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The Role of Some Agricultural Crops and Weeds on Decline of Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera Rostochiensis and Their Possible Use As Trap Crops

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The Role of Some Agricultural Crops and Weeds on Decline of Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera Rostochiensis and Their Possible Use As Trap Crops J. Crop Prot. 2019, 8 (2): 191-200______________________________________________________ Research Article The role of some agricultural crops and weeds on decline of potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and their possible use as trap crops Seddigheh Fatemy1* and Pegah Ahmarimoghadam2 1. Nematology Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, AREEO, Tehran, Iran. 2. Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva, Iran. Abstract: The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (PCN) causes severe damage to potato production worldwide. The stimulatory effects of root diffusates of 9 plant families on hatch of second stage juveniles (J2) of PCN and their possible use as trap crops were studied. In the laboratory, cysts were placed in leachates from roots and hatched J2s were collected weekly; in addition, the selected plants were grown in soil for 3 months and the rates of decline of eggs from inoculated cysts, were determined in two experiments with various plant species. Species of Solanaceae, such as the susceptible potato cultivar Marfona, tomato and the resistant potato cultivar Agria, induced 84%, 75% and 65% hatch respectively. Moreover, considerable hatching (49%-70%) was caused by exposure to root exudates of weeds of Solanum nigrum and S. villosum. Among non-host and non-Solanaceae plants, 11-32% of J2s hatched in root exudates of treatments of wheat, corn and barley in soil. There were differences in the rates of decline of J2 populations caused by the different plant species examined. In S. sisymbriifolium (a non-host species of Solanaceae) treatment, the density of encysted eggs declined by 62%. The potential of aforementioned plant species, the resistant cv Agria and some other tested plant species as suitable trap crops are further discussed; and in conclusion, the use of the trap crops could be an important component of Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 0:49 IRST on Wednesday September 29th 2021 PCN management program in Iran. Keywords: Decline rate, golden potato cyst nematode, non–Solanaceae plants, Solanum sisymbrifolium Introduction12 The golden PCN (G. rostochiensis) passes through a golden-yellow phase before the Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) Globodera maturing female body turns brown, whereas G. pallida (Stone) and G. rostochiensis pallida females pass from white directly to Wollenweber are among the most important brown. Females are fertilized by males, pests of Solanaceous crops such as potatoes, embryos develop within egg to form second tomatoes, and eggplants (Jones et al., 2013). stage juveniles which is the dormant stage. Each swollen female may contain up to 300- Handling Editor: Majid Pedram 500 eggs containing second-stage juveniles _____________________________ (J2), and its body wall hardens as it dies to form * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] a cyst. The developed juveniles inside the cysts, Received: 10 November 2018, Accepted: 2 March 2019 enter into a dormancy known as diapause, Published online: 14 April 2019 191 Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis _________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. which is a strategy by cyst nematodes to of Iranian PCN populations in response to overcome unfavorable seasonal conditions. locally growing plant species in infested fields Diapause is a stage during which the PCN has rarely been examined thoroughly. juveniles, regardless of environmental Therefore, the present study was undertaken conditions, cannot be stimulated to hatch until to investigate if the plant species commonly the diapause ends. They may remain viable for grown in rotation with potato by local growers over 20 years. Root exudates from growing in Hamadan i) have stimulatory effect on PCN potato roots could induce more than 80% hatch. hatching, ii) could contribute to PCN decline, Spontaneous hatch occurs when host plants are and iii) whether they could be recommended as not grown, and may reach 30% per annum trap crops in PCN management programs. (Oostenbrink, 1950; Kerry et al., 2009). At least ten chemical compounds, referred to as Materials and Methods hatching factors, have been identified as to play a role in PCN hatch (Devine et al., 1996). Nematode and potato root diffusate preparation Infestation by PCNs occurs immediately after Globodera rostochiensis cysts were collected hatching when J2s invade roots of host plants, from a naturally infested field in Hamadan whereby they retard root development. The province. The soil was dried and the cysts were reduction of root growth reduces water and recovered using the Fenwick can extraction nutrient uptake by the plant and decreases the procedure (Fenwick, 1940) and kept at 4 ºC for yield (Fatemy and Evans, 1986; Trudgill et al., at least 4 months until used. 1998). In Europe, a 9% loss in total potato yield To obtain live J2s, the egg-containing cysts is attributed to PCNs (Evans and Rowe, 1998). were pre-soaked in distilled water for 48 h Crop rotation, leads to slow decline