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The Foundation Office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Contents Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und Förderern der Goethe-Universität Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 Preface 5 60629 am Main E-Mail: [email protected] www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de Paul Ehrlich: His Life March 2021 and Achievements 6

Ludwig Darmstaedter: Donation account: Scientist and Friend 12 Deutsche Bank AG IBAN: DE38 5007 0010 0700 0839 00 BIC: DEUTDEFFXXX The Foundation, the Prize and the Role of Hedwig Ehrlich 14

The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for Young Researchers 17 Preface

In honor of the great German doctor and Paul Ehrlich, like all great researchers, was serologist who turned Frankfurt into a way ahead of his time. His research work medical eldorado at the beginning of the laid the cornerstone for the medical stand- 20th century, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig ards still valid today. In awarding the Paul Darmstaedter Prize is awarded to scientists Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, the from all over the world who have achieved Foundation wishes to encourage scientists all outstanding results in Paul Ehrlich’s field over the world to do what Paul Ehrlich did of work. throughout his entire life: extend medical know-how and make a contribution to the The prize given by the Paul Ehrlich constant struggle against illness and disease- Foundation is one of ’s most emi- induced mortality. nent accolades in recognition of outstand- ing achievements in biomedical research. The President of the German Research Foundation (DFG) is Honorary President of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. The prize- giving ceremony is traditionally held every year on March 14, Paul Ehrlich’s birthday, in Frankfurt’s St. Paul’s church, a symbol of German democracy and liberty.

The Foundation’s Scientific Council, whose members include internationally renowned Dr. Thomas Boehm scientists, has the formidable task of selecting Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology the best of the excellent world-wide. The list and Epigenetics, Freiburg Chairman of the Scientific Council of of prize winners shows that the Council has the Paul Ehrlich Foundation lived up to this challenge. Many of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize winners have subsequently also received the . With the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for Young Researchers, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation created an important instrument to encour- age young gifted scientists. It was awarded for the first time in 2006.

5 Paul Ehrlich: His life von Frerichs’ Second Medical Clinic at oxygen, and thereby obtained evidence the Charité hospital in . of oxygen consumption in cells. and Achievements Ehrlich summarized the results of his research in 1885 in the monograph: Paul Ehrlich was born on March 14, the cells absorbed the dye in different “The ’s need for oxygen: a 1854, in Strehlen/Silesia (now Strzelin, ways: some parts were coloured deep study based on analysis with dyes”, Poland) into a prosperous family. His blue, some had only absorbed small with which he qualified for appoint- father owned a thriving liqueur factory. amounts of dye and others none at all. ment to a professorial chair in 1887. From now on, he concentrated entirely This study not only had practical value, Paul Ehrlich had watched liqueurs on the staining of thin slices of tissue, but also raised intriguing questions for being coloured in his father’s distillery one of the most important techniques which there were no answers or expla- and was so fascinated by the process in histology. nations at that time. that he wanted to try it out for himself. Legend has it that, as a seven-year-old Paul Ehrlich finished grammar school Paul Ehrlich in his office at the Royal Institute for During his nine years at the Charité boy, he was caught by his mother trying in 1872 and then went on to study Experimental Therapy in Frankfurt. in Berlin, Ehrlich adopted two habits to colour two pigeons by dipping them , first in Breslau, then in which stayed with him throughout his into a pot of paint. Whether the story is Strasbourg. Here, two academic tutors life: his private spelling system and a true or not, colouring agents and dyes gave all-important impulses to his During his years at the Charité, Ehrlich passion for heavy black cigars, of which occupied him throughout his life and career. The anatomist Wilhelm von made important contributions to he smoked up to 50 a day. a child’s experiments developed into a Waldeyer introduced him to the tech- hæmatology, the study of the compo- lifelong passion. niques of histological staining. The nents of blood. Working on the foun- In 1882, Paul Ehrlich attended Robert encouraged dations of medical bacteriology devel- Koch’s presentation of his sensational Ehrlich attended grammar school in his enthusiasm for . From his oped by and Robert discovery of the tubercle bacillus at the Breslau (now Wrocłav, Poland). During first term onwards, Ehrlich’s goal was Koch, Paul Ehrlich established a new German Physiological Society in Berlin. this time, he was a frequent visitor to understand the basic mechanisms by diagnostic technique of staining blood He was inspired by the lecture and to the house of one of his mother’s which toxic compounds and chemical cells. With this method, he succeeded referred to it in retrospect as “my great- cousins, Carl Weigert (1845–1904), a compounds act on the living cell. He in differentiating lymphocytes and leu- est scientific experience”, but he no- pathologist at the University of Breslau believed that staining takes place in a cocytes and sub-classifying leucocytes ticed at the same time that the staining and later professor in Frankfurt. Weigert chemical reaction and not in a purely according to their stainability. The technique used by Koch was laborious was an expert in colouring pathologi- physical way (“Corpora non agunt nisi principles of modern hæmatology are and unreliable. Within a day, he devel- cal and anatomical specimens. In this fixata”). This fundamental notion guid- based on Paul Ehrlich’s staining meth- oped an improved and simple staining field, he introduced what, at that time, ed his work throughout his life. After ods. He emphasized the significance of technique, which Koch acknowledged were new synthetic colouring agents: another semester in Freiburg, he passed vital staining with methylene blue, i.e. “without any reservations”. aniline dyes. Ehrlich once watched his State Examination and received his staining while upholding cell activity. him producing wafer-thin slices of tis- doctorate in 1878 at the University of Another important finding by Ehrlich A year later, Paul Ehrlich married sue and carefully staining them. Young Leipzig. His doctoral was enti- was the selectivity of dyes in stain- Hedwig Pinkus, daughter of one of the Ehrlich saw for the first time a fascinat- tled “Contributions to the Theory and ing cells and tissues. He observed, for most important manufacturers of linen ing microcosm under the microscope: Practice of Histological Staining”. In example, that methylene blue stained and damask in Silesia. bright blue and glowing particles of the same year, he moved as Assistant neural tissue only. He also discovered stained tissue. He also observed that Medical Director to Friedrich Theodor the relative ability of tissue to absorb

