terrace Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Windsor Park Place 13855 Superior Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Park Lane 13800 Terrace Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Forest Hill Terrace 14000 Terrace Rd. 44112

East Cleveland Forest Hill Terrace 14030 Terrace Rd.

East Cleveland Forest Hill Terrace 14100 Terrace Rd.

East Cleveland Helen S. Brown 1821 Noble Rd. 44112

Euclid Euclid Hospital 18901 Lake Shore Blvd. 44119

Euclid Thomas Jefferson Magnet School 1455 East 260th St.

Euclid Euclid High School 711 East 222nd St. 44123

Euclid Upson Elementary 490 East 260th St.

Euclid Roosevelt Elementary 551 East 200th St. 44119

Euclid Lincoln Elementary 280 East 206th St. 44123

Euclid Euclid Central Middle School 20701 Euclid Ave.

Euclid Glenbrook Elementary School 23500 Glenbrook Blvd.

Euclid St. Christine's School 840 E. 222nd St. 44123

Euclid St. Felicitas School 140 Richmond Rd. 44143

Euclid St. William's School 351 E. 260th St. 44132

Euclid Forest Park School 27000 Elinore Ave. 44132

Euclid Holy Cross School 175 E. 200th St. 44119

Euclid St. Paul School 1200 E. 200th St. 44117

Euclid St. Robert's School 23802 Lake Shore Blvd. 44123

Euclid Eastwood Day Treatment 1941 Sagamore 44117

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 203 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Euclid Mary Mavec 21101 Lake Shore Blvd. 44123

Euclid Braeview Care & Rehabilitation Center 20611 Euclid Ave. 44117

Euclid Gateway Retirement Community 3 Gateway Drive 44119

Euclid Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home 21800 Chardon Rd. 44117

Euclid Indian Hills Health Care 1500 East 191 St. 44117

Euclid Rosemary Center 19350 Euclid Ave. 44117

Euclid Euclid Family Homes 19853/19855 Grand Blvd. 44117

Euclid Euclid Group Home 23050 Euclid Ave. 44117

Euclid Hillandale Manor 1691 Hillandale Drive 44092

Euclid Hilltop Retirement Village 25900 Euclid Ave. 44132 Cuyahoga County Board of Mental Retardation and Euclid 1490 East 191 St. Development Disabilities Euclid Euclid City Hall 585 E. 222nd Street

Euclid Euclid City Jail 545 E. 222nd Street

Fairview Park City Hall 20777 Lorain Rd. 44126

Fairview Park Fairview High School 4507 W. 213 St. 44126

Fairview Park Parkview School 21610 Mastick Rd. 44126

Fairview Park Garnett School 4275 W.208th St. 44126

Fairview Park Coffinberry Early Education School 19020 Coffinberry 44126

Highland Heights City Hall 5827 Highland Rd. 44143

Highland Heights Millridge School 950 Millridge Rd. 44143

Highland Heights St. Paschal School 5360 Wilson Mills 44143

Highland Hills Highland Hills Village Hall 3700 Northfield Road

Highland Hills Police Department 3700 Northfield Road

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 204 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Highland Hills Fire Depart 4019 Northfield Road

Highland Hills Cleveland House of Corrections Millcreek Blvd.

Highland Hills Cuyahoga Community College Eastern Campus 4250 Richmond Rd.

Hihgland Hills Cuyahoga Hills Boys School 4321 Green Rd.

Highland Hills Green Road Development Center 4329 Green Rd.

Highland Hills MetroHealth Center for Skilled Nursing Care 4510 Richmond Rd.

Highland Hills Ohio National Guard Armory 4303 Green Rd.

Independence Independence City Hall 6800 Brecksville Rd. 44131

Independence Independence High School 6111 Archwood Rd. 44131

Independence Independence Primary School 7600 Hillside Rd. 44131

Lakewood Animal Shelter 1699 Metropark Valley Pky. 44107

Lakewood Aristocrat Nursing Home 13900 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Crestmont Nursing Home 13330 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Div. Of Aging - East/Fedor Manor 12400 Madison 44107

Lakewood Div. Of Aging - West 16022 Madison 44107

Lakewood Divison of Community Development 12900 Madison 44107

Lakewood Emerson Junior High 13439 Clifton 44107

Lakewood Franklin School 13465 Franklin 44107

Lakewood Garfield School 13114 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Grant School 1470 Victoria 44107

Lakewood Harding Junior High 16600 Hilliard 44107

Lakewood Harrison School 2069 Dowd 44107

Lakewood Hayes School 16401 Delaware 44107

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 205 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Lakewood Health Dept./ Water Dept. 12805 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Horace Mann Junior High 1215 W. Clifton 44107

Lakewood Lakewood Armory 1437 Wayne 44107

Lakewood Lakewood Board of Education 1456 Warren 44107

Lakewood Lakewood City Hall/Police Dept. 12650 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Lakewood High School 14100 Franklin 44107

