DOCSLIB.ORG

O'leary Et Al 2018 Ukots Evidence Gaps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
O'leary Et Al 2018 Ukots Evidence Gaps This is a repository copy of Evidence gaps and biodiversity threats facing the marine environment of the United Kingdom’s Overseas Territories. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/139484/ Version: Published Version Article: O'Leary, Bethan Christine orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-6634, Fieldhouse, Philip, McClean, Colin John orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-4355 et al. (4 more authors) (2019) Evidence gaps and biodiversity threats facing the marine environment of the United Kingdom’s Overseas Territories. Biodiversity and Conservation. pp. 363-383. ISSN 0960-3115 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1660-5 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Biodiversity and Conservation https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1660-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Evidence gaps and biodiversity threats facing the marine environment of the United Kingdom’s Overseas Territories Bethan C. O’Leary1 · Philip Fieldhouse1 · Colin J. McClean1 · Adriana E. S. Ford2 · Polly Burns1 · Julie P. Hawkins1 · Callum M. Roberts1 Received: 30 January 2018 / Revised: 4 October 2018 / Accepted: 9 November 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Understanding the evidence base and identifying threats to the marine environment is criti- cal to ensure cost-effective management and to identify priorities for future research. The United Kingdom (UK) government is responsible for approximately 2% of the world’s oceans, most of which belongs to its 14 Overseas Territories (UKOTs). Containing bio- diversity of global significance, and far in excess of the UK mainland’s domestic species, there has recently been a strong desire from many of the UKOTs, the UK Government, and NGOs to improve marine management in these places. Implementing evidence-based marine policy is, however, challenged by the disparate nature of scientific research in the UKOTs and knowledge gaps about the threats they face. Here, we address these issues by systematically searching for scientific literature which has examined UKOT marine biodi- versity and by exploring publicly available spatial threat data. We find that UKOT marine biodiversity has received consistent, but largely low, levels of scientific interest, and there is considerable geographical and subject bias in research effort. Of particular concern is the lack of research focus on management or threats to biodiversity. The extent and intensity of threats vary amongst and within the UKOTs but unsurprisingly, climate change associated threats affect them all and direct human stressors are more prevalent in those with higher human populations. To meet global goals for effective conservation and management, there is an urgent need for additional and continued investment in research and management in the Overseas Territories, particularly those that have been of lesser focus. Keywords Anthropogenic threats · Marine biodiversity conservation · Evidence base · Gap analysis · Research synthesis · UKOTs Communicated by Astrid van Teeffelen. This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Coastal and marine biodiversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1053 1-018-1660-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bethan C. O’Leary [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Biodiversity and Conservation Fig. 1 Marine areas of the United Kingdom’s Overseas Territories (UKOTS). World exclusive economic zones are shown in grey scale in map (a). Note that several of the UKOTs are subject to disputes by other countries and that the British Antarctic Territory legally has no marine waters in accordance with the Ant- arctic Treaty. Sovereign Base Area is abbreviated to SBA in (d) Introduction Scientific evidence is an essential component of the evidence toolkit for informing future research direction and management decisions (Dicks et al. 2014). Incomplete data and lim- ited knowledge, together with inadequate staff and budget capacity, present challenges for ensuring effective conservation and environmental management (Gill et al. 2017; Kings- ford et al. 2009). The United Kingdom (UK) government is responsible for approximately 2% of the world’s ocean (approx. 6.8 million km2). Just 11% (approx. 770,000 km2) of this lies within the UK’s domestic exclusive economic zone (EEZ) with the remainder spread across its 14 Overseas Territories (UKOTs) and their associated waters (Fig. 1). The vast area of marine waters that fall under the jurisdiction of the UKOTs contain a wealth of biodiversity (Churchyard et al. 2016; Dawson et al. 2014; Friedlander et al. 2014; Sheppard et al. 2012; Weber et al. 2014) much of which underpins ecosystem goods and services, predominately fisheries and tourism, upon which local communities, where present, often depend for their livelihoods (e.g. Amoamo 2013; Baker et al. 2015; Forster et al. 2014; Lester et al. 2017). However, a recent stock-take of marine biodiversity out to 12 nautical miles (nm) in the UKOTs concluded that knowledge of their marine species is poor and of variable quality (Churchyard et al. 2016). The UKOTs largely comprise islands and archipelagos spread across the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans, and the Caribbean Sea (Fig. 1). The three exceptions 1 3 Biodiversity and Conservation are Gibraltar, which is part of the European mainland, and Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas and the British Antarctic Territory (BAT) which are part of larger landmasses. All UKOTs have permanent civilian populations apart from BAT, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI), and the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The United Nations has recognised Henderson Island (part of the Pitcairn Islands group) and Gough and Inaccessible Islands (which fall under the jurisdiction of Tristan da Cunha) as World Heritage sites for biodiversity due to their largely intact ecology because of minimal human disturbance and the presence of endemic species, particularly seabirds (UNESCO 1988, 1995). The UK has committed to the Convention on Biological Diversity’s target of protecting at least 10% of the marine environment by 2020 (Convention on Biological Diversity 2010; also adopted within Sustainable Development Goal 14.5, United Nations 2015). Contrib- uting to this goal, the UK Conservative Party made a manifesto commitment in 2015 to create a ‘Blue Belt of marine protection’ around the UK and its Overseas Territories (The Conservative Party 2015), and this has now been adopted by the UK’s other major politi- cal party (The Conservative Party 2017; The Labour Party 