ANEXO No. 17 Glosario

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ANEXO No. 17 Glosario Glosario de Telecomunicaciones e Informática (TIC) Numericos A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Numéricos 100Base T Norma Ethernet 803.2 para red local de 100 Mb/s. Véase Ethernet. 100BaseT2 Norma para soportes de capa física. Segmento de par trenzado que utiliza dos pares de hilos de par trenzado para voz de categoría 3. No debe pensarse en instalar específicamente 100BaseT2 en redes, por sus limitaciones intrínsecas de distancia. Esta norma se estableció para proporcionar a Ethernet/802.3 una forma de instalación barata en los hilos telefónicos preexistentes. 100BaseT4 Norma para soportes de capa física. Segmento Ethernet de par trenzado que utiliza cuatro pares de cables UTP de categorías 3, 4 o 5. 100BaseT4 utiliza un conector estándar RJ-45 con las mismas patillas que la especificación 10BaseT, además de dos pares bidireccionales (emisión en 1 y 2, recepción en 3 y 6, bidireccional en 4 y 5, bidireccional en 7 y 8). 100BaseTX Norma para soportes de capa física. Segmento de par trenzado basado en dos pares de cables de par trenzado de la categoría 5. La especificación 100Base utiliza dos conjuntos de pares trenzados sin apantallar (UTP) de la categoría 5, dos conjuntos de pares trenzados apantallados (STP) de 100 ohmios o cable STP de tipo 1.100BaseTX emplea un conector RJ-45 homologado, de categoría 5, y las mismas patillas utilizadas en 10BaseT (emisión en 1 y 2, recepción en 3 y 6) 100BaseX Especificación Fast Ethernet de banda base para 100 Mbps que se refiere a las normas 100BaseFX y 100BAseTX para Fast Ethernet sobre cableado de fibra óptica. Se basa en la norma IEEE 802.3. Véase también 100BaseFX, 100BaseTX, Fast Ethernet e IEEE 802.3. 10Base2 Protocolo de red local, norma IEEE 802.3. Es una especificación Ethernet de 100 Mbps que utiliza cable coaxial fino de 50 ohmios RG-58. También tiene un límite de distancia de 185 metros por segmento. Desde 1995 es raro encontrar instalaciones de 10Base2 en servicio. Véase también Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 y Ethernet fino. 10Base5 Protocolo de red local. Es una especificación Ethernet que utiliza cable coaxial de 50 ohmios estándar (grueso). 10Base5, que forma parte de la especificación de capa física de banda de base IEEE 802.3, tiene un límite de distancia de 500 metros por segmento. La distancia adicional respecto a la norma 10Base2 se debe a que utiliza un cable coaxial más grueso, que tiene una pérdida menor que su alternativa RG-58 (10Base2). 10Base5 quedo rápidamente desfasado por razones de velocidad y coste, y porque era muy incomodo trabajar con el. El cable coaxial grueso era además muy inferior al nuevo par trenzado, así como a la flexibilidad durante su manejo y su conectividad. Véase también Ethernet e IEEE 802.3. 10BaseF Especificación Ethernet para 10Mbps que tiene tres subcategorías o accesorios : 10BaseFB, 10BaseFL y 10BaseFP. Estas normas corresponden a Ethernet sobre cableado de fibra óptica. Véase también 10BaseFB, 10BaseFL, 10BaseFP y Ethernet. 10BaseT Norma 802.3 Ethernet para red local de 10 Mb/s. Véase Ethernet e IEEE 802 Ethernet. 3DES: Data Encryption Estándar Método de cifrado de 168 bits que incluye un algoritmo desarrollado por la Oficina Nacional de Normas de Estados Unidos. 3G Abreviatura de tercera generación, referida en concreto a redes de tercera generación. En comunicaciones inalámbricas, convergencia de voz, datos y servicios multimedia con anchos de banda iniciales de 144 kbps y un ancho de banda futuro de 1 Mbps o superior. Para identificar con sencillez la evolución de la tecnología de comunicaciones inalámbricas se utilizan las generaciones. La primera generación fue AMPS, que usaba tecnología de multiplexadopor división de frecuencias para transportar una llamada en cada canal analógico. La segunda generación recibió el nombre de CDMA, TDMA o GSM, e incluía varias llamadas digitales con anchos de banda PCS, además de servicios mejorados. La tercera generación, 3G, pretende unificar no solo voz, datos y multimedia, sino también formatos de aplicación. La interfaz de aplicación estándar, independientemente del sistema de radio utilizado, será IP. En Estados Unidos y en Japón, entre otros países que han desplegado tecnologías GSM y CDMA para tecnología inalámbrica, la vía de migración G2 (OSI capa 2) será CDMA2000. En países que utilizan los formatos TDMA y GSM europeos, la ruta de migración será GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, o W-CDMA). Con independencia del enlace inalámbrico usado entre los usuarios finales, se accederá a las aplicaciones a través de IP. Por tanto, los usuarios finales podrán intercambiar información de aplicaciones a través de normas abiertas. En el caso de usuarios multinacionales, los fabricantes de aparatos telefónicos están planificando la producción de dispositivos compatibles para ambas tecnologías por medio de la incorporación de los dos tipos de tecnología de radio. 