1850 1875 1910 1941 1955 1963 1965 APRIL 4, 1968 1992 BECOMES A STATE THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IS ENACTED THE COMMITTEE ON URBAN CONDITIONS THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR II FOLLOWING IS ARRESTED FOR “CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE” THE RUMFORD FAIR HOUSING ACT IS PASSED IN VOTING RIGHTS ACT DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. IS ASSASSINATED AT MAE JEMISON BECOMES THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN AMONG NEGROES FOUNDED THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA FOR REFUSING TO GIVE UP CALIFORNIA TO HELP END RACIAL DISCRIMINATION THE LORRAINE MOTEL IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, WOMAN TO GO INTO SPACE On September 9, 1850, California became the 31st state. In response to continued abuses following the end of the Civil War, HER SEAT TO A WHITE BUS RIDER BY PROPERTY OWNERS AND LANDLORDS Following the attack by Alabama state and county law enforcement NOW THE SITE OF THE NATIONAL CIVIL RIGHTS MUSEUM Though California entered the Union as a “free state,” slavery The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was designed to protect against Now known as the National Urban League, this organization was founded Aboard the West Virginia, African American mess attendant Dorie Miller on peaceful demonstrators, President Johnson called for legislation to of some African persisted uno cially, and laws discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public spaces. to advocate for social and economic justice for . acts with “distinguished devotion to duty, extraordinary courage and disregard This deant act made Rosa Parks a symbol of the protect voting rights. This Act, which has been amended several times 2001 regarding enslavement of indigenous peoples remained in for his own personal safety during the attack on the Fleet,” which earns him and inspired others to action. 1964 to reauthorize special provisions and expand its coverage, made 1968 COLIN POWELL BECOMES THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN force into the 1860s. the Navy Cross. CALIFORNIANS VOTE FOR PROPOSITION 14 TO NULLIFY race-based restrictions on registration and voting illegal. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT US SECRETARY OF STATE 1896 1916 THE RUMFORD ACT THE CASE IS DECIDED, THE GREAT MIGRATION FROM THE AMERICAN SOUTH TO 1957 President Johnson signed this act into law in the midst of riots following 1863 UPHOLDING RACIAL SEGREGATION THE NORTH, MIDWEST, AND WEST BEGINS 1948 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT PASSED In response to the Rumford Fair Housing Act, the California Real Estate 1965 the assassination of Dr. King. The Act allows for federal prosecution of crimes 2005 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IS ISSUED AS CONSTITUTIONAL EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 LEADS TO THE DESEGREGATION Association-sponsored initiative looked to add an amendment to the , HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST AND FIERCE based on race, religion, or national origin, prohibits discrimination in housing. CONDOLEEZZA RICE BECOMES THE FIRST BLACK WOMAN In response to Civil War and Reconstruction experiences, and with the OF AMERICAN ARMED FORCES In response to increased violence and intimidation after the Brown v. Board California Constitution to work against the Act. Proposition 14 passed but ADVOCATE FOR RACIAL JUSTICE IS ASSASSINATED It has since been amended to include protections based on sex, disability, TO SERVE AS US SECRETARY OF STATE With this executive order issued during of the , This decision set a precedent, allowing for availability of city jobs increasing, many African Americans moved from of Education ruling, the bill passed Congress and was signed into law. was later declared invalid and repealed in 1974. BEFORE A SPEECH IN NEW YORK CITY and family status. Abraham Lincoln declared freedom for all enslaved people. “” schooling facilities and public institutions. Southern states to growing urban areas like Chicago, Philadelphia, Meant to ensure equal voting rights to African Americans, it had limited It was put into full eect with the ending of the war in a New York City, and Detroit. 1954 impact, but paved the way for more eective legislation. 2009 Union victory in 1865. THE CASE IS DECIDED, 1964 1966 1983 SENATOR BECOMES THE FIRST 1909 PARTIALLY OVERTURNING THE DECISION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IS SIGNED INTO LAW BECOMES THE FIRST GUION BLUFORD, JR. IS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES THE NAACP IS FOUNDED 1920s PLESSY V. FERGUSON 1963 AFRICAN AMERICAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE AFRICAN AMERICAN IN SPACE 1870 THE IS IN FULL SWING DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.’S “” SPEECH The , followed other, less impactiful legislation THE 15TH AMENDMENT IS RATIFIED, OFFICIALLY The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Thurgood Marshall, NAACP chief council, argued for the plaintis in the IS DELIVERED TO A CROWD OF MORE THAN 250,000 and prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, sex, religion, GRANTING AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE (NAACP) was established to further justice and to ght Taking its name from the New York City neighborhood, this or national origin.

