Collection M 0141 the War Illustrated, 1939-1947
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Chapter 23: War and Revolution, 1914-1919
The Twentieth- Century Crisis 1914–1945 The eriod in Perspective The period between 1914 and 1945 was one of the most destructive in the history of humankind. As many as 60 million people died as a result of World Wars I and II, the global conflicts that began and ended this era. As World War I was followed by revolutions, the Great Depression, totalitarian regimes, and the horrors of World War II, it appeared to many that European civilization had become a nightmare. By 1945, the era of European domination over world affairs had been severely shaken. With the decline of Western power, a new era of world history was about to begin. Primary Sources Library See pages 998–999 for primary source readings to accompany Unit 5. ᮡ Gate, Dachau Memorial Use The World History Primary Source Document Library CD-ROM to find additional primary sources about The Twentieth-Century Crisis. ᮣ Former Russian pris- oners of war honor the American troops who freed them. 710 “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” —Winston Churchill International ➊ ➋ Peacekeeping Until the 1900s, with the exception of the Seven Years’ War, never ➌ in history had there been a conflict that literally spanned the globe. The twentieth century witnessed two world wars and numerous regional conflicts. As the scope of war grew, so did international commitment to collective security, where a group of nations join together to promote peace and protect human life. 1914–1918 1919 1939–1945 World War I League of Nations World War II is fought created to prevent wars is fought ➊ Europe The League of Nations At the end of World War I, the victorious nations set up a “general associa- tion of nations” called the League of Nations, which would settle interna- tional disputes and avoid war. -
How Did the First World War Start?
How Did the First World War Start? The First World War, often called The Great War, was an enormous and devastating event in the early 1900s. Over 17 million people were killed and it had a massive effect on politics and countries all over the world. But why did the First World War happen and what caused it? The major catalyst for the start of the First World War was the assassination of a man named Archduke Franz Picture associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip Ferdinand. However, there were other events which led to the start of the war. The start of the 1900s in Europe was a time of peace for many. In most places, wealth was growing and people were comfortable and countries were thriving. At this time, some European countries, mainly France and Britain, owned and controlled countries in Asia and Africa, as well as some areas of other continents. This was because these countries helped to improve the wealth of Europe. Before the First World War, many countries were allies with one another and they had defence treaties. This meant that if war was declared on one of the countries, the other members of the alliance had to go to war to help them. There were two main alliances, one between Britain, France and Russia called ‘The Triple Entente’ and one between Germany and Austria-Hungary called ‘The Central Powers’. One of the reasons for these treaties was that, during the early 1900s, each country wanted to be the most powerful. Germany in particular, who did not control many territories, began building warships as they wished to become the most powerful country. -
Germany Austria-Hungary Russia France Britain Italy Belgium
Causes of The First World War Europe 1914 Britain Russia Germany Belgium France Austria-Hungary Serbia Italy Turkey What happened? The incident that triggered the start of the war was a young Serb called Gavrilo Princip shooting the Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip Franz Ferdinand This led to... The Cambria Daily Leader, 29 June 1914 The Carmarthen Journal and South Wales Weekly Adver@ser, 31 July, 1914 How did this incident create a world war? Countries formed partnerships or alliances with other countries to protect them if they were attacked. After Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia others joined in to defend their allies. Gavrilo Princip shoots the Arch- duke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand. Britain and Italy has an France have Austria- agreement with an Hungary Germany agreement defends Germany Russia and with Russia defends declares Austria- Hungary Austria- and join the Serbia war on Hungary war Serbia but refuses to join the war. Timeline - first months of War 28 June 1914 - Gavrilo Princip shoots 28 June, 1914 the Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdiand and his wife in Sarajevo 28 July 1914 - Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia. 28 July 1914 - Russia prepares for war against Austria-Hungary to protect Serbia. 4 August, 1914 1 August 1914 - Germany declares war against Russia to support Austria- Hungary. 3 August 1914 - Germany and France declare war against each other. 4 August 1914 - Germany attacks France through Belgium. Britain declares war against Germany to defend Belgium. War Begins - The Schlieffen Plan The Germans had been preparing for war for years and had devised a plan known as the ‘Schlieffen Plan’ to attack France and Russia. -