Lakewood Lakewood Hospital Belle & Detroit 44107

Lakewood Lakewood Library Detroit & Arthur 44107

Lakewood Lakewood Lutheran School 1419 Lakeland 44107

Lakewood Lincoln School 15615 Clifton 44107

Lakewood Madison Library 13229 Madison 44107

Lakewood Madison School 16601 Madison 44107

Lakewood McKinley School 1351 W. Clifton 44107

Lakewood Northwesterly 1341 Marlowe 44107

Lakewood Roosevelt School 14237 Athens 44107

Lakewood Southwesterly 14401 Detroit 44107

Lakewood St. Augustine High School 14808 Lake 44107

Lakewood St. Clement School 14505 Madison 44107

Lakewood St. Cyril & Methodius 1639 Alameda 44107

Lakewood St. Edward High School 13500 Detroit 44107

Lakewood St. James School 17400 Northwood 44107

Lakewood St. Luke School 13889 Clifton 44107

Lakewood Taft School 13701 Lake 44107

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 206 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Lakewood WWTP 1699 MetorPark Valley Pkwy. 44107

Lakewood Westerly Building "7" 14300 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Westerly Building "11" 14306 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Westerly Buidling "15" 14312 Detroit 44107

Lakewood Wright Nursing Home 13315 Detroit 44107

Cuyahoga Heights Town Hall 4863 E. 71st St. 44125

Lyndhurst Lyndhurst High School

Lyndhurst Lyndhurst Nursing Homes

Lyndhurst Brush High School 4875 Glenlyn Rd. 44124

Maple Heights Maple Heights High School 5500 Clement St. 44137

Maple Heights Maple Heights Middle School 5460 West Blvd. 44137

Maple Heights Dunham Elementary School 5965 Dunham Rd. 44137

Maple Heights Raymond Elementary School 18500 Raymond St. 44137

Maple Heights Maple Heights Building Dept. 5353 Lee Rd. 44137

Maple Heights City Hall 5353 Lee Rd. 44137

Maple Heights Service Dept. 5353 Lee Rd. 44137

Maple Heights Rockside Elementary School 5740 Lawn St. 44137

Maple Heights Stafford Elementary School 19800 Stafford Ave. 44137

Maple Heights St. Wenceslas School 5250 Arch St. 44137

Maple Heights St. Martin of Tours School 14600 Turney Rd. 44137

Maple Heights Marymount Hospital 12300 McCracken Rd. 44137

Maple Heights Bedford Medical Center 44 Blaine Ave.

Maple Heights Maplecare 16231 Broadway Ave. 44137

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 207 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Mayfield Heights Mayfield Heights City Hall 6154 Mayfield Rd. 44124

Mayfield Heights Mayfield Heights Community Building 6306 Marsol Rd. 44124

Mayfield Heights Hillcrest Hospital 6780 Mayfield Rd. 44124

Mayfield Heights Lander Elementary School 1714 Lander Rd. 44124

Mayfield Heights Mayfield Middle School 1123 S.O.M. Center Rd. 44124

Mayfield Heights Manor Care Nursing Home 6757 Mayfield Rd. 44124

Middleburg Heights St. Bartholomew Academy Bagely Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Midpark High School 7000 Paula Drive 44130

Middleburg Heights Big Creek Elementary School 7247 Big Creek Parkway 44130

Middleburg Heights Royal Oak Nursing & Rehabilitation Center 6973 Pearl Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Century Oak Care Center 7250 Old Oak. Blvd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Southern Hills Health & Rehabilitiation Center 19530 Bagley Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Southwest General Health Center 18697 Bagley Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Parkside Villa Skilled Nursing 7040 Hepburn Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Brookside Estates 15435 Bagley Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Fire Department 15800 Bagley Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights Police Department 15750 Bagley Rd. 44130

Middleburg Heights City Hall 15700 Bagley Rd. 44130

Newburgh Heights Municipal Center 4000 Washington Park Blvd. 44105

Newburgh Heights Washington Park Elementary School 4000 Washington Park Blvd. 44105

North Olmsted North Olmsted City Hall 5200 Dover Center Rd. 44070

North Olmsted North Olmsted Rec Center 26000 Lorain Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Senior Center 28114 Lorain Rd. 44070

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 208 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

North Olmsted Senior High School 5755 Burns Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Middle School 27351 Butternut Ridge Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Middle School Annex 27253 Butternut Ridge Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Butternut Primary School 26669 Butternut Ridge Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Chestnut Intermediate School 30395 Lorain Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Forest Primary School 28963 Tudor Drive 44070

North Olmsted Maple Intermediate School 24101 Maple Ridge Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Pine Intermediate School 4267 Dover Center Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Spruce Primary School 28595 Windsor Drive 44070

North Olmsted Olmsted Manor Nursing Home 27420 Mill Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Manor Care Nursing Home 23225 Lorain Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Wellington Place (Assisted Living) 4800 Clague Rd. 44070

North Olmsted North Coast Behavioral Group Home 4058 Walter Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Heatherbrook Group Home 4650 Dover Center 44070

North Olmsted North Coast Community Home 6609 Cypress 44070

North Olmsted North Coast Community Home 5656 Decker 44070

North Olmsted North Coast Community Home 6797 Stearns 44070

North Olmsted The Johnson House 29794 Lorain Rd. 44070

North Olmsted The Johnson House 29756 Lorain Rd. 44070

North Olmsted Birch Primary School 24100 Palm Drive 44070

North Olmsted North Coast Community Home 23733 Curtis 44070

North Olmsted Our Lady of the Wayside 6544 McKenzie 44070

North Royalton North Royalton City Hall 13834 Ridge Rd. 44133

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 209 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