HISTORY landmark case. The decision declared segregation in schools unconstitutional. race-based discrimination. African American-led arts and culture movement spreads Made during the on Washington on August 28, 1963, King’s iconic speech NATIONAL Despite the Amendment, black voters continued to face barriers to throughout the country. remains one of the largest demonstrations ever held in Washington, DC. exercising this right, including poll taxes and violence.

CORE march and protest, 1964

1798 1872 1887 1897 1919 1931 1950 1964 1968 Southcrest Park SPANISH COLONIAL CENSUS AMERICA NEWTON MIGRATES TO BETHEL AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL (AME) EDWARD W. ANDERSON THE BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE LEMON GROVE CASE, IS THE US's FIRST SAN DIEGO AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IS 4,143 ACCODRING CORE PICKETS CREA SAN DIEGO REACTS TO THE ASSASSINATION Memorial for King, THE JULIAN AREA IN 1872 CHURCH IS FOUNDED. IT BECOMES THE FIRST ORGANIZED ESTABLISHES IXL LAUNDRY IXL Laundry, 1897 THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE IS INAUGURATED SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL DESEGREGATION CASE TO THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. April 9, 1968 This census listed the men, women, boys, BLACK RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION IN SAN DIEGO Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) members protest the California Real Estate Association’s (CREA) and girls of the Presidio de San Diego American Newton was a former enslaved Edward W. Anderson arrived in San Diego in the mid-1890s from Kentucky before beginning his The incident occurred in 1930 and 1931 in Lemon Grove meeting outside the El Cortez Hotel in Downtown. CREA was meeting to determine whether or not The day after King’s assassination, these students from University of California, San Diego, rallied outside the City Council district. Separate listings are made for person who arrived from Missouri. In Julian, Solomon and Cordelia Johnson were successful laundry business in 1897 at age 25. As owner of IXL Laundry, he managed the largest steam in San Diego’s East County, where the local school board 1953 it would support Proposition 14, the law which would negate the Fair Housing Act. chambers. Councilman Harry Scheidel (in glasses with his back to wall) is seen talking with students who had submitted a each of the missions and the Presidio itself; she made her living as a laundress for instrumental in the formation of the laundry in the region with 35 employees. The original location was at 546 Seventh Avenue, pictured 1919 attempted to build a separate school for children of SAN DIEGO URBAN LEAGUE IS ESTABLISHED proposal to city o cials to ease racial tensions. A memorial was held for King in the Balboa Bowl three days after his assassination. the numbers are also identied either as local miners. rst in San Diego, the here, but later the business moved to 10th Avenue and Island Avenue. THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN Mexican heritage. On March 30, 1931, the Superior Court Over 5,000 people attended the service which was organized by the Southeast San Diego Ministerial Alliance. Religious “Indian” or “Spanish, and other castes.” Bethel African Methodist Episcopal FIREMEN JOIN THE SAN DIEGO of San Diego County ruled that the local school board's attempt to segregate 75 Mexican and It was the perseverance of Dr. Jack Kimbrough, among others, that was crucial in nally establishing MAY 29, 1964 leaders from Catholic, African Methodist Episcopal, Jewish, and other faith communities were present to honor King. Church. The membership of the FIRE DEPARTMENT Mexican American elementary school children was a violation of California state laws because a local Urban League branch in 1953. In many cities the local NAACP branch fought for civil rights, MARTIN LUTHER KING JR GIVES 1880 church met in the Johnson home 1897 ethnic Mexicans were considered White under the state's Education Code. but in San Diego it was the Urban League