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Simpson-Et-Al-1990-Part-A OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE HURON MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE FOUNDATION NO. 4 LANDSCAPEECOSYSTEMSANDCOVERTYPES OF THE RESERVE AREA AND ADJACENT LANDS OF THE HURON MOUNTAIN CLUB by Thomas B. Simpson, Philip E. Stuart, and Burton V. Barnes School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1115 ©1990 Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation Big Bay, Michigan 49808 -i- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research in landscape ecology of the Reserve Area and adjoining lands of the Huron Mountain Club was made possible by a grant from the HUion Mountain Wildlife Foundation. This support comes from a longstanding interest in the con­ servation and wise management of their properties. We especially express oUI gratitude to Dr. Gosling for his interest, encoUiagement, and support throughout the study. We are also pleased to acknowledge the support of many of the Club's members, including Mrs. T. Stanton Annour, Dr. and Mrs. William R. Manierre, Charles Haffner, and Professor Richard A. Rice, among many others. The Club Manager, Mr. William Wentzel, was extremely supportive throughout the study and helped us greatly with oUI transportation needs. We are particularly grateful for the use of the Stone House as the headquarters for our research during most of the field season, and the River Cabin in May. We thank Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Wilson for their assistance in the Stone House arrangements. We particularly thank University of Michigan students who assisted in the field research: John Fody, 1987 and John Paskus, 1988. We are grateful for the geological expertise of Dr. Christopher Drexler who visited tl1e Reserve in 1988. We thank Dr. William Farrand, Dr. John R. Bassett, and Dr. Gary Fowler for reviewing the manuscript, and Dr. John Witter for his assistance in initiating the project and his continuing interest in the research and its outcomes. ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................... ii Introduction . .. ...... ........ .... .. .... ........ .... ........ ...... .......... ...... .. .... .. 1 The Reserve Area .. .. .. ... ..... ......... ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ... .. ... 1 Conceptual Approach ........................................................ 6 Classification and Mapping of Landscape Ecosystems ..... 8 Using the Maps .................................................................. 8 Climate ..................................................................................... 9 Physiography and Landscape Ecosystems .............................. 10 Geologic History Bedrock Geology ............................................................... 12 Glacial Geology ................................................................. 13 Nipissing Lake Superior .................................................... 19 Recent Erosion, Deposition, and Soil Formation .............. 19 Forest History Postglacial Migration of Tree Species ............................... 20 Logging .............................................................................. 21 Fire as an Agent of Forest Change .................................... 21 Human-Induced and Natural Change ................................ 22 Vegetation Regional Vegetation .......................................................... 22 Vegetation of the Reserve Area and Adjacent Lands ........ 23 Cover Type Descriptions .................................................... 31 Landscape Ecosystems of the Reserve Area and Adjacent Lands Ecosystem Hierarchies ...................................................... 57 Landscape Ecosystem Type Descriptions ......................... 58 Literature Cited ........................................................................ 100 APPENDICES Appendix A. Procedures for the Classification and Mapping of Ecosystem Types and Cover Types ............................. 104 Appendix B. Occurrence of overstory tree species and their relative density (RD), relative dominance (RDOM), and basal area per hectare (BA/ha) for selected upland ecosystem types .............................................................. I 08 Appendix C. Occurrence of upland ecological species groups in selected upland ecosystem types .................................... 112 -iii Appendix D. Occurrence of wetland and selected upland ecological species groups in wetland ecosystem types .... 113 Appendix E. Correspondence of the landscape ecosystem types with their constituent cover types ........................... 114 Appendix F. Correspondence of the cover types with their constituent landscape ecosystem types .............................. 115 Appendix G. List of scientific and common names ................ 116 Appendix lI. Glossary .............................................................. 121 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Averages of climatic variables for 3 districts of the Western Upper Peninsula Region (Albert et al. 1986) ...... 10 Table 2. Ecological species groups--arranged in an order indicating their approximate relationships along moisture and fertility gradients .......................................... 25 Table 3. Classification of the cover types of the Huron Mountain Club Reserve Area and adjacent lands ............. 32 Table 4. Classification of the ecosystem types of the Huron Mountain Club Reserve Area and adjacent lands .............. 59 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Regional landscape ecosystems of Upper Michigan ............................................................................ 2 Figure 2. The mapped area, comprising the Reserve Area and adjacent lands of the Huron Mountain Club .............. 3 Figure 3. This exceptionally large basswood of the hemlock­ northern hardwood forest is located in the SE 1/4 of Section 30 on a sandy flat east of Mountain Lake .............. 4 -iv Figure 4. Physiographic cross-section of the northern part of the mapped area showing the occurrence of landscape ecosystems ........................................................................ 11 Figure 5. The contact between 600 million-year-old Jacobsville Sandstone and the 2.5 billion-year-old Canadian Shield bedrock can be found at the base of the waterfall on Mountain Stream, east of Mountain Lake ...... 14 Figure 6. Idealized representation of the events immediately following the retreat of the glacier from the north slope of Huron Mountain ................................................................. 16 Figure 7. Occurrence oflandscape ecosystems in relation to physiography (Huron Mountain-Rush Lake area) ............ 17 Figure 8. Once a vertical face of exposed sandstone, the riser landfom1s are steep, smooth slopes today except where more erosion-resistant pieces of the sandstone bedrock protrude from the weathered surface ................................................. 18 Figure 9. Jack pine forests dominate much of the former beach sand of Nipissing Lake Superior in the northern part of the Club ..................................................................................... 41 Figure 10. Sugar maple-dominated forest (cover type 13), showing the abundant coverage of the seedling and ground-cover layers ........................................................... 47 Figure 11. Hemlock-dominated forest (cover type 11), showing the low coverage of tree seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous plants ............................................................... 48 Figure 12. Ecosystem 24. Boulders provide an important microsite of hemlock establishment. South of Rush Creek (SW 1/4 Sec 20 T52N R28W) .......................................... 79 Figure 13. Western portion of the ridge of Huron Mountain, showing ecosystem 28 in the foreground with lichen­ juniper cover, and ecosystem 29 in the background with stunted pine and oak vegetation (SW 1/4 Sec 24 T52N R29W) .................................................................... 83 Figure 14. Ecosystem 49. The wet, fertile soil and open tree canopy of black ash swamps support a rich groundflora, here dominated by ostrich fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris. Western shore of Pine Lake (NE 1/4 Sec 29 T52N R28W) ............................................................................... 98 -vi- INTRODUCTION The Huron Mountains, along and inland from the southern shore of Lake Superior, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Figs. I and 2), exhibit a stun­ ning diversity of hemlock-northern lumlwood forest ecosystems, pine forests, and wetlands. A pmt of Lhis magnificent mosaic of mountain and valley landscape was set aside in 1962 by the Huron Mountain Club as a Reserve Arca. Both past and present accounts attest to the Area's importance as one of the prime examples of old-growth forest ecosystems in the Lake States region. The old­ growth nature of the forest is emphasized by the presence of scattered individuals of very large size (Fig. 3). Many moumaius and nine lakes in addition to Lake Superior are within or adjacent to the Reserve Arca. Terrcslrial ecosystems in and around the Reserve range from the most rocky, dry, and exposed sites to forested swamps and marshes, a diversity of landscapes characteristic of many parts of the western half of Upper Michigan. Because, logging was prevented or restricted in the Reserve, the forest and aquatic ecosystems are of special ecological interest and value. The overall objective of our research was to identify, classify, and map the landscape ecosystem types of the Reserve Area and adjacent lands of special ecological interest (Fig. 2). The subdivision of this area into natural units pro­ vides
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