North Royalton North Royalton PD and Jail Facility 14000 Bennett Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Office on Aging/Human Services 13500 Bennett Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Wastewater Dept. and Animal Control Facility 11675 Royalton Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Wastewater Dept. 11355 Sprague Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Recreation Dept. 14631 York Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Board of Education 6579 Royalton Rd. 44133

North Royalton Albion Elementary School 9360 Albion Rd. 44133

North Royalton Royal View Elementary Schoool 13220 Ridge Rd. 44133

North Royalton Valley Vista Elementary School 4049 Wallings Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton Middle School 14709 Ridge Rd. 44133

North Royalton North Royalton High School 14713 Ridge Rd. 44133

North Royalton St. Albert the Great School 6667 Wallings Rd. 44133

North Royalton Royal Redeemer Lutheran School 11680 Royalton Rd. 44133

North Royalton Mount Royal Villa Care Center 13900 Bennett Rd. 44133

North Royalton Patrician Skilled Nursing Center 9001 West 130th Street 44133

North Royalton Cleveland Water Facility 15950 Ridge Rd. 44133 North Royalton Service Center: Building/Engineering/Service North Royalton 11545 Royalton Rd. 44133 Depts. North Royalton Royalton Woods 14277 State Rd. 44133

Oakwood Village Oak Park Nursing 24613 Broadway Ave. 44146

Oakwood Village Heritage Care Nursing 24579 Broadway Ave. 44146

Oakwood Village Stratford Commons Nursing 7000 Cochran Rd. 44139

Oakwood Village Walton Manor Nursing 19859 Alexander Rd. 44146

Olmsted Falls Olmsted Falls City Hall 26100 Bagley Rd. 44138

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 210 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Olmsted Falls Falls-Lennox Elementary School 26450 Bagley Rd. 44138

Olmsted Falls Kemper House of the Falls Alzheimer's Facility 25880 Elm Street 44138

Olmsted Falls Community Center 8170 Mapleway Drive 44318

Olmsted Falls Olmsted Falls Service Dept. 8051 Brookside Dr. 44138

Olmsted Falls Village of the Falls Assisted Living 25920 Elm Street 44138

Olmsted Falls Olmsted Falls Middle School 27045 Bagely Rd. 44138

Olmsted Falls Fitch Intermediate 7105 Fitch Rd. 44138

Olmsted Township High School

Olmsted Township Middle School

Olmsted Township Elementary School

Orange Village University Hospital Health System & Urgent Care 3909 Orange Place 44122

Orange Village Orange Christian Academy 27200 Emery Rd. 44122

Orange Village Orange Village Town Hall 4600 Lander Rd. 44022

Parma 1st Step Preschool 7377 Chateau Dr. 44130

Parma Bethany Assembly of God 6195 Broadview Rd. 44134

Parma Bethany Lutheran 6041 Ridge Rd. 44129

Parma Bethel Christian Academy 12901 W. Pleasant Valley 44130

Parma Bethany Christian School 6195 Broadview Rd. 44134

Parma Bethlehem Lutheran 7500 State Rd. 44134

Parma Dag Hammarskjold 4040 Tamarak Dr. 44134

Parma Dentzler Elementary 3600 Dentzler Rd. 44134

Parma Green Valley Elementary 2401 W. Pleasant Valley 44134

Parma Greenbriar Junior High 11810 Huffman Rd. 44130

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 211 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Parma Holy Family Parochial 7367 York Rd. 44130

Parma James Hanna Elementary 11212 Snow Rd. 44129

Parma John Muir Elementary 5531 W. 24th St. 44134

Parma Normandy Senior High 2500 W. Pleasant Valley 44134

Parma Padua Senior High 6740 State Rd. 44134

Parma Parkview Elementary 5210 Loya Parkway 44134

Parma Parma Park Church of God 6800 Commonwealth Blvd. 44130

Parma Parma Senior High School 6285 W. 54th Street 44134

Parma Pleasant Valley Elementary 9906 Pleasant Valley 44130

Parma Renwood Elementary 8020 Deerfield Dr. 44129

Parma Ridgebrook Elementary 7915 Manhattan 44129

Parma St. Anthony Parochial 6800 State Rd. 44134

Parma St. Bridget's Parochial 5620 Hauserman Rd. 44130

Parma St. Charles Parochial 7107 Wilber Ave. 44129

Parma St. Columbkilles Parochial 6740 Broadview Rd. 44134

Parma St. Frances De Sales 3434 George Ave. 44134

Parma St. Josephats Parochial 5720 State Rd. 44134

Parma Shiloh Junior High 2303 Grantwood Dr. 44134

Parma State Road Elementary 6121 State Rd. 44134

Parma Thoreau Park Elementary 5401 W. 54th St. 44134

Parma Bethlehem Lutheran 7500 State Rd. 44134

Parma Col. John Glen Elementary 1300 Dartmoor Ave. 44134

Parma City Hall 6611 Ridge Rd. 44129

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 212 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Parma Justice Center 5555 Powers Blvd. 44129