that played the pivotal role after World War II in pushing A SPEECH IN SAN DIEGO AT THE Circa 1820 A TOTAL OF FIFTY-FIVE AFRICAN AMERICANS on the corner of F and Union ANDERSON V. FISHER, 1897 IS THE FIRST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION Sandy Baker, Tim Williams, John Cross, and Joe Smith, Segregated students from Lemon Grove Grammar School for civil rights and full inclusion in the city’s burgeoning economy. The San Diego Urban League had CALIFORNIA WESTERN UNIVERSITY 1968 DON PÍO PICO SETTLES IN SAN DIEGO IN THE 1820S, RESIDE IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY Streets until funds were raised CASE OF ITS KIND IN early African American remen in Logan Heights, 1927 an ability to unify competing interests, and work on behalf of communities of color. Among its FORMS IN SAN DIEGO BEFORE BECOMING THE GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA to secure a church site. successful programs was a vocational education program introduced to city schools in 1956, King was on a speaking tour of California cities, and These residents were predominantly formerly enslaved people from the south. In 1897, Edward W. Anderson, prominent entrepreneur 1935 Another success was the Adopt-A-Child program, a charitable project that represented a addressed both California Western University (now Point The Black Panthers were a party formed in Oakland in 1966 and came to San Diego in His governorship was the last Sixty percent of this population resided in the backcountry of Julian. Cordelia Johnson, c. 1887 and Solomon Johnson, c. 1920 and political organizer, and his wife, Mary, were refused 1924 DR. JACK JOHNSON KIMBROUGH ARRIVES IN SAN DIEGO AND collaborative eort between several social service agencies. Loma Nazarene University) and San Diego State College (now 1968. They based their political philosophy and perspective on leftist and Marxist-oriented thinkers. under Mexico. His family is known to seats for a performance at the Fisher Opera House. When THE HOTEL DOUGLAS BUILT IN SAN DIEGO’S GASLAMP QUARTER BECOMES THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN DENTIST IN THE AREA San Diego State University) on the same day. In his speech at Nationally, while the Panthers were known for brandishing rearms and confronting police in have Spanish, Indian, and they were denied their chosen seats near the orchestra, Cal Western, King spoke out against California’s Proposition 14. Martin Luther King Jr. addresses crowd urban neighborhoods, the party also had an ambitious social program. They started schools, African ancestry. 1885 theater manager John C. Fisher explained, “I do not allow Located at Second Avenue and Market Street, the Douglas Hotel and Creole Palace nightclub When Dr. Kimbrough heard of the absence of African American dentists in This ballot measure, which would pass that November, in eect at Cal Western University, May 29, 1964 supplied groceries to seniors, and operated a free breakfast program for children. - A DIRECT RAIL ROUTE FINALLY REACHES SAN DIEGO 1890 colored people on that oor.” Anderson led a lawsuit was the only place of quality lodging and entertainment for African Americans during a period San Diego, he hitchhiked to the city in 1935 and befriended the only black repealed the Fair Housing/Rumford Act of 1963 and allowed Black Panthers serve breakfast AND RESULTS IN A POPULATION BOOM A TOTAL OF 289 AFRICAN AMERICANS RESIDE IN SAN DIEGO for $299 in damages, and was awarded $150. The of intense segregation. As the premier Black entertainment venue on the Pacic coast, the physician in the area, A. Antonio DaCosta, who lent him o ce space in a individuals to practice discrimination when selling or renting property. King’s address gave national to children, Christ the King Catholic Church, 1969 Pio Pico and wife, c. 1850 COUNTY, ACCORDING TO THE 1890 UNITES STATES CENSUS. judgement was reversed by a higher court on Fisher’s spacious ballroom and stage featured a risqué chorus line rental unit. Dr. Kimbrough went on to become President of the San Diego context to the issues of segregation and racism that were then prevalent in San Diego and California. 