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An Examination of Roman Stones Re-Uifed in an Anglo-Saxon Context

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An Examination of Roman Stones Re-Uifed in an Anglo-Saxon Context Durham E-Theses The appropriation of meaning: an examination of roman stones re-used in an Anglo-Saxon context Catling, Joanne Elizabeth How to cite: Catling, Joanne Elizabeth (1998) The appropriation of meaning: an examination of roman stones re-used in an Anglo-Saxon context, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4665/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE APPROPRIATION OF MEANING: an examination of Roman stones re-uifed in an Anglo-Saxon context Joanne Elizabeth Catling MJk. UNTVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Archaeology The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be pubHshed without the written consent of the author an information derived from it should be acknowledged. 1998 2 THE APPROPRIATION OF MEANING: an examination of Roman stones re-used in an Anglo-Saxon contcj^t. Using the theoretical approaches to monuments devised by Richard Bradley (1993; 1998) I have explored the thesis that through the re-use of Roman sit^s, forms, and particularly, stonework, the Anglo-Saxon church and its patrons sought to 'appropriate' the influence of the Roman past. 'Appropriation' in this context is used to describe the deliberate selection of elements from the 'past' for incorporation into the 'present'. For appropriation to be effective there needs to be a shared perception of meaning. This is dependent upon memory and experience which are reinforced through the use of image and language. Appropriation forms part of the means through which institutions that constitute 'society' are reproduced and maintained. The geographical deUmitation of the research is the pre-1974 county of Northumberland. Within these boundaries I have examined the extant remains of Anglo-Saxon churches founded before IIOOA.D. for evidence of the re-use of Roman stonework. The relationship between these churches and the landscape, both remaining Roman sites and natural features, was also assessed. From the data gathered I have come to the conclusion that there is evidence, particularly in the eighth century, that the Anglo-Saxon Church hierarchy sought to 'appropriate' meaning from the Roman past through the re-use of Roman stonework. After the Synod of Whitby in 663 AD the Church sought to reject the 'barbarism' of the western British Christian tradition in favour of the civilizing practices of Rome. Altars in particular, seem to have been re-used in ways which indicate an attempt to simultaneously repress pagan associations and appropriate the power of the image. This practice is mirrored by examples from the continental Christian Church. As the Anglo-Saxon period progressed the desire to appropriate meaning remained but the focus of emphasis shifted from the Roman past to the Church's own past, with churches being sited in locations associated with indigenous saints. This thesis is the result of my own work. Material from the published and unpublished work of others, which is referred to in the thesis, is credited to the author(s) in question in the text. The thesis is approximately 26600 words in length. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without her prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. CONTENTS Page No, Contents 2 List of illustrations 5 List of Photographs 7 Acknowledgements 9 Chapter No Chapter Title Page No. Chapter 1 Introduction 1:1 Introduction. 10 1:2 Background to choice of study theme. 12 1:3 Moving forward. 13 Chapter 2 Background research into the history and role of 16 church building. 2:1 Introduction. 16 2:2 Twentieth century research into the past lives 16 of churches. The church in context. 18 Creating a framework for the Anglo-Saxon 14 period. 2:3 Anglo-Saxon Churches in Northumberland. 24 Past research. 24 Current re.search. 25 2:4 Endpiece. 26 Chapter 3 Towards a theoretical perspective. 27 3:1 Society as ideology. 27 3:2 The church as monument. 33 3:3 The church as ideology. 34 CONTENTS continued. Chapter No. Chapter Title Page No, Chapter 3 cont. 3:4 The evidence of landscape and physical remains. 36 The role of the landscape. 36 The church as physical space. 3 8 The role of moveable objects. 39 3:5Endpiece. 40 Chapter 4 Ways and means. 42 4:1 Introduction. 