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Estimating Residential Indoor Air Impacts Due to Groundwater Contamination D.W

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Estimating Residential Indoor Air Impacts Due to Groundwater Contamination D.W ESTIMATING RESIDENTIAL INDOOR AIR IMPACTS DUE TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION D.W. Kurz, P.E. Associate, EnviroGroup Limited, 7208 S. Tucson Way, Suite 125, Englewood, CO 80112; Phone: (303) 790-1340; Fax: (303) 790-1347. ABSTRACT The reliability of making risk-based corrective action (RBCA) decisions using ASTM methods was evaluated. Indoor air quality (IAQ) testing results for 153 residential homes in 1998 at a site in Denver, Colo., were evaluated in this study. Decisions regarding groundwater remediation and indoor air mitigation in resi- dences located over a shallow groundwater plume contaminated with chlorinated compounds were made based on actual test results. These decisions could have been based on the predicted concentrations of the com- pounds in indoor air using the Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (ASTM E1739-95). Risk-based screening levels may be useful to guide general project decisions. However, variance of results from house to house is significant due to site-specific geological, building, and ventilation factors. Based on the results of this evaluation, indoor air quality testing should be used, rather than RBCA predictive modeling, to establish the extent of impacts and determine the need for mitigation. Key words: chlorinated, decisions, groundwater, residential, risk INTRODUCTION testing of indoor air in buildings over contami- At a number of industrial sites, volatile nated groundwater. organic compounds (VOCs) have seeped into A few states have recently developed groundwater beneath the site and then migrated indoor air pathway criteria for groundwater; off site. These plumes often flow below other however, these may underestimate the occur- commercial or residential buildings. VOCs in rence of indoor air impacts (Fitzpatrick and the groundwater can volatilize and migrate into Fitzgerald, 1996) and are based on models that the overlying structures. Depending on site have not been validated (Altshuler and conditions, building purpose, and the constitu- Burmaster, 1997). For example, Massachusetts ents present and their toxicity, individual VOCs groundwater-to-indoor air criteria may be present in the structures at concentra- (310CMR40.0932) are not applied to ground- tions above action levels for indoor air. water more than 4.6 m (15 ft) below ground Although the groundwater-to-indoor air surface. Experience at the site in this study pathway for migration of and exposure to indicates groundwater at depths greater than 6 VOCs has been recognized for some time (e.g., m can significantly impact indoor air quality Johnson and Ettinger, 1991; ASTM, 1995), based on current toxicity criteria for 1,1 there is little information in the literature con- dichloroethene (1,1 DCE). cerning the potential for chlorinated compounds Although benzene has generally received in groundwater to impact indoor air more attention than other VOCs in groundwater (Richardson, 1997). One reason for this may (e.g., Fischer et al., 1996), 1,1 DCE is more be the limited number of regulations requiring likely to cause indoor air impacts. The relative 220 Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research risk to indoor air posed by volatile compounds The RBCA process provides a means for in groundwater is a function of the product of quantifying risk that site conditions pose to human the Henry’s Law Constant and the cancer slope health at sites that vary greatly in complexity, and factor for each compound (ASTM, 1995). On physical and chemical characteristics. this basis, risks posed by 1,1 DCE are approxi- In practice, a site-specific risk-based mately 28 times greater than benzene. screening level (RBSL) or target level concen- This paper evaluates the reliability of tration would be developed for a chemical of making corrective-action decisions using ASTM concern in groundwater based on a particular methods to determine the need for groundwater health-based action level for the compound in remediation and indoor air mitigation in resi- indoor air. These site-specific RBSLs in dences located over a shallow groundwater groundwater could be used to determine what plume contaminated with chlorinated com- homes receive indoor air mitigation systems to pounds based on the predicted concentrations alleviate potential health concerns due to indoor of 1,1 DCE in indoor air. If the ASTM method air quality. The RBSLs have the follow- is reasonably accurate, it would provide a ing relationship: straightforward, cost-effective method for RBSL(air) RBSL(water)= making mitigation decisions without the need for VF testing of individual homes. A reliable method The “volatilization factor” (VF) considers would minimize the false prediction of indoor air depth to groundwater and effective diffusion concentrations above the action level where the coefficients for the progressive movement of a actual result would be below the action level. VOC from the