1970 The lack of direct rail access had previously hampered population growth of San Diego, appeal and Anderson was ordered to pay Fisher $9.25 show and jazz, , and boogie-woogie performances. NAACP in 1947 and the rst president of the San Diego Urban League in AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN SAN DIEGO ROSE TO 54,691 including African American migrants coming from other parts of the United States. in damages. Even though Anderson’s legal action was The hotel-nightclub hosted celebrities like boxer Joe Louis, 1953. Kimbrough accomplished much as an activist, inclduing organizing ACCORDING TO THE 1970 UNITES STATES CENSUS 1839 1891-1893 ultimately unsuccessful, his challenge set a legal precedent. musicians Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, and a sit-in at the US Grant Grill in 1948 to protest segregation and working First annual meeting of the San Diego Urban League, 1955 1965 Urban League gas station opening, 1966 ALLEN LIGHT, AN AFRICAN AMERICAN BLACK PIONEER STUDIO PORTRAITS vocalists Billie Holiday and Dinah Washington. to end racial prejudice. Dr. Jack Kimbrough, 1960 STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE RALLY MARINER, SETTLES IN SAN DIEGO 1886 Percy Steele, Urban League Executive Director, 1954 1970s AND BECOMES A NATURALIZED THE COLORED VOTERS POLITICAL CLUB IS ESTABLISHED These images are likely the only surviving historical record of these San Diegans Circa 1900 San Diegans from the Student Non-Violent Coordinating KLU KLUX KLAN GROUPS RESURRECTED IN SAN DIEGO MEXICAN CITIZEN and their time here. These studio portraits were taken at Turner’s Elite Studio and ACME SOCIAL CLUB IS STARTED Creole Palace performers at the Douglas Hotel, 1934 Committee (SNCC) participated in a rally in Balboa Park Klimdt’s Chicago Art Gallery, both located on Fifth Avenue in downtown San Diego. 1960 From the 1920s on, San Diego had seen sporadic Klu Klux Klan activity. In San Diego The Colored Voters Political Club was the rst African American political club in San Diego. 1942 WOOLWORTH DEPARTMENT STORE CHAIN SEGREGATION PROTEST after 24-hour fast to memorialize . Reeb was a Mariner Allen Light carried sailor protection papers Between 1885 and 1900, San Diego’s African American population rose dramatically, Acme was one of several elite social and political clubs in HOWARD “SKIPPY” SMITH OPENS PACIFIC PARACHUTE COMPANY white Unitarian Universalist minister and civil rights and other southwestern cities, Klan activity was not just directed against African dating from 1827 to maintain his status as a “free though it was still less than one percent of the total population. With the increase in numbers, San Diego, established around the turn of the 20th century when activist murdered by white segregationists Americans, but toward Mexican Americans as well. Despite losing their charter in Howard “Skippy” Smith was an African American stunt pilot and entrepreneur. The Greensboro sit-ins were an act of nonviolent protest 1946, by the 1970s the Klan groups had been resurrected in San Diego and Oceanside. man and citizen of the United States of America.” African American San Diegans came together to form groups in which they could share and Black San Diegans began to own more businesses and to make against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North in Selma, Alabama. These papers were discovered in the walls of the express themselves in ways which were not permitted in a predominantly White setting. inroads into the economic mainstream 1924 Smith opened his Pacic Parachute Company, which sewed and packed parachutes Anti-KKK demonstration in Santa Fe Park, THE SAN DIEGO RACE RELATIONS SOCIETY for the military, and earned the title of “Top Black Owned Business in the United Carolina, that began on February 1, 1960. The protests Oceanside, 1976 Machado Chapel in Old Town in 1948. led the Woolworth Department Store chain to 17th birthday celebration of Acme member Gathern P. Perry, c. 1917 IS FOUNDED BY DENNIS V. ALLEN States” in 1943 from Time Magazine. Smith employed one of the few integrated 1980 workforces in San Diego, which included Filipinos, Asians, Whites, Latinos, end its policy of racial segregation in its stores. 