DOCSLIB.ORG

Moderate Anthropogenic Disturbance Does Not Affect the Demography Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Moderate Anthropogenic Disturbance Does Not Affect the Demography Of Flora 234 (2017) 77–83 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Flora j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/flora Moderate anthropogenic disturbance does not affect the demography of Magnolia schiedeana, an endangered species from Mexico a,b,∗ a,∗ Suria Gisela Vásquez-Morales , Lázaro Rafael Sánchez-Velásquez , a a a María del Rosario Pineda-López , Francisco Díaz-Fleischer , Norma Flores-Estévez , c Héctor Viveros-Viveros a Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (Inbioteca), Universidad Veracruzana, Campus para la Cultura, las Artes y el Deporte, Zona Universitaria, CP 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico b El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Ecosur), Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, CP 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico c Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales, Universidad Veracruzana, A.P. 551, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Among the many Magnolia species that are endangered by anthropogenic disturbance, some are known Received 22 May 2017 to have the capacity to produce new shoots. Demographic studies are an important tool to evaluate the Received in revised form 10 July 2017 impact of disturbances as well as the resilience and resistance of endangered species. Our study looked Accepted 12 July 2017 at the demographic dynamics of two Magnolia schiedeana populations, with an aim to determine the Edited by Fei-Hai Yu role played by disturbances. The questions were: 1) what demographic trends characterize this species? Available online 14 July 2017 2) What differences are there between disturbed and undisturbed populations? 3) Is M. schiedeana a disturbance-resilient species in general? 4) How important is the contribution of the resprouting trait to Keywords: ␭ in a population under anthropogenic disturbance? The demographic attributes evaluated were: elas- Endangered species ␭ Magnolia ticity, population growth rate ( ), and sensitivity to concrete disturbances (LTRE, Life Table Response ␭ Matrix models Experiment). The results indicated that the of the two populations did not differ significantly. The tran- Resilience sitions that contributed the most to ␭ and presented the largest variation were similar in both populations Resprouting under study. More than 90% of the contribution came from those individuals measuring ≤ 5 cm in diam- Tropical cloud forest eter. Surprisingly, M. schiedeana is not sensitive to moderate anthropogenic disturbance. Resprouting contributed to ␭ with less than 0.2%. © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction tors into account when defining conservation strategies and other courses of action (Cf. de Kroon et al., 2000; Sánchez-Velásquez Demographic studies in natural habitats are an important tool to et al., 2002; Ninot et al., 2008; Lázaro-Zermeno˜ et al., 2011). An evaluate both the extent to which endemic and endangered species extension of sensitivity analysis, the Life Table Response Experi- are impacted by disturbance, and their demographic resilience and ment (LTRE) incorporates a vital index and its variation (Mills and resistance (Caswell, 2001; Wiehle et al., 2016). The general condi- Lindberg 2002) for the analysis of the total contributions of each tion of a population, its vulnerability or resistance through different life-cycle transition and the variations among them (Ehrlén and life-cycle stages, and the extent to which all this is impacted by van Groenendael, 1998). disturbance, can be determined by demographic attributes, such The resprouting trait represents the ability of some woody as population growth rate (␭), elasticity and life table response (Li plants to generate secondary stems after the main stem or tree and Zhang, 2015). It is therefore important to take these indica- trunk is severed or broken; a common process in forests sub- jected to different types of disturbances, such as fires, storms, hurricanes, the harvesting of timber and the felling of trees and ∗ branches (Mwavu and Witkowski, 2008). Resprouting is an adap- Corresponding authors at: Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada tive resilient response to disturbances among various species at (Inbioteca), Universidad Veracruzana, Campus para la Cultura, las Artes y el Deporte, Zona Universitaria, CP 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. both early (e.g. Liquidambar styraciflua L., Alnus acuminata Kunth; E-mail addresses: sumoral [email protected] (S.G. Vásquez-Morales), Kormanik 1990; Avendano-Yᘠnez˜ et al., 2014) and late succes- [email protected] (L.R. Sánchez-Velásquez), [email protected] sional stages (e.g. Magnolia dealbata Zucc and Acer rubrum L; (M.d.R. Pineda-López), [email protected] (F. Díaz-Fleischer), nfl[email protected] Sánchez-Velásquez and Pineda-López, 2006; Sánchez-Velásquez (N. Flores-Estévez), [email protected] (H. Viveros-Viveros). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.07.005 0367-2530/© 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. 78 S.G. Vásquez-Morales et al. / Flora 234 (2017) 77–83 and Pineda-López, 2010; Keyser and Loftis, 2015). Within the tran- Morales and Sánchez-Velásquez, 2011) and seeds can be dispersed sition matrix, resprouting may indicate either permanence or a by birds (Watanabe et al., 2002). The main pollinator is Cyclo- shift to smaller-size classes. Effective management, conservation cephala jalapensis Casey (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) (Dieringer and or restoration of tropical forests require an understanding of how Espinosa, 1994). plants respond to natural and anthropogenic disturbance events (Mwavu and Witkowski, 2008). 2.2. Study area The Magnoliaceae family has a worldwide distribution, compris- ing about 314 species (Rivers et al., 2016), 228 of which are listed In order to compare the demographic attributes of the two pop- under some protection category (IUCN, 2015). In Mexico, 30 species ulations of Magnolia schiedeana in question, two contrasting sites of the Magnoliaceae family, including Magnolia schiedeana Schltl., were selected in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, with the largest have been listed as endangered species (Semarnat, 2010; González- possible number of individuals in each of them. The site with dis- Espinosa et al., 2011; Rivers et al., 2016). Populations of Magnolia turbance (La Martinica) was crisscrossed by three paths, and it was schiedeana are sparsely distributed throughout the country, often defined basically by the presence of tree stumps and accumulated replaced by other plants or threatened by urban expansion. Mag- branches and timber pieces resulting from the illegal felling of trees nolia schiedeana is endemic to tropical cloud forest, a vegetation by machete or ax. The undisturbed site (Acatlán volcano), on the type and a threatened ecosystem (Hamilton et al., 1995) now cov- other hand, presented no paths and no evidence of these activi- ering only the central portion of the Gulf of Mexico drainage basin ties. Both sites are located in the biogeographic province known (Jiménez-Ramírez et al., 2007). as Transversal Neovolcanic Axis, at a distance of 15 kilometers Demographic studies of Magnolia species are scarce (Sánchez- from each other. The predominant type of soil in these sites is the Velásquez et al., 2016). Among the species most studied are M. andosol, and their mean annual temperature ranges between 16 dealbata (now referred to as M. vovidesii A. Vázquez, Domínguez- ◦ and 20 C. At La Martinica site, 37 stumps of M. schiedeana were Yescas & L. Carvajal) and M. schiedeana. Whereas the entire identified at the beginning of the study. This area is part of an life cycle of the former has been described (Sánchez-Velásquez Ecological Reserve adjacent to the town of Banderilla, Veracruz, and Pineda-López, 2010; Vázquez-García et al., 2013), the lat- ◦ ◦ Mexico (19 34’ 55” N; 96 56’ 55” W), with a mean annual rainfall ter has been the object of studies concerned with one stage of 1451 mm. Young trees of M. schiedeana are valued here for their of its life cycle and one of its vegetative structures (namely straight vertical trunks, and employed as racks to lay logs traded in the leaves) (Williams-Linera, 2000). There are also seed ecology the nearby markets. The Acatlán site sits high up on the slope of the studies of M. dealbata (seed pool and germination treatments) ◦ Acatlán volcano, in the municipality of Acatlán, Veracruz (19 41’ (Corral-Aguirre and Sánchez-Velásquez, 2006) and M. schiedeana ◦ 0.8” N; 96 51’ 14” W), where the mean annual rainfall is 1570 mm. (Vásquez-Morales and Sánchez-Velásquez, 2011). Aside from these Its lofty location near to the volcano’s summit keeps this population species, studies have been published on the production of polyfol- free from anthropogenic impact. licles in M. macrophylla Michx., M. schiedeana and M. praecocissima Both sites present a similar community composition that Koidz v. borealis (Doyle, 1989; Dieringer and Espinosa, 1994; Yasaka includes Clethra mexicana D. C., Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana Mar- et al., 2008), and on the roots of M. obovata Thunb. (Satomura et al., tinez, Liquidambar macrophylla L., Oreopanax xalapensis Decne and 2006). Although the Norma Oficial Mexicana (Semarnat 2010) lists Planch, Quercus xalapensis Humb and Bonpl. and Q. germana Cham Magnolia schiedeana as a threatened species, and some authors con- and Schlecht (Rzedowski, 1996; Williams-Linera, 2002). sider it a vulnerable species (Rivers et al., 2016) or an endangered species (González-Espinosa et al., 2011), the current status of its 2.3. Field data populations and their demographic attributes are unknown. In our study, we set out to identify the demographic attributes A census was carried out at both sites for four years (2010–2013) of two populations of M. schiedeana living under contrasting during the early rainy season (when fruits and seeds are produced), conditions (i.e., moderate anthropogenic disturbance, and no dis- and three annual cycles were obtained. At each population, the turbance). The attributes were: size structure, population growth diameter at breast height (dbh) was registered every year on indi- rate (␭), transition variations and the life-cycle transitions that con- viduals >1.3 m high, and all other individuals (≤1.3 m high) were tribute the most to ␭.