Parma Communications Center 6617 Ridge Rd. 44129

Parma Senior Center 7001 W. Ridgewood Dr. 44129

Parma Schaaf Community Center 5983 W. 54th Street 44134

Parma USPS Parma Branch 7801 Day

Parma USPS Briggs Branch 5611 State

Parma Monte Armory 5301 Hauserman

Parma Arden Courts 9205 W. Sprague

Parma Broadview Multicare 5520 Broadview

Parma Holy Family Cancer Home 6707 State

Parma Mt. Alverna Rest Home 6765 State

Parma Parma Care Center 5553 Broadview

Parma Pine Grove Habilitation 5608 Pearl

Parma Pleasant Lakes Villa 7260 Ridge

Parma Pleasantview 7377 Ridge

Parma Seasons of Life Hospice 9511 W. Pleasant Valley

Parma Sunrise Assisted Living 7766 Broadview

Parma Heights 9999 Indepence Blvd.

Pepper Pike Pepper Pike City Hall

Pepper Pike Hillcrest Hospital

Pepper Pike Orange Schools

Pepper Pike Ursuline College

Pepper Pike Beechbrook 3737 Lander Rd. 44124

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 213 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Richmond Heights University Hospital Richmond Heights 27100 Chardon Rd. 44143

Richmond Heights Richmond Heights Local Schools 447 Richmond Rd. 44143

Richmond Heights United States Postal Office 454 Richmond Rd. 44143

Richmond Heights Cuyahoga County Airport

Richmond Heights Grand Pointe Nursing Home 3 Merit Drive 44143

Richmond Heights Homewood Assisted Living 3 Homewood 44143

Rocky River Rocky River City Hall 21012 Hilliard Blvd. 44116

Rocky River The Welsh Home 22199 Center Ridge Rd. 44116

Rocky River Normandy Manor 22709 Lake Rd. 44116

Rocky River Sunrise Assisted Living 21600 Detroit Rd. 44116

Rocky River St. Christopher 1610 Lakeview 44116

Rocky River St. Thomas 21211 Detroit Rd. 44116

Rocky River Magnificat High School 20770 Hilliard Blvd. 44116

Rocky River Lutheran West High School 3850 Linden 44116

Rocky River Rocky River High School 20951 Detroit Rd. 44116

Rocky River Rocky River Middle School 1631 Lakeview 44116

Rocky River Kensington Intermediate 20140 Lake Rd. 44116

Rocky River Goldwood Primary 21600 Center Ridge Rd. 44116

Rocky River Ruffing Montessori 1285 Orchard Park 44116

Rocky River Rocky River Civic Center 21018 Hilliard Blvd. 44116

Rocky River Harbor Court 22900 Center Ridge Rd. 44116

Seven Hills Seven Hills Community Recreation Center 7777 Summitview Drive 44131

Seven Hills Hillside Middle School Educational Park Drive 44131

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 214 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Seven Hills Col. John Glen Elementary 1300 E. Dartmoor Ave. 44131

Shaker Heights Shaker Heights Board of Education 15600 Parkland 44120

Shaker Heights Boulevard Elementary 14900 Drexmore 44120

Shaker Heights Fernway Elementary 17420 Fernway 44120

Shaker Heights Lomond Elementary 17917 Lomond 44120

Shaker Heights Mercer Elementary 23325 Wimbledon 44120

Shaker Heights Onaway Elementary 3115 Woodbury 44120

Shaker Heights Woodbury Elementary 15400 South Woodland 44120

Shaker Heights Shaker Heights Middle School 20600 Shaker Blvd. 44120

Shaker Heights Shaker Heights High School 15911 Aldersyde 44120

Shaker Heights Hathaway Brown 19600 North Park Blvd. 44120

Shaker Heights Laurel School 1 Lyman School 44120

Shaker Heights University School 20701 Brantley 44120

Shaker Heights St. Dominic's 3455 Northwood 44120

Shaker Heights Greenview Treatment 14201 Southington 44120

Shaker Heights Shaker Family Center 19824 Sussex Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights Taylor Road Nursery 3635 Lee Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights Nana Ella's Day Care 3685 Lee Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights CCBMR/Early Childhood Program 19824 Sussex Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights Plymouth Parents Day Out 2860 Coventry 44120

Shaker Heights Heights Christian Nursery 17300 Van Aken 44120

Shaker Heights Plymouth Head Start 2860 Coventry 44120

Shaker Heights First Baptist Day Care 3630 Fairmount Blvd. 44120

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 215 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Shaker Heights Jewish Day Nursery 22201 Fairmont 44120

Shaker Heights Somerset Nursing Facility 3550 Northfield Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights Sunrise Assisted Living 16333 Chagrin Blvd. 44120

Shaker Heights Shaker Heights City Hall 3400 Lee Rd. 44120

Shaker Heights Carol Nursery 19824 Sussex Rd. 44120

Solon Solon Medical Campus 33001 Solon Rd. 44139

Solon 33600 Inwood Dr. 44139

Solon Orchard Middle School 6800 SOM Center Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Middle School 6835 SOM Center Rd. 44139

