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Agricultural Sector Survey Kenya 254 (In Two Volumes) Vol 2

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Agricultural Sector Survey Kenya 254 (In Two Volumes) Vol 2 Repoirt No. 254a-KE L E COPY Agricultural Sector Survey Kenya 254 (In Two Volumes) Vol 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Volume 11 Annexes 8-20 December 20, 1973 Eastern Africa Projects Department Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Intermational Development Association - This nrport was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept respon- sibilit;! for the accuracy or completeness of the report. 1 Kenya Pound (KE) = 20 KSh 1 KSh = 100 K cents 1 K1 = US$2.80 US$1 = 7.14 KSh 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.039 inches 1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles 1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres 2 1 square kilometer (km ) = 0.386 square miles 1 ton (metric) = 2,205 lb (1,000 kg) 1 quintal (q) 100 kg TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraph Number VOLUME I PREFACE I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 1I. TIE POSITION TODAY 2.1 - 2.58 Public Outlays for Agriculture 2.3 - 2.6 The Common Market 2.7 - 2.8 Terms of Trade 2.9 - 2.11 Agricultural Output and Trade 2.12 - 2,20 The Ecological Potential 2.21 - 2.23 Population and Land Tenure 2.24 - 2.35 Employment, Income and Nutrition 2.36 - 2.41 Services to Agriculture 2.42 - 2.58 III. A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 3.01 - 3.15 TV. POLICY AND PROGRAM IMPROVEMENT 4.1 - 4.146 Product Emphasis 4.2 - 4.32 Development Areas and Program Orientation 4.33 - 4.57 Land Tenure 4.58 - 4.70 Pricing and Marketing 4.71 - 4.84 Irrigation 4.85 - 4.92 Soil and Water Conservation 4.93 - 4.97 Research and Extension 4.98 - 4.105 Mechanization 4.106 - 4.109 Improved Seed 4.110 - 4.111 Credit and Cooperatives 4.112 - 4.117 Rural Water Supplies 4.118 - 4.119 Nutrition 4.120 - 4.121 Rural Roads 4.122 - 4.125 Forestry 4.126 - 4.128 Fisheries 4.129 - 4.135 Taxation 4.136 - 4.140 Information for Planning 4.141 - 4.146 V. PUBLIC SERVICES ORGANIZATION 5.1 - 5.23 VI. PROJECT POSSIBILITIES FOR FOREIGN LENDERS 6.1 - 6.2 TABLE. Or, '3INT2NTS (Cont'd.) MAPS No. 10279 Communications and Agricultural Infrastructure No. 10280 Ecological Potential No. 10281R Livestock Infrastruccure, Nat-ional Parks and Game Reserves No. 10,82 Land Classificatio-ns and Forestry No. 10283 Location of Selected Cashi Crops and Irrigated Areas ANNEX I Tihe Land Resource and Its Development Potential ANN E 2 The Outlook for Demand for Agricultural Products ANNEX 3 Land Tenure and Settlement NNEM 4 Expansion Possibillties in Crop Production and Processing AMV3-:N 5 Grazing Livestock and Wildlife: Production and Kaeqketing ANNEX 6 Improving Agricultural Research and Extension ANNEX / Agricultural Credit VOLUME II ANNEX 8 Local Planning and Participation in Rural Development ANNEX 9 Nutrition ANNEX 10 Forestry IANEX -lL Fisheries AXNm•E X 12 Irrigation ANNEX 13 Agriculture: General Summary and Recommendations of Recern_ UNDP/ILO Study Aiir'NFX 14 Pigs and Poultry AMEN 15 Wildlije and Tourism in Rural Development ANTt-.E,; 16 Rural Cooperatives A i XP 1 Raral Roads, Water Supplies and Electrification ANN;'?X; 18 Agricul-ural Taxes and Subsidies ANNEX 19 Selected Farm Inputs and Agro-Industries ANNEI: 20 Statistical Anmex ANNEX 8 Page i KENYA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY LOCATL PLANNING AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT Present Rural Development Systems para. 4 - 35 National Planning 5 7 Sector Planning 8- 9 The Special Rural Development Programme (SRDP) 10 - 18 Provincial Development Committees 19 - 20 District Development Committees 21 24 Physical Planning 25 - 26 Local Government 27 - 29 Self-Help Schemes 30 - 35 The Forthcoming Emphasis: District Planning 36 - 47 Thee District Development Officer 40 - 44 District Development Grants 45 - 46 District Development Centers 47 Issues and Recommendations 48 - 83 Levels of Planning 49 - 53 Central Organization for Rural Development 54 - 58 Participation by Local People 59 Plan Disaggregation 60 - 61 The Planning/Implementation Gap and District Prograrning 62 - 63 District Project and Program Identification 64 - 67 The Role of the DDO 68 - 72 Information Flows 73 - 74 Financing for District Plans 75 - 76 County Council and Self-Help Activities 77 - 80 SRDP and Exnerimentation 81 - 83 Table 1 Self-Help Projects, Capital Investment, 1966, 1971 Table 2 Estimated Expenditure on Self-Help Projects,. 1971 ANNEX 8 Page 1 LOCAL PLANNING AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT -/ 1. In less than a decade, independent Kenya has experimented with a remarkable variety of innovative approaches to planning and implementation for rural development. Nevertheless, the problem is so complex that it requires much further attention. This Annex discusses three principal prob- lems which the Government faces in trying to improve local planning and par- ticipation in rural development. They are: (a) Centralization/decentralization: What responsibilities and powers for rural development planning and implementation should be assigned to the central government in Nairobi, to field staff of the oper- ating ministries, to local government, and to the rural population? How is all this work to be related and integrated; In particular what can realistically be expected of local planning? (b) Financing: What principles are to be used for financing capital and recurrent expenditures of rural development projects? Can financing mechanisms be used to overcome regional and group income disparities in rural areas? (c) Innovation: How can Kenya develop a mechanism for the systematic testing of technologies and institutional arrangements appropriate to the needs of rural development? 