China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge Edited by Timothy Brook and Gregory Blue Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64029-9 - China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge Edited by Timothy Brook and Gregory Blue Index More information

Index

Abu-Lughod, Janet 51, 52-3 Bible, the, and Western social thought on agricultural innovation, and feudalism in China 62-3 Western Europe 32-3 biological racism see scientific/biological agricultural production, and the transition racism to capitalism 33 Black Death 33, 44, 51-2, 215, 218 agriculture Bloch, Marc 44, 45-6, 54 in China 8, 90, 168-75 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 79 agrarian economy 222-4, 226 Bodin, Jean 59 improvements in 210, 218 Bois, Guy 27, 29, 31, 32, 39-40, 45, 46 twentieth century 234-5 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st Viscount value placed on 192, 199-202 66 and the commodification of land 23 Botero, Giovanni 59-60 in the United States 204 Boulanger, Nicholas 91 see also rice cultivation bourgeois hegemony in Europe, and the Akizawa Shoji 146-7 decline of China's reputation 72 Anderson, Perry 30, 35-6, 39, 42, 49, 55 Boxer, C. R. 59 Andreev, M. G. 103,107 Boxer Rebellion 80, 83 Argens, Marquis d' 69 brain size, racial ranking according to 80-1 aristocracy Braudel, Fernand 220, 242 in China, and land management 170-1 Civilization and Capitalism 161-2 and the transition to capitalism 54-5 Brecht, Berthold 84 in Western Europe Brenner, Robert 29-30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 55, and the "crisis" of feudalism 33, 43-6, 211 49, 50-1 Britain and the transition to capitalism 54-5 inter-war views on China 83-4 see also hereditary nobility and the Opium Wars 77, 78, 94, 98 "Aryan" race concept 79 see also England Asiatic mode of production 63, 84-5, Brunetiere, Ferdinand 69 93-5, 100, 101-7, 140, 144-7, Bu nongshu (Expanded treatise on 148-9, 155 agriculture) 199-200 Buckle, Henry, History of Civilization Bacon, Francis 60,162 120-1, 123 Baechler, Jean 41 Buddhism Balasz, Etienne 211 and technology 208 Ban Zhao 195 and Western social thought on China 61, Barros, Joao de 59 66, 98 Baudier, Michel 61 Bukharin, Nikolai 100, 101, 141-2, 143 Bayle, Pierre 64 bureaucracy Beauvais, Vincent de 58 and the Asiatic mode of production Berin, T. D. 104 148-9 Bernier, Francois 63-4, 86-7, 88, 91, 94, in imperial China 97, 98, 99, 141-4 109 and the "modern" state 25-6, 46-7

282

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64029-9 - China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge Edited by Timothy Brook and Gregory Blue Index More information