The Christmas Truce Background Information • the First World War Began in August 1914 and Lasted Until November 1918
The Christmas Truce Background Information • The First World War began in August 1914 and lasted until November 1918. • By December 1914, fighting between the Allies (the British and French forces) and Germany was the worst it had been so far. • When the war first began, many people in Britain believed that it would be ‘over by Christmas’. However, by December, the war was still going on. What was happening at Christmas? • Many of the soldiers, on both sides, wanted to call a truce (to stop the fighting) on Christmas Day. • However, the British generals did not agree with this and wanted to stop the truce from happening. What started The Christmas Truce? • Late on Christmas Eve, the sound of Christmas carol singing could be heard from the German troops. • The British troops could also see small fir trees and lanterns decorating the German trenches. What happened in ‘No Man’s Land’? • ‘No Man’s Land’ was the middle area of the battlefield where the soldiers met up to sing Christmas carols. • The men even gave each other gifts. The British gave chocolate to the German soldiers, and the Germans gave sausages to the British. • They also had a funeral service for those soldiers who had died and buried them next to each other. The Christmas Truce What happened on Christmas Day? • A football match was played between German and British troops on Christmas Day. • It began when a British soldier kicked a football out of his trench. The German soldiers joined in and the match began. • It is reported that Germany won the match 3-2! Why did the truce end? • The generals and commanders in charge were angry about the truce. -
Men of La Salle News, April 1947 La Salle University
La Salle University La Salle University Digital Commons Men of La Salle University Publications 4-1947 Men of La Salle News, April 1947 La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/men_of_lasalle Recommended Citation La Salle University, "Men of La Salle News, April 1947" (1947). Men of La Salle. 12. https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/men_of_lasalle/12 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University Publications at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Men of La Salle by an authorized administrator of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. (Return Postage Guaranteed) 20th St. & Olney Ave. Phila. 41, Pa. LaSalle College Sec. 562 P.L. &R. MEN of LaSALLE News M E N of La SALLE APRIL MEETING Thursday, April 17, 1947 — 7:30 P. M. LaSalle College Auditorium Boxing Bouts Refreshments MEN of LaSALLE Vol. 2 PHILADELPHIA, PA. APRIL, 1947 Issue No. 5 MINSTREL, GREAT SUCCESS OVERFLOW CROWD ATTENDS PEOPLE JAM AUDITORIUM BOXING TEAM PERFORMS AT APRIL MEETING APPLAUD LOUDLY For our April meeting—April 17, the regu Our first minstrel show surpassed all ex lar third Thursday of the month—we again pectation. Since the hall was filled to ca focus the spot light on another High School pacity before curtain time, it was necessary activity. We are calling the boxing team to start the show early. Before nine o’clock, back for an encore. Remember, about this the aisles and rear of the auditorium were time last year, the High School pugilists filled with standees. -
R32-1946 Authorizing Publication of Expenses Estimate
1.77177 l R.ESOlutionRESOlution No 32. A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE PUBLICATION OF AN ESTIMATE OF .EXPENSES EXPENSES FOR ALL PURPOSES FOR THE VILLAGE OF KUNA FOR THE FISCAL YEAR BEGINNING THE 1stlIilt DAY OF :MAY MAY 1~4§.., 1~4§., AND ENDING THE \~ 30th DAY OF APRIL L~4,7·, L~47" . ·. BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CHAIRMAN AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE VILLAGE OF KUNA: : Section 1. That thefollowingtrr.efollowing classified estimate of the probable amount of money necessary to be raised for all purposes in the Village of Kuna, for the fiscal year beginning the let 1st day of May 1946 and ending the 30th day of April 1947, be published for.tw~ for,tw~ successive weekly issues in the Kuna Herald, a weekly newspaper published pUblished in th~ the Village o:O o~ Kuna. )<\< Section·2.Section'2. That a statement of the entire revenue of the Village ( for the P)'evious~·e.vious fiscal year is as follows: General receiptB $ GeneralTax receipts----- receipts-----------------------$, 5797.96 ' BalanceTax receipts---------------------------. on hand-----~ ~__ 2754.63 Balance on hand-----~---------------~-- 2000.00 Section 3. That the probable amount necessary for all purposes for the fis·cal fiscal year ending April 30th 194?, 1947, is as follows: ,LightsSalaries------------------------------$3550.00Salaries------------- $3550.00800.00 .,Lights------------------------------•- ·Waterworks------ 1000.00800.00 ; ~waterworks-------------------------~-- 1000.00 Streets-______________________________ 900.00 Streets----------------------------·--Irrigation ------_____________________900.00 500.00 ~ ' Irrigation--~-----------------------~ , . ,- 500.00 ,,,. Printing-~----------------------------Printing------________________________150.00 MiM:i scellaneous and Reserve Reserve------------_... ______ .,. _____ ·3100. '3100.00 00 • ". ~l;OOOO.~1!0000.0000 Estimated general receipts-----------_$4850.00receipte------------$4850.00 Balance on hand----------------------- hand------- 2150.00 To be raised by taxation------------- taxation ------------- 3000.00 lfoooo.oO$±0000.00 Section 4. -