2017). Four large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs, ≥ 100,000 km2) have already been designated, with plans for two more announced (Table 1). Two of these, the Chagos Archipelago MPA and the Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve, have been established as full no-take areas, closed to all fishing (Government of Pitcairn Islands 2016; Sheppard et al. 2012). Recognising the importance of resource capacity for effective MPA management (Gill et al. 2017), the UK government committed funds of approximately £20 million over 4 years at the 2016 Our Ocean confer- ence (Washington DC) to implement and monitor large-scale MPAs around the UKOTs, focusing initially on BIOT, SGSSI, BAT, the Pitcairn Islands, Ascension Island, St Helena, and Tristan da Cunha (UK Government 2017). Ensuring effective marine management within the UKOTs and the ability to monitor the effectiveness of management actions, such as marine protected areas (MPAs), requires good knowledge of biodiversity and threats facing marine life. However, scientific research conducted within the various UKOTs is presented through a disparate literature and a com- prehensive assessment of this and the extent of threats facing UKOTs is currently lacking. Here, we address these issues by systematically searching for scientific literature which has examined marine biodiversity in the UKOTs and by exploring publicly available spatial threat data (Halpern et al. 2015, 2008). The objectives of this study are three-fold: (1) to comprehensively collate and describe marine biodiversity research within the UKOTs to assist decision-makers and researchers in targeting gaps in the evidence base; (2) to broadly identify the main threats affecting marine biodiversity in the UKOTs; and (3) to evalu- ate the extent to which scientific research is addressing threats facing marine biodiversity within the UKOTs. Methods The UKOTs consist of: Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) in the Caribbean; Bermuda in the North-western Atlantic; Ascension, St Helena, and Tristan da Cunha, and the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic; the British Antarctic Territory (BAT) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) in the Southern Ocean; the British Indian Ocean Ter- ritory (BIOT, also known
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan Da Cunha
    Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha NON-INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES NO ADVANCEMENT (formerly called Saint Helena) In 2013, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha made no advancement in efforts to prevent the worst forms of child labor. Although no information suggests that the worst forms of child labor are a problem, gaps exist in the legal framework to prevent children from involvement in the worst forms of child labor. The Government lacks legislation prescribing a minimum age for work, and it is unclear whether a list of hazardous occupations exists for children. It also is unclear whether laws exist regarding the use of children for drug trafficking or other illicit activities. These gaps may make children vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor. I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR Research found no evidence that child labor exists in Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha.(1) II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR British Overseas Territories (OTs) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom (UK), but they do not form part of the UK. They are self-governing, except in the areas of foreign affairs and defense. Domestic UK Law does not generally apply to OTs, unless explicitly extended.(2) The following conventions have been extended to Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha (Table 1). Table 1. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor Convention Ratification ILO C. 138, Minimum Age ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor UN CRC UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons The Government has established a few relevant laws and regulations related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • British Overseas Territories Law
    British Overseas Territories Law Second Edition Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson HART PUBLISHING Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Kemp House , Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford , OX2 9PH , UK HART PUBLISHING, the Hart/Stag logo, BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2018 First edition published in 2011 Copyright © Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson , 2018 Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identifi ed as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted by the authors, editors or publishers. All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright © . All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright © . This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3 ) except where otherwise stated. All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ , 1998–2018. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Overseas Territories
    INFORMATION PAPER United Kingdom Overseas Territories - Toponymic Information United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), also known as British Overseas Territories (BOTs), have constitutional and historical links with the United Kingdom, but do not form part of the United Kingdom itself. The Queen is the Head of State of all the UKOTs, and she is represented by a Governor or Commissioner (apart from the UK Sovereign Base Areas that are administered by MOD). Each Territory has its own Constitution, its own Government and its own local laws. The 14 territories are: Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory (BAT); British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands; UK Sovereign Base Areas. PCGN recommend the term ‘British Overseas Territory Capital’ for the administrative centres of UKOTs. Production of mapping over the UKOTs does not take place systematically in the UK. Maps produced by the relevant territory, preferably by official bodies such as the local government or tourism authority, should be used for current geographical names. National government websites could also be used as an additional reference. Additionally, FCDO and MOD briefing maps may be used as a source for names in UKOTs. See the FCDO White Paper for more information about the UKOTs. ANGUILLA The territory, situated in the Caribbean, consists of the main island of Anguilla plus some smaller, mostly uninhabited islands. It is separated from the island of Saint Martin (split between Saint-Martin (France) and Sint Maarten (Netherlands)), 17km to the south, by the Anguilla Channel.