2. Rural development, especially in a country such as Kenya must solve several difficult problems. First, the expression "rural development" itself is broad and somewhat vague, encompassing not only economic aspects (increase of marketable surplus, distribution of the increase among all rural families, provision of alternative employment opportunities) but also social ones (health, nutrition, schools, water supplies) which are often less quantifiable. These different concepts of rural development imply different 1/ It is difficult for an outsider to judge whether local planning is practical in Kenya at present, and this Annex does not attempt to do so. In principle, there is little doubt that a formalized relationship between rural communities and central institutions, along with an organized two-way flow of planning information, can improve resource use and help rural people realize their aspirations. On the other hiand, local government agencies are not now strong and henceumay not be effec- tive in involving their citizens in planning, even after local planning officers have been trained and have acquired experience. For this reason the Annex leaves aside the question of the practicabiiity of local plan- ning in the years just ahead, but discusses the major problems likely to arise when the task is undertaken and suggests some possible solutions drawn from experience in Kenya and elsewhere. ANNEX 8 Page 2 goals and objectives, sometimes complementary but sometimes divergent or even incompatible, and often providing benefits which are hard or impossible to measure. Second, in Kenya this situation is further complicated because the rural population is heterogeneous; it includes people living in widely different environments, with diverse cultures and languages, and representing a wide range of levels of development. Third, while the Government can help provide the conditions and stintuli, the development itself must come from the rural population; means muEt therefore be found for enlisting the parti- cipation and support of the ter! million Kenyans living in rural areas, notwithstanding the profound differences among them. 3. Many organizations take part in rural development. This Annex concentrates on the five functions listed below, as provided by the public service. It does not deal with the agencies which offer services to the farmer (extension, inputs, credit) nor with parastatal and private organiza- tions, which are discussed in other Annexes. These functions will be taken up: (a) Planning: The selection of priorities and the rational choice of means to achieve objectives. (b) Information: The establishment of two-way information flows between national and local institutions in order to assess local problems and potentials and to permit sound decisions at the local level, but within the framework of national priorities. (c) Implementations: Overcoming the common situation in which plans created at the national level bear little relation to what happens in the field. To do this, ministries engaged in rural development must plan for implementation and must allow the lessons learned during implementation to feed back into subsequent planning. (d) Coordination: At both national and local levels, to ensure that conflicting objectives and programns are reconciled and that interdependent undertakings arc schedule- and conducted so as to provide mutual reinforcement. (e) innovation: The selection of new institutional arrangements appropriate to the needs of rural Kenya, especially when new programs have objectives differing sharply froma those of previous programs (for example, giving the whole farming population access to input supplies and marketing services) and, as a corollary, a concern for replicability, so that those innovations which prove useful can be rapidly anid systematically spread more widely. ANNEX 8 Page 3 PRESENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS 4. The Kenyan Government's machinery for rural development is in many ways relatively sophisticated, and the Government hag undertaken some inter- esting innovations. National Planning 5. Several large programs were begun before Independence to help raise the standards of living of substantial segments of the rural popula- tion. 1/ After Independence, a growing concern for rural well-being led to Government support for the KERICHO Conference on Education, Employment, and Rural Development in September 1966. This landmark conference produced 112 conclusions, mostly urging new approaches to integrated rural development.
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