Introduction to Combustion Analysis
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On the Multi-Physics of Mass-Transfer Across Fluid Interfaces
On the multi-physics of mass-transfer across fluid interfaces Dieter Bothe Center of Smart Interfaces TU Darmstadt [email protected] Abstract Mass transfer of gaseous components from rising bubbles to the ambient liquid can be described based on continuum mechanical sharp-interface balances of mass, momentum and species mass. In this context, the stan- dard model consists of the two-phase Navier-Stokes equations for incom- pressible fluids with constant surface tension, complemented by reaction- advection-diffusion equations for all constituents, employing Fick’s law. This standard model is inconsistent with the continuity equation, the mo- mentum balance and the second law of thermodynamics. The present paper reports on the details of these severe shortcomings and provides thermodynamically consistent model extensions which are required to cap- ture various phenomena which occur due to the multi-physics of interfacial mass transfer. In particular, we provide a simple derivation of the interface Maxwell-Stefan equations which does not require a time scale separation, while the main contribution is to show how interface concentrations and interface chemical potentials mediate the influence on mass transfer of a transfer component exerted by the change in interface energy due to an adsorbing surfactant. Keywords: Soluble surfactant, interface chemical potentials, interfacial en- tropy production, interface Maxwell-Stefan equations, jump conditions, surface tension effects, high Schmidt number problem, artificial boundary conditions. Introduction The standard model for the continuum mechanical description of mass transfer across fluid interfaces is based on the incompressible two-phase Navier-Stokes equations for fluid systems without phase change. To be more precise, inside the fluid phases the governing equations are arXiv:1501.05610v1 [physics.flu-dyn] 22 Jan 2015 ∇ · v =0, (1) visc ∂t(ρv)+ ∇ · (ρv ⊗ v)+ ∇p = ∇ · S + ρg (2) with the viscous stress tensor T Svisc = η(∇v + ∇v ), (3) 1 where the material parameters depend on the respective phase. -
MATERIAL BALANCE NOTES Revision 3 Irven Rinard Department
MATERIAL BALANCE NOTES Revision 3 Irven Rinard Department of Chemical Engineering City College of CUNY and Project ECSEL October 1999 © 1999 Irven Rinard CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 A. Types of Material Balance Problems B. Historical Perspective I. CONSERVATION OF MASS 5 A. Control Volumes B. Holdup or Inventory C. Material Balance Basis D. Material Balances II. PROCESSES 13 A. The Concept of a Process B. Basic Processing Functions C. Unit Operations D. Modes of Process Operations III. PROCESS MATERIAL BALANCES 21 A. The Stream Summary B. Equipment Characterization IV. STEADY-STATE PROCESS MODELING 29 A. Linear Input-Output Models B. Rigorous Models V. STEADY-STATE MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS 33 A. Sequential Modular B. Simultaneous C. Design Specifications D. Optimization E. Ad Hoc Methods VI. RECYCLE STREAMS AND TEAR SETS 37 A. The Node Incidence Matrix B. Enumeration of Tear Sets VII. SOLUTION OF LINEAR MATERIAL BALANCE MODELS 45 A. Use of Linear Equation Solvers B. Reduction to the Tear Set Variables C. Design Specifications i VIII. SEQUENTIAL MODULAR SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR 53 MATERIAL BALANCE MODELS A. Convergence by Direct Iteration B. Convergence Acceleration C. The Method of Wegstein IX. MIXING AND BLENDING PROBLEMS 61 A. Mixing B. Blending X. PLANT DATA ANALYSIS AND RECONCILIATION 67 A. Plant Data B. Data Reconciliation XI. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC PROCESS MODELING 75 A. Conservation of Mass for Dynamic Systems B. Surge and Mixing Tanks C. Gas Holders XII. PROCESS SIMULATORS 87 A. Steady State B. Dynamic BILIOGRAPHY 89 APPENDICES A. Reaction Stoichiometry 91 B. Evaluation of Equipment Model Parameters 93 C. Complex Equipment Models 96 D. -
268. Combustion Analysis
Notes from the Oesper Collections Liebig and Combustion Analysis William B. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 53706 The basic tenets of organic combustion analysis were introduced by Lavoisier in the 1780s (1). Essentially the organic material is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The former is absorbed using a solution of po- tassium hydroxide and the latter using anhydrous cal- cium dichloride. From the difference in the masses of the absorbents before and after combus- tion, one can determine the masses of carbon dioxide and water formed and, from a knowledge of the gra- vimetric composition of these two compounds, one can calculate the weight of carbon and hydrogen present in the original organic sample: mass C = 0.273 (mass of CO2 formed) [1] mass H = 0.112 (mass of H2O formed) [2] The total mass of any oxygen and nitrogen present in Figure 2. Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) posing with his apparatus for combustion analysis. the sample is assumed to be equal to the difference between the mass of the original sample and that of the carbon and hydrogen present: mass (O & N) = mass sample - mass (C & H) [3] Though simple in principle, the translation of these assumptions into a reliable routine laboratory procedure required many refinements (Gay-Lussac & Thenard 1810, Berzelius 1813, Döbereiner 1816, Prout 1820, 1827) until it reached its standard form with the publication in 1837 of the monograph, Anlei- tung zur Analyse der organischer Körper (figure 1), by the German chemist, Justus Liebig (figure 2), based on improvements he had made in the technique earlier in Figure 1. -
