DOCSLIB.ORG

Historic Fishing Methods in American Samoa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historic Fishing Methods in American Samoa NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-PIFSC-24 June 2011 Historic Fishing Methods in American Samoa Karen Armstrong David Herdrich Arielle Levine Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce About this document The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to understand and predict changes in the Earth=s environment and to conserve and manage coastal and oceanic marine resources and habitats to help meet our Nation=s economic, social, and environmental needs. As a branch of NOAA, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) conducts or sponsors research and monitoring programs to improve the scientific basis for conservation and management decisions. NMFS strives to make information about the purpose, methods, and results of its scientific studies widely available. NMFS= Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to achieve timely dissemination of scientific and technical information that is of high quality but inappropriate for publication in the formal peer- reviewed literature. The contents are of broad scope, including technical workshop proceedings, large data compilations, status reports and reviews, lengthy scientific or statistical monographs, and more. NOAA Technical Memoranda published by the PIFSC, although informal, are subjected to extensive review and editing and reflect sound professional work. Accordingly, they may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. A NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS issued by the PIFSC may be cited using the following format: Armstrong, K., D. Herdrich, and A. Levine. 2011. Historic fishing methods in American Samoa. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-24, 70 p. + Appendices. __________________________ For further information direct inquiries to Chief, Scientific Information Services Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce 2570 Dole Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396 Phone: 808-983-5386 Fax: 808-983-2902 ___________________________________________________________ Cover: Polynesian Photo Archives, American Samoa, Jean P. Haydon Collection. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce Historic Fishing Methods in American Samoa Karen Armstrong1 David Herdrich2 Arielle Levine3 1Social and Cultural Anthropology PL-59 (Unioninkatu 38), University of Helsinki 00014, Finland 2American Samoa Historic Preservation Office Executive Offices of the Governor, American Samoa Government American Samoa 96799 3Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-PIFSC-24 June 2011 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was sponsored in part through a NOAA Preserve America Initiative Grant, as part of the project: “Documenting Traditional Knowledge and Marine Resource Use and Management in American Samoa.” The research involved interviews with elder fishermen from coastal villages in Tutuila and the Manu’a Islands. The grant also supported the production of a related video “Palolo: The cultural and environmental significance of American Samoa’s marine worm,” which provides video documentation of some of the material presented in this report. Additional copies of this report or the palolo video can be obtained through the NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC). A PDF file of the report is available on the PIFSC library website at http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/pubs/techpub_date.php. Additonal support was received from Academy of Finland, project SA-118442. Our thanks to Paul Anderson of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme for creating the maps, Evelyn Lilio for providing photos from Fagasa village, and American Samoa’s Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources. iii DISCLAIMER This report has been financed in part with Historic Preservation Funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior. NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY This program received Federal funds from the U.S. National Park Service. Regulations of the U.S. Department of Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in departmental Federally Assisted Programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Progam, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. iv CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Fishing Seasonality ............................................................................................................. 4 Atule ................................................................................................................................ 5 Palolo and Seasonality .................................................................................................... 6 The Pleiades (Mata-liki) ................................................................................................. 8 Samoan Social Structure ..................................................................................................... 8 Division of Labor in Fishing ......................................................................................... 12 Fishing Techniques ........................................................................................................... 13 Technique: Nets ........................................................................................................... 13 Ordinary Family Fishing ........................................................................................... 14 Fishing for Two Kinds of Mullet .............................................................................. 15 Fish Drives in Pago Harbor....................................................................................... 16 Technique: Fish Weirs .................................................................................................. 17 Technique: Fishhooks ................................................................................................... 