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Wednesday, April 17, 2013 4000-1200 B.C APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 4000-1200 B.C. Inhabitants of 3000 B.C. The abacus is invented the first known in Babylonia. civilization in Sumer keep records of 250-230 B.C. The Sieve of commercial Eratosthenes is used to determine transactions on prime numbers. clay tablets. About 79 A.D. The “Antikythera Archives IBM Device,” when set correctly About 1300 The more familiar wire- according to latitude and day of and-bead abacus replaces the Chinese The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania of University Museum, University The the week, gives alternating calculating rods. 29- and 30-day lunar months. 4000 B.C. — 1300 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 1612-1614 John Napier uses the printed decimal point, devises logarithms, and 1622 William Oughtred 1666 In uses numbered sticks, or Napiers Bones, invents the circular England, for calculating. slide rule on the basis Samuel of Napier’s logarithms. Morland produces a mechanical calculator 1623 William (Wilhelm) that can add Schickard designs a and subtract. “calculating clock” with a gear-driven carry mechanism to aid in Museum Computer The multiplication of multi- 1642-1643 Blaise Pascal creates a gear-driven digit numbers. adding machine called the “Pascalene,” the The Computer Museum Computer The first mechanical adding machine. 1600s Wednesday, April 17, 2013 First Computer Bug - 1945 • Relay switches part of computers • Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction • Called it “debugging” a computer Wednesday, April 17, 2013 1832 Babbage and 1834-35 Babbage shifts his focus to Joseph Clement designing the Analytical Engine. produce a portion of the Difference Engine. 1838 In January 1829 William Samuel Morse Austin Burt patents and Alfred Vail an awkward but demonstrate workable typewriter, elements of the the first writing telegraph system. machine in America. IBM Archives IBM IBM Archives IBM 1829 — 1838 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Manchester Mark I (1948) Wednesday, April 17, 2013 UNIVAC - 1951 • first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S. • Created at the University of Pennsylvania • ENIAC weighed 30 tons • contained 18,000 vacuum tubes • Cost a paltry $487,000 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 MITS Altair 8800 Announced: March 1975 The First Personal Price: US $395 as a kit US $495 assembled Computer CPU: Intel 8080, 2.0 MHz Display: front panel LEDs Controls: front panel switches Expansion: card-cage with 16 card slots RAM: 256 bytes, 64K max Storage: external Cassette or 8" floppy drive OS: BASIC (MicroSoft) The Altair 8800, from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) of Albuquerque, NM, was first featured in the January 1975 edition of Popular Electronics. It is considered by many to be the first mass produced personal computer, although they were called micro- computers in those days. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 IMSAI 8080 IMSAI 8080 Announced: August 1975 The First How many: Around 20,000 Clone Price: US $599 as a kit US $931 assembled CPU: Intel 8080A, 2.0 MHz Display: front panel LEDs Controls: front panel switches Expansion: card-cage w/ S-100 bus RAM: 64K max Storage: optional cassette or floppy drive OS: CP/M, BASIC IMSAI 8080, built by IMS Associates, Inc. of San Leandro, California One of the first consumer computers available. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE In the Beginning Steve Jobs was a 21-year-old college dropout living with his parents in Los Altos, Calif, where he and two friends, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, would hang out in the garage. For other trios, this would be the beginning of a rock band; but Jobs, "Woz" and Wayne had other things on their minds. Jobs and Wayne had both worked together at the gaming company, Atari, while Wozniak, 26, had worked for Hewlett-Packard. The three men created Apple Computers on April 1, 1976. While the two Steves went on to greatness as Apple's revolutionary approach to personal computing bore fruit, Wayne sold his share of the newly created Apple for just $800 just three months after its inception. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Introducing Apple I The first Apple computer seems positively antique by today's standards. Hand- built by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak in Steve Jobs' parents' garage and first introduced at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, Calif. in 1976, the Apple I had the speed and memory of a wood-framed, build-it-yourself pocket calculator. It also lacked the familiar trappings of a keyboard, a monitor, a mouse, or a hard drive. Even so, as the first all-in-one microcomputer that, once hooked up to a keyboard and monitor, didn't require extra circuitry to display text, it was a giant step forward over the competition. It came as a kit and sold for $666 (not for satanic reasons, but because Wozniak apparently preferred repeating digits). More than 200 units were sold by the Byte Shop, the first computer-retail chain. In 1999, the Apple I sealed its place as the most collectible PC of all time — one lucky tech aficionado scored Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Apple History Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Apple I Sol-20 Released:April 1976 Released:June 1976 Apple II Commodore PET Released:April 1977 Released:June 1977 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 1977 Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft, setting up shop first in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1977 The Apple II is announced in the spring and establishes the benchmark for personal computers. 1977 Several companies begin experimenting Apple Computer, Inc. Computer, Apple with fiber-optic cable. 1977 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak incorporate Apple Computer on January 3. Microsoft Archives Microsoft 1977 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE The Apple II 1983 • Apple //e One of the most successful Apple computers ever. It used the 65C02 processor, running at 1.02 Mhz, and came with 64K of RAM, 32K ROM, BASIC (an assembly language interface), and several other hard-coded options. Initial cost: $1,395. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Apple History: Apple][ Built in 1977, the Apple ][ was based on Wozniak's Apple I design, but with several additions. The first was the design of a plastic case--a rarity at the time--which was painted beige. The second was the ability to display color graphics--a holy grail in the industry. The Apple ][ also included a larger ROM, more expandable RAM (4K to start), and 8 expansion slots. It had integer BASIC hard-coded on the ROM for easier programming, and included two game paddles and a demo cassette for $1,298. In early 1978 Apple also released a disk drive for the machine, one of the most inexpensive available. The Apple ][ remained on the Apple product list until 1980. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 1979 The first electronic spreadsheet program, Don Bricklin’s and Bob Franston’s VisiCalc, is unveiled on May 11 and proves to be the “killer app” for early PCs. 1979 Motorola introduces the 68000 chip, which will later support the Macintosh. 1979 Digital videodisks appear through the Electronics of Museum Motorola 1996 © The Computer Museum Computer The efforts of Sony and 1979 Cellular telephones are Philips. tested in Japan and Chicago. 1979 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE The First PDA August 2nd, 1993: Apple releases the first PDA (Newton MessagePad). Although highly anticipated by the press, the Newton's handwriting recognition fails to deliver the announced reliabilty, breaking the neck of the Newton PDA project already at its introduction. Apple drops the Newton devision only four years after the introduction of the first Newton MessagePad. Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE The Return Of Jobs "Back then he was uncontrollable," an early Apple board member said of Steve Jobs in explaining why, in 1985, the board voted to fire him. "He got ideas in his head, and the hell with what anybody else wanted to do." Even former Pepsi President John Sculley, who had joined Apple to play the role of Jobs' babysitter of sorts, couldn't handle working with him. In fact, Sculley orchestrated the ouster himself, comparing Jobs to a relentless zealot. (Though, to be fair, their relationship didn't exactly start well; Jobs invited Sculley to join Apple by saying, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water to children, or do you want a chance to change the world?") But in 1997, with the company's profits shrinking and Microsoft's Windows 97 flying off the shelves, Apple's board decided that a zealot was just what it needed. In August of that year, Jobs came back and became the company's chairman. "He had become a far better leader, less of a go-to-hell aesthete who cared only about making beautiful objects," wrote Fortune's editor-at-large Peter Elkind of the co-founder's triumphant return. "Now he was a go-to- hell aesthete who cared about making beautiful objects that made money." Today, he is recognized as one of the company's most valuable assets — just hours after news broke that Jobs' failing health had forced him to take Wednesday, April 17, 2013 APPLE Computer Candy The iMac, introduced in 1998, had two characteristics that quickly made it the best-selling personal computer in America.
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