6 7 In 1884, Ehrlich was appointed titular could it not be equally effective in tant contributions to the development Paul Ehrlich cooperated with Farbwerke professor. A year later, Friedrich medication? His test persons were of the diphtheria antitoxin, though Hoechst, which supplied him with Theodor von Frerichs died and Karl inmates of Moabit Prison suffering from excluded him from dyes, with Arthur von Weinberg, co- Gerhard, a man with a conservative serious neuralgic conditions. Not only its commercial exploitation. proprietor of Cassella, and with Ludwig scientific outlook, became head of the did the dye actually reduce their pain, Darmstaedter. With Darmstaedter’s clinic at the Charité. When Ehrlich dis- two men with malaria were also suc- Thanks to the evaluation process he support the Chem­o­therapeutic covered that he himself was suffering cessfully treated. developed for the diphtheria antitoxin, Research Institute Georg-Speyer-Haus from tuberculosis, and the working Ehrlich always retained his strong was established in 1906, immediately conditions at the Charité deteriorated Paul Ehrlich formulated the theory of interest in the subject of curative sera. adjoining the Royal Institute for permanently, he stepped down from side chains – the first broad concept of At this time, a testing department was Experimental Therapy. Paul Ehrlich his position. Paul Ehrlich and his wife the immunosystem. According to this set up under Ehrlich’s leadership at the was also appointed Director of his new moved for two years to Egypt where he the specific immune defense develops Institute for Infectious Diseases because institution. as a result of impurities, and it had quickly become clear that serum their toxins binding at the side chains standardization had to be improved. In Paul Ehrlich developed the idea of (receptors) of certain cells. These side 1896, the Berlin Institute for Serum combatting pathogens in the human chains are then released as “” Research and Testing was set up with body and the toxins produced by them into the bloodstream and generate an the support of Friedrich Althoff, using a chemical substance that binds immune response. This theory was the Director-General at the Prussian with the pathogens and toxins. The foundation of the steadily growing field Ministry of Culture, and Paul Ehrlich concentration of this chemical sub- of biomedical science. was appointed its first director. Here stance was to be effective, but not are the roots of the systematic evalua- harmful to the body. Ehrlich, who had In 1891, the Institute for Infectious tion and official testing of numerous a gift for formulating complex matters Diseases was set up near the Charité, curative sera that was to become one in simple language, coined the phrases and Paul Ehrlich moved there with his of the most important tasks of the “dosis tolerata” and “dosis curativa” for laboratory, though without drawing a Frankfurt Institute for Experimental these two concepts. Against the back- The central laboratory in the Georg-Speyer-Haus in the 1920s. salary from the Institute. His research Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). ground of his idea of resistance to showed that by feeding small doses of medication, he searched for a sub- recovered from his illness and, follow- poison to laboratory animals and then In 1899, the Berlin Institute moved to stance that could destroy all pathogens ing his return in 1891, was subsequent- steadily increasing the dose, they grad- Frankfurt am Main. At that time, the at one blow, the “therapia sterilisans ly cured by Koch’s tuberculin. After ually became immune to what would city’s Lord Mayor, Franz Adickes, was magna”. He called this selectively return­ing to Berlin, Ehrlich set up a otherwise have been lethal doses and trying to attract eminent scientists to applied medication the “”. small private laboratory. eventually developed a 100 to 1,000 Frankfurt. He planned to establish teach- times higher toxin tolerance than ing institutions for the training of sci- Ehrlich’s years of research in Frankfurt In this therapeutic experiments which untreated animals. Against the back- entists. On November 8, 1899, and mark the beginning of experimental he performed in 1891 with Paul ground of these findings, Ehrlich devel- again with Friedrich Althoff’s support, . He discovered the effec- Guttmann after leaving the Charité, he oped the basic concept of active and Ehrlich became the first director of the tivity of trypan red, a dye, in the treat- sought answers to two questions: first- passive immunization. Together with Royal Institute for Experimental ment of trypanosome in ly, is it possible to use dyes not only to Ludwig Brieger, he successfully pro- Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). mice related to human sleeping sick- stain cells, but also for therapeutic pur- duced anti-toxic sera from the blood of The well-equipped chemicals firms ness. In cooperation with , poses; and secondly, if methylene blue immunized laboratory animals. In this located in and around Frankfurt were he researched into the use of atoxyl, is so effective in staining neural tissue, connection, Ehrlich also made impor- keenly interested in serum research. an arseno-benzene derivative, and in