of before they were transferred to a glass dish nematode populations, and growing resistant containing potato root diffusates (PRD) and cultivars are the most frequently employed collected following the protocol described by management strategies after prohibition of most Turner et al. (2009). Potato tubers of a environmentally-hazardous nematicides in susceptible cultivar (cv) were planted in one kg many European countries (Chitwood, 2003). pots filled with sterile potting soil. After one One potential non-chemical control method month, soil was saturated with distilled water, is the use of trap crops. These are crops that followed by adding further 100ml of distilled trigger the hatch of PCN in soil but prevent the water. The solution draining from the pot was completion of the pest’s life cycle. The use of collected and passed through the pot three times Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 0:49 IRST on Wednesday September 29th 2021 trap crops dates back to 1939 (Carroll and before filtering and storage at + 4 ºC until used. McMahon, 1939). Early research focused on the use of potatoes as trap, allowing PCN juveniles In vitro hatching test to invade the roots, but fail to complete their Certified potato seeds were obtained from life cycle by destroying or ploughing the plants Agriculture and Natural Resources Research (Halford et al., 1999). Research on trap crops and Education Center of Hamadan and Botany has also included other Solanum species. Host Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant range studies by Stelter and Engel (1975), Protection, Tehran. To collect root diffusates Roberts and Stone (1981) and Stelter (1987) from other plant species, five seeds of each showed that several plant species from plant species listed in Table 1 were planted Solanaceae family have a high degree of separately in pots containing 1 kg of sterile resistance to PCN and could stimulate its potting soil; non-planted pots were also hatching. included to represent fallow (Turner et al., In Iran, G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 is a 2009). After plants reached the appropriate size, quarantine pest currently threatening potato individual pots were watered with 100ml production in Hamadan Province. The behavior distilled water each week and the solution 192 Fatemy and Ahmarimoghadam _______________________________________ J. Crop Prot. (2019) Vol. 8 (2) draining from each pot was collected, filtered 20 ºC. Each week, the hatched J2 were with Whatman No 1 filter paper and kept in the removed, counted and fresh root exudates dark at + 4 ºC before being used. This corresponding to appropriate week of the test procedure was repeated weekly for 6 weeks. were added (exudate collected at week 1 was Root diffusates collected each week was used used for the first week of the test and so on); for corresponding test in the same week. this practice was repeated for 6 weeks (Turner et al., 2009). At the end of the experiment, cysts Table 1 Plant species used for the experiments. in each well were crushed, the numbers of the Common name Latin name Family remaining eggs and the hatched J2s were counted and the hatching percent was Alfalfa cv Hamadani Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae calculated. Barley cv Makoi Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae Barley cv Bahman Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae Decline rate experiment Black nightshade Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Seeds of plant species given in Table 1 were Cucumber Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae planted in pots of 1 l capacity; filled with sterile Canola cv Hyola Brassica napus L. Brassicaceae loamy soil (with 40-40-20% sand-silt-clay; pH Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae 7.3). The required number of cysts (40 cysts/ Corn cv KSC301 Zea mays L. Poaceae 100g soil) to represent an initial density (Pi) of 26 eggs and J2/g soil were added to each pot Clover Trifolium pratense L. Fabaceae and mixed well into the soil. Edible amaranth Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthaceae A similar method was used for Garlic cv Hamadani Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Solanaceae species, except that cysts were Lamb's quarters Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae enclosed in mesh bags before being added to (Salmetare) each pot (Fatemy, 2018), and potato cvs Oil radish Raphanus sativus var. Brassicaceae oleifera L were planted as single sprouts attached to a Pumpkin cv Kado - Cucurbita pepo sp Cucurbitaceae piece of tuber. Unplanted pots were regarded Ajili fraternal var. styriaca as the fallow treatment and pots of each Potato cv Marfona Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae replicate (three replicates for each treatment) Potato cv Agria Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae were arranged in a randomized complete Red Onion Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae block design, on a glasshouse bench with a Red nightshade Solanum villosum Mill. Solanaceae 27/18 ºC temperature regime. Pots were (formerly luteum) irrigated as required and fed with liquid Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 0:49 IRST on Wednesday September 29th 2021 Saffron Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae fertilizer containing macro- and micro- Sticky nightshade Solanum Solanaceae sisymbriifolium Lam.
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