Index 283

capitalism 4-6 Japanese invasion of (1937) 132, 232 and the Asiatic mode of production mass mobilization of May 4, 1919 128 93-5,144 Ming dynasty 4 in Chinese historical theory 110-57 agriculture and textile production 168, embedding in the pre-modern 147-57 172, 175, 177, 181, 182, 183-4 and Marxism 133-40 and the meaning of work 190 -1, and modernity 110, 111-18, 156-7 201-2, 203 commercial 220-2, 225, 231, 236, 241 political economy 239 definition of 1, 4, 9,12,14-20, 110-16, and technology 208 212-13, 220, 231 Nationalist/Communist conflict 100-1 and economic growth 220-1 New Culture Movement 127-8 in Europe 211-15, 221 People's Republic 8-9, 239-43 and China 214-15, 235-6 Qin dynasty 96, 136, 138, 139, 145 and the history of technology 158-68 Qing dynasty 4, 8, 76, 104 in imperial China 222 agriculture and textile production 168, industrial 217, 241 172, 177, 184 Kondratieff cycles 32 and Chinese historical theory 119,137, and the rise of the West 11-14 138,139 and social theory 161 -4, 211 -12 and the meaning of work 202-3 in Soviet Marxism 99, 101,108 political economy 238, 239, 240 "sprouts" of 150-2, 156 and technology 232 transition from feudalism to 12, 27-34 women and work 194, 197-8 in twentieth-century China 155-6, 233 Republican period 8, 237-8 and Weber 98 Revolution (1949) 149 and Western social thought on China 72, Song dynasty 7, 99, 125, 151 84 and the meaning of work 195 capitalist/"modern" historical system and technology 163, 208 14-27, 231-2 and textile production 179, 180, 181 activities 14-16 and wet-rice cultivation 171-2, 173 and China 213-15, 245 Taiping rebellion 2, 80, 119 civilizational explanations 34-43 Tang dynasty 7, 125, 151 conjunctural explanations 43-56 textile production 178, 179 processes 16-20 technology 162-3, 232, 233, 235 and rationality 55, 56 agricultural and textile 168-90 structures 20-6 and the meaning of work 190-203 and technological progress 55-6 war with Japan (1894-95) 124 Carlyle, Thomas 15 Warring States period 168, 201 Cartier, Michel 192 Western social thought on Catholic Church after the First World War 92-5 in China 62, 64-5, 66 decline in cultural reputation 70-8 and the Chinese Rites controversy 62, development of racialist sinophobia 65, 66, 70, 75 78-81 see also Christianity; Jesuit missionaries in the late Middle Ages/Renaissance in China; religion 58-60 Certeau, Michel de 206 seventeenth century 60-70 changelessness of the Chinese 3-4 social structure and historical stability Chatterjee, Partha 117,118 85-108 Chen Duxiu 127-8 Yuan dynasty ChenFu 188 agriculture 172 ChenHongmou 186-7,197 textile production 180-1 Ch'en, Jerome 82-3 Zhou dynasty 82, 96 Chen Zilong 199 and the Asiatic mode of production China 145 Boxer Rebellion 80, 83 Marxist analysis of 102, 103, 105, 107, feudalism see under feudalism 135, 136, 138 Han dynasty 82, 96, 102, 103, 202 see also northern China; southern China

284 Index

Chinese Communist Party and technology 168, 208 and the Asiatic mode of production 144 Weber on 98 and feudalism 150-1 and Western scientific models Chinese economic history 210-45 119-20 expansion and contraction in 215, and Western social thought on China 61, 217-21 64, 65, 80, 84, 87, 90 explaining change in 210 -15 Constantine, Emperor 48 political economy 221-6, 230-1 cotton production in China 169, 175, in the nineteenth and twentieth 180-5, 231 centuries 231-45 craftsmen in China, and the meaning of Chinese historical theory work 192, 198 and capitalism 110-57 cultural approach to technology 167-8 embedded in the pre-modern 147-57 culture and modernity 110, 111-18, 128 and the capitalism/"modern" historical first "modern" histories of China system 38-9 118-30 decline of China's cultural reputation Marxist 139-40 70-8 post-war studies 149-51 Western thought on Chinese 69-70 Weberian influences on 140-7 and the modernization of the past Daoism 129-30 and technology 208 and nativism 128-9 Weber on 98 Chinese language 81 and Western social thought 66, 84 and capitalism 111 Darwin, Charles 81, 131 and modernity 112 and Chinese historical theory 118, 119, Western thought on 74-5 120 Chinese writing system 58, 74 De Quincey, Thomas 75-6 Chinoiserie vogue in Europe 69-70, 71 Defoe, Daniel 69 Christianity democracy, and Chinese historical theory and the capitalism/"modern" historical 127 system 37-8, 48-50 Dermigny, Louis 72-3 see also Catholic Church; religion "despotic" system of government civil service, Chinese, and Western social and the Asiatic mode of production 148 thought 61, 67, 89, 97 Marxist views on Chinese 136-7 civilization, and progress 121 Western views on Chinese 86-9, 91, 92, clans and the State, in China 97 94 Clifford, James 166 Diderot, Denis 69 Chinas, Craig 208 Dirlik,Arif 140 Columbus, Christopher 1, 58 division of labor commodification, and the capitalist/ in China "modern" historical system 20, 22-4 gendered 176, 177, 179, 184, 191-2, in China 217-21 193 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels) regional 182-5 131 and economic growth 219-20 Comte, Auguste 76 Dobb, Maurice 44, 45 Condorcet, Marquis de 91, 92 Dockes, Pierre 28, 31 Confucianism Down, Dr John 81 and capitalism 153-4 Dubrovskii, S. M. 102-3, 104-5 and Chinese historical theory 118-19, Duman,L. I. 107 126 on marriage 195 East Asian economies, and capitalism 9 and the meaning of work 192, 194, 196, East Asian merchants, and capitalism 213 200, 202-3 Eastern Europe, feudalism in 13 on morality and ritual 191 economic growth and political economy 225, 242 in China 232-45 as the state religion 48 in medieval Europe 46

