Ξ Numbers, Its Inception, Development and Operations on It

40589 Falih A. M. Aldosray/ Elixir Dis. Math. 95 (2016) 40589-40596 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Discrete Mathematics Elixir Dis. Math. 95 (2016) 40589-40596 Numbers, its inception, development and operations on it Falih A. M. Aldosray Departement of Mathematics, Umm AlQura University, Makkah P.O.Box 56199 Saudi Arabia. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Arabic numerals, also called Hindu -Arabic numeral, the ten Received: 6 April 2016; digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,(6,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 )the most common system Received in revised form: for the sympolic representation of numbers in the world today. the 21 May 2016; system was adopteb by Arab mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on Accepted: 26 May 2016; to the Arabs farther west. In this article we give the history of numbers and its origin. Keywords © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. 01AXXand 11-XX بػ 2666 ضIntroductio n 3666 ػ دع 4666 طNumber is the language of science and the best way to 9666 ػ يػ 16666 كع express it is symbols, and numrals are forms(symbols) written 26666 لػ 36666 صby the numbers codes.Alsumariun expressed Semites for 96666 ػ قػ 166666 سغ numbers letters alphabet, and the Babylonians expressed them 266666 شػ 366666 ظin cuneiform, and Egyptians wrote numbers in the form of 966666 ػ horizontal and vertical lines and fees hieroglyphics and the In the era of al-Mansur (Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Greeks used first letters of words to denote numbers, as did Ibrahim al-vzazi first astronomical in Islam, translate the book the Phoenicians and Hebrews, while Romans used vertical (Send hend) of the Indian astronomer Ganga, who is looking lines and then evolved to take the form of letters of the at the stars with a way been done in India and the new alphabet. Arabs before Islam expressed numbers in terms of numbers written: ך Alphabet and after the advent of Islam and the descent of the Holy Quran and the receipt of a lot of numbers in it written in Arabic language Muslims expressed numbers writing method Going to decimal system adaptation of Alsomirin and instead of symbols. Babylonians, and sees some scientists that it is derived from After the expansion of the Islamic state Arab Alsham used the the nine letters first from the ancient Aramaic alphabet sloping Levant Romania and Coptic figures in Egypt, and continued from the Phoenician before (450 BC), and after briefing the until the time of Caliph al-Walid Ibn Abdul Malik , who Arabs on these forms and studied and refined it they came out ordered not to use foreign numbers in the collections of the with two series of numbers called the first Indian numbers state , makking the Arabs are returning to the use of the letters originate in that chain .The Arabic formats came as the :following أبجذ ، هوص ، دطي ، كلمه ، سعفص ، قششت ، ;of the Arabic alphabet and the number allocated to each character , as in 9 8 7 6 ۵ 3 2 1 ثخز ، ضطػ the following table : Note that these forms shows it's no different from the أ 1 ح 8 س 66 ,forms of used numbers in the Arab Mashreq especially Iraq ب 2 ط 9 ع 76 Egypt and Syria only slightly where there has been the ج 3 ي 16 ف 86 number( ) simple modification of bringing the written form د 4 ك 26 ص 96 ﻫ 5 ل 36 ق 166 as well as the number (۵) lifted Alrkzh from it and became (4) و 6 م 46 س 266 -It is worth noting that Muhammad Ibn Musa al .(5) ص 7 ن 56 ش 366 1 Khwarizmi [5,22,23] is the first one using this series in ت 466 Tele: ث 566 E-mail address: خ Elixir All rights reserved 666 2016 © ر 766 ض 866 ظ 966 غ 1666 The rest of the thousands even nine hundredand thousand 1 Al -Khawarizmi : Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa , ,in the born in Khorezm in the country Turkistan , and amohe people )غ( the letters they wrote to merge with the character , following manner : and emerged in mathematics , astronomy, his legacy includes the words and concepts algebra, algorithms, zero, cipher 40590 Falih A. M. Aldosray/ Elixir Dis. Math. 95 (2016) 40589-40596 ) and number nine similar to the character ( وwriting his books and he is the first one who compose to (reverse waw .)