The Experience of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front
AUTONOMY IN THE GREAT WAR: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE GERMAN SOLDIER ON THE EASTERN FRONT A THESIS IN History Presented to the Faculty of the University Of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS By Kevin Patrick Baker B.A. University of Kansas, 2007 Kansas City, Missouri 2012 ©2012 KEVIN PATRICK BAKER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AUTONOMY IN THE GREAT WAR: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE GERMAN SOLDIER ON THE EASTERN FRONT Kevin Patrick Baker, Candidate for the Master of Arts Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2012 ABSTRACT From 1914 to 1919, the German military established an occupation zone in the territory of present day Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. Cultural historians have generally focused on the role of German soldiers as psychological and physical victims trapped in total war that was out of their control. Military historians have maintained that these ordinary German soldiers acted not as victims but as perpetrators causing atrocities in the occupied lands of the Eastern Front. This paper seeks to build on the existing scholarship on the soldier’s experience during the Great War by moving beyond this dichotomy of victim vs. perpetrator in order to describe the everyday existence of soldiers. Through the lens of individual selfhood, this approach will explore the gray areas that saturated the experience of war. In order to gain a better understanding of how ordinary soldiers appropriated individual autonomy in total war, this master’s thesis plans to use an everyday-life approach by looking at individual soldiers’ behaviors underneath the canopy of military hegemony. -
South Africa Mobilises: the First Five Months of the War Dr Anne Samson
5 Scientia Militaria vol 44, no 1, 2016, pp 5-21. doi:10.5787/44-1-1159 South Africa Mobilises: The First Five Months of the War Dr Anne Samson Abstract When war broke out in August 1914, the Union of South Africa found itself unprepared for what lay ahead. When the Imperial garrison left the Union during September 1914, supplies, equipment and a working knowledge of British military procedures reduced considerably. South Africa was, in effect, left starting from scratch. Yet, within five months and despite having to quell a rebellion, the Union was able to field an expeditionary force to invade German South West Africa and within a year agree to send forces to Europe and East Africa. This article explores how the Union Defence Force came of age in 1914. Keywords: South Africa, mobilisation, rebellion, Union Defence Force, World War 1 1. Introduction In August 1914, South Africa, along with many other countries, found itself at war. It was unprepared for this eventuality – more so than most other countries. Yet, within six weeks of war being declared, the Union sent a force into neighbouring German South West Africa. This was a remarkable achievement considering the Union’s starting point, and that the government had to deal with a rebellion, which began with the invasion. The literature on South Africa’s involvement in World War 1 is increasing. Much of it focused on the war in Europe1 and, more recently, on East Africa2 with South West Africa3 starting to follow. However, the home front has been largely ignored with most literature focusing on the rebellion, which ran from September to December 1914.4 This article aims to explore South Africa’s preparedness for war and to shed some insight into the speed with and extent to which the government had to adapt in order to participate successfully in it. -
August 1914 World War I Started. Russia Declared War on Germany and Troops Were Mobilised
November 1914 The two main Russian armies were defeated in the battles of Masurian Lakes and Tannenberg. 2nd March 1917 The Tsar tried to get back to Petrograd but the railway workers stopped him. He was forced to flee. His uncle was not willing to take the throne as he knew he had no chance to get Russia under control. The Romanovs were finished. Winter 1916 The winter was a bad one. Hardly any food or fuel got into Petrograd. Huge bread queues formed and prices rocketed. 26th February 1917 The Tsar ordered that the army fire on the protestors. Many soldiers refused and joined the demonstrations. Soldiers and workers marched to the Duma to demand that it took control of Russia. 1914 – 1915 There were shortages of food, coal and industrial materials in the cities. Prices rose and factories closed. The government was blamed. Strikes were common. September 1915 The Tsar decided to leave Petrograd to become Supreme Commander of the Russian Army. The Tsarina and Rasputin were left in charge, and were very unpopular. Rasputin had a lot of influence. Some of the Duma members formed a ‘Progressive Bloc’ as an alternative power to the Tsar. End of 1914 Over 1 million Russian soldiers were now dead. Russia’s industry could not produce enough weapons to supply all the soldiers. The army lacked supplies, and some of the new officers were badly trained. August 1914 World War I started. Russia declared war on Germany and troops were mobilised. The Tsar was very popular. 21st February 1917 The situation was desperate. -