    [Show full text]
  • The EU and Its Overseas Entities Joining Forces on Biodiversity and Climate Change
    BEST The EU and its overseas entities Joining forces on biodiversity and climate change Photo 1 4.2” x 10.31” Position x: 8.74”, y: .18” Azores St-Martin Madeira St-Barth. Guadeloupe Canary islands Martinique French Guiana Reunion Outermost Regions (ORs) Azores Madeira French Guadeloupe Canary Guiana Martinique islands Reunion Azores St-Martin Madeira St-Barth. Guadeloupe Canary islands Martinique French Guiana Reunion Outermost Regions (ORs) Azores St-Martin Madeira St-Barth. Guadeloupe Canary islands Martinique French Guiana Reunion Outermost Regions (ORs) Anguilla British Virgin Is. Turks & Caïcos Caïman Islands Montserrat Sint-Marteen Sint-Eustatius Greenland Saba St Pierre & Miquelon Azores Aruba Wallis Bonaire French & Futuna Caraçao Ascension Polynesia Mayotte BIOT (British Indian Ocean Ter.) St Helena Scattered New Islands Caledonia Pitcairn Tristan da Cunha Amsterdam St-Paul South Georgia Crozet Islands TAAF (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises) Iles Sandwich Falklands Kerguelen (Islas Malvinas) BAT (British Antarctic Territory) Adélie Land Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) Anguilla The EU overseas dimension British Virgin Is. Turks & Caïcos Caïman Islands Montserrat Sint-Marteen Sint-Eustatius Greenland Saba St Pierre & Miquelon Azores St-Martin Madeira St-Barth. Guadeloupe Canary islands Martinique Aruba French Guiana Wallis Bonaire French & Futuna Caraçao Ascension Polynesia Mayotte BIOT (British Indian Ocean Ter.) St Helena Reunion Scattered New Islands Caledonia Pitcairn Tristan da Cunha Amsterdam St-Paul South Georgia Crozet Islands TAAF (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises) Iles Sandwich Falklands Kerguelen (Islas Malvinas) BAT (British Antarctic Territory) Adélie Land ORs OCTs Anguilla The EU overseas dimension British Virgin Is. A major potential for cooperation on climate change and biodiversity Turks & Caïcos Caïman Islands Montserrat Sint-Marteen Sint-Eustatius Greenland Saba St Pierre & Miquelon Azores St-Martin Madeira St-Barth.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL AGREEMENT on Ïl^If^N TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution
    RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON ïl^if^n TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution Ori ginal: English GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES Notification by Norway Addendum The following communication has been received from the delegation of Norway. I have the honour to notify you that my Government has decided to include the following countries in the list of beneficiaries under Norway's Generalized System of Preferences, with effect from 1 May 1977: Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Sao Tome and Principe. An up-dated list of beneficiaries under the Norwegian System of Preferences is attached. LA2l*2/Add.7 Page 2 GSP Scheme of Norway List of Beneficiary Countries or Territories Note; An asterisk denotes the twenty-eight least developed countries which are accorded full duty-free treatment for all products. Afars and Issas Brunei Afghanistan* Burma Algeria Burundi* Angola Cameroon Argentina Cape Verde Australian Islands (including Cayman Islands and Dependencies Heard Island, McDonald Islands and Norfolk Island) Central African Empire* Bahamas Chad* Bahrain Chile Bangladesh* Colombia Barbados Comoros Belize Congo Benin* Corn Islands and Swan Islands Bermuda Costa Rica Bhutan* Cuba Bolivia Cyprus Botswana* Dominican Republic Brazil Ecuador British Antarctic Territory Egypt British Indian Ocean Territory (Aldabra., El Salvador Farquhar, Chagos Archipelago, Desroches) Equatorial Guinea British Pacific Ocean (Gilbert Islands, Ethiopia* Tuvalu, British Solomon Islands, New Hebrides Condominium and 1J1 Pitcairn Islands) Falkland Islands and Dependencies
    [Show full text]
  • List of Commonwealth Countries, British Overseas Territories, British Crown Dependencies and EU Member States