18 Technique: Floats (uto) ................................................................................................. 21 Technique: Specialized Fishing with Boats .................................................................. 22 Fishing for Sharks ..................................................................................................... 22 Bonito Fishing ........................................................................................................... 24 Technique: Fish Poisoning ............................................................................................ 28 Other Types of Fishing ................................................................................................. 29 Squid Lures: Catching Octopus ................................................................................ 29 Traps and Pots: Fish, Crabs, Crayfish, Lobsters ....................................................... 31 Turtles ....................................................................................................................... 32 Prawns ....................................................................................................................... 32 Eels ............................................................................................................................ 33 Legends: Significance and Continuity .............................................................................. 33 Atule Stones: Aoloau .................................................................................................... 34 Atule Stones: Fagasa ..................................................................................................... 35 Talking Chief Sala’s Tale ......................................................................................... 35 The Dolphins of Fagasa ............................................................................................ 37 The Blessing of the Rocks, Fagasa ........................................................................... 38 Atule Rock: Asili .......................................................................................................... 39 Fishing Rock: Fagamalo ............................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 40 Photographs: ..................................................................................................................... 42 Polynesian Photo Archives Photographs ...................................................................... 42 Recent Atule Rock Photographs ................................................................................... 50 Evelyn Lilio: Atule Rock and Traditional Fishing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1992-Vol18-No4web.Pdf
    Louise Brewster Miller 1900-1992 Bright Hours WOULD LIKE TO again dedicate this It was therefore one of life's precious neth Shewmaker., a Lvremier Webster page to a member of our fly-fishing and unpredictable serendipities when I scholar and history professor at Dart- Icommunity who recently passed married a fly fisherman and (at thirty- mouth College. Read this lively piece away, this time in a personal farewell to two) discovered a new dimension to this and see if you don't agree that Daniel my own angling role model. woman (aged eighty-five) as we stood Webster would have made a grand fish- My grandmother, Louise Brewster shoulder to shoulder in the soft dusk on ing buddy. Miller, died on June 30, 1992 at the age the Battenkill over the course of what I also introduce Gordon Wickstrom of ninety-two in Noroton Heights, Con- was to be the last few summers left to of Boulder, Colorado, who writes en- necticut. Widow of Sparse Grey Hackle us. She was adept, graceful, and above thusiastically about fishing's postwar era (Alfred Waterbury Miller, 1892-i983), all a determined handler of the gleam- and the multitalented Lou Feierabend Aamie, as we called her, learned to fly ing Garrison rod "Garry" had made for and his technically innovative five-strip fish early on in her marriage, figuring it her so many years ago. I was awed and rods. Finallv.i I welcome Maxine Ather- was the only way she was going to see humbled by her skill. ton of Dorset, Vermont, to the pages of anything of her fishing-nuts husband.
    [Show full text]
  • Balancing the Tides
    JoAnna Poblete Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam auctor faucibus odio, a scelerisque magna sollicitudin ac. Cras condimentum lacus elementum massa pharetra malesuada. Fusce ac eros varius, viverra urna scelerisque, egestas neque. Fusce tellus arcu, euismod ut rutrum faucibus, elementum quis sem. Fusce auctor sollicitudin lacus, sed sagittis libero tincidunt ac. Praesent vestibulum Balancing tellus a massa ultrices, et mattis augue ultricies. Aliquam at turpis a nisl portti- tor rhoncus id a lacus. Integer a risus eu sapien porta vestibulum. Aenean posu- ere non diam a posuere. Duis laoreet congue tellus, posuere aliquam leo facilisis quis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Orci varius natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Morbi mattis the Tides consequat lacus, ut aliquet dolor accumsan non. Proin suscipit molestie convallis. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Proin quam justo, feugiat non accumsan et, congue sit amet mi. Marine Practices in Vestibulum consectetur mauris et nisl ultrices, eget hendrerit dui vestibulum. Balancing the Mauris gravida sodales nulla eu mattis. Nam tincidunt eu ante vel euismod. Ali- American Sāmoa quam laoreet lacus quis tellus efficitur, vitae porttitor leo pulvinar. Integer dapi- bus gravida quam quis vehicula. Nulla metus nulla, suscipit in porta non, fermen- tum eget urna. Integer quis turpis felis. Sed finibus sem non elementum volutpat. Phasellus pulvinar orci tortor, sed congue elit pharetra eu. Curabitur sodales, dui a luctus semper, metus erat iaculis risus, ut facilisis leo mi vitae lorem. Pellentesque elementum dui ex, in pulvinar nibh maximus ut.