42 4:2 The arguments so far. 42 4:3 The search for evidence. 43 4:4: Study area. 44 4:5 Selection of church sites. 47 4:6 Site visiting. 49 4:7 Collation and storage of data. 51 4:8 Chi-squared testing. 52 4:9 Limitations of data. 53 4:10Endpiece. 53 Chapter 5 What does it all mean? 55 5:1 Introduction. 55 5:2 Site/ feature analysis. 5 6 Bar charts and chi-squared testing. 56 Venn diagram. 60 5:3 Church sites/ Roman stones analysis. 63 Categories of stone re-used. 63 5:4Endpiece. 72 Church sites and the landscape. 72 Church sites and Roman stonework. 73 CONTENTS; continued- Chapter No, Chapter Title Page No. Chapter 6 How does it all add up? 75 6:1 Introduction. 75 6:2 The influence of landscape features and 75 Roman sites. 6:3 Altars. 78 6:4 The influence of architecture. 87 6:5 Theoretical references. 89 6:6 Endpiece. 91 Chapter 7 Final thoughts and fixture directions. 92 7:1 The arguments. 92 7:2 The evidence. 94 7:3 The criticisms. 95 Postscript. 98 Appendbf 1 Timeline AD 500-1100. 99 Appendix 2 Gazetteer of churches. 100 Appendix 3 Notes on fonts. 119 Appendix 4 Example of the pro forma used to record details 121 of stonework in the field. Appendix 5 Results of chi-squared testing. 122 BibUography 123 N.B. I have used the followng abbre^'iation 'H.E.' throughout the text when referring to Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica, followed by the book and chapter numbers. LTST OF TLLIJSTRATTONS Figure No. litk Page No. 1. Examples of quoining (after Taylor & Taylor, 1965: 6). 20 2. Examples of windows (after Taylor & Taylor, 1965: 8) 21 3a. Dating periods for the Anglo-Saxon era, as outlmed by 22 Baldwin Brown. 3b. Dating periods for the Anglo-Saxon era, as outlined by 22 H.M. & J. Taylor. 4. Two models depicting the formation of 'society'. 29 5. An alternative model of the formation of 'society' 30 6. Dating periods used to categorize churches. 44 7. Map to show the distribution of Anglo-Saxon churches in 45 Northumberland in relation to landscape features. 8. Distribution of Anglo-Saxon churches in Northumberland 46 in relation to constructed features in the landscape. 9. Anglo-Saxon churches in Northumberland. 48 10. Distance between churches in Northumberland and 58 Roman roads. 11. Distance between churches in Northumberland and 59 navigable water. 12. Distance between church sites and Roman sites. 59 13. Venn diagram showing the churches within 4km. of a 61 Roman road, site or navigable water. 14. Percentage of church sites which relate to the three 61 landscape features, showm by period. 15. Percentage of churches relating to rivers, Roman 62 roads and sites. 16. Churches containing re-used Roman stone defined 64 by period. ILLUSTRATIONS; continued. Figure No. Title Page No. 17. Categories of re-used Roman stone in churches in 65 Northumberland. 18. Elements of re-used Roman stone in churches in 66 Northumberland. 19. Categories of stone re-used in Anglo-Saxon churches. 67 20. The occurrence of different categories of re-used Roman 67 stone in Anglo-Saxon churches in Northumberland. 21. Location of Roman stones within Anglo-Saxon church 68 buildings in Northumberland. ® 22. Location of Roman stones within Anglo-Saxon church 69 buildings in Northumberland. ® 23. Re-used Roman altars in Northumberland. 78 24. Distribution ofRoman altars in Northumberland. 85 PHOTOGRAPHS. Examples ofRoman stonework (l):Page 70. PI. 1 Hexham Abbey crypt; toolmarks, south exit. PI. 2 Hexham abbey crypt; leaf and berry decorated mouldings. PI. 3 Warden; lewis hole in quoining. PI. 4 Corbridge; block with cramp hole pierced by later arcade. PI. 5 Heddon-on-the-Wall; possible re-used column base. Examples ofRoman stonework (2\. Page 71. PI. 1 Corbridge; tower arch made from re-used Roman stones. PI. 2 Bywell, St. Andrew's; column re-used as through shaft, and re-used Untel in lower window. PI. 3 Warden; imposts in north side of tower arch (right hand comer modem). PI. 4 Heddon-on-the-Wall; lintel, cleaned in Norman period. PI. 5 Corbridge; west face of tower showing original entrance and re-used Roman stones. Roman altars (I V Page 79 PI. 1 Beltingham (Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne. PI. 2 Beltingham; socket on top of altar (Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne. PI. 3 Chollerton; hollowed out top of altar. PI. 4 Chollerton. PI. 5 Warden; altar, re-used as grave cover. Roman ahars (2): Page 80.
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