    List of Commonwealth countries, British Overseas Territories, British Crown Dependencies and EU member states Commonwealth countries1 Antigua and Barbuda Kenya St Vincent and the Grenadines Australia Kiribati Samoa The Bahamas Lesotho Seychelles Bangladesh Malawi Sierra Leone Barbados Malaysia Singapore Belize Malta* Solomon Islands Botswana Mauritius South Africa Brunei Mozambique Sri Lanka Cameroon Namibia Swaziland Canada Nauru Tonga Dominica New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Fiji Nigeria Tuvalu Ghana Pakistan Uganda Grenada Papua New Guinea United Kingdom* Guyana Republic of Cyprus* United Republic of Tanzania India Rwanda Vanuatu Jamaica St Christopher and Nevis Zambia St Lucia Zimbabwe *Although also EU member states, citizens of the UK, Cyprus and Malta are eligible to be registered to vote in respect of all elections held in the UK. 1 Citizens of Commonwealth countries that have been suspended from the Commonwealth retain their voting rights. Their voting rights would only be affected if their country was also deleted from the list of Commonwealth countries in the British Nationality Act 1981 through an Act of the UK Parliament. British Overseas Territories Anguilla Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Bermuda St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha British Antarctic Territory South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands British Indian Ocean Territory Sovereign Base areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Gibraltar Virgin Islands Montserrat British Crown Dependencies
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Table 6-32 Regions and Countries/Economies in World Trade Data
    Appendix table 6-32 Regions and countries/economies in world trade data North America Europe Middle East Africa Asia Canada EU Israel All others (continued) All others (continued) Mexico Austria Saudi Arabia Mali Kazakhstan United States Belgium Turkey Mauritania Kyrgyzstan Central and South America Czech Republic United Arab Emirates Mauritius Laos Argentina Denmark All others Mayotte Maldives Brazil Denmark Bahrain Mozambique Mongolia Central America Faroe Islands Gaza Strip Niger Nepal Belize Finland Iran Nigeria North Korea Costa Rica France Iraq Reunion Pakistan El Salvador Germany Jordan Rwanda Papua New Guinea Guatemala Hungary Lebanon Saint Helena, Ascension, and Sri Lanka Honduras Ireland Kuwait Tristan da Cunha Tajikistan Nicaragua Italy Oman São Tomé and Príncipe Turkmenistan Panama Italy Qatar Senegal Uzbekistan Chile San Marino Syria Seychelles Australia/Oceania Colombia Vatican City Yemen Sierra Leone Australia Peru Netherlands Africa Somalia Australia Venezuela Poland Egypt Sudan Christmas Island All others Slovakia Kenya Swaziland Cocos (Keeling) Islands Anguilla Spain Morocco Tanzania Heard Island and McDonald Islands Antigua and Barbuda Sweden Southern Africa Togo Norfolk Island Aruba United Kingdom Botswana Uganda New Zealand Bahamas, The All others Lesotho Western Sahara Cook Islands Barbados Bulgaria Namibia Zambia New Zealand Bermuda Cyprus South Africa Zimbabwe Niue Bonaire Estonia Tunisia Asia Tokelau Bolivia Greece All others China Pacific Islands Cayman Islands Latvia Algeria China American Samoa Cuba Lithuania
    [Show full text]
  • Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the South Atlantic Islands of Ascension Island, St Helena, and Tristan Da Cunha
    Myrmecological News 10 29-37 Vienna, September 2007 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the South Atlantic islands of Ascension Island, St Helena, and Tristan da Cunha James K. WETTERER, Xavier ESPADALER, N. Philip ASHMOLE, Howard MENDEL, Chris CUTLER & Judith ENDEMAN Abstract The isolated Mid-Atlantic Ridge islands of Ascension Island (8° S), St Helena (16° S), and Tristan da Cunha (37° S) are 1700 - 2800 km from Africa, the nearest continent. We compiled published, unpublished, and new records of ants from these islands and evaluated the probable origin of each species. We examined specimens representing 20 different ant species: ten from Ascension, 16 from St Helena, and one from Tristan da Cunha. These included three new records from Ascension (Pheidole