    [Show full text]
  • 100+ Silent Auction Basket Ideas! Tips: Ask for Donations for the Different Items
    100+ Silent Auction Basket Ideas! Tips: Ask for donations for the different items. Split the items up among you & your team members. ***This document will be posted on www.relayforlife.org/scottcountymn.*** 1. Ice Cream Basket - toppings, sundae dishes, vegetable basket, meat thermometer, apron, waffle bowls and cones, sprinkles, ice cream skewers scoop, cherries, Culver’s gift certificate 11. I Love Books Basket - favorite children’s 2. Art Basket - crayons, paints, construction books, book characters, book marks, gift paper, play dough, colored pencils, sidewalk certificate to Barnes & Noble chalk, paint brushes, finger paints, finger paint paper, glitter, markers, scissors, stickers 12. Fishing Tackle Box - tackle box, fishing line, bobbers, lures, fishing weights, fishing net, 3. Movie Night - candy, microwave popcorn, Swedish fish movie gift certificate/ passes, blockbuster/video card, popcorn bowls 13. Wine & Cheese Basket - wine gift certificates, cheese tray/platter, wine glasses, 4. Coffee & Tea Basket - flavored coffees, corkscrew, wine topper, wine guide, wine coffee mugs, creamers, carafe, flavored teas, vacuum, wine charms, decanter, napkins, tea strainer, creamers, biscotti different cheeses 5. Beach Bag - suntan lotion, blanket, towels, 14. Martini Basket - martini glasses, gift beach chairs, sand pails/ shovels, beach ball, certificate for martini mixes, olives, olive picks, underwater camera shaker, napkins, plates, cocktail book 6. Game Night - family game- Go Fish, Uno, 15. Party Baskets (1—Spiderman and 1—Dora) Crazy Eights, regular deck of cards, Old Maids, tablecloth, plates, napkins, silverware, piñata, carrying storage tote disposable camera, balloons, decorations, gift certificate for DQ or bakery cake, gift bags 7. Chocolate Lover’s Basket - hot cocoa, different chocolates, truffles, chocolate 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Trip Planner
    National Park Service National Park of American Samoa U.S. Department of the Interior Trip Planner Explore the Islands of Sacred Earth Talofa (Hello)! The National Park Service welcomes you into the heart of the South Pacific, to a world of sights, sounds, and experiences that you will find in no other national park in the United States. Located some 2,600 miles southwest of Hawai’i, this is one of the most remote and newest national park’s in the United States. You will not find the usual facilities of most national parks. Instead, with a bit of the explorer’s spirit, you will discover secluded villages, rare plants and animals, coral sand beaches, and vistas of land and sea. The national park includes sections of three islands—Tutuila, Ta’u, and Ofu. Almost all the land area of these volcanic islands—from the mountaintops to the coast—is rainforest. About 4,000 acres of the national park is underwater, offshore from all three islands. Enjoy this unique national park in the heart of the South Pacific and the welcoming people of American Samoa. We are here to protect its rich culture and natural resources. Come explore them with us! TROPICAL RAINFOREST From the mountaintops to the ocean’s edge, the islands are covered with mixed-species, paleotropical rainforests. In mixed-species forests, no single tree or plant species dominates. This is the only rainforest of its kind in a United States national park. About 9,500 acres of tropical rainforest are protected here. WILDLIFE Bats are the only native mammals found in American Samoa.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Agriculture and the Rural Sector in Samoa
    COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE RURAL SECTOR IN SAMOA COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE RURAL SECTOR IN SAMOA Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Pacific Community Apia, 2019 Required citation: FAO and SPC. 2019. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Samoa. Apia. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the Pacific Community (SPC) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or SPC in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or SPC. ISBN 978-92-5-131824-9 [FAO] ISBN 978-982-00-1199-1 [SPC] © FAO and SPC, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited.
    [Show full text]
  • O Tiafau O Le Malae O Le Fa'autugatagi a Samoa
    O TIAFAU O LE MALAE O LE FA’AUTUGATAGI A SAMOA: A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE LAND AND TITLES COURT’S DECISIONS OVER CUSTOMARY LAND AND FAMILY TITLES by Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Copyright © 2014 by Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts, Law & Education The University of the South Pacific August 2014 DECLARATION I, Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature……………………………………………..Date…………………………….. Name …………………………………………………………………………………... Student ID No. ………………………………………………………………………… The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr. Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi. Signature……………………………………………..Date…………………………….. Name …………………………………………………………………………………... Designation ……….…………………………………………………………………… Upu Tomua Le Atua Silisili ese, fa’afetai ua e apelepelea i matou i ou aao alofa, ua le afea i matou e se atua folau o le ala. O le fa’afetai o le fiafia aua ua gase le tausaga, ua mou atu fo’i peau lagavale ma atua folau sa lamatia le faigamalaga. O lenei ua tini pao le uto pei o le faiva i vai. Mua ia mua o ma fa’asao i le Atua o le Mataisau o le poto ma le atamai. O Lona agalelei, o le alofa le fa’atuaoia ma le pule fa’asoasoa ua mafai ai ona taulau o lenei fa’amoemoe.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilingual Marine Data Distribution Using Arcims for Coral Reef Conservation