ل( reversed , and the number (7), it looks like inverted (ط represent) numbers on the basis of the decimal system, and) gave the idea of ranks (individual, tens, hundreds, .....) also Some scientists believe that the numbers defined by al- gave valuable by numbers place in these ranks. Khawarizmi whether they are Indian or Gbarbia have The second series, which is called the dust numbers now one(same) origen , but Modulation hit some of them evolution known as Arabic numbers stated in aL-Kulsadi Andalusi and change and keep the rest on his first , one and nine kept book" the unveiling of dust aware ". Abu Muhammad intact , while the two and three have never changed written by Abdullah Ibn Mohammed Alozna known as Ibn al- Arab Almashreq vertical writing and horizontal writing by yasmine2[22], died in (601 AH), where he said that the Morocco Arabs and the four resemble that , while the five that number has nine forms composed by a so- called form of dust are written in the form (d) is a (5) upside down with some it is on the following image: modification , and the number ( 7) is taken from (7) dusty but .reversed 1 2 3 عو Ч 6 7 8 9 It may also be as follows: Note that David Eugene Smith [26], mension that the forms of Gbarbia numbers a relatively different, but essentialy 1 2 3 ص ч 7 8 9 have same origin. Mohammed Ibn Ahmed Ibn Yahya al-hebbak al-tlemcani Zero and its development:[15,16,19,25] Zero is both a (d 867 AH) was drawing figures in his commentary to number and the numerical digit used to represent that number summarize Ibn al-banna al-marrakechi as follows: in numerals . Zero‘s origins most likely date back to the ―fertile 1 2 لخ ч 6 7 8 9 crescent‖ of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerian scribes used He said in his book (Collector assets numbers) that dust spaces to denote absences in number columns as early as letters that behave in the account image nine characters as 4,000 years ago. Ancient Egyptian numerals were base 10. follows: They used hieroglyphs for the digits and were not positional. By 1740 BC, the Egyptians had a symbol for zero ( ) in 9 8 7 6 ч 3 2 1 accounting texts. The Babylonians employed a number system Some scientists believe that dust series arranged on the based around values of 60, and they developed a specific basis of angles number [28, p 48],and some said al-Khwarizmi sign—two small wedges—to differentiate between magnitudes was designed figures the number of angles contained in each in the same way that modern decimal-based systems use zeros number (with no refernce). to distinguish between tenths, hundreds and thous Perhaps we One includes one corner , and number two includes two should note at this point that there was another civilisation angles , and so on the Arab shapes came on the form: which developed a place-value number system with a zero. This was the Maya people who lived in central America .The الرقن 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mayans began using a zero marker in their calendars around الشكل 350 A.D. These early counting systems only saw the zero as a placeholder—not a number with its own unique value or Then there has been simple changes on in shape of properties. this series and became in the following shapes : The ancient Greeks began their contributions to 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 mathematics around the time that zero as an empty place Other scientists believe that the idea of these numbers indicator was coming into use in Babylonian may be adapted for the Indian figures . However, the Arabs mathematics.Records show that the ancient Greeks seemed have developed and they gave them forms of Arabic letters : unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked ,themselves, "How can nothing be something ‖.By 130 AD 1 ح ﻋ عو 5 6 8 9 Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero (a small circle with a long overbar) After entering some modification it became what it is within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using today. alphabetic Greek numerals. Some researchers believe that the dust numbers devised In around 500AD Aryabhata devised a number system by Arabs since the first covenant to learn Arabic writing, which has no zero yet was a positional system. He used the between the middle of the third centuries AD and the end of word "kha" for position and it would be used later as the name the sixth century, a time in which they are calligraphy for zero. The mathematician Brahmagupta and others used transformation of his image of Nabatia to the current Arab small dots under numbers to show a zero place-holder, but image, which does not stray too far from the image Nabataean they also viewed the zero as having a null value, called Line discovered in the town of Alnamardh Bhoran year 828 ―sunya‖.Another zero was used in tables alongside Roman AD, and where male man measuring].

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