An Investigative Study of Abu Dhabi Police
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Effective Leadership during Strategic Change: An Investigative Study of Abu Dhabi Police By Bashar Badran AlKaraeen Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in accordance with the regulations of the University of East Anglia School of Politics, Philosophy, Language and Communication Studies University of East Anglia United Kingdom April 2016 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. V72 28.4.16 1 ABSTRACT Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) has gone through significant changes over the past decade in its progress towards modernisation. During the course of the change programme the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Government has sponsored the work of ADP and has encouraged many projects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that are involved with change management within Abu Dhabi Police (ADP). The study looks into various aspects, including the role of ADP senior police leaders, leadership styles, culture, statecraft and its use in ADP, and the overall impact of these elements have on the success of strategic change. This study adopted a mixed method sequential exploratory approach. The findings identify the key roles of senior police leaders and the skills required to effect change. One of the findings was that change management responsibilities were viewed as a priority and as an essential role of senior police leaders. Situational leadership emerged as the most prominent style of leadership. Several competencies were seen as a requirement to enact change, one such competency was statecraft. Culture and the working environment were perceived to have an impact on the workings of ADP. In a wider Arab contextual and contemporary sense, the subjects of social media and extremist Arab militant groups are touched upon to give a broader understanding to the complexities of the Middle East. The findings make several contributions to academia which has implications for theory and practice, specifically as regards to public organisations which offer citizens a public service. One of the major findings is that it is the responsibility of senior police leaders and the top management within ADP to assess and analyse what is expected from the government and to implement the changes required in the new police organisational setting. In doing so this research has shown that political awareness and statecraft are seen as essential criteria for senior police leaders and executive police leaders. Overall, the research provides a rare and privileged insight into the workings of senior police officers within a modern Arab police force. 2 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 9 1.1 The Purpose of this Research .......................................................................... 9 1.2 Research Uniqueness and Objectives ............................................................. 10 1.3 The Research Questions and Hypothesis ...................................................... 11 1.4 The Concept of Institutional Development ................................................... 13 1.5 The Role of the State in Development .......................................................... 14 1.6 Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) .................. 15 1.7 The British Legacy ....................................................................................... 16 1.8 Law, Police and Citizen ............................................................................... 18 1.9 Strategic Development Stage: 1995 - Present Day ...................................... 22 1.10 Change Programme and Vision, Mission & Values ................................... 23 1.11 Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) Structure of Organisation. ................................... 26 1.12 Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) Ranks and Numbers ............................................ 26 1.13 Police Functions and Numbers ................................................................... 26 1.14 Influence of Global Security Changes ........................................................ 29 1.15 Political ....................................................................................................... 30 1.16 Cyber Security ............................................................................................ 33 1.17 Governance ................................................................................................. 36 1.18 Policing Capability ...................................................................................... 37 1.19 Background to Project Management ........................................................... 38 1.20 The Role of Leadership ................................................................................. 41 1.21 Significance ................................................................................................. 43 1.22 Summary ..................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 46 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 46 2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW AIMS ................................................................... 47 2.3. STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP ................................................................ 47 2.4. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP MEASUREMENTS ....................................... 49 2.5. THEORIES OF GENERAL LEADERSHIP ................................................. 50 2.6. THEORIES OF POLICE LEADERSHIP ...................................................... 56 2.7. GOVERNMENT, POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE .................................. 61 2.8. STATECRAFT .............................................................................................. 63 2.9. ISLAMISM, IDEOLOGY AND MILITANT GROUPS ............................... 72 2.10. CULTURAL TRAITS ............................................................................... 107 3 2.11 SOCIAL MEDIA ........................................................................................ 112 2.12 EFFECTIVENESS and EFFICIENCY ..................................................... 133 2.13 SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 134 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 136 3. METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK ........................................................ 136 3.1 Mixed Methods Research.............................................................................. 136 3.2 Sample Group ............................................................................................... 138 3.3 Explanation of Research Process: Pilot Study .............................................. 139 3.4 Phase 1: Primary Study: Interviews. ............................................................. 139 3.5 Phase 2: Primary Study: Survey .................................................................... 139 3.6 Common Vocabulary .................................................................................... 140 3.7 Limitations and threats in the research.......................................................... 141 3.8 Social Constructivism ................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 147 4. RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 147 4.1 Results Introduction ...................................................................................... 147 4.2 Pilot Study ..................................................................................................... 147 4.3 Phase One: Face-to-Face Interviews ............................................................. 148 4.4 Phase One: Interview Form and Results ....................................................... 148 4.5 Summary of Pilot and Phase One ................................................................. 160 4.6 Phase Two: Survey....................................................................................... 162 4.7 Phase Two: Results ...................................................................................... 165 4.8 Summary of Phase Two ................................................................................ 179 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................... 181 5. ANALYSES, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................................................ 181 5.1 Introduction to the Analyses, Findings and Discussion ................................ 181 5.2 Determining Police Leadership ..................................................................... 182 5.3 Senior Police Leaders Qualities, Potential, Competencies and Perceptions. 184