Automating Collusion Detection in Sequential Games
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How We Learned to Cheat in Online Poker: a Study in Software Security
How we Learned to Cheat in Online Poker: A Study in Software Security Brad Arkin, Frank Hill, Scott Marks, Matt Schmid, Thomas John Walls, and Gary McGraw Reliable Software Technologies Software Security Group Poker is card game that many people around the world enjoy. Poker is played at kitchen tables, in casinos and cardrooms, and, recently, on the Web. A few of us here at Reliable Software Technologies (http://www.rstcorp.com) play poker. Since many of us spend a good amount of time on-line, it was only a matter of time before some of us put the two interests together. This is the story of how our interests in online poker and software security mixed to create a spectacular security exploit. The PlanetPoker Internet cardroom (http://www.planetpoker.com) offers real-time Texas Hold'em games against other people on the Web for real money. Being software professionals who help companies deliver secure, reliable, and robust software, we were curious about the software behind the online game. How did it work? Was it fair? An examination of the FAQs at PlanetPoker, including the shuffling algorithm (which was ironically published to help demonstrate the game's integrity), was enough to start our analysis wheels rolling. As soon as we saw the shuffling algorithm, we began to suspect there might be a problem. A little investigation proved this intuition correct. The Game In Texas Hold'em, each player is dealt two cards (called the pocket cards). The initial deal is followed by a round of betting. After the first round of betting, all remaining cards are dealt face up and are shared by all players. -
Game Theory 10
Game Theory 10. Poker Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Bernhard Nebel and Robert Mattmüller 1 Motivation Motivation Kuhn Poker Real Poker: Problems and techniques Counterfac- tual regret minimization B. Nebel, R. Mattmüller – Game Theory 3 / 25 Motivation The system Libratus played a Poker tournament (heads up no-limit Texas hold ’em) from January 11 to 31, 2017 Motivation against four world-class Poker players. Kuhn Poker Heads up: One-on-One, i.e., a zero-sum game. Real Poker: No-limit: There is no limit in betting, only the stack the Problems and user has. techniques Texas hold’em: Each player gets two private cards, then Counterfac- tual regret open cards are dealt: first three, then one, and finally minimization another one. One combines the best 5 cards. Betting before the open cards are dealt and in the end: check, call, raise, or fold. Two teams (reversing the dealt cards). Libratus won the tournament with more than 1.7 Million US-$ (which neither the system nor the programming team got). B. Nebel, R. Mattmüller – Game Theory 4 / 25 The humans behind the scene Motivation Kuhn Poker Real Poker: Problems and techniques Counterfac- tual regret minimization Professional player Jason Les and Prof. Tuomas Sandholm (CMU) B. Nebel, R. Mattmüller – Game Theory 5 / 25 2 Kuhn Poker Motivation Kuhn Poker Real Poker: Problems and techniques Counterfac- tual regret minimization B. Nebel, R. Mattmüller – Game Theory 7 / 25 Kuhn Poker Motivation Minimal form of heads-up Poker, with only three cards: Kuhn Poker Real Poker: Jack, Queen, King. Problems and Each player is dealt one card and antes 1 chip (forced bet techniques in the beginning). -
An Essay on Assignment Games
GRAU DE MATEMÀTIQUES Facultat de Matemàtiques i Informàtica Universitat de Barcelona DEGREE PROJECT An essay on assignment games Rubén Ureña Martínez Advisor: Dr. Javier Martínez de Albéniz Dept. de Matemàtica Econòmica, Financera i Actuarial Barcelona, January 2017 Abstract This degree project studies the main results on the bilateral assignment game. This is a part of cooperative game theory and models a market with indivisibilities and money. There are two sides of the market, let us say buyers and sellers, or workers and firms, such that when we match two agents from different sides, a profit is made. We show some good properties of the core of these games, such as its non-emptiness and its lattice structure. There are two outstanding points: the buyers-optimal core allocation and the sellers-optimal core allocation, in which all agents of one sector get their best possible outcome. We also study a related non-cooperative mechanism, an auction, to implement the buyers- optimal core allocation. Resumen Este trabajo de fin de grado estudia los resultados principales acerca de los juegos de asignación bilaterales. Corresponde a una parte de la teoría de juegos cooperativos y proporciona un modelo de mercado con indivisibilidades y dinero. Hay dos lados del mercado, digamos compradores y vendedores, o trabajadores y empresas, de manera que cuando se emparejan dos agentes de distinto lado, se produce un cierto beneficio. Se muestran además algunas buenas propiedades del núcleo de estos juegos, tales como su condición de ser siempre no vacío y su estructura de retículo. Encontramos dos puntos destacados: la distribución óptima para los compradores en el núcleo y la distribución óptima para los vendedores en el núcleo, en las cuales todos los agentes de cada sector obtienen simultáneamente el mejor resultado posible en el núcleo. -