Index 285

economic integration in China 237-8 and the transition to capitalism 12, Edict of Nantes, revocation of 64, 89 27-34, 53-6 Egyptian civilization, and China 68, 71, 76, First World War 77, 105 and Chinese historical theory 128 eighteenth century and Western social thought on China 82 decline of China's cultural reputation Fossier, Robert 48 70-8 France Western thought on China 65-70 and the capitalism/"modern" historical Engels, F. 93-5, 101, 131,132 system 39, 40,41,46, 54 see also Marx and Marxism commercial expansion 216 England and the decline of China's reputation 72, and the capitalism/"modern" historical 73 system 13, 38-41, 42, 46 seventeenth-century/Enlightenment capitalist development in 212 thought on China 61, 64, 66-7 commercial expansion 215-16 Frank, Andre Gunder 9 and the decline of China's reputation 72, freedom of subjects, and the capitalist/ 73 "modern" historical system 16-17 maritime trading networks 216-17 French Revolution 91 political economy 229, 230 FuYilingl51 see also Britain Fukuijunzo 130-1 Enlightenment Fukuzawa Yukichi 122-3 and capitalism 15 and Chinese intellectuals 117 Galileo 3-4 and Japan 129-30 Gates, Hill 192-3 and the rise of the West 11 Geertz, Clifford 171 and Western social thought on China Gellner, Ernest 43, 121 60-70, 75-7 geography, Western thought on Chinese 74 eugenics 81 German Ideology, The (Marx and Engels) European commercial expansion 215-17, 133, 144 218 Germany, and the decline of China's European concept of modern/modernity reputation 72 113, 116, 117 Gilchrist, John 50 European patterns of economic change, Gille, Bertrand 162 and China 210-15 Gobineau, Arthur de 78-9, 80, 81 European political economy 227-31 Godes, Mikhail 104-5 Everitt, Alan 215 Goldsmith, Oliver 69 goods, commodification of, and the Falkenhausen, Lothar von 207 capitalist/"modern" historical system Ferguson, Adam 91 22 feudalism Gothic style, and Chinoiserie 70 and the capitalism/"modern" historical grain markets in China 223-4 system 35-6 Granet, Marcel 85 in China Greece, ancient 3 and capitalism 147-8, 149-51, 153, Chinese art compared with 70 155,156 and Western civilization 71,75 and Chinese Marxist historiography Gujiegang 130 133-40 Guenee, Bernard 48 Soviet views on 100, 101, 102-7 Guerreau, Alain 29 Weber on 96, 141-2 Guizot, Francois, History of Civilization 121 in Eastern Europe 13 Guo Moruo 81, 107, 134-5, 138, 139, in Japan 35, 146 140, 146, 147, 149 in Western Europe and the Black Death 44 Habermas,J. 165 "crisis" of 13, 31, 33, 35, 43-51, 54 Hall,Johnll5,211 cycles of 32 Hamrin, Carol 155 England 39, 40 Hase, Johan 68