7 15.Pdf (415.7Kb)
.C_.W.,15 SEVENTH MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE C_ITTEE INDEXED PAN AMERICAN SANITARY OP_ANIZATION Washington, D. C. May 23-30, 1949 TOPIC XI. PROPOSAL OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU REGARDI_ A PROGIL_M FOR COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU IN THE ERADICATION OF SMALLPOX IN THE AMERICAS I. BACKGROUND The general situation with regard to smallpox in the Western Henflsphere has deteriorated in recent _ars. The official incidence reported in the American Republics, which amounted to some 7,400 cases in 1946, has increased alarmingly to 18,000 cases in 1947 and more than 24,000 in 1948. The disease has occurred recently in several of the most im- portant cities of the Americas and in many international airports and seaports, constituting a menace not only to the countries where it prevails but also to the neighboring countries and the rest of the world in general. Quarantine regulations fail to provide sufficient protection to prevent the spread of the disease, and outbreaks of imported origin have recently taken place in Chile (19&4); Uruguay (19&6-47); New York City (March-April 1947); Trinidad (May-June 1948) and Cuba (March 1949). Preventive measures for combating smallpox are well t,_own and provide excellent results. The disease has a definite incubation period and diagnosis is not difficult. Its mode of transmission is known and the epidemiological work involves no unsurmountable dif- ficulties. Outstanding as the most effective of the control measures is _ universal vaccination, carried on with appropriate technique and using vaccine of adequate potency. However, despite the fact that more than 100 years have elapsed since Jenner's discovery, smallpox continues to be a permanent public health problem in several of the American countries, and occurs frequently in others in endemic or epidemic form. -
Women's Voluntary Organizations in World War I
Women’s Voluntary Organizations in World War I Dr Jacqueline de Vries, Ausburg College, Minneapolis The outpouring of voluntary service by Britain’s women during World War I was extraordinary, especially when seen from the vantage point of the contemporary western world in which we leave the particulars of war to the paid professionals. Our militaries have developed their capabilities to the point where volunteer help is rarely, if ever, needed. In contrast to our own contemporary situation, the flood of volunteers in 1914 to help with the war effort was immediate and necessary. Just hours after the official war declaration, social and civic organizations all across the land offered to help. Within days, dozens of new organizations appeared to fill the many gaps in the mobilization process. The Women at Work Collection in the Imperial War Museum offers researchers an abundance of materials on women’s volunteer organizations and philanthropic activities during the war. While the sections on Belgium (1-16) and Benevolent Organisations (1-8) contain the most concentrated collection of materials, other relevant documents are scattered throughout. One might also wish to explore the materials relating to women’s voluntary medical service in the sections on the British Red Cross (1-27), their efforts to maintain a healthy and well-fed home front in the section on Food (1-6), Land (1-9) and Local Records (1-460), as well as their voluntary military service, chronicled in the section on Munitions (I-VII). The very act of preserving documents for the Women at Work Collection is evidence of the critical role of women’s voluntarism during World War I. -
Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1947
CURRENT P~~PULATIONRE1301<'l'S CONSUMER INCOME tebruary 7. 1919 Wmshineton 25, D. C. Seriee P-60, No. 5 - -. - - - - - . I .. - . -. INCOME OF FAMILIES AM) PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1947 1 Families in the United State8 had an aver- This report covers money income only. In- ege (median) income of $3,000 in 1947, according asmuch as nonmoney income is en im,?ortrrnt part to estimates iesued today by J. C. Capt, Direc- Of farm receipts, this factoi sfiou-d be token tor, Bureau of tho Census, Department of Com- into consideration in comporinc eno incoat: of nerce. Thie represents an increase of about 20 farm and nonfarm reeldents. In ec?pnr:nq wor.ey percent over the figure of $2,500 for 1944. In income data for 1947 with thoor ':or previous contrast to the increase which was recorded for years, it should be remeaberod th81t prices as raarilice, lndividuale not in familiee had about well as money income have rloen. Thertal'ore, the theeame medianincome ($l,WO)in1947and in increase inmoney incomedoas not necessarily 1964. represent an improvement in economic stot!~s. Although 7 million familieo (about one out The first section of this report deh:s with of every five) had incomes of $5,000 or more in the incomes of families end or ?nClvir,c~.;> r.r,: I 19l.7, thore were Still many familie8 (4 million) in families. The unit of anaiysis fiere 2s -"-U-.'r with incomes under $1,000. Ten million families family (or the individual not a mernbar af any bad incomas of lesa than $2,000.