Testimony Opposing House Bill 1389 Mark Jorritsma, Executive Director Family Policy Alliance of North Dakota March 15, 2021
Testimony Opposing House Bill 1389 Mark Jorritsma, Executive Director Family Policy Alliance of North Dakota March 15, 2021 Good morning Madam Chair Bell and honorable members of the Senate Finance and Taxation Committee. My name is Mark Jorritsma and I am the Executive Director of Family Policy Alliance of North Dakota. We respectfully request that you render a “DO NOT PASS” on House Bill 1389. Online poker is not gambling. This bill says so itself, and more importantly, in August of 2012, a federal judge in New York ruled in US v. Dicristina that internet poker was not gambling.1 So that is settled. But is it really? While online poker does not appear to meet the legal definition of gambling, consider these facts. • In the same ruling referenced above, Judge Weinstein acknowledged that state courts that have ruled on the issue are divided as to whether poker constitutes a game of skill, a game of chance, or a mixture of the two.2 • Online poker, which allows players to play multiple tables at once, resulting in almost constant action, is a fertile ground for developing addiction. Some sites allow a player to open as many as eight tables at a time, and the speed of play is three times as fast as live poker.3 • …online poker has a rather addictive nature that often affects younger generations. College age students are especially apt to developing online poker addictions.4 • Deposit options will vary depending on the state, but the most popular method is to play poker for money with credit card. -
Improving Fictitious Play Reinforcement Learning with Expanding Models
Improving Fictitious Play Reinforcement Learning with Expanding Models Rong-Jun Qin1;2, Jing-Cheng Pang1, Yang Yu1;y 1National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China 2Polixir emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. yTo whom correspondence should be addressed Abstract Fictitious play with reinforcement learning is a general and effective framework for zero- sum games. However, using the current deep neural network models, the implementation of fictitious play faces crucial challenges. Neural network model training employs gradi- ent descent approaches to update all connection weights, and thus is easy to forget the old opponents after training to beat the new opponents. Existing approaches often maintain a pool of historical policy models to avoid the forgetting. However, learning to beat a pool in stochastic games, i.e., a wide distribution over policy models, is either sample-consuming or insufficient to exploit all models with limited amount of samples. In this paper, we pro- pose a learning process with neural fictitious play to alleviate the above issues. We train a single model as our policy model, which consists of sub-models and a selector. Everytime facing a new opponent, the model is expanded by adding a new sub-model, where only the new sub-model is updated instead of the whole model. At the same time, the selector is also updated to mix up the new sub-model with the previous ones at the state-level, so that the model is maintained as a behavior strategy instead of a wide distribution over policy models. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0214567 A1 Snow (43) Pub
US 20120214567A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0214567 A1 Snow (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 23, 2012 (54) METHOD AND APPARATUS FORVARIANT Publication Classification OF TEXAS HOLDEM POKER (51) Int. Cl. A63F I3/00 (2006.01) (75) Inventor: Roger M. Snow, Las Vegas, NV A63F I/00 (2006.01) (US) (52) U.S. Cl. ........................................... 463/13; 273/292 57 ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: SHUFFLE MASTER, INC., Las (57) Vegas, NV (US) A variant game of Hold Empoker allows for rules of play of one or all of players being allowed to remain in game with an option of checking or making specific wagering amounts in (21) Appl. No.: 13/455.742 first play wagers, being limited in the size of Subsequent available play wagers or prohibited from making additional (22) Filed: Apr. 25, 2012 play wagers ifa first play wager has been made, being limited in the size of available laterplay wagers ifa first or earlier play Related U.S. Application Data wager has been made, and having the opportunity for at least two and as many as three or four distinct opportunities in the (62) Division of application No. 1 1/156.352, filed on Jun. stages in the play of a hand to be able to make one or more 17, 2005. play wagers. 110 Patent Application Publication Aug. 23, 2012 Sheet 1 of 10 US 2012/0214567 A1 Patent Application Publication Aug. 23, 2012 Sheet 2 of 10 US 2012/0214567 A1 a. s&Os Patent Application Publication Aug. 23, 2012 Sheet 3 of 10 US 2012/0214567 A1 Patent Application Publication Aug. -