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table 7: Species Changing IUCN Red List Status (2014-2015)
    IUCN Red List version 2015.4: Table 7 Last Updated: 19 November 2015 Table 7: Species changing IUCN Red List Status (2014-2015) Published listings of a species' status may change for a variety of reasons (genuine improvement or deterioration in status; new information being available that was not known at the time of the previous assessment; taxonomic changes; corrections to mistakes made in previous assessments, etc. To help Red List users interpret the changes between the Red List updates, a summary of species that have changed category between 2014 (IUCN Red List version 2014.3) and 2015 (IUCN Red List version 2015-4) and the reasons for these changes is provided in the table below. IUCN Red List Categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened), DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk, least concern). Reasons for change: G - Genuine status change (genuine improvement or deterioration in the species' status); N - Non-genuine status change (i.e., status changes due to new information, improved knowledge of the criteria, incorrect data used previously, taxonomic revision, etc.); E - Previous listing was an Error. IUCN Red List IUCN Red Reason for Red List Scientific name Common name (2014) List (2015) change version Category Category MAMMALS Aonyx capensis African Clawless Otter LC NT N 2015-2 Ailurus fulgens Red Panda VU EN N 2015-4
    [Show full text]
  • Officinalis Var. Biloba and Eucommia Ulmoides in Traditional Chinese Medicine
    Two Thousand Years of Eating Bark: Magnolia officinalis var. biloba and Eucommia ulmoides in Traditional Chinese Medicine Todd Forrest With a sense of urgency inspired by the rapid disappearance of plant habitats, most researchers are focusing on tropical flora as the source of plant-based medicines. However, new medicines may also be developed from plants of the world’s temperate regions. While working in his garden in the spring of English yew (Taxus baccata), a species common 1763, English clergyman Edward Stone was in cultivation. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), positive he had found a cure for malaria. Tasting the source of digitoxin, had a long history as the bark of a willow (Salix alba), Stone noticed a folk medicine in England before 1775, when a bitter flavor similar to that of fever tree (Cin- William Withering found it to be an effective chona spp.), the Peruvian plant used to make cure for dropsy. Doctors now prescribe digitoxin quinine. He reported his discovery to the Royal as a treatment for congestive heart failure. Society in London, recommending that willow EGb 761, a compound extracted from the be tested as an inexpensive alternative to fever maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba), is another ex- tree. Although experiments revealed that wil- ample of a drug developed from a plant native to low bark could not cure malaria, it did reduce the North Temperate Zone. Used as an herbal some of the feverish symptoms of the disease. remedy in China for centuries, ginkgo extract is Based on these findings, Stone’s simple taste now packaged and marketed in the West as a test led to the development of a drug used every treatment for ailments ranging from short-term day around the world: willow bark was the first memory loss to impotence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red List of Magnoliaceae Revised and Extended
    The Red List of Magnoliaceae revised and extended Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. © 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5 ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6 Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) , founded in 1903 and the purposes is authorized without prior permission from world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes human needs. is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M., Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red List of Magnoliaceae - revised and extended. BGCI. Richmond, UK. AUTHORS Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI. THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI. partnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife at BGCI.