286 Index

Hayakawa Jiro 146 and Enlightenment historiography Hegel, G. W. F. 76, 92-3, 94, 109 129-30 and Chinese historical theory 116,118, feudalism in 35, 146 125 invasion of China (1937) 132, 232 Heidegger, Martin 165 Japanese Marxists 115, 210 Herder, Johann Gottfried 75, 79, 91-2 Meiji Restoration 120 hereditary nobility and Oriental history 122-4 and the decline of China's reputation in rice-fanning system 204-6 the West 73 Tokyo school historians 149, 151-2 and despotic government 88, 89 war with China (1894-95) 124 Hilton, Rodney 30, 44 and the West 2, 3 Hirano Yoshitaro 146 and Western historical theory 118,119, historical stability, and Western thought on 122-3 Chinese society 85-108 Jesuit missionaries in China 4,119 Hobsbawm, Eric 43 and the decline of China's reputation in Holland see Netherlands Europe 73 Hong Huanchun 211 and Western social thought 61, 62, Honour, Hugh 69 64-5, 66, 87, 88 horse trade in China 224 Jesuits, Chinese compared with 77 Hujurenl91 Jews, and traditional Chinese culture 76 Hu Shi 116, 127-8, 129-30, 132, 135 Johnson, Dr Samuel 74 Huang Ang 185 Johsua, Isaac 29 Huang, Philip 233-4, 235 Jones, E.L. 13,211 Huang, Ray x Jones, Richard 93 Huizhou merchants 217 Justi, J. H. G. von 67 Humboldt, Alexander von 79 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 74-5 Kang Youwei 119,124,137 Hume, David 74 Katsumi, Moritani 138 Hundred Years War 33, 45 Keightley, David 207 Huxley, Thomas 124 Keynes, John Maynard 15 Hyndman, H. M. 83-4 Kircher, Athanasius 61, 68 knowledge construction, and the capitalist/ immigration, Chinese 79, 80 "modern" historical system 16,19-20 Impey, Oliver 69 Knowles, David 50 India Knox, Robert 78 and the history of technology 163 Kokin,M. 104 Western social thought on 63, 94 Kotoku Shusui 130-1,134 and Western theories of the modern Kovalev, S. I. 105, 106-7 116-17 Kroebel, Alfred 164 industrial growth in China 232-3, 237 Kuhn, Dieter 207-8 Industrial Revolution 73, 160, 161-2, 217, Kuznet, Simon 234-5 219, 230 Iolk,E. S. 100, 103, 104-5 La Mothe le Vayer, Francois 61 interstate system 26-7 labor Italy, and the capitalism/"modern" commodification of, and the capitalist/ historical system 41-3 "modern" historical system 22, 23-4 see also slavery Jansenists 62, 73 Lan Dingyuan 195 Japan land, commodification of, and the and the Asiatic mode of production capitalist/"modern" historical system 146-7 22-3 and the capitalism/"modern" historical land colonization, and feudalism in system 36 Western Europe 29-30 and Chinese historical theory 125-6 land management/ownership, in China concept of capitalism 110 94-5, 170-1, 173-5 concept of modernity 112,116 Landes, David 15