Using Counterfactual Regret Minimization to Create Competitive Multiplayer Poker Agents
Using Counterfactual Regret Minimization to Create Competitive Multiplayer Poker Agents Nick Abou Risk Duane Szafron University of Alberta University of Alberta Department of Computing Science Department of Computing Science Edmonton, AB Edmonton, AB 780-492-5468 780-492-5468 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT terminal choice node exists for each player’s possible decisions. Games are used to evaluate and advance Multiagent and Artificial The directed edges leaving a choice node represent the legal Intelligence techniques. Most of these games are deterministic actions for that player. Each terminal node contains the utilities of with perfect information (e.g. Chess and Checkers). A all players for one potential game result. Stochastic events deterministic game has no chance element and in a perfect (Backgammon dice rolls or Poker cards) are represented as special information game, all information is visible to all players. nodes, for a player called the chance player. The directed edges However, many real-world scenarios with competing agents are leaving a chance node represent the possible chance outcomes. stochastic (non-deterministic) with imperfect information. For Since extensive games can model a wide range of strategic two-player zero-sum perfect recall games, a recent technique decision-making scenarios, they have been used to study poker. called Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) computes Recent advances in computer poker have led to substantial strategies that are provably convergent to an ε-Nash equilibrium. advancements in solving general two player zero-sum perfect A Nash equilibrium strategy is useful in two-player games since it recall extensive games. Koller and Pfeffer [10] used linear maximizes its utility against a worst-case opponent. -
The Role of Skill Versus Luck in Poker: Evidence from the World Series of Poker
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE ROLE OF SKILL VERSUS LUCK IN POKER: EVIDENCE FROM THE WORLD SERIES OF POKER Steven D. Levitt Thomas J. Miles Working Paper 17023 http://www.nber.org/papers/w17023 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2011 We would like to thank Carter Mundell for truly outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2011 by Steven D. Levitt and Thomas J. Miles. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Role of Skill Versus Luck in Poker: Evidence from the World Series of Poker Steven D. Levitt and Thomas J. Miles NBER Working Paper No. 17023 May 2011 JEL No. K23,K42 ABSTRACT In determining the legality of online poker – a multibillion dollar industry – courts have relied heavily on the issue of whether or not poker is a game of skill. Using newly available data, we analyze that question by examining the performance in the 2010 World Series of Poker of a group of poker players identified as being highly skilled prior to the start of the events. Those players identified a priori as being highly skilled achieved an average return on investment of over 30 percent, compared to a -15 percent for all other players. -
History of Texas Holdem Poker
GAMBLING History of Texas Holdem Poker ever in the history of poker has it been as popular as nowadays. The most played poker game is definitely exasT Hold em. All Nover the world people are playing Texas Hold em games and there seems to be no end to the popularity of the game. Espe- cially playing Texas Hold em for free on the Internet has became extremely popular in the last years. Who actually invented this great poker game? This was a game, played in the 15th century, that was played with the card deck as we know it Where did it originally come from? And how today. It was a card game that included bluffing and betting. did free Texas Hold em games end up on the internet? To answer these questions it is The French colonials brought this game to Canada and then to the United States in the early important to trace back the history of poker, to 17th century, but the game didn’t became a hit until the beginning of the 18th century in New find out where it all began. Orleans. HISTORY OF POKER THEORIES During the American Civil War, soldiers played the game Pogue often to pass the time, all over the country. Different versions evolved from this firstPogue game and they were called ‘‘Stud’’ There are many different theories about how and ‘‘Draw’’. The official name for the game turned into ‘‘Poker’’ in 1834 by a gambler named poker came into this world and there seems to Jonathan H. Green. be no real proof of a forerunner of the game. -
Bwin.Party Digital Entertainment Annual Report & Accounts 2012