Solon Dorothy E. Lewis School 32345 Cannon Rd. 44139

Solon Grace L. Roxbury School 6795 Solon Blvd. 44139

Solon Arthur Road Elementary 33425 Arthur Rd. 44139

Solon St. Rita Catholic School 32820 Baldwin Dr. 44139

Solon Emerald Ridge Senior & Health Care Community of Solon 6525 Emerald Ridge Parkway 44139

Solon Solon Correctional Facility 33000 Solon Rd. 44139

Solon Solon City Hall 34200 Bainbridge Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Recreation Dept. 6679 SOM Center Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Dept. of Senior Services 33790 Bainbridge Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Recreation Dept. Portz Parkway 44139

Solon Solon Fire and Rescue 7401 SOM Center Rd. 44139

Solon Parkside Elementary 6845 SOM Center Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Service Dept. 6600 Cochran Rd. 44139

Solon Solon Water Reclamation Dept. 6951 Cochran Rd. 44139

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 216 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

South Euclid University Suburban Health Center 1611 S. Green Rd. 44171

South Euclid South Euclid-Lyndhurst Board of Education 5044 Mayfield Rd. 44124

South Euclid Brush High School 4875 Glenlyn Rd. 44124

South Euclid Memorial Jr. High School 1250 Professor Rd. 44124

South Euclid Greenview Upper Elementary School 1825 Green Rd. 44124

South Euclid Adrian Elementary School 1071 Homestead Rd. 44121

South Euclid Lowden Elementary School 4106 Lowden Rd. 44141

South Euclid Ridgebury Elementary School 1111 Alvey Rd. 44121

South Euclid Rowland Elementary School 4300 Bayard Rd. 44121

South Euclid Southlyn Elementary School 1340 Professor Rd. 44121

South Euclid Sunview Elementary School 5520 Meadow Wood Blvd. 44124

University Heights City Hall Silsby Rd. and Warrensville Rd. 44118

University Heights John Carroll University 20700 North Park Blvd. 44118

University Heights Wiley School 2181 Miramar Blvd. 44118

University Heights Gearity School 2328 Wrenford Rd. 44118

University Heights Gesu School 2450 Miramar Drive 44118

University Heights Bet Sefer School 44118

University Heights Bellefaire Jewish Children‟s Bureau 2201 Fairmount Blvd. 44118

Village of Bentleyville Village Hall 6253 Chagrin River Rd. 44022

Village of Bratenahl Village Hall Village of Hunting University School (Upper Campus) 2785 SOM Center Rd. 44022 Valley Village of Moreland Moreland Hills Elementary School Hills Village of Moreland Brady Middle School

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 217 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode Hills

Village of North Randall Suburban Pavillion Nursing Home

Village of Walton Hills Walton Manor Health Care Center 19859 Alexander Rd. 44146

Village of Walton Hills Village Hall and Community Center 7595 Walton Rd. 44146

Village of Walton Hills Walton Hills Service Center 6800 Dunham Rd. 44146

Warrensville Heights City Hall 4301 Warrensville Center Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Civic and Senior Center 4567 Green Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Service Garage 18909 Miles Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights ODOT Yard 25609 Emery Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Board of Education 4500 Warrensville Center Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Eastwood Elementary 4050 Eastwood Lane 44128

Warrensville Heights Westwood Elementary 19000 Garden Blvd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Randallwood Elementary 21865 Clarkwood Parkway 44128

Warrensville Heights John Dewey Elementary 23401 Emery Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Middle School 4285 Warrensville Center Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights High School 4270 Northfield Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Rec Dept. and Pool 4285 Warrensville Center Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Meridia Southpointe Hospital 4110 Warrensville Center Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Little Sister of the Poor 4291 Richmond Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights St. Judes Church (School) 4761 Richmond Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Clarkwood Childcare 4771 Richmond Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Clarkwood Daycare 23600 Emery Rd. 44128

Warrensville Heights Visions for Children Daycare 18105 Miles Rd. 44128

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 218 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Westlake St. John Westshore Hospital 29000 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Westlake Cleveland Clinic Medical Center 30033 Clemens Rd. 44145

Westlake Lakewood Urgi-Care 850 Columbia Rd. 44145

Westlake Metro Health Care 2001 Crocker Rd. 44145

Westlake University Hospital Medical Center 950 Clague Rd. 44145

Westlake Fairview Physician Center 805 Columbia Rd. 44145

Westlake Recreation Center 28955 Hilliard Blvd. 44145

Westlake Senior Center 29694 Center Ridge 44145

Westlake Service Garage 741 Bassett Rd. 44145

Westlake Dover Elementary 2300 Dover Rd. 44145

Westlake Bassett Elementary 2155 Bassett Rd. 44145

Westlake Holly Lane Elementary 3057 Holly Lane 44145

Westlake Hilliard Elementary 24365 Hilliard 44145

Westlake Parkside Elementary 24525 Hilliard 44145

Westlake Burneson Middle 22240 Dover Rd. 44145

Westlake Westlake High School 27830 Hilliard 44145

Westlake St. Paul Lutheran 27981 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake St. Bernadette Catholic 2300 Clague Rd. 44145