    [Show full text]
  • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ to Identify the Level of Threat to Plants
    Ex-Situ Conservation at Scott Arboretum Public gardens and arboreta are more than just pretty places. They serve as an insurance policy for the future through their well managed ex situ collections. Ex situ conservation focuses on safeguarding species by keeping them in places such as seed banks or living collections. In situ means "on site", so in situ conservation is the conservation of species diversity within normal and natural habitats and ecosystems. The Scott Arboretum is a member of Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which works with botanic gardens around the world and other conservation partners to secure plant diversity for the benefit of people and the planet. The aim of BGCI is to ensure that threatened species are secure in botanic garden collections as an insurance policy against loss in the wild. Their work encompasses supporting botanic garden development where this is needed and addressing capacity building needs. They support ex situ conservation for priority species, with a focus on linking ex situ conservation with species conservation in natural habitats and they work with botanic gardens on the development and implementation of habitat restoration and education projects. BGCI uses the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ to identify the level of threat to plants. In-depth analyses of the data contained in the IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List are published periodically (usually at least once every four years). The results from the analysis of the data contained in the 2008 update of the IUCN Red List are published in The 2008 Review of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; see www.iucn.org/redlist for further details.
    [Show full text]
  • Relora-Plex Supports a Healthy Stress Response†
    PRODUCT DATA DOUGLAS LABORATORIES® 07/2015 1 Relora-Plex Supports a Healthy Stress Response† DESCRIPTION Relora-Plex is a unique proprietary blend of two herbal extracts, Magnolia and Phellodendron, combined with B vitamins designed to support normal mental functioning during stress. Relora® was shown in published clinical studies to support normal salivary cortisol levels, stress, mood, and weight management.† FUNCTIONS Cortisol, a hormone produced in the adrenal glands, plays an important role in the body’s regulation of cardiovascular function and fat, protein and carbohydrate utilization. When the body experiences stress, cortisol secretion increases, thus causing a breakdown of muscle protein and the release of amino acids to form glucose via gluconeogenesis. The resulting higher level of glucose in the body, combined with the decreased use of glucose by other tissues in the body, ensures that the brain is receiving adequate energy. Continuing research indicates that stress and anxiety can have a significant impact on the body’s health and wellbeing. While cortisol secretion is an important part of the body’s response to stress, the prolonged secretion of cortisol can have detrimental effects to the proper functioning of the body’s cardiovascular, immune, neurological and metabolic systems. Relora® is a patent-pending combination of two herbal extracts of Magnolia and Phellodendron bark (Asian cork tree). Both herbs have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for several hundred years. In a human study, 82% of the participants taking Relora® agreed with the statement that: “Relora® helps control…. irritability, emotional ups and downs, restlessness, tense muscles, poor sleep, fatigue, and concentration difficulties.”* † Relora® was found not to cause sedation, though 74% of the patients had more restful sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • Aedes Aegypti (Culicidae) and Ceratitis Capitata (Tephritidae) †
    molecules Article Insecticidal and Attractant Activities of Magnolia citrata Leaf Essential Oil against Two Major Pests from Diptera: Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae) † Ngoc Anh Luu-Dam 1,2, Nurhayat Tabanca 3,* , Alden S. Estep 4 , Duy Hung Nguyen 1 and Paul E. Kendra 3,* 1 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Graduate University of Science and Technology, No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam; [email protected] (N.A.L.-D.); [email protected] (D.H.N.) 2 Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), No.18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam 3 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33158, USA 4 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.T.); [email protected] (P.E.K.) † This work was produced by US government employees and is in the public domain in the US. Abstract: In this study, Magnolia citrata Noot and Chalermglin (Magnoliaceae) essential oil (MCEO) Citation: Luu-Dam, N.A.; was evaluated for insecticidal activity against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and attractant Tabanca, N.; Estep, A.S.; activity for the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. The leaves of Magnolia citrata (Giổi chanh) Nguyen, D.H.; Kendra, P.E. were collected from northwestern Vietnam, and the water-distilled MCEO was analyzed by gas- Insecticidal and Attractant Activities of chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Applications of Compounds in the Magnolia Family