Annual report &accounts 2012 focused innovation Contents 02 Overview 68 Governance 02 Chairman’s statement 72 Audit Committee report 04 A year in transition 74 Ethics Committee report 05 Our business verticals 74 Integration Committee report 06 Investment case 75 Nominations Committee report 10 Our business model 76 Directors’ Remuneration report 12 CEO’s review 90 Other governance and statutory disclosures 20 Strategy 92 2013 Annual General Meeting 28 Focus on our technology 94 Statement of Directors’ responsibilities 30 Focus on social gaming 32 Focus on PartyPoker 95 Financial statements 95 Independent Auditors’ report 34 Review of 2012 96 Consolidated statement of 44 Markets and risks comprehensive income 97 Consolidated statement 46 Sports betting of fi nancial position 48 Casino & games 98 Consolidated statement of changes 50 Poker in equity 52 Bingo 99 Consolidated statement of cashfl ows 54 Social gaming 100 Notes to the consolidated 56 Key risks fi nancial statements 58 Responsibility & relationships 139 Company statement of fi nancial position 58 Focus on responsibility 140 Company statement of changes in equity 60 Customers and responsible gaming 141 Company statement of cashfl ows 62 Environment and community 142 Share information 63 Employees, suppliers and shareholders 146 Notice of 2013 Annual General Meeting 66 Board of Directors 150 Glossary Sahin Gorur Bingo Community Relations See our online report at www.bwinparty.com Overview Strategy Review Markets Responsibility & Board of Governance Financial Share Notice of Annual Glossary 01 of 2012 and risks relationships Directors statements information General Meeting Introduction 02 Chairman’s statement real progress We made signifi cant progress in 2012 and remain Our attentions are now turning to the on course to deliver all of the Merger synergies as next step in our evolution, one centred on innovation that will be triggered by Annual report & accounts 2012 originally planned. -
Aria Casino Poker Gentleman's Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS Etiquette Understanding DO’S & DON’TS TELLS Page 4 Page 5 Poker VARIANTS Terminology PLAYER TERMS Page 9 HAND TERMS ADVANCED TERMS Page 13 Facts AND INFO Page 19 Playing CERTAIN CARDS Page 21 Etiquette DO’S & DON’TS Do’s Don’ts Always accurately represent your Stall or Delay the game - pay attention action and never slow roll when it’s your turn Know verbal declarations are binding Don’t ask another player to see their cards after they muck Play at your comfort level - don’t play at a Don’t reveal your cards to other player higher limit if you are not comfortable at the table Be polite and always keep your cool – Don’t String Bet or Splash the pot win or loss about the hand in action, Always state your bet clearly Don’t talk speculate about another player’s hand, provide a play-by-play or talk strategy Allow every player to play their own game Don’t assume anyone will help you - as long as it is within the house rules at the tables, it’s one person per hand 4 What is a TELL ? A tell is an unconscious action that is thought to betray an attempted deception 5 Some of THE MOST COMMON TELLS* Leaning forward or backward. Aggression or forceful betting is a Suddenly bolting upright can usually classic case of weak-means-strong, indicate a strong hand. strong-means-weak. Impatiently wanting to bet Holding breath or staying very still can can indicate a strong hand and those who often indicate a weak hand as the player is are bluffing usually tend to take extra time. -
Approximating Game-Theoretic Optimal Strategies for Full-Scale Poker
Approximating Game-Theoretic Optimal Strategies for Full-scale Poker D. Billings, N. Burch, A. Davidson, R. Holte, J. Schaeffer, T. Schauenberg, and D. Szafron Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E8, Canada Email: {darse,burch,davidson,holte,jonathan,terence,duane}@cs.ualberta.ca Abstract Due to the computational limitations involved, only simpli• fied poker variations have been solved in the past (e.g. [Kuhn, The computation of the first complete approxima• 1950; Sakaguchi and Sakai, 19921). While these are of the• tions of game-theoretic optimal strategies for full- oretical interest, the same methods are not feasible for real scale poker is addressed. Several abstraction tech• games, which are too large by many orders of magnitude niques are combined to represent the game of 2- ([Roller and Pfeffer, 1997J). player Texas Hold'em, having size O(1018), using 7 [Shi and Littman, 2001] investigated abstraction tech• closely related models each having size 0(1O ). niques to reduce the large search space and complexity of the Despite the reduction in size by a factor of 100 problem, using a simplified variant of poker. [Takusagawa, billion, the resulting models retain the key prop• 2000] created near-optimal strategies for the play of three erties and structure of the real game. Linear pro• specific Hold'em flops and betting sequences. [Selby, 1999] gramming solutions to the abstracted game are used computed an optimal solution for the abbreviated game of to create substantially improved poker-playing pro• 1 pre flop Hold em. grams, able to defeat strong human players and be Using new abstraction techniques, we have produced vi• competitive against world-class opponents.