Les Métaphores Comme Voie D'accès À L'anglais Scientifique Et Technique

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Les Métaphores Comme Voie D'accès À L'anglais Scientifique Et Technique Université Paris IV Sorbonne Les métaphores comme voie d’accès à l’anglais scientifique et technique Document de synthèse présenté en vue de l’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches en 11ème section du Conseil National des Universités par Madame Marie-Hélène FRIES Maître de Conférences en anglais à l’université de Grenoble-Alpes Conseiller scientifique Madame Catherine RESCHE Professeur à l’université Paris II Panthéon-Assas devant un jury composé de Mesdames et Messieurs les Professeurs ou Maîtres de Conférences HDR Bernadette BENSAUDE-VINCENT, Université Paris I Panthéon- Sorbonne Shirley CARTER-THOMAS, Télécom-École de management, Evry Muriel GROSBOIS, Université Paris IV Sorbonne ESPE John HUMBLEY, Université Paris Diderot - Paris VII Jacqueline PERCEBOIS, Aix-Marseille Université Michel VAN DER YEUGHT, Aix-Marseille Université le 29 juin 2016 Remerciements Je suis reconnaissante à Michel Petit, professeur à l’université de Bordeaux, qui a inspiré le titre de cette synthèse en m’invitant à faire des métaphores une voie d’accès à l’anglais de spécialité. Je remercie vivement Catherine Resche, professeur à l’université de Paris II Panthéon-Assas, qui m’a enseigné le métier de chercheur, tout en m’encourageant, avec rigueur et bienveillance, à trouver ma propre voix. Sigles et acronymes utilisés ADN : acide désoxyribonucléique ARN : acide ribonucléique CEINT : Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (Centre pour les implications environnementales des nanotechnologies) Convergence NBIC : convergence entre les nanotechnologies, les biotechnologies, l’informatique et les sciences cognitives CRN : Center for Responsible Nanotechnology EERS Extended extragalactic radio sources ELSI : Ethical, Legal and Societal Issues ESH : Environment, Safety and Health issues ETC : Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration FASP : fiction à substrat professionnel ICM : Idealised Cognitive Models IRM : imagerie par résonance magnétique ISO : International Organization for Standardisation (Organisation internationale de normalisation) IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée) MIT : Massachusetts Institute of Technology NanoBCA : NanoBusiness Commercialisation Association, anciennement NanoBusiness Alliance NNI : National Nanotechnology Initiative NSF : National Science Foundation OGM : Organisme génétiquement modifié PEN : Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies REACH : Registration, Evaluation, Autorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (enregistrement, évaluation, autorisation et restriction des produits chimiques) RFID : Radio Frequency IDentification (radio-identification) Indications aux lecteurs Les travaux personnels que je cite dans ce volume sont présentés in extenso dans le recueil d’articles. Les références correspondent à la pagination continue du volume d’articles et non à la pagination originale. En ce qui concerne l’orthographe des noms composés, ce sont les indications données par le grand dictionnaire terminologique du Québec qui ont été suivies : « En français, les mots composés à partir d’un préfixe se terminant par o (micro-, macro-, nano-, etc.) s’écrivent sans trait d’union. Cependant, lorsque le deuxième élément débute par i, un trait d’union sépare les deux éléments pour éviter toute difficulté de lecture ou de prononciation. » (Glossaire Réinventer le monde par la nanotechnologie [en ligne].) Sommaire Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Première partie : fondements théoriques ............................................................................. 11 1.1 L’anglais scientifique pris dans un ensemble plus large : milieux, savoirs, pratiques et discours spécialisés .............................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Deux dimensions fondamentales pour l’étude des variétés spécialisées de l’anglais : domaines spécialisés et genres discursifs ............................................................................ 18 1.3 La place particulière de l’anglais scientifique au sein de l’anglais de spécialité : une spécificité paradoxale .......................................................................................................... 25 1.4 Les métaphores comme moyen de contourner le paradoxe du spécialisé ..................... 28 Seconde partie : structurer l’anglais scientifique en tant que variété spécialisée de l’anglais, grâce aux métaphores constitutives des théories ............................................ 33 2.1. Approche terminologique : les termes métaphoriques comme voie d’accès à l’anglais de spécialité ......................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 Approche sémiologique et multimodale ........................................................................ 42 2.3. Approche stylistique : métaphores, métonymies, et caractérisation du style des articles de recherche ......................................................................................................................... 57 2.4 Approche épistémologique : les métaphores constitutives des théories dans les articles scientifiques ......................................................................................................................... 63 2.5 Les métaphores dans la sphère sciences et société : approche rhétorique et cognitive . 75 2.6 Approche narrative : les métaphores constitutives des théories comme ressort de la mise en récit ......................................................................................................................... 84 2.7 Applications pratiques ................................................................................................... 88 Troisième partie : perspectives futures de recherche........................................................... 97 3.1 Les métaphores comme révélateur de la diversité des variétés spécialisées de l’anglais et de l’unité du concept de spécialisé .................................................................................. 98 3.2 Métaphores et analyse de corpus ................................................................................... 99 3.3 Les métaphores comme pont entre l’anglais de spécialité et les études anglaises ...... 102 3.4 Les métaphores constitutives des théories comme outil pour les sciences humaines et sociales .............................................................................................................................. 103 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 105 Références bibliographiques ............................................................................................. 109 Index des noms propres ..................................................................................................... 127 Index des notions ............................................................................................................... 129 Table des matières ............................................................................................................. 131 1 Introduction Afin de permettre au lecteur de mieux comprendre ce qui a motivé le choix du thème de cette synthèse, et l’orientation prise par mes travaux de recherche, il convient de préciser quel a été mon parcours et comment j’en suis venue à m‘intéresser aux métaphores en anglais scientifique et technique. Lorsque j’ai été nommée maître de conférences à l’Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble en 1990, la recherche en anglais scientifique m’est apparue comme le moyen de concilier de façon cohérente un projet d’enseignement de l’anglais (concrétisé par l’obtention de l’agrégation en 1982) et une curiosité pour les sciences et les techniques, qui s’était déjà manifestée au lycée lorsque j’avais été admise à la fois en classes préparatoires scientifiques et littéraires. J’ai pu alors m’appuyer sur la caractérisation lexicale et grammaticale de l’anglais scientifique développée à l’université Joseph Fourier (Upjohn, Blattes et Jans 1991, Upjohn 1993, Upjohn, Amadis et Fries 1995) et bénéficier de la recherche sur les variétés spécialisées de l’anglais menée au sein du Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherches en Anglais de Spécialité (GERAS). Je me suis cependant aperçue très vite que rares étaient les articles de recherche en sciences et techniques immédiatement compréhensibles à une angliciste, sans connaissance préalable du sujet, en particulier à cause de l’importance de la formalisation 2 mathématique. Je me suis alors tournée vers un genre plus directement abordable pour moi, la publicité portant sur des objets techniques. Dans ce cadre, en effet, le spécialisé peut être appréhendé en fonction des connaissances du public-cible et du savoir-faire des annonceurs, en recherchant des indices de la culture nationale visée. Cette voie d’accès indirecte à l’anglais scientifique m’a amenée à m’intéresser au rapport entre textes et images, et en particulier aux figures de rhétorique, parmi lesquelles les métaphores jouent un rôle majeur. Mon parcours de recherche s’est composé de deux étapes successives. Dans la phase initiale, je suis partie de l’analyse des figures verbo-picturales dans les publicités à caractère scientifique ou technique, pour explorer différentes théories des métaphores. Dans une phase d’application,
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