1967 AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY IS 104,407 1887 The San Diego Race Relations Society sought and Blacks. CARLIN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION CASE OUT OF A TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION OF 1,861,846 1869 Man with derby hat, nd Woman with patchwork dress, nd Woman with parasol, nd to end prejudice against racial, national, and A man protests in front of Woolworth’s FREDERICK COLEMAN, AN AFRICAN THE HOTEL ROBINSON IN JULIAN IS BUILT 1913 HENRIETTA GOODWIN IS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN GRADUATE religious groups.This group was instrumental Howard “Skippy” Smith and his integrated workforce, 1943 storefront in downtown San Diego, 1960 The San Diego Unied School District (SDUSD) had AMERICAN MAN, DISCOVERS in pushing for desegregation in public spaces, 1990 GOLD IN JULIAN Albert Robinson, a former slave from Missouri and his wife, Margaret owned FROM SAN DIEGO NORMAL SCHOOL, NOW SDSU 1963 received many complaints concerning the segregation AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY IS 159,306 and operated the Hotel Robinson in Julian, from 1887 until Albert’s death in 1915. 1892 as well as challenging the denial of jobs RACIAL EQUALITY of city schools since the early 1960s. Carlin et al v. ISAAC ATKINSON STARTS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN-OWNED because of religion, race, or color. 1948 Board of Education was a 1967 court case led against OUT OF A TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION OF 2,498,016 Frederick Coleman was a rancher who resided with an Indian family Margaret Robinson continued ownership until 1921. Henrietta (seated on right) was a graduate at San Diego Normal School (now SDSU). The San Diego SIT-IN AT SDG&E NEWSPAPER IN SAN DIEGO,THE COLONIZER Union failed to mention her in its list of the 15 graduates, nor did the school list her on its roster Dennis Allen served as the president of the JOHNNY RITCHEY IS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN BASEBALL SDUSD by a group of parents citing inequalities for in a little valley north of the Cuyamaca Mountains. Coleman had Race Relations Society when it assisted in PLAYER TO JOIN THE SAN DIEGO PADRES students of all ethnic backgrounds. ed the American South for the gold elds of northern California, of graduates. However, both an attendance ledger and Members of the Congress of 2000 Issac Atkinson sold his bakery in Julian, moved to San Diego, and eventually started her registration record card indicate that she did in fact placing the rst African American remen and then made his way down into the mountainous region of Ritchey became "the Jackie Robinson of the West Coast" by breaking the Pacic Racial Equality (CORE) stage a AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO IS 96,216 OR 7.9% The Colonizer. His Democratic views prompted the Republican San Diego Union to label graduate on January 30, 1913, having attended the in the San Diego Fire Department. sit-in at SDG&E’s Sixth Avenue San Diego County. While riding his horse along a creek, Coast League’s color barrier in the in 1948 while playing for the Padres. His debut Ann Merrill speaks to the school board on behalf of a group him a “Judas” and African American Democrats as “freaks of nature.” school sporadically since 1908. Her younger sister, Lela that worked to desegregate San Diego schools, 1968 SAN DIEGO HISTORY Coleman sighted gold, sparking a mini gold rush to the area. and E Street location to protest of the total City population of 1,223,400. San Diego County African American population is 161,480 (5.7%) of a total County population of 2,813,833. (standing, second from right), preceded Henrietta as a came just one year after Jackie Robinson broke the major league color barrier with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Ritchey played for the Padres as a catcher in 1948 and 1949. and change discriminatory registered student in 1907, but she dropped out after hiring practices. Dennis V. Allen, 1945 taking just four classes. The Goodwin sisters worked (From left) Luke Easter, Artie Wilson, and Johnny Ritchey integrated the minor-league San Diego Padres 2010 occasionally as domestic servants to support AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY IS 163,276 (5.3%) Robinson Hotel, c. 1910 their studies. OUT OF A TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION OF 3,095,313