802.11b Actualización de normas de redes locales inalámbricas a 802.11DFS para incrementos de velocidad hasta 11 Mbps para una frecuencia operativa de 2,4 GHz. La técnica de modulación empleada en 802.11b es DSSS (espectro extendido de secuencia directa). La norma WEP (privacidad inalámbrica equivalente) es también un anexo de la norma 802.11b, que permite a los fabricantes implantar mayor seguridad e incluir cifrado de clave de 128 bits. 802.14 Norma IEEE para operación de módems de telefonía por cable que permite que redes de televisión por cable que utilizan cable coaxial e hibrido de fibra y coaxial transporten trafico Ethernet 802 y trafico basado en ATM. Existen múltiples interfaces de capa MAC definidas en 802.14 para lograr servicios de telefonía por cable de la misma flexibilidad para el usuario final que la que suministran los servicios tradicionales habilitados por DSL o ATM. 802.1d Norma IEEE para algoritmos de expansión en árbol que evita bucles redundantes en conmutadores de red local. El árbol de expansión se habilita automáticamente cuando se conectan puentes redundantes. Si los puentes redundantes se conectaran a una red sin árbol de expansión habilitado, los puentes dobles conectados se enviarían mutuamente los mismos cuadros, de uno a otro, en un bucle sin fin. Esta situación satura de inmediato el ancho de banda e inutiliza todos los dispositivos asociados a ese bucle. Un árbol de expansión trabaja de manera que cuando se inicializan los puentes (activación) envían una señal a los demás dispositivos en red, denominados unidades de datos de protocolo entre puentes (BPDU), Cuando los puentes/conmutadores reciben estas unidades de datos desde otros dispositivos, se hacen <<conscientes>>de que hay otros puentes conectados a la red y de que podría producirse una redundancia entre ellos. Usando estas unidades de datos, los puentes de la red eligen un <<puente raíz>> y un <<puente destino>>. Según el modo de conexión física entre los puentes, se <<bloquean>> o bien quedan parcialmente inhabilitados, a excepción de los <<puentes raíz>> y los <<puentes destino>>, que son los mas próximos (en numero de saltos) a un puente raíz o de destino anterior. Si se pierde un enlace, entonces uno de los puentes alternativos se convierte en raíz. En ese caso, se envían nuevos mensajes de unidades de datos para notificar a los demás puentes el cambio de estado. La mayoría de los fabricantes de hardware de puentes fijan por omisión automáticamente el estado de envió de unidades BPDU y la posición de árbol de expansión habilitada. De esta manera, si una red se conecta inadvertidamente con puentes en paralelo, no se interrumpirá el servicio. La norma 802.1d es una evolución del algoritmo de árbol de expansión de Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), y el árbol de expansión de DEC es hoy por hoy interoperativo. Por otra parte, cuando se suministra con 802.1Q (redes locales virtuales, VLAN), debe configurarse al menos un valor de árbol de expansión para todas y cada una de las redes virtuales. 802.1p Norma IEEE para definición de prioridades del trafico de redes locales entre conmutadores Ethernet , basada en el puerto de conmutación, la dirección MAC o la dirección IP que se asocian al equipo final de comunicación (ya sea un teléfono IP, un videomonitor, un PC anfitrión, una impresora o un servidor). Los paquetes se marcan como pertenecientes a una cola, que determina la prioridad del paquete. Según la norma 802.1p, las colas 0 a 3 tienen prioridad normal, y las 4 a 7 prioridad alta. La norma 802.1p funciona conjuntamente con la 802.1Q para redes locales virtuales (VLAN). 802.1Q Norma IEEE derivada del protocolo ISL (enlace entre conmutadores) de Cisco Systems. ISL y 802.1Q no son interoperativas. La referencia 802.1Q es más conocida como norma de conmutación de etiquetado o de VLAN. Es una característica de los conmutadores LAN posteriores a 1998 que hace que los puertos seleccionados se comporten como si estuvieran conectados al mismo segmento, o concentrador. Otro nombre adecuado para esta característica seria segmento V o segmento virtual. Los dispositivos / usuarios que intercambian gran cantidad de información suelen estar dentro del mismo segmento LAN virtual. Esto ayuda a que el funcionamiento del conmutador de red local sea mas eficaz, manteniendo además el tráfico dentro de puertos concretos, Así se logra que otros puertos de redes VLAN diferentes transporten al mismo tiempo un tráfico no relacionado con este. Las redes VLAN las configuran un ingeniero de redes, un analista de redes o un administrador de redes. Cuando se implanta telefonía IP en una red conmutada Ethernet, los dispositivos telefónicos conectados a la red se disponen mejor en su propia VLAN. La mayoría de los conmutadores compatibles con la norma 802.1Q pueden reconocer mas de 1.000 redes virtuales.
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