Westlake Westlake Montessori 26830 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake The Goddard School 30502 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Westlake Westlake Developmental Center 24211 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Westlake Westlake Health Care 4000 Crocker Rd. 44145

Westlake Harborside 27601 Westchester 44145

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 219 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Community Type Address Zipcode

Westlake Lutheran Home 2116 Dover Rd. 44145

Westlake Oakridge Home 26520 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Westlake Rae Ann Suburban 29505 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake Rae Ann Westlake 28303 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake Eliza Jennings 2345 Crocker Rd. 44145

Westlake Westlake Village 28460 Westlake Village Drive 44145

Westlake Alterra Wynnwood 27569 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake Arden Court 28400 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Westlake The Belvedere 29591 Detroit Rd. 44145

Westlake Our House 27633 Bassett Rd. 44145

Westlake Brighton Gardens 27819 Center Ridge Rd. 44145

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 220 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 15 – Summary Table of Participation

Municipality Returned Survey Returned Matrix Returned at-risk res com TOTAL City of Bay Village x x x 149 0 149 City of Beachwood x x x 87 11 98 City of Bedford x x x 56 21 77 City of Bedford Heights x x x 11 0 11 City of Berea x x 105 2 107 City of Brecksville x x x 9 11 20 City of Broadview Heights x x x 56 4 60 City of Brookpark x x x 43 8 51 City of Brooklyn x x 84 City of Cleveland x x 521 City of Cleveland Heights x x N/A 0 0 0 City of East Cleveland x x N/A 0 0 0 City of Euclid x x 8 0 8 City of Fairview Park x x x 22 0 22 City of Garfield Heights x x x 22 134 156 City of Highland Heights x x x 43 5 48 City of Independence x x x 26 70 96 City of Lakewood x x 30 3 33 City of Lyndhurst x x 23 1 24 City of Maple Heights x x x 6 0 6 City of Mayfield Heights x N/A 0 0 0 City of Middleburg Heights x x 34 1 35 City of North Olmsted x x 225 114 339 City of North Royalton x 112 City of Olmsted Falls x x x 52 6 58 City of Parma x x x 167 7 174 City of Parma Heights x x 82 City of Pepper Pike x x 13 0 13 City of Richmond Heights x x x 39 0 39 City of Rocky River x x x 101 4 105 City of Seven Hills x x 21 0 21 City of Shaker Heights x x x 160 35 195 City of Solon x x x 28 123 151 City of South Euclid x x x 16 0 16 City of Strongsville x 197 City of University Heights x x N/A 0 0 0 City of Warrensville Heights x x 22 City of Westlake x 251 Olmsted Township x x 32 1 33 Village of Bentleyville x x x 14 0 14 Village of Bratenahl x x x 5 1 6 Village of Brooklyn Heights x x x 1 0 1 Village of Chagrin Falls x x x 26 5 31 Village of Cuyahoga Heights x x 87 0 87 Village of Gates Mills x x x 53 6 59 Village of Glenwillow x 10 3 13 Village of Highland Hills x N/A 0 0 0 Village of Hunting Valley x x x 11 0 11 Village of Linndale x 0 1 1 Village of Mayfield x x 44 68 116 Village of Moreland Hills x x x 13 0 13 Village of Newburgh Heights x x N/A 0 0 0 Village of North Randall x N/A 0 0 0 Village of Oakwood x x x 15 0 15 Village of Orange x x x 3 0 3 Village of Valley View x x x 129 85 214 Village of Walton Hills x 20 Village of Woodmere N/A 0 0 0

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 221 Cuyahoga County, Ohio APPENDIX 16 – Tornado Events

Begin End Ma ID Begin Date: Beg Lat End Lon End Lat End Lon Length Width Dth Inj PrD CrD Location Location g 1 22 Jun 1951, 1530 CST Not Known 41.416 -81.85 Not Known 1 Mile 100 Yards F2 0 0 $ 2.5 M 0 2 24 May 1952, 1505 CST Not Known 41.416 -81.5 Not Known F1 0 0 $ 25 K $0.00 3 08 Jun 1953, 2000 CST Not Known 41.366 -81.966 Not Known 41.5 81.716 16 Miles 33 Yards F4 6 300 $ 0 $0.00 4 20 Aug 1962, 2030 CST Not Known 41.40 -81.8 Not Known 1 Mile 500 Yards F2 4 20 $ 2.5 M $0.00 5 11 Apr 1965, 2220 CST Not Known 41.333 -82 Not Known 41.33 81.833 9 Miles 400 Yards F4 1 100 $ 25 M $0.00 6 29 Sep 1966, 1545 CST Not Known 41.45 -81.55 Not Known 41.45 81.45 5 Miles 60 Yards F3 0 20 $ 2.5 M $0.00 7 15 Jul 1970, 0215 CST Not Known 41.4 -81.85 Not Known F2 0 1 $ 250 K $0.00 8 08 May 1973, 1600 CST Not Known 41.416 -81.833 Not Known 0 Mile 27 Yards F0 0 0 $ 2.5 K $0.00 9 02 Apr 1977, 2057 CST Not Known 41.383 -81.433 Not Known 2 Miles 177 Yards F1 0 0 $ 2.5 M $0.00 10 02 May 1983, 1455 CST Not Known 41.333 -81.65 Not Known 41.366 81.433 12 Miles 100 Yards F3 1 25 $ 25 M $0.00 11 31 Mar 1985, 1625 CST Not Known 41.433 -81.7 Not Known 0 Mile 77 Yards F0 0 0 $ 250 K $0.00 12 12 Jul 1992, 1842 CST Not Known 41.416 -81.85 Not Known 1 Mile 100 Yards F0 0 0 $ 250 K $0.00 13 28 Jul 1999, 10:58:00 PM EST Valley View 41.4 -81.6 Valley View 41.4 81.6 2 Miles 200 Yards F1 0 0 $ 175 K $0.00 10 Nov 2002, 07:08:00 PM 14 Solon 41.383 -81.43 Solon 41.383 81.43 4 Miles 100 Yards F1 0 0 $ 6.8 M $0.00 EST 15 08 Jun 1953, 2000 CST Not Known 41.5 81.716 Not Known 41.5 81.716 16 Miles 33 Yards F4 6 300 $ 0 $0.00 16 11 Apr 1965, 2220 CST Not Known 41.33 -81.833 Not Known 41.33 81.833 9 Miles 400 Yards F4 1 100 $ 25 M $0.00 17 29 Sep 1966, 1545 CST Not Known 41.45 -81.45 Not Known 41.45 81.45 5 Miles 60 Yards F3 0 20 $ 2.5 M $0.00