teneriffana FOREL, 1893, Solenopsis sp. 1, Strumigenys emmae (EMERY, 1890)), five new records from St Helena (Hypoponera sp. 1, Linepithema humile (MAYR, 1868), Monomorium latinode MAYR, 1872, Monomorium cf. sechellense, Pheidole teneriffana), and the first identifica- tion of the only ant species known from Tristan da Cunha (Hypoponera eduardi (FOREL, 1894)). All confirmed island records, except Camponotus fabricator (F. SMITH, 1858) and Hypoponera punctatissima (ROGER, 1859) on St Helena, included specimens from 1995 or later. We could not confirm two additional published ant species records from As- cension (Cataglyphis sp., Tapinoma sp.) and one from St Helena (Camponotus castaneus (LATREILLE, 1802)). Most, if not all, of the 20 ant species we documented on South Atlantic islands, including C. fabricator, a putative St Helena endemic, may be exotic species that arrived accompanying humans. However, it is possible that some ants were present before human arrival.
    [Show full text]
  • Rep Octs South Atlantic 2007.Pdf 732.41 KB
    European Commission EuropeAid Cooperation Office Framework contract Beneficiaries LOT 6 - Environment Country: Overseas Countries and Territories Project title: OCT Environmental Profiles Request for services no. 2006/12146 Final Report Part 2 - Detailed Report Section E - South Atlantic Region January 2007 Consulting Engineers and Planners A/S, Denmark PINSISI Consortium Partners PA Consulting Group, UK IIDMA, Spain ICON Institute, Germany Scanagri, Denmark NEPCon, Denmark INVESTprojekt NNC, Czech SOFRECO, France OVERSEAS COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE PART 2 - Detailed Report Section A - South Atlantic region This study was financed by the European Commission and executed by the Joint-Venture of NIRAS PINSISI Consortium partners. The opinions expressed are those of the consultants and do not represent any official view of the European Commission nor the Governments of any of the overseas countries and territories or associated member states of the European Union. Prepared by: Jonathan Pearse Helena Berends Page 2 / 74 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED ACAP Agreement on Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels ACOR Association Française pour les Récifs Coralliens ACS Association of Caribbean States AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AFL Aruba guilders AI Ascension Island AIG Ascension Island Government AIWSA Ascension Island Works & Services Agency AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme ANG Anguilla ANRD Agricultural & Natural Resources Department AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States APEC Asia–Pacific
    [Show full text]
  • 4136 R8 the World Today
    THE WORLD TODAY Alaska (U.S.A.) Greenland (Denmark) CANADA ICELAND SWEDEN RUSSIAN FEDERATION FINLAND NORWAY UNITED KINGDOM ESTONIA DENMARK LATVIA 1 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA R.F. LITHUANIA NETHERLANDS 2 CROATIA IRELAND BELARUS GERMANY POLAND 3 SERBIA BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG UKRAINE 4 MONTENEGRO CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA FRANCE AUSTRIA REP. OF MOLDOVA DEM. PEOPLE'S 5 SLOVENIA SWITZERLAND HUNGARY St. Pierre 5 REP. OF KOREA LIECHTENSTEIN ROMANIA and Miquelon 6 THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 2 1 UZBEKISTAN (Fr.) MONACO 3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SAN 4 BULGARIA GEORGIA KYRGYZSTAN a) Occupied Palestinian Territory MARINO ITALY 6 JAPAN ANDORRA AZERBAIJAN PORTUGAL SPAIN ALBANIA ARMENIA HOLY SEE TURKEY TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN REPUBLIC CHINA OF KOREA SYRIAN Gibraltar GREECE ARAB REP. Jammu and CYPRUS (U.K.) TUNISIA MALTA LEBANON ISLAMIC Kashmir ** Bermuda REP.OF AFGHANISTAN (U.K.) MOROCCO ISRAEL IRAQ a a IRAN JORDAN BHUTAN LIBYAN KUWAIT PAKISTAN NEPAL BAHAMAS ALGERIA ARAB LAO PEOPLE'S MEXICO EGYPT BAHRAIN Hawaiian CUBA Western JAMAHIRIYA DEM. REP. Islands Turks and Caicos Islands (U.K.) Sahara UNITED ARAB BANGLADESH (U.S.A.) Cayman DOMINICAN REPUBLIC SAUDI QATAR EMIRATES Northern ARABIA Islands HAITI Puerto Rico (U.S.A.) Mariana (U.K.) British Virgin Islands (U.K.) INDIA MYANMAR BELIZE CAPE VERDE OMAN Islands Anguilla (U.K.) St. Martin (Fr. & Neth.) MAURITANIA HONDURAS U.S. Virgin Islands (U.S.A.) Saba (Neth.) ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA MALI NIGER JAMAICA (U.S.A.) St. Eustatius (Neth.) VIET NAM MARSHALL ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Montserrat (U.K.) SENEGAL CHAD ERITREA YEMEN THAILAND Guam GUATEMALA Guadeloupe (Fr.) PHILIPPINES ISLANDS Neth. Antilles DOMINICA (U.S.A.) EL SALVADOR Aruba Curaçao Martinique (Fr.) GAMBIA BURKINA SUDAN CAMBODIA NICARAGUA ST.