groundwater surface to the This would minimize installation of mitigation capillary fringe, to the vadose zone, through systems in homes where a system is not needed. foundation/slab cracks, and into the residential structure. This factor can be calculated for each THEORY location using the peer-reviewed equations in The ASTM Standard Guide for Risk- the ASTM standard. The same equations can Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum be used to predict an expected concentration in Release Sites (ASTM E1739-95) provides a indoor air for a given concentration in ground- method for evaluating the site-specific condi- water: tions and risks. While the guide focuses on C(air) examples of petroleum product releases, the C(water)= VF RBCA process is not limited to a particular or, rearranging: class of compounds. The purpose of the RBCA process is to evaluate appropriate action C(air)=C(water)xVF levels based on the potential risk to human In evaluating indoor air risks, an advantage health. Limited resources can then be used to of the RBCA process is a method for making remediate sites associated with greater risks. Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research 221 LEGEND 1,1 DCE RANGE IN GW (ug/L) 1 - 10 10 - 100 100 - 1000 > 1000 GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION SITE Figure 1. 1,1 DCE plume in groundwater. risk-based corrective action decisions using PROCEDURES VOC data from groundwater plumes without Indoor air quality testing results in 1998 for testing individual buildings over a plume. In this 153 residential homes at a site in Denver, Colo., study, indoor air concentrations were calculated were evaluated in this study. The homes overlie considering the 1,1 DCE concentration in groundwater with 1,1 DCE concentrations groundwater and the associated volatilization ranging up to approximately 1,000 ug/l, resulting factors for the progressive movement of 1,1 from the degradation of both 1,1,1 DCE from the groundwater surface into the trichloroethane (TCA) and trichloroethene residential structure at each location of 153 (TCE). Groundwater is at a depth of approxi- homes in the study. The 1,1 DCE concentration mately 20 to 30 feet below the ground surface, in groundwater beneath each home was esti- flowing primarily in weathered sandstone and mated using concentration contours that were siltstone. Measured concentrations of 1,1 DCE developed based on 1,1 DCE concentrations in in indoor air ranged up to 91 ug/m3 in resi- a series of groundwater monitoring wells (Figure dences located over the plume and were 1). Depth to groundwater was adjusted based generally below detection in homes beyond the on the depth of the basement or crawl space of detectable groundwater plume. Variance of the associated structure. The series of calcula- results from house to house is significant (plus or tions associated with the volatilization factor and minus an order of magnitude in some cases), the default soil, building, surface, and subsurface due to site-specific geological, building, and parameters presented in the ASTM guidelines ventilation factors. (ASTM E1739-95) were used to relate the Indoor air samples were collected over a VOC concentration in groundwater to the 24-hour period using an inert stainless steel predicted concentration in indoor air. container (SUMMA canister). Each canister 222 Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research SEAL FAN FAN SEAL CRAWL SPACE BASEMENT WITH MEMBRANE SUCTION PIT VAPORS WATER TABLE VAPORS WATER TABLE SUB-SLAB DEPRESSURIZATION SUB-MEMBRANE DEPRESSURIZATION Figure 2. Mitigation systems. was laboratory cleaned, evacuated to a nominal 1998, equipment tuning procedures met the vacuum of 0.01 torr, sealed, and shipped to the requirements of CDPHE (1999) guidelines. site under chain-of-custody documentation. The SIM mode monitors a few compounds The canister pressure was noted and recorded instead of the entire mass spectra, allowing a in the field at the beginning and end of the 1,1 DCE reporting limit of 0.04 ug/m3. sampling event. Sample collection commenced In this study, homes with 1,1 DCE con- with opening of the canister valve, which re- centrations in indoor air above the health-based sulted in flow of air into the canister at a steady action level were mitigated with sub-slab rate controlled by a regulator attached to the depressurization (SSD) or sub-membrane canister. Sample collection ceased approxi- depressurization (SMD) systems in homes with mately 24 hours afterwards by closing the valve. basements or crawl spaces, respectively (Figure In some cases, the canisters had equilibrated 2). Mitigated homes have been tested quarterly with ambient atmospheric pressures when the to monitor the effectiveness of these systems canisters were retrieved, indicating that the (Folkes and Kurz, 2000). sample collection period was less than 24 hours. RESULTS The SUMMA canisters were shipped to the The predicted 1,1 DCE concentrations in laboratory in batches under chain-of-custody indoor air were compared to the actual indoor protocols. Duplicate samples were collected at air results from the homes in the study.
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