Index 287

Leibniz, Gottfried 64 and modernity 115 Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Nicholas 68 and the rise of the West 11 Lenin, V. I. 83 on stages of historical development 108, Levenson, Joseph 117, 148 133, 134 Levy-Bruhl, Lucien 82 see also Asiatic mode of production li [ritual], and the meaning of work 191, Max Miiller, Friedrich 79 198-9 "mechanical" technology, and agricultural Li Dazhao 131-2 development 173-4 Lijil45 Medici, Cosimo de' 59 Liang Qichao 124-5, 127, 128-9, 130, Meier, Edward 103, 107 137, 138 men Liang Shuming 116 Chinese liberal thought and the meaning of work 191-2, 196 and capitalism/"modern" historical and textile production 176, 177, 184, system 34, 38-9 185, 189-90 and modernity 114-15 mercantilism in Europe 227-9 libertines/Free-thinkers 65, 88 Middle Ages on China and the Church in Europe and Christendom 37-8 62-3 commercial expansion 215 Locke, John 64 and feudalism in Western Europe 27-34, Lominadze, Besso 102 43-51 London, commercial expansion 215-16 technology 164 Louis XIV, King of France 66, 89 and Western social thought on China Louis XV, King of France 66, 67 58-60 Lii Kun 186, 187, 197 migration Lu Xun 127-8 in China 226 Lii Zhenyu 135, 138, 139-40, 146, 147, labor, and the capitalism world system 149 232 Lyell, Charles, The Elements of Geology 119 Mill, John Stuart 77, 79, 93 Mintz, Sidney 216 Macfarlane, Alan 38-9, 40, 41, 42 missionaries McNeill, William 51 and the decline of China's reputation in McVey, Ruth 9 Europe 73-4 Mad'iar, liudvig (Lajos Milgorf) 102, 103, see also Jesuit missionaries in China 105, 142, 143, 144 MoZil29 Mandeville, Sir John 58 modernity Mann, Michael 37, 43 and capitalism 15, 154 Mann, Susan 197 and Chinese historical theory 110, manorial system, collapse of the 29 111-18, 129-30, 156-7, 244 Mao Zedong 110, 151, 243 New Culture Movement 128 maritime trade, European 216-17, 222, as the "end of history" 157 228-9, 231 European concept of 113,116, 117 market economies and the history of technology 163-4, 165 in China 221-6 in present-day China 156 in Europe 219-20, 229-30 and the rise of the West 11-14 marriage, in China 194,195 money economy, growth of in China 97-8 Marx and Marxism 15, 83 "Mongolian idiocy" 81 and the capitalism/"modern" historical Mongols, collapse of the 51-3 system 15, 34, 35-6, 38, 39 Montaigne, Michel de 59 and China 83, 84-5, 109 Montesquieu, C. 67, 70, 75, 87-9, 91, 92, Soviet views on 99-107, 140, 141-2 109 Chinese historiography 118, 130-40 Mori Masao 152 post-war studies 149-51, 153-4 Morton, Samuel George 80-1 Weberian influences on 140-7 Mumford, Lewis 42, 164-5 and the history of technology 163 Japanese Marxists 115, 210 Naito Konan 125-6, 149

288 Index

Naka Michiyo 123-4 peasant households in China nation-states, and technology 159 and gendered division of labour 176, nationalism, and Chinese historical theory 177, 179, 184, 191-2 126-7, 128 and textile production 176, 177-8, nativism, and Chinese historical theory 185-6, 187, 190 128-9 peasant societies, and the capitalism/ Needham, Joseph ix-xi, 143, 154 "modern" historical system 38-41, Science and Civilisation in China 162-3 46, 47 neo-Confucianism, and Western social Pellicani, Luciano 41-2, 43 thought on China 62 Pepper, John 101 Netherlands Perkins, Dwight H. 174 capitalist development 212 Perroy, Edouard 45 and the decline of China's reputation 72, Physiocrats 67, 76, 89, 90-1 73 pirates, and maritime trade 228 maritime trading networks 216 Plato 61 Newtonian science see Baconian- Pokrovski, M. N. 101, 103 Newtonian science political economy nineteenth century in China 221-6, 230-1 Chinese political economy 231 -45 nineteenth and twentieth centuries concept of modern 113 231-45 developments in racialist sinophobia in Europe 227-31 78-81 political philosophy, and Western social and the rise of the West 10-11 thought on China 61-2, 66-8, Western social thought on China 71, 86-108 109 Pollard, Sidney 236 Nishijima Sadao 152 Polo, Marco 1, 4, 58 Nongzheng quanshu (Complete treatise on Polyakov, A. S. 105, 106 agricultural administration) 199, population changes 200-1 in China 4,218 Normandy and feudalism in Western Europe 32 feudal system 32, 40 and the transition to capitalism 12, 44 wages of peasants 45 Postel, Guillaume 59 northern China Pound, Ezra 84 agriculture 169, 170-1, 174-5 PRC (People's Republic of China) cotton production 182-3, 183-4 and capitalism 8-9 silk production 169 political economy of 239-43 taxes and textile production 177 Pretot, Etienne de 68 Nuccio, Oscar 49 private property and the Asiatic mode of production 94, Olson, Lawrence 149 144 opium growing in China 185 and the capitalist/"modern" historical opium trade 2, 230 system 20, 21-2 Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese) 77, 78, 94, in China 95 98 Soviet views on 100, 102 Orientalism, and discourse on China 69 and sovereignty 24 Osipov,P.I. 105, 107 productive capacity increase, and the transition to capitalism 12 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd profit, and the distribution of surplus Viscount 77 17-18, 19 Papayan, G. 104, 105 progress parcelization of sovereignty 25, 26 Asia's commitment to 117 and feudalism in Western Europe 24, 30 and capitalist society 4 past and Chinese historical theory 124-5 Chinese conception of the 113,114 and the decline of China's reputation in modernization of the, and Chinese Europe 74-5 historical theory 129-30 and Enlightenment historiography 121