1833 SEPTEMBER 1858 1868 By 1870 1879-1882 1900-1910 JUNE 15, 1912 OCTOBER 13, 1920 Circa 1934 NATHAN HARRISON BORN BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND MAIL LINE JOSEPH SMITH MURDERED ON HARRISON WAS WELL ESTABLISHED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, HARRISON PATENTS AND LIVES ON LAND AT RINCON TOURISTS BEGIN TO VISIT HARRISON REGULARLY A LOCAL NEWSPAPER REPORTS HARRISON’S DISDAIN HARRISON IS BURIED IN AN UNMARKED GRAVE HARRISON’S ORIGINAL CABIN IS KNOCKED DOWN BY JULY 28, 1972 STAGECOACH LINE OPENS FOR AUTOMOBILES AT MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC) A MARKER IS PLACED AT HARRISON’S The historical accounts relating to Nathan Harrison’s early life vary Although he was still far from stationary Harrison worked a variety of jobs in Riverside Rincon is near the base of Palomar Mountain In his later years on Palomar—especially after the county widened his road and made GRAVESITE IN MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY considerably. A rm birth year cannot be denitively established, In San Diego County, this route linked Palomar with the A drifter hired by Joseph Smith eventually murders him County, northern San Diego County, and the city of San Diego. In the 1870s, Harrison and adjacent to Pauma Indian territory. This it a public highway in 1897—Harrison became a popular attraction for tourists, visitors, The Oceanside Blade reported the following: Three days after his , he is interred in an unmarked grave in the pauper’s The CCC, a government-sponsored public works project, endeavored to provide employment although it is most likely that he was born in the early 1830s. Warner’s Ranch area. It served as the main conduit for in 1868. In an incident of vigilante justice, the murderer is frequented many additional parts of San Diego County, including Pauma Valley and other acquisition made him the rst African American and friends, who helped to sustain him with regular gifts of food and other supplies. The many friends of the aged negro Nate*…will be glad to hear that he is well and section of Mount Hope Cemetery. A steady stream of visitors with cameras for a nation struggling during the . In 1934, a CCC unit was established in Local historian and community activist Ed Diaz, migrants arriving in the mid to late 1800s via covered wagon. captured and Nathan Harrison is called upon to serve northern inland areas. He found regular work all over the region as a rancher, timber man, homesteader in the region. cheerful though he grows more and more feeble. A recent automobile accident has greatly continued to visit his cabin after his death. Doane Valley on Palomar. One of the unit’s rst tasks wasto tear down the Harrison cabin along with Reverend George Walker Smith, on a makeshift jury. The drifter is found guilty and sentenced laborer, cook, and shopkeeper. However, despite laying down roots in the area, Harrison cheered him and added to his fund of stories, and Nate looks with contempt on autos, out of concerns about the safety of the abandoned structure. located Harrison’s unmarked Mount Hope grave to death by hanging. Later, at the sale of Joseph Smith’s did not appear on the 1870 US Census for San Diego County. MAY 19, 1907 and thinks them the work of the evil one. and raised the funds to obtain and place a Rincon Indian Reservation, 1918 permanent marker at the site. 1850-1852 1859 Palomar property, “Uncle Nate cooked for the visitors HARRISON’S FRIEND AND ASSOCIATE *please see explanation on language and terms Circa 1923 NATHAN HARRISON ARRIVES IN CALIFORNIA JOSEPH SMITH ESTABLISHES A HOMESTEAD who came far and wide.”