Introduction to Oxidation and Mass & Energy Balances
Introduction to Oxidation and Mass & Energy Balances Michael Mannuzza IT3/HWC OBG BaltimoreBaton Rouge,2014 LA 2016 Combustion • Combustion is an oxidation reaction: Fuel + O2 ---> Products of Combustion + Heat Energy • In addition to traditional burner fuels, incinerator fuel can include solid, gaseous and liquid waste. IT3/HWC • The Products of Combustion (POC) are the BaltimoreBaton primary concern from an Air Pollution Control Rouge,2014 LA 2016 (APC) perspective. Air Pollutants and Regulatory Drivers • The type of APC system required for an incinerator will be decided based on the system’s POCs and the regulatory limits mandated for specific pollutants. • Emissions of the following pollutants are typically regulated for most incinerator applications: • IT3/HWC • Dioxin/Furans NOx • Particulate Matter BaltimoreBaton • Mercury (Hg) Rouge,2014 LA • VOCs & Total Hydrocarbons 2016 • Semi-Volatile Metals (Cd, Pb) • Carbon Monoxide • Low-Volatility Metals (As, Be, Cr) • HCl & Cl2 • SOx • Others Identifying APC Requirements Three Steps: 1. Quantify anticipated POCs 2. Identify Regulatory Emission Constraints (establish abatement requirements) IT3/HWC 3. Quantify the discharge flow rate of the system. BaltimoreBaton Rouge,2014 LA 2016 Waste Feed Properties I. Begin by identifying the properties of the waste feed and quantifying the constituency of the waste: 1. Material Take-Offs 2. Proximate, Ultimate, and Ash Analysis 3. Sample & Analyze for Specific Compounds 4. Employ Other Empirical Methods PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS ASH ANALYSIS -
1Eng -Design Basics, Mass Balance, Kinetics.Pdf
Applied chemical process Basic terms, mass balance Engineering thinking description of the industrial apparatus + description of the chemical and physical operation in the process precise formulation of the problem + design the right solution Process technology development design finish design development end of end construction of KH delivery KH Intensity Intensity year 1 Operations • Chemical processes - reactors • Mechanical processes - transport, mixing, filtration, grinding, sedimentation… • Diffusion processes - extraction, distillation, crystallization, drying • Thermal processes – coolig, warming-up, condensation, evaporation Description of the technology Maximal yield x minimum cost • Amount and composition of the products – reactants, products, waste (material balance) • Energy consumption – stream, cooling water, electrical energy, cooling air (enthalpy balance) • Industrial devices – wattage, type, dimension, output (design and check calculation) • Costs – raw materials, energy, investments, payroll (economic balance) Economic efficiency of the process • Costing and price of the product • Energy costs • Depreciation and maintenance • Cost of human work = Production costs + Corporate overhead = Complete costs + Profit = Total Price 2 Cost versus production - development of a new product 1) Old process production fall off Not simultaneously 2) Application of the modern technology Influence of capacity to the relative cost raw materials cost relative invest cost energy capacity (t/year) Type of the system – based on the exchange -
Organic Carbon Sampling and Methodology Project: Yakima Railroad Area
Organic Carbon Sampling and Methodology Project: Yakima Railroad Area Report prepared for the Department of Ecology March 1997 Christene L. Albanese and *Richelle M. Allen-King Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2812 Rick Roeder, Department of Ecology, Central Regional Office, Yakima, WA 98902-3401 *Corresponding Author: R.M.Allen-King; email: [email protected]; phone 509-335-1180 Table of Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Descriptions of Established Analytic TOC Methods ...........................................................2 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................................5 Sorbents ..................................................................................................................5 Sample Preparation ..................................................................................................6 Analytical Procedures ..............................................................................................7 Difference Method .......................................................................................7 Pre-acidification: WSU ................................................................................7 Pre-acidificaion: Manchester Environmental Lab .......................................9 Error Analysis ..........................................................................................................9 -