    Bilingual Marine Data Distribution Using ArcIMS for Coral Reef Conservation Emily. M. Larkin, Dawn J. Wright, and Emily. R. Lundblad Abstract American Samoa is home to some of the most unique coral reefs in the United States. They face several threats, including climate change, pollution, destructive fishing methods, and invasive species. Additionally, the remote location of American Samoa makes distribution of scientific research and data problematic. As part of an ongoing project at Oregon State University, this project will provide for the distribution of research about coral reefs in American Samoa to educators, managers and the public for promotion of reef conservation. Several steps will be necessary to accomplish this goal, including creation of benthic habitat maps for Fagaitua Bay and the National Park of American Samoa, development of a Web-based Geographic Information System in Samoan and English (including a bibliographic database of resources related to reefs in American Samoa), and creation of educational modules about benthic habitat GIS for use by American Samoa Community College. Introduction This study addresses the problem of public outreach and accessibility of scientific research and data in American Samoa through a web-based GIS called the American Samoa Benthic Viewer (ASBV). The remote location of the territory makes dissemination of current research that directly concerns American Samoa problematic. While there has been a proliferation of research on the coral reefs around the territory in the past few years, little of this information is available to the public in a form that is readily understandable or useable. This information may potentially be used in the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), which, in a society still partially dependent on subsistence fishing, directly affects the general public (Gilman 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Press Release
    FEMA registrations for Aua, Alega, Avaio, Lauli’i, Afono, and Auto Release Date: April 10, 2018 PAGO PAGO, American Samoa – The American Samoa Government (ASG) and FEMA schedule more residents to register for assistance. Only heads of households need to register. Residents who were affected by Tropical Storm Gita may use the following schedule to register for assistance at the Disaster Recovery Center (DRC). Thursday, April 12, Aua all who preregistered Thursday, April 12, Alega and Avaio all who preregistered Friday, April 13, Lauli’i all who preregistered Friday, April 13, Afono all who preregistered Friday, April 13, Auto all who preregistered Saturday, April 14, Make-up day for Mapusaga, Tafeta, Taputimu, Leone, Fagasa, Vatia, Aumi, Aua, Alega, Avaio, Lauli’i, Afono, and Auto. Applicants should have the following information at hand: Social Security number. Address of the damaged primary residence. Description of the damage. Information about insurance coverage if applicable. A current contact telephone number. A PO Box where they can receive mail. Bank account and routing numbers for direct deposit of funds. The Territory and FEMA will continue to schedule dates and times for villages to register for federal assistance at the DRC. Disaster Survivor Assistance (DSA) teams will be available through Monday, April 16 to help register heads of household with access and functional needs. Call the Crisis Hotline at (684) 633-901 to request a home visit. After April 16, DSA teams will not be available. Anyone who already has a slip with DSA written on it is already registered. Page 1 of 2 Page printed at fema.gov/press-release/20210318/fema-registrations-aua-alega-avaio-laulii-afono-and-auto 09/29/2021 The DRC is located at the Department of Youth and Women Affairs, Pago Pago Sports Village, Pago Pago, AS 96799.
    [Show full text]
  • Day Hikes EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA Trails Map
    TUTUILA ISLAND Please Note: The colored circles with numbers refer to the trail location on the backside map. Easy Moderate Challenging 1 Pola Island Trail 2 Lower Sauma Ridge Trail 4 Le’ala Shoreline Trail Blunts and Breakers Point Trails 8 World War II Heritage Trail 10 Mount ‘Alava Adventure Trail This interpretive trail takes you to an archeological site Hike past multiple World War II installations that helped This challenging loop trail takes you along ridgelines This short, fairly flat trail leads to a rough and rocky This trail is located outside of the national park, on These trails are located outside of the national park. beach with views of the coastline and Pola Island. of an ancient star mound. Along the trail are exhibits private land, and provides access to the Le’ala Shoreline protect American Samoa from a Japanese invasion. with views of the north and central parts of the National Natural Landmark. Located at the top of these points are gun batteries and spectacular views of the northeast coastline of Also, enjoy the tropical rainforest and listen to native national park and island. Hike up and down “ladders” Distance: 0.1 mi / 0.2 km roundtrip that protected Pago Pago Harbor after the bombing the island and the Vai’ava Strait National Natural Beginning in the village of Vailoatai, this trail follows bird songs. Along the last section of the trail, experience or steps with ropes for balance. There are a total of of Pearl Harbor in 1941. They symbolize American Due to unfriendly dogs, please drive past the last house Landmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Warrior Nation Crushes Faga'itua's Hope of a Postseason
