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Mosquitoes in a Changing Environment Anders Lindström National Veterinary Institute Sweden

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Mosquitoes in a Changing Environment Anders Lindström National Veterinary Institute Sweden Mosquitoes in a changing environment Anders Lindström National Veterinary Institute Sweden Tree hole mosquito, Aedes geniculatus The One health concept is the realization that we are connected to our environment and that changes in our mosquitoes environment will affect our health through various mechanisms. One Health and House mosquito, Culex pipiens, hatching Why it is hard to talk about the future What we think that we know mosquitoes What we know that we don't know What we don't know that we don't know One Health and Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti The mosquito fauna is changing We know climate change will affect, among other things • Temperature • Precipitation We also know that the mosquito fauna is changing mosquitoes • New species are establishing in Europe • Native species are changing their distribution We can see emerging mosquito- and vector- borne infections • West Nile Fever • Dengue • Usutu • Chikungunya • Bluetongue • Malaria • Schmallenberg • Zika? One Health and House mosquito, Culex pipiens larva mosquitoes One Health and Blue emperor (Anax imperator) found first in 2002 on Gotland Wasp spider(Argiope bruennichi), found 1989 on Gotland mosquitoes One Health and The parasitic fly Tachina ursina was first observed in Sweden in April 1994 and has spread north mosquitoes One Health and mosquitoes Purple emperor, Apatura iris One Health and First observation 1981, exploded in the last years. What does dragonflies, butterflies and spiders have to do with mosquitoes? • They are big and easy to mosquitoes recognize • They are all affected by climate change • Who is looking for mosquitoes and how they are affected? One Health and Malaria mosquito, Anopheles messeae What about the phenology of native species? Longer seasons means bigger populations at the end of season, which may lead to higher rates of transmission of pathogens. mosquitoes One Health and House mosquito, Culex pipiens, overwintering What will the higher temperatures mean for the rest of Europe? What will happen when our native mosquitoes meet new or reemerging pathogens? mosquitoes One Health and Malaria mosquito, Anopheles messeae Flooding events are calculated to be more frequent. How will that effect the flood water mosquitoes? mosquitoes One Health and Flood water mosquito, Aedes sticticus One Health and mosquitoes So, the hunt was on! Trapping in likely habitats for two seasons. Nothing! mosquitoes One Health and In beginning of July, while I was having dinner with my family and parents, a mosquito landed on my arm and tried to feed. I collected it, of course, and it turned out to be Culex modestus! mosquitoes One Health and ”West Nile mosquito”, Culex modestus Now we are applying for funds to determine the distribution and abundance of Cx. modestus in Southern Sweden mosquitoes One Health and ”West Nile mosquito”, Culex modestus Factors affecting distribution and abundance of two mosquito species in Camargue mosquitoes One Health and Native mosquitoes should not be forgotten! mosquitoes One Health and Woodland mosquito, Aedes cinereus Native mosquitoes have significant vector potential! mosquitoes One Health and Source: ECDC Mosquito hunt • 166 traps all over the country • To map the Swedish mosquito fauna • GIS data to connect trap data to habitat mosquitoes One Health and Crowdsourcing Acreto AB - Imports and distributes Mosquito Magnets - Large customer network in Sweden (~15 000 sold machines) mosquitoes SVA - Reaches the customers/owners of the machines through Acreto AB and media - Customers sends a 24h catch sample to SVA - Acreto/SVA replaces the sent in ”net bags” with a new one to the customers One Health and Mosquito distribution Mosquito hunt Model mosquitoes One Health and Trap sites Modelled distribution based on vegetation and hydrology Why? • Climate change and globalisation means increased possiblities for mosquito borne disease. •Increased knowledge of mosquito distribution give better possibilities for modeling of vectors and risk of outbreaks. mosquitoes One Health and Picture from nordrisk.dk! But, mosquitoes like to travel! mosquitoes One Health and Yellow fever mosquito Discovered in 1750 by Swedish traveller and mosquitoes naturalist Fredrik Hasselquist, described by Linnaeus in 1762. One Health and Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito mosquitoes Had already travelled the Atlantic onboard the slave ships. The mosquitoes bred in the water supplies for the slaves and fed on the blood of the slaves. First outbreaks of Yellow fever in the Caribbean in 1647 and 1648. One Health and One Health and mosquitoes mosquitoes Mosquitoes adapt and use the latest means of transportation! One Health and The Tiger mosquito This mosquito originates from the forests of SE Asia, where it breed in pitcher plants, treeholes etc. mosquitoes One Health and Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus The Tiger mosquito mosquitoes In 1960 China and Soviet split. Albania chose China over Soviet. This forced Albania to trade with China. One of the products that was shipped to Europe was tyres. One Health and The Tiger mosquito The standing water in the tyres is equivalent to the small bodies of water found at forest edges mosquitoes that the Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, breeds in. One Health and The Tiger mosquito is a serious pest in Southern Europe. It is also a vector for dengue, chikungunya, zika etc. mosquitoes One Health and Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus Since then it has succesfully travelled the world and established itself more or less everywhere. mosquitoes Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus One Health and Japanese rock pool mosquito, Aedes japonicus. Spreading in Europe. Often found in graveyards where it breeds in flower vases on the graves. mosquitoes One Health and Japanese Rock Pool Mosquito mosquitoes One Health and One Health and mosquitoes Picture: ECDC Picture: mosquitoes And that’s just the mosquitoes…. Outbreaks of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses during the last decade. One Health and Biting midge, Culicoides sp. mosquitoes One Health and ”Taiga tick”, Ixodes persulcatus mosquitoes One Health and Spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini Thank you for listening! mosquitoes Anders Lindström National Veterinary Institute [email protected] One Health and One Health and mosquitoes.
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