Applicability of Simple Mass and Energy Balances in Food Drum Drying
J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(1)128-133, 2014 ISSN 2090-4304 © 2014, TextRoad Publication Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com Applicability of Simple Mass and Energy Balances in Food Drum Drying Tomislav Jurendić Bioquanta Ltd, Dravska 17, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia Received: November 16 2013 Accepted: December 10 2013 ABSTRACT Drum drying is one of the most important drying methods in the production of dried food. Drum dryers are robust in construction and consume huge quantity of energy. Holding the drying process under control can be of high importance for both saving the energy and reducing the costs. Mass and energy balances represent a very good basis towards efficient process control and quick estimation of the process state, as well as are unavoidable step in the design of food processes, respectively. In this work the using of simple mass and energy balances in practical industrial applications is demonstrated. KEY WORDS: baby food, drum drying, energy balance, mass balance, process calculations 1. INTRODUCTION Drum drying (Figure 1) has been widely used in food industry for drying of various liquid, semiliquid and paste-like food materials. That way, many dried food products such as milk powder, baby foods, starch, fruit and vegetables pulps, honey, malto-dextrins, yeast creams and many other food and non-food products can be produced [1-6]. The obtained dried product is porous and easy to rehydrate, ready to use [6]. As well, the manufactured dried products can be employed as semi-finished products in milk, drinking, confectionary and other industries [4]. However, the purpose of food drying is to extend shelf life of products with minimum packaging requirements and reduced shipping weights [4]. -
AP Chemistry Day 4 Unit 1 Atomic Structure Topic 1.3 Elemental Composition Cont
AP Chemistry Day 4 Unit 1 Atomic Structure Topic 1.3 Elemental Composition cont. Topic 1.4 (Briefly) mixtures 1.5 Atomic Structure intro Agenda - Sept 4, 2019 ● Topic 1.3 Elemental Composition of Pure Substances ○ Combustion Analysis Pogil ● Topic 1.4 Composition of Mixtures ● Topic 1.5 Atomic Structure and electron configuration ● Topic 1.6 Photoelectron spectroscopy ● Remember 1st ions quiz 10th Sept Topic 1.3 Elemental Composition of Pure Substances Combustion Analysis How can burning a substance help determine the substance’s chemical formula? Why? Scientists have many techniques to help them determine the chemical formula or structure of an unknown compound. One commonly used technique when working with carbon-containing compounds is combustion analysis. Any compound containing carbon and hydrogen will burn. With an ample oxygen supply, the products of the combustion will be carbon dioxide and water. Analyzing the mass of CO2 and H2O that are produced allows chemists to determine the ratios of elements in the compound. Model 1 - Combustion Reactions CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Name the hydrocarbons C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Model 1 - Combustion Reactions CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O methane Draw C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O molecular ethane structures C H + O → CO + H O 2 4 2 2 2 On ethene whiteboard C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O propane Model 1 - Combustion Reactions CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O methane 1. What C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O ethane reactant is always C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O ethene required? C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O propane Model 1 - Combustion Reactions CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O methane Oxygen is C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O ethane always required for C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O ethene combustion. -
Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms
The University of Manchester Research Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Cogley, J. G., Arendt, A. A., Bauder, A., Braithwaite, R. J., Hock, R., Jansson, P., Kaser, G., Moller, M., Nicholson, L., Rasmussen, L. A., & Zemp, M. (2010). Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms. (IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology). International Hydrological Programme. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:09. Oct. 2021 GLOSSARY OF GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND RELATED TERMS Prepared by the Working Group on Mass-balance Terminology and Methods of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86 IACS Contribution No. 2 UNESCO, Paris, 2011 Published in 2011 by the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. -