    SECTION B VISIT SAMOA NEWS ONLINE @ SAMOANEWS.COM MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2017 CLASSIFIEDS • CARTOONS • ALOHA BRIEFS & MORE ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ C M Y K Warrior Nation crushes Faga’itua’s hope of a postseason TAFUNA REMAINS THE ONLY UNDEFEATED TEAM by T. Gasu a tough position. Samoa News Sports The Warriors claimed vic- Correspondent tory from the beginning of the ASHSAA’s sixth week of match, as they scored during high school football action at their fi rst offensive possession the Veterans Memorial Stadium of the game. this past weekend was also the After receiving the opening opening of the second round of kick off and returning it to the regular season for both var- midfi eld, the Warriors’ offen- O’Neil Ah Ching of Faga’itua returning a kick o all the way into Warriors territory – the longest sity and JV divisions. sive unit, led by Tala Sufi a, conversion for the Vikings during the match. Faga’itua went scoreless 0 to 24, in this JV match up. Many were hoping for a moved the chains downfi eld [photo: TG] Tafuna loss against the Vikings and spotted a fortunate fi rst last weekend, so the two pow- down situation on Faga’itua’s erhouses could see each other 15-yard line. An inside hand in post season playoffs but the off to Panapa Filoiali’i put the Warrior Nation said, “NOT Warriors on the board, with just THIS TIME,” as Tafuna sent 8:15 into the opening quarter both Vikings divisions home of the game. The two-point with losses. For now, Tafuna conversion pass was caught by remains the only undefeated Pene Fa’avae in the end zone team in the league, so their to put the Warriors on top with quest for a championship title an 8-point lead.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnographic Assessment and Overview National Park of American Samoa
    PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 152 ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT AND OVERVIEW NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA November 2006 Jocelyn Linnekin1, Terry Hunt, Leslie Lang and Timothy McCormick 1 Email: [email protected]. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut Beach Hall Room 445, U-2176 354 Mansfield Road Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2176 Ethnographic Assessment and Overview The National Park of American Samoa Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iii List of Slides v Preface: Study Issues vi Maps vii Key to Maps x I. The Environmental Context 1 Climate and Vegetation 1 The National Park Environments 4 II. Archaeology and Samoan Prehistory 8 Early Settlement 8 Later Inland Settlement 9 Late Prehistoric Period 9 European Contact and the Historical Period 10 Archaeology in the National Park Units 10 III. Research Methodology 15 Documentary Phase 15 Field Research 15 Limitations of the Research 17 IV. Ethnohistory 22 Myths and Legends Relevant to the Park 22 The European Contact Period 25 Western Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Reports 31 V. Agriculture and Domestically Useful Plants 46 Tutuila Unit 46 Ta'u Unit 49 Ofu Unit 51 Summary 52 VI. Marine Resources 53 Tutuila Unit 53 Ta'u Unit 57 Ofu Unit 58 Summary 61 i VII. Medicinal Plants 63 Ofu Unit 63 Ta'u Unit 66 Tutuila Unit 66 Summary 67 VIII. Analysis of Freelist Data 75 Crops and Cultivated Plants 76 Medicinal Plants 81 Fish and Marine Species 84 Animals and Birds 86 Summary of the Freelist Results 88 IX.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER II Planning Area Profile for Hazard Mitigation Analysis
    CHAPTER II Planning Area Profile for Hazard Mitigation Analysis 24 Territory of American Samoa Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan A U.S. Territory since 1900, American Samoa is located in the central South Pacific Ocean, 2,300 miles south-southwest of Hawaii and 1,600 miles east-northeast of New Zealand. American Samoa has a total land area of approximately 76 square miles and consists of a group of five volcanic islands and two atolls (Rose Atoll and Swains Island). The five volcanic islands, Tutuila, Aunu’u, Ofu, Olosega, and Ta’u, are the major inhabited islands. Tutuila is the largest island and the center of government. Ofu, Olosega, and Ta’u, collectively are referred to as the Manu’a Islands. Figure 1 Base Map of American Samoa depicts all of the islands of American Samoa. Figure 1. Base Map of American Samoa. The five volcanic islands, Tutuila, Aunu’u, Ofu, Olosega, and Ta’u, are the inhabited islands. At 53 square miles, Tutuila is the largest and oldest of the islands, and is the center of government and business. It is a long, narrow island lying SW-NE, is just over 20 miles in length, and ranges from 1 to 2 miles wide in the eastern half, and from 2 to 5 miles wide in the western half. Home to 95 percent of the territory’s 55,000 residents, Tutuila is the historic capitol (Pago Pago), the seat of American Samoa’s legislature and judiciary (Fagatogo), as well as the office of the Governor. Tutuila is often divided into 3 regions: the eastern district, the western district and Manu’a district.
    [Show full text]