    [Show full text]
  • South Atlantic
    BEST IMPACT FACTSHEET S O U T H A T L A N T I C • 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 9 © Simon Vacher B E S T I N T H E S O U T H A T L A N T I C Saint Helena S T R E N G T H E N I N G L O C A L C O N S E R V A T I O N The Overseas Countries and Territories of the South Atlantic region are composed of two UK Overseas Territories of four very distinct islands or islands groups reaching across the South Atlantic Ocean: Ascension Island Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha (part of a single territory) as well as the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). They span a range of climatic systems and harbour differing ecosystems but are all vulnerable to invasive species, climate change and illegal fishing. Tristan da Cunha Copyright © Free Vector Maps.com From 2015 to 2019, the BEST 2.0 programme supported field actions to empower and strengthen local stakeholders committed to local development, biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem services. 6 projects, worth more than Falkland Islands (Malvinas) €600,000, were supported by BEST in the region. NOTE: A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).. PAGE 1 O V E R A L L F I G U R E S Geographical Scope of Projects Grant Beneficiaries 16.7% Tristan da Cunha 16.7% Saint Local Ascension 16.7% NGOs Island Helena Authorities 16.7% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 16.7% 50% Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 16.7% BEST projects covered marine areas in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and Ascension, and terrestrial areas in St Helena and Tristan da Cunha.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 No. 2753 OVERSEAS TERRITORIES the Zimbabwe (Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2012
    STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 2012 No. 2753 OVERSEAS TERRITORIES The Zimbabwe (Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2012 Made - - - - 7th November 2012 Laid before Parliament 14th November 2012 Coming into force - - 5th December 2012 At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 7th day of November 2012 Present, The Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty in Council Her Majesty, in exercise of the powers conferred on Her by section 112 of the Saint Helena Act 1833(a), the British Settlements Acts 1887 and 1945(b), and all of the other powers enabling Her to do so, is pleased, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order as follows: Citation, commencement and extent 1.—(1) This Order may be cited as the Zimbabwe (Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2012. (2) It comes into force on 5th December 2012. (3) It extends to the territories listed in Schedule 1. Application of the Order 2.—(1) This Order applies to— (a) any person in the Territory, (b) any person elsewhere who is— (i) a British citizen, a British overseas territories citizen, a British Overseas citizen, a British subject, a British National (Overseas) or a British protected person and is ordinarily resident in the Territory, or (ii) a body incorporated or constituted under the law of any part of the Territory, and (c) any person onboard a ship or aircraft that is registered in the Territory. (2) Article 7(2) and paragraph 3 of Schedule 2 also apply to any relevant person mentioned in those provisions (and for this purpose “relevant person” has the meaning given in article 7(4) and (5)).
    [Show full text]