* PHILLIP SPARKMAN IS MURDERED A MONUMENT IS DEDICATED TO NATHAN HARRISON, 1949 Ed Diaz at ON PALOMAR MOUNTAIN *As quoted in Catherine Wood’s 1937 volume Palomar: 1874 WITH MORE THAN 100 PEOPLE ATTENDING CAL-TECH’S MEGA-TELESCOPE BECOMES Mount Hope The Santa Clara census places Nathan Harrison in that county for the From Teepee to Telescope HARRISON LOSES LOUIS ROSE’S TORTOISE, CHILI Date Unknown Sparkman was a native of England who lived at Pala during the 1890s and THE DEDICATION CEREMONY OPERATIONAL ON PALOMAR MOUNTAIN Cemetery, 1972 rst time in 1852. Santa Clara County, which at the time stretched from Joseph Smith, often called the rst white settler on Palomar, built HARRISON BAPTIZED BY RINCON early 1900s and ran multiple stores in the area, the rst of which was on OCTOBER 1919 Louis Rose was San Diego’s rst Jewish settler and was instrumental HARRISON IS ADMITTED TO Santa Cruz in the west to Merced and Stanislaus to the east, was adjacent a spacious adobe house, and became instrumental in opening (LUISEÑO) CHIEF JUAN SOTELO CALAC Juan Sotelo Calac, n.d. Harrison’s former Rincon property. Sparkman was found dead with two gunshot Immediately following Harrison’s passing, his friends from the mountain Deemed “the most signicant scientic achievement of our to many areas that contained sizeable veins of precious metals and saw Palomar Mountain to US pioneering. A keen and well-connected Circa 1870-1882 in the early development of San Diego. From 1873 to 1883, Rose wounds and his throat slashed, yet nothing was missing from the store. THE COUNTY HOSPITAL WHERE community began to raise money to purchase a permanent monument in time,” the construction of Palomar Observatory was initiated in expansive growth during the California Gold Rush. This census listed businessman, Smith served as overseer of the roads traveled by HARRISON IS MARRIED TO served as Postmaster in Old Town, San Diego, working out of his Baptized Catholic by the local Rincon chief and given the conrmation name “Inez” There was great debate as to the identity of Sparkman’s killer; the primary HE STAYS FOR 11 ½ MONTHS his honor to be placed near his spring. In the early 1920s a granite and 1934 when the California Institute of Technology purchased 2004-2008 AND 2017-2020 Nathan Harrison as a nineteen-year-old black male, born in Kentucky store in town. In 1874, Louis Rose left Harrison in charge of his suspect was declared mentally unt to stand trial. Unbeknownst to nearly 160 acres from the US Forest Service and local ranchers. By the the Buttereld Stagecoach Line. FRED SMITH’S MOTHER by his native godparents, Harrison symbolically became a member of the tribe. white quartz cairn with a bronze plaque in its top center niche was placed Monument to Nathan Harrison SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY ARCHAEOLOGY FIELD SCHOOLS but having last lived in Missouri. store while he left for a business trip north. Included in Harrison’s Archaeological excavation has recovered both an iron cross and an indigenous everyone in the region, Sparkman had been fronting the money for Harrison’s Well into his eighties, Harrison struggled with failing health. It was said that he could at the hairpin turn on Harrison’s grade that intersected with his driveway. on Palomar Mountain, n.d. 1950s, the telescope had become a major tourist site, making duties was the care of Chili, Rose’s large pet tortoise. Chili went Louis Rose, c. 1870 not walk and was crawling around on his hands and knees. County Supervisors, after Although the name of Harrison’s rst wife and the details of pendant, which Harrison apparently concealed from white visitors and photographers. property taxes for many years. This economic nuance surfaced only after Palomar Mountain a household name and attracting nearly For nearly a decade, annual archaeology eld schools take place on Nathan Harrison's missing from his usual haunts a few days after Rose's departure. hearing about his condition, had ordered the constable to retrieve Harrison to take him Palomar Observatory, n.d. her life have been lost, it is known that she had a son named nobody lled that void following Sparkman’s death. a half-million visitors every year. former homestead on Palomar Mountain. 