    Pharmacology & Therapeutics 130 (2011) 157–176 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Pharmacology & Therapeutics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pharmthera Associate Editor: I. Kimura Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family Young-Jung Lee a, Yoot Mo Lee a,b, Chong-Kil Lee a, Jae Kyung Jung a, Sang Bae Han a, Jin Tae Hong a,⁎ a College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea b Reviewer & Scientificofficer, Bioequivalence Evaluation Division, Drug Evaluation Department Pharmaceutical Safety Breau, Korea Food & Drug Administration, Republic of Korea article info abstract Keywords: The bark and/or seed cones of the Magnolia tree have been used in traditional herbal medicines in Korea, Magnolia China and Japan. Bioactive ingredients such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol and obovatol have Magnolol received great attention, judging by the large number of investigators who have studied their Obovatol pharmacological effects for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, many investigators reported the Honokiol anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective 4-O-methylhonokiol effects as well as toxicities and pharmacokinetics data, however, the mechanisms underlying these Cancer Nerve pharmacological activities are not clear. The aim of this study was to review a variety of experimental and Alzheimer disease clinical reports and, describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of Cardiovascular disease Magnolia and/or its constituents. Inflammatory disease © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction .............................................. 157 2. Components of Magnolia ........................................ 159 3. Therapeutic applications in cancer ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Magnolia Obovata
    ISSUE 80 INAGNOLN INagnolla obovata Eric Hsu, Putnam Fellow, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Photographs by Philippe de 8 poelberch I first encountered Magnolia obovata in Bower at Sir Harold Hillier Gardens and Arboretum, Hampshire, England, where the tightly pursed, waxy, globular buds teased, but rewarded my patience. As each bud unfurled successively, it emitted an intoxicating ambrosial bouquet of melons, bananas, and grapes. Although the leaves were nowhere as luxuriously lustrous as M. grandrflora, they formed an el- egant wreath for the creamy white flower. I gingerly plucked one flower for doser observation, and placed one in my room. When I re- tumed from work later in the afternoon, the mom was overpowering- ly redolent of the magnolia's scent. The same olfactory pleasure was later experienced vicariously through the large Magnolia x wiesneri in the private garden of Nicholas Nickou in southern Connecticut. Several years earlier, I had traveled to Hokkaido Japan, after my high school graduation. Although Hokkaido experiences more severe win- ters than those in the southern parts of Japan, the forests there yield a remarkable diversity of fora, some of which are popular ornamen- tals. When one drives through the region, the silvery to blue-green leaf undersides of Magnolia obovata, shimmering in the breeze, seem to flag the eyes. In "Forest Flora of Japan" (sggII), Charles Sargent commended this species, which he encountered growing tluough the mountainous forests of Hokkaido. He called it "one of the largest and most beautiful of the deciduous-leaved species in size and [the seed conesj are sometimes eight inches long, and brilliant scarlet in color, stand out on branches, it is the most striking feature of the forests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden
    Research article The role of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico) in the conservation of the Mexican flora El papel del Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero (Xalapa, Veracruz, México) en la conservación de la flora mexicana Milton H. Díaz-Toribio1,3 , Victor Luna1 , Andrew P. Vovides2 Abstract: Background and Aims: There are approximately 3000 botanic gardens in the world. These institutions cultivate approximately six million plant species, representing around 100,000 taxa in cultivation. Botanic gardens make an important contributionex to situ conservation with a high number of threat- ened plant species represented in their collections. To show how the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (JBC) contributes to the conservation of Mexican flora, we asked the following questions: 1) How is vascular plant diversity currently conserved in the JBC?, 2) How well is this garden perform- ing with respect to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the Mexican Strategy for Plant Conservation (MSPC)?, and 3) How has the garden’s scientific collection contributed to the creation of new knowledge (description of new plant species)? Methods: We used data from the JBC scientific living collection stored in BG-BASE. We gathered information on species names, endemism, and endan- gered status, according to national and international policies, and field data associated with each species. Key results: We found that 12% of the species in the JBC collection is under some risk category by international and Mexican laws. Plant families with the highest numbers of threatened species were Zamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Asparagaceae. We also found that Ostrya mexicana, Tapirira mexicana, Oreopanax capitatus, O.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE CHINA Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence Of
    SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • February 2013 Vol.56 No.2: 189–198 doi: 10.1007/s11427-012-4430-8 Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Magnolia grandiflora and comparative analysis with related species LI XiWen1,3†, GAO HuanHuan1,2†, WANG YiTao3, SONG JingYuan1, HENRY Robert4, WU HeZhen2, HU ZhiGang2, YAO Hui1, LUO HongMei1, LUO Kun1, PAN HongLin2 & CHEN ShiLin1,5* 1Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; 3Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macao, Macao 999078, China; 4Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia; 5Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China Received July 13, 2012; accepted November 23, 2012; published online January 17, 2013 Magnolia grandiflora is an important medicinal, ornamental and horticultural plant species. The chloroplast (cp) genome of M. grandiflora was sequenced using a 454 sequencing platform and the genome structure was compared with other related species. The complete cp genome of M. grandiflora was 159623 bp in length and contained a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 26563 bp separated by large and small single copy (LSC, SSC) regions of 87757 and 18740 bp, respectively. A total of 129 genes were successfully annotated, 18 of which included introns. The identity, number and GC content of M. grandiflora cp genes were similar to those of other Magnoliaceae species genomes. Analysis revealed 218 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, most com- posed of A or T, contributing to a bias in base composition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progressive and Ancestral Traits of the Secondary Xylem Within Magnolia Clad – the Early Diverging Lineage of Flowering Plants
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Acta Soc Bot Pol 84(1):87–96 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2014.028 Received: 2014-07-31 Accepted: 2014-12-01 Published electronically: 2015-01-07 The progressive and ancestral traits of the secondary xylem within Magnolia clad – the early diverging lineage of flowering plants Magdalena Marta Wróblewska* Department of Developmental Plant Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland Abstract The qualitative and quantitative studies, presented in this article, on wood anatomy of various species belonging to ancient Magnolia genus reveal new aspects of phylogenetic relationships between the species and show evolutionary trends, known to increase fitness of conductive tissues in angiosperms. They also provide new examples of phenotypic plasticity in plants. The type of perforation plate in vessel members is one of the most relevant features for taxonomic studies. InMagnolia , until now, two types of perforation plates have been reported: the conservative, scalariform and the specialized, simple one. In this paper, are presented some findings, new to magnolia wood science, like exclusively simple perforation plates in some species or mixed perforation plates – simple and scalariform in one vessel member. Intravascular pitting is another taxonomically important trait of vascular tissue. Interesting transient states between different patterns of pitting in one cell only have been found. This proves great flexibility of mechanisms, which elaborate cell wall structure in maturing trache- ary element. The comparison of this data with phylogenetic trees, based on the fossil records and plastid gene expression, clearly shows that there is a link between the type of perforation plate and the degree of evolutionary specialization within Magnolia genus.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2010/002406 Al
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 7 January 2010 (07.01.2010) WO 2010/002406 Al (51) International Patent Classification: EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, A61K 36/00 (2006.01) HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (21) International Application Number: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, PCT/US2008/069017 NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, (22) International Filing Date: SK, SL, SM, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, 2 July 2008 (02.07.2008) US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (26) Publication Language: English GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, (71) Applicant and ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (72) Inventor: JAFFE, Russell, M. [US/US]; 10430 Hunter TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, View Road, Vienna, VA 22181 (US). ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (74) Agents: WARREN, Leigh, M. et al; Cooley Godward (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, Kronish LLP, 777 6th Street, N.W., Suite 1100, Washing NE, SN, TD, TG).
    [Show full text]