Index 289

and modernity, in Chinese and Japanese Rome, ancient 113 and the capitalism/"modern" historical and the rise of the West 11 system 36, 39, 42 and Western social thought on China 91-2 quiritary rights 21 property ownership, in China 95 and religion 48 property rights and slavery 27 and the capitalist/"modern" historical and traditional Chinese culture 76 system 20,21-2 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 75 and free markets 229 Ruitenbeek, Klaas 208 and sovereignty 24, 26 Russia protectionism 229-30 China compared with 77 Protestant ethic, and the capitalism/ see also Soviet Union "modern" historical system 35, 41 Russian Revolution, and Chinese Marxist proto-capitalism historiography 131 in China 150, 151 in Western Europe 34, 49, 53 Said, Edward 3, 69 proto-industrialization 219 salt monopoly in China 224 Schelling, F. W J. von 76 Quesnay, Francois 67, 89, 90-1 science 15, 19-20, 99, 158, 208 scientific/biological racism racialist sinophobia, post-Enlightenment and the Chinese 80-1, 82, 85 developments in 78-81 see also Social Darwinism Radek, Karl 101, 102, 104, 142 Scott, Joan Wallach 159 rationality, and the capitalism/"modern" seigniors see aristocracy historical system 25-6, 55, 56 seventeenth century, and Western social Rawski, Thomas 234, 235, 236 thought on China 60-70 Reformation Shang Yue 151 and the capitalism/"modern" historical Shanxi merchants 217 system 15, 35, 41 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 75 and the transition to capitalism 33 Shen, Master 187-8, 199, 200 religion Shuckford, Samuel 68 Weber on capitalist development and 98, Sihouette, Etienne 66-7 154 silk production 169, 176, 177-80, and Western social thought on China 185-90,217,219 60-5, 66, 69 decline in weaving profits 188-9 see also Bible, the; Buddhism; Catholic Huzhou silk 187-8 Church; Christianity; Confucianism; and sericultural skills 186-8, 197 Daoism wages 189-90 Renaissance Singapore 154 and capitalism 15 "skill-oriented" technology, and and the transition to capitalism 33 agricultural development 174 and Western social thought on China Skinner, William 217 58-60 slavery Renaudot, Eusebe 65 in China 149 rents and the Asiatic mode of production and the distribution of surplus 17-18 148 and feudalism in Western Europe Marxist analysis of 102, 103, 106, 107, 32-3, 44-5 139-40 and the transition to capitalism 54 and the commodification of labor 24 Ricardo, David 67, 230 in Western Europe 27-9 rice cultivation Smith, Adam 4, 8, 39, 67, 118, 223 in Japan 204-6 and mercantilism 229, 230 in southern China 169, 171-5, 193 The Wealth of Nations 214, 219-20 Richelieu, Cardinal 61 Social Darwinism ritual, in China, and the meaning of work and China 81, 124-5, 129 191 see also scientific/biological racism