1850s-early 1860s Joseph Smith's house, Frederick “Sheep” Smith (b. 1850), who had a prominent Though he did his best to locate him, Harrison dared not leave the store on to the hospital, as reported by the San Diego Union on October 22. Harrison was only 1933 HARRISON WORKS AS A MINER IN NORTHERN rst homestead on Palomar sheep-raising operation with 360 acres in Los Angeles. account of possible customers. When Rose returned two weeks later, he never s SEPTEMBER 24, 1881 convinced to leave after he was made aware that his continued presence might be an PALOMAR STATE PARK IS FOUNDED Mountain, n.d. Escondido History aid a word, but organized a posse that located the creature miles away. unfair burden to his friends on the mountain, reciprocal care being a core trait of CALIFORNIA’S MOTHER LODE REGION Center Photo Collection. Herding sheep clearly loomed large for Nathan Harrison; HARRISON ARRESTED FOR PUBLIC 1909 1955 this cohesive community. As visitors continued to visit the cabin and the THE GRADE TO NATHAN HARRISON’S HOMESTEAD 2019 NATHAN it was one of his most employable skills and seemed to DRUNKENNESS IN JULIAN, CALIFORNIA HARRISON SAVES ALPHEUS ASHER PUBLISHED BY DR. SETH MALLIOS inuence where he chose to live. A six-page handwritten 1875-1879 mountain, concerned San Diego County residents IS RENAMED 1860s-1870s letter discovered in the cabin while it still stood in the 1920s Julian had a large African American population during Unfamiliar with the terrain, “Alf” misjudged the steepness of the grade, became began a push to preserve Palomar Mountain’s natural HARRISON or ‘30s from Fred Smith to Harrison starts o with Querido HARRISON WORKS AS A LABORER IN MONSERATE, severely dehydrated, and passed out near Harrison’s spring. Harrison rescued the OCTOBER 10, 1920 beauty. Palomar State Park was created in 1933 and The National Association of Colored People (NAACP) successfully petitioned San Diego HARRISON LIKELY MAKES INITIAL VISITS NEAR PRESENT-DAY FALLBROOK the late 19th century,but there is only one historical OCTOBER 10, 2020 TO PALOMAR MOUNTAIN padrastro, or “Dearest stepfather,” providing a glimpse into record that veries Harrison’s presence in the nearby weary traveler, nursed him back to health, and put him up for the night at his NATHAN HARRISON PASSES AWAY included 1,862 acres at an average elevation of County to change the name of the road up the west side of Palomar Mountain from 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF NATHAN HARRISON’S DEATH Harrison’s familial relations. mountain town. A legal document revealing that cabin. This near-death experience made a lasting impression. Asher’s brother 5,000 feet. It borders the former Harrison property “N——r Nate Grade” * to “Nate Harrison Grade.” Sutter's Mill, The Great Registers of 1875, 1877, and 1879 list Harrison as a laborer Robert recalled that, “Alf never forgot Nate’s kindness to him and often referred After nearly a year in the San Diego County General Hospital, Harrison dies from to the north and is part of the immense and American River The archaeological evidence hints that Harrison may have Harrison was arrested for being drunk in public *please see explanation on language and terms (submerged), Coloma, in that area near Fallbrook, located in northern San Diego County. reveals that he was initially ned $10, which was to it with gratitude.” This act of hospitality was one of many; Harrison was severe joint inammation compounded by an inamed heart muscle and blood noncontiguous open space that makes El Dorado County, California. made initial visits and seasonal occupations to Palomar known for coming to the aid of locals and travelers alike. pooling in his heart. up Cleveland National Forest. Cedar Crest Gateway, Retrieved from Library Mountain during this period. then forgiven by the court. Palomar Mountain, 1926 of Congress Julian, 1880