Pyrene Based Metal Organic Frameworks
Pyrene based Metal Organic Frameworks. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Thomas Ian Mangnall. November 2015. 1 Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................... 7 Extended Abstract ........................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements. ..................................................................................... 11 Abbreviations. .............................................................................................. 13 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 15 1.1. General Introduction ........................................................................... 15 1.2. Porous Materials ................................................................................. 15 1.2.1. Inorganic Porous Materials .......................................................... 16 1.2.2. Organic Porous Materials ............................................................. 20 1.2.3. Hybrid Porous Materials/Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) ... 21 1.2. History of Metal Organic Frameworks and Common Examples ........ 26 1.3. Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks ....................................... 31 1.3.1. Separation ..................................................................................... 31 1.3.2. Gas Storage ................................................................................. -
Investigation of Hydrogen and Nitrogen Content in Compacted Graphite Iron Production
Investigation of Hydrogen and Nitrogen Content in Compacted Graphite Iron Production Master Thesis Project Dimitrios Siafakas Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Dept of Material Science and Engineering 2012 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 2. THEORY .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Compact Graphite Iron – CGI .................................................................................... 5 2.2 Process Control and production of CGI ..................................................................... 6 2.3 Gas Porosity in Cast iron ........................................................................................... 7 2.4 Solubility of gases in cast iron ................................................................................... 7 2.5 Hydrogen ................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Nitrogen ..................................................................................................................... 8 3. HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN ABSORPTION IN GREY CAST IRON ....................................... 8 3.1 The influence of the melting method [4]. ................................................................... 9 3.2 The influence of the mould filling ........................................................................... 10 3.2.1 -
CMJ MW NEW Chapter 01 FINAL
Chapter One Analysis Mania Justus Liebig is widely regarded as the nineteenth century’s greatest chemist.1 Liebig is famous for developing the world’s first school for chemical research and a new piece of chemical glassware he called the Kaliapparat (potash apparatus). Iconic from the start, Liebig’s Kaliapparat remains familiar to present-day chemists everywhere from the American Chemical Society logo.2 Triumphalist accounts of Liebig are based on the attractive proposition that when Liebig invented the Kaliapparat in 1830 he solved the problem of organic analysis, and that this achievement was crucial in propelling his rapid rise to fame. These accounts also assume it was always obvious to Liebig that doing organic analysis would be his route to success, and that he intended to found a school for research in this area right from the start.3 This standard account of Liebig is, in large part, derived from what Liebig himself later wrote – autobiographical recollections that entered the historical literature through the first biography of Liebig, written by his devoted pupil Jacob Volhard.4 Despite numerous more recent studies of 1 James R. Partington, A History of Chemistry Vol. 4 (London: Macmillan, 1964), 300. 2 www.acs.org. 3 Organic analysis is the process by which chemists determine the composition of organic compounds in terms of their constituent elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and (sometimes) nitrogen. The nature of the early nineteenth-century problem confronting organic analysis is examined below in The State of the Field. 4 Jakob Volhard, Justus Liebig, Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Barth, 1909). According to Volhard’s pupil Daniel Vorländer, “Jacob Volhard,” Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 45 (1912): 1855–1902, 1856, JACKSON: Material World DRAFT 2 Liebig, the central elements of this hagiography have remained unchallenged until now.