290 Index

Social History Controversy 132-40 cultural approach to 167-8 social stability, and Western thought on history of 158-68, 203-9 Chinese society 85-108 problem-solving dimension of 206-7 socialism, and modernity 114-15 Western science and, learning in China Socrates 61 119-20 Song Yingxing 182 Technology and Culture (journal) 165 southern China Temple, Sir William 64, 65 rice cultivation 169, 171-5 textile production in China 176-90, 219 textile production 177,179,180,182,183 cotton 180-5, 231 sovereign "modern" state, and the elite (manorial) households 176, 178, capitalist/"modern" historical system 185-6 20, 24-6, 46-8 equipment 176, 177, 178 Soviet Union peasant households 176, 177-8, 185-6, Lenin and the Sun-Joffe Accord 83 187,190 and Marxist thought and the ritual significance of clothing on the Asian mode of production 145 194-5 on stages of historical development 108, silk 169, 176, 177-80, 185-90, 217, 219 133, 134 state manufactures 176, 178-9 on traditional Chinese society 99-107, and taxes 176-7, 180, 181, 182 134, 140, 141-2 urban workshops 176, 179, 189-90 see also Russia women and weaving 193, 195-8 Spain, attitudes to the Chinese 59 Thompson, E. P. 229 Spencer, Herbert 81 time, Chinese concept of 113 Spengler, Oswald 82 Tindal, Matthew 66 Stalin, Josef 101, 142 Tocqueville, Alexis de 76-7 Staudenmeier, John M. 159,165 Toland, John 66 Stein, V.M. 105 TongShuye 179 Strayer, Joseph R. 46-7, 48, 54-5 trade Struve, V. V. 105, 106-7 "China trade" with the West 1 -2 surplus, distribution of 16, 17 -19 and commercial expansion Sweezy, Paul 34, 45 in China 217-18, 221-4 in Europe 215-17, 218, 228-30 Taguchi Ukichi 136, 137 and the decline of China's reputation 72 Taiping Rebellion 2, 80, 119 European maritime 216-17, 222, Taiwan 154 228-9, 231 Takahashi, K. 28 medieval world system of 51 -2, 58 Takeuchi Yoshimi 149 and textile production in China 183-4, Tanaka Masatoshi 152 184-5 Tanaka, Stefan 120,123 and the transition to capitalism 33 Tao Xisheng 133, 134, 137-8, 150 TuWei-mingl53 Tawney, R. H. 50, 84 twentieth century, Chinese political taxation economy 231-45 in China 97 commerce and trade 221-2, 224 Van Kley, Edwin 62 reform of 193 Varga, Yevgeni (Jeno) 101, 142 and textile production 176-7, 180, Vauban, Marshal 66 181,182 Versailles Treaty (1919), and China 82, 83, in France 66 128 tea trade in China 224 Volin, M. 100, 103 technology Voltaire, F. 66, 67, 68, 89-90, 91, 109 and the capitalism/"modern" historical Vossius, Isaac 63, 65 system 20, 55-6, 232 in China wages agricultural and textile 168-90 and feudalism in Western Europe 32-3, history of 162-3, 203-9 44, 45 and the meaning of work 190-203 urban silk workers in China 189-90

Index 291

Wagner, Donald 207 Williams, Raymond 120 Walpole, Horace 70 Winckelmann, Johann 70, 75 Walpole, Robert 67 Wittfogel, Karl 104, 105, 143, 144 WangAnshi 224 Wolff, Christian 67 Wang lixi 132 women Wang Yanan 143-4 Chinese Wars of the Roses 33, 40, 45 and the meaning of work 191,192, Watson, James 191 193-4, 195-8, 202, 203 Webb, John 63 and suicide 194 Weber, Max 10 and textile production 176, 177, 178, on capitalism 15, 98, 153-4 184, 185, 186, 190 and the capitalism/"modern" historical Wotton, William 65-6 system 35, 41 WuChengming217 on China 84, 95-9, 109 Wu Dakun 148,151 and Soviet thinkers 100, 101 and Chinese Marxist historiography Xia Zengyou 127 140-7 XuDixin217 and the history of technology 163 Xu Guangqi 183-4, 199, 200 and rational bureaucracy 25-6, 97, 141 Xu Renzhu 127 and rationalism 56 Xuejingshi 178 and religion 35, 41, 98 Xun Zi 194 Wesley, John 75 West, rise of the 5, 6, 10-14, 157,158 Yan Fu 127 Western imperialism, and China, and the "Yellow Peril" ideology 79, 80, 82, 83, capitalist world system 111-18 85 Western science and technology, learning Yoshihara, Yukio 9 in China 119-20 Yii Ying-shih 153-4 wet-rice cultivation see rice cultivation White, Lynn 164 Zhang lixiang 199, 200 Wilbur, C. Martin 107 Zhao Lisheng 155 Will, Pierre-Etienne 186, 201 Zhu Xi 191