18 02 May 1983, 1455 CST Not Known 41.366 -81.433 Not Known 41.366 81.433 12 Miles 100 Yards F3 1 25 $ 25 M $0.00

TOTALS: 20 911 $123 M $0.00

Key to table abbreviations: Mag = Magnitude (knots) Dth = Deaths Inj = Injuries PrD = Property Damage CrD = Crop Damage

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 222 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Appendix 17 – Individual Community Floodplain Maps

Bay Village

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 223 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Beachwood

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 224 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Bedford Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 225 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Bedford

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 226 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Bentleyville

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 227 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Berea

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 228 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Bratenahl

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 229 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Brecksville

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 230 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Broadview Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 231 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Brook Park

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 232 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Brooklyn Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 233 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Brooklyn

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 234 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Chagrin Falls Village

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 235 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cleveland

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 236 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cuyahoga Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 237 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Euclid

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 238 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Fairview Park

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 239 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Garfield Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 240 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Gates Mills

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 241 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Highland Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 242 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Hunting Valley

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 243 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Independence

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 244 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Lakewood

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 245 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Maple Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 246 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Mayfield

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 247 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Middleburg Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 248 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Moreland Hills

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 249 Cuyahoga County, Ohio North Olmsted

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 250 Cuyahoga County, Ohio North Royalton

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 251 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Oakwood

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 252 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Olmsted Falls

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 253 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Olmsted Township

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 254 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Orange

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 255 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Parma Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 256 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Parma

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 257 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Pepper Pike

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 258 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Richmond Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 259 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Rocky River

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 260 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Seven Hills

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 261 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Shaker Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 262 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Solon

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 263 Cuyahoga County, Ohio South Euclid

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 264 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Strongsville

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 265 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Valley View

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 266 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Walton Hills

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 267 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Warrensville Heights

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 268 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Westlake

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 269 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Appendix 18 – Documentation of Public Comment

Comments received from Hunting Valley Police Chief

(All comments were in reference to the introductory section on the community profile.) 1. Hunting Valley is bordered on the west by only Pepper Pike, not Pepper Pike and Woodmere 2. It was pointed out that there were two Van Swerigen brothers who purchased land in the area for settlements. 3. It was clarified that it is the Mater College of Western Reserve University students that studied horticulture and pharmaceuticals in the arboretum. 4. Changes were made to the land area and population – from 7 square miles to 8 and the population was changed to include the population that lives in the section of Hunting Valley that lies in Geauga County. 5. The caption under the photo was changed to read former town hall instead of estate house. 6. The Chagrin River Watershed organization was changed to reflect its correct name, the Chagrin River Watershed Partners.

Comments from Beachwood Chief of Fire, Patrick Kearns

Chief Kearns sent an email with comments on several areas of the plan. The following emails are included for documentation.

Email sent 9/30/03

Katie Dixon,

Thank you for forwarding the cd of the draft proposal on the mitigation plan. I have done my initial review and found a couple areas of concern directly relating to the City of Beachwood. They are as follows:

1. On page 44 the correct spelling of my name is Chief Patrick J Kearns 2. On page 73 Beachwood is listed as not having flood plain ordinances, the fact is we do. Please advise me how we need to correct this for this report. 3. On page 110 Again the mis spelling of my name, Chief Patrick J Kearns. 4. On page 166 "100 year flood plain flooding." We already have flood plain ordinances and belong to and support three different watershed organizations. 5. On page 166 "Coastal and stream bank erosion" We do not border Lake Erie in any way. 6. On page 166 "Coastal and stream bank erosion." We are already in three different watershed groups. 7. On page 167 "earthquakes" We have building standards. 8. On page 183 We are not marked for any category. We do have a disaster plan which is currently under review. We do have floodplain ordinances. We do have land use ordinances. We not only belong to three different watershed groups, we started one of them.

Please advise me on the best way to make these corrections for this report and what you need as far as documentation. I thank you greatly for assisting us in insuring an accurate report.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 270 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Patrick J. Kearns, Chief Beachwood Department of Fire & Rescue 2655 Richmond rd Beachwood Ohio 44122 216 292 1987

Reply sent 10/1/03

Chief Kearns,

Thank you for your comments on the Draft Plan. I will try to address each one of them. I apologize for the mistakes in our records in regards to your name.

1. On page 44 the correct spelling of my name is Chief Patrick J Kearns

 Corrected

2. On page 73 Beachwood is listed as not having flood plain ordinances, the fact is we do. Please advise me how we need to correct for this report.

 Corrected – This section of your community survey was left blank when it was returned to us which is why we did not have anything checked off for you in that category.

3. On page 110 Again the mis spelling of my name, Chief Patrick J Kearns.

 Corrected

4. On page 166 "100 year flood plain flooding." We already have flood plain ordinances and belong to and support three different watershed organizations.

 Whoever it was that filled out your community's matrix gave this action item the highest possible scores. The action item refers to developing a riparian setback ordinance, not a flood plain ordinance. The action item also refers to coordinating with watershed groups for funding for the watershed concept which is something that you could do being that you are a member of three different watershed organizations. If you would like this action item taken off of this list of highest rated items for your community, let me know and I will delete it.

5. On page 166 "Coastal and stream bank erosion" We do not border Lake Erie in any way.

 Again, whoever completed the matrix for your community ranked this action item highest. I can take it off of the list if you'd like me to.

6. On page 166 "Coastal and stream bank erosion" We are already in Three different Watershed groups.

 This action item stated that the community work with established watershed groups to evaluate causes of erosion and to seek funding to create an action plan to

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 271 Cuyahoga County, Ohio reduce it. This could be done by your community since you are already a participant in several watershed groups. I can delete it off of the list if you'd prefer that.

7. On page 167 "earthquakes" We have building standards.

 Shall I delete this from the list for your community then even though it was given the highest rating on your matrix?

8. On page 183 We are not marked for any category. We do have a disaster plan which is currently under review. We do have flood plain ordinances. We do have land use ordinances. We not only belong to three different watershed groups we started one of them.

 Corrected - again, the survey was left blank for this section when it was returned

Thank you again for your feedback. Let me know about the items above and I will take care of those.

Reply sent 10/6/03

Katie Dixon,

Thank you for taking the time to address these concerns. If we remove items 4, 5, 6, and 7 will this have a negative impact on us getting federal assistance in the future? If not they are a low priority to me considering what we have in place already and our location. So I would say to give them a very low priority or remove them entirely. I look forward to your response.

Patrick J Kearns.

Reply sent 10/6/03

Chief Kearns,

This is what I've learned from a plan reviewer at OEMA regarding concerns about losing out on funding. The way he explained it to me is that each year, the state comes up with a list of prioritized mitigation items that they want to implement. As an example, I'll use buying out repetitive loss structures as one of the high priority items per the state. Whatever plans have an action item that talks about buying out repetitive loss structures will be thrown into the mix for funding, no matter how the county or community has prioritized the activity. Does this make sense?

In light of that, maybe it would be in the community's best interests to keep those action items listed. What do you think?

Katie Dixon

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 272 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Reply sent 10/6/03

Katie Dixon,

Thank you for the info. If I understand you correctly the more we have down, the more funds we should be in on in the future if the state decides to go forward in a particular area. If this is true, we would agree that it is best to be left in.

Patrick J Kearns.

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 273 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

APPENDIX 19 – Adoption of the Mitigation Plan

Municipality adopted Not adopted City of Bay Village X City of Beachwood X City of Bedford X City of Bedford Heights X City of Berea X City of Brecksville X City of Broadview Heights X City of Brookpark X City of Brooklyn X City of Cleveland X City of Cleveland Heights X City of East Cleveland X City of Euclid X City of Fairview Park X City of Garfield Heights X City of Highland Heights X City of Independence X City of Lakewood X City of Lyndhurst X City of Maple Heights X City of Mayfield Heights X City of Middleburg Heights X City of North Olmsted X City of North Royalton X City of Olmsted Falls X City of Parma X City of Parma Heights X City of Pepper Pike X City of Richmond Heights X City of Rocky River X City of Seven Hills X City of Shaker Heights X City of Solon X City of South Euclid X City of Strongsville X City of University Heights X City of Warrensville Heights X City of Westlake X Chagrin Falls Township X Olmsted Township X Village of Bentleyville X Village of Bratenahl X Village of Brooklyn Heights X Village of Chagrin Falls X Village of Cuyahoga Heights X

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 274 Cuyahoga County, Ohio Village of Gates Mills X Village of Glenwillow X Village of Highland Hills X Village of Hunting Valley X Village of Linndale X Village of Mayfield X Village of Moreland Hills X Village of Newburgh Heights X Village of North Randall X Village of Oakwood X Village of Orange X Village of Valley View X Village of Walton Hills X Village of Woodmere X

Countywide All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 275 Cuyahoga County, Ohio

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