8 9 1907 described the development of by Farbwerke Hoechst. Soon after that, trypanosome resistance to continued Ehrlich discovered an even more effec- exposure to atoxyl. tive modification, Neo-salvarsan. As the first ever antimicrobial chemothera- For Ehrlich, the discovery of atoxyl was peutic agent, Salvarsan not only a breakthrough for his future research allowed an effective therapy of , work. Based on his research findings but also opened up a new direction in until then, he recognized the great research which led, a generation later, Paul Ehrlich with his co-workers in the garden of the Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy in potential in atoxyl. He synthesized to the sulfonamides and the . Frankfurt. hundreds of derivatives by substitution of the amino groups attached to ben- In 1908, Paul Ehrlich and Ilya Ilyich place of chemotherapy, went forward August 20, 1915. He was buried at the zene. He was firmly convinced that Mechnikov together received the Nobel with serum therapy and made valuable Old Jewish Cemetery in Rat-Beil- some homologues would have the Prize for Medicine “for invaluable ser- contributions to and can- Straße. Emil von Behring wrote in his desired specificity with less toxicity, vices to medical and biological research, cer research. obituary: “With you, Paul Ehrlich, a which could be important for selective namely the evaluation and control of man from the heroic age of experimen- chemotherapy. On this basis, Ehrlich sera”. Ehrlich emphasized in his Nobel His experimental observations, his abil- tal therapeutic research has left us, a and his assistant Sahachiro Hata devel- Prize lecture that “we are approaching ity to draw scientific conclusions, his man who was a king in the realm of the limits of what the microscope could talents in the theoretical and, last but the science which you yourself estab- do and has done for us and the use of not least, rhetorical field, Ehrlich lished and a teacher to countless optical … instruments cannot master proved his exceptional far-sightedness researchers throughout the world.” the challenge of penetrating further and his gift for effectively analyzing sci- into the all-important problem of cell entific data. His revolutionary approach Paul Ehrlich and his Japanese co- life. But the time has now come to consisted in the idea that biological worker, Sahachiro venture into the finest chemism of cell processes are based on chemical reac- Hata, with whom life and to break down the concept of tions and thus open to quantitative he discovered the preparation 606 cell into a large number of separate analysis. In the whole history of medi- (Salvarsan). partial functions. But since what hap- cine, few achievements can match pens in the cell is largely of a chemical those of Paul Ehrlich. oped the famous compound 606 and since the composition of (Salvarsan). His co-worker, the chemist chemical structures is largely beyond In 1911, Paul Ehrlich was honoured Dr. Alfred Bertheim, was closely the boundaries of visibility, we shall with the highest award the Prussian involved in this work. It was he who have to look for different research state could make: he was appointed conducted the synthesis and his name methods. This direction is not only Wirklicher Geheimrat or Real Privy is on the patent together with that of important for a real understanding of Councillor with the title “Excellency”. Ehrlich, while Hata demonstrated the the mechanisms of life itself, but is also In 1912 the city of Frankfurt made him effectiveness of Salvarsan. This proved the basis for a truly rational use of an honorary citizen. Frankfurt to be the first drug effective in destroy- active ingredients.” Today, a century Universi­ty was founded in 1914 and ing Spirochaeta pallida, the cause of later, we recognize how right he was. Paul Ehrlich was to become its first rec- syphilis. In November 1910, the pro- His pioneering research laid the foun- tor. Owing to his failing health, how- duction of diaminodioxy-arseno-benzole, dations for hæmotology and clinical ever, he turned down this office. Paul known as Salvarsan, was started cytology. He made Frankfurt the birth- Ehrlich died in Bad Homburg on

10 11 Ludwig Darmstaedter: before his death, he began to buy October 17, 1927, Ludwig Darmstaedter stamps and had soon built up a large died of angina pectoris in Berlin. Scientist and Friend and valuable collection.

The radical change in medicine at patent for the production of lanoline, the beginning of the 20th century in which was used in the manufacture of Germany can be credited not only skin care products, cosmetics and phar- to Paul Ehrlich, but also to Ludwig maceuticals. In 1900, the company was Darmstaedter. He was a man with converted into a joint stock corpora- The Royal Institute for a wide range of interests and a pro- tion and Ludwig Darmstaedter became Experimental Therapy nounced sense of social responsibility. a member of the advisory board. In in Frankfurt around 1904, Darmstaedter, who had always 1900. He was born on August 9, 1846 in had a great interest in the history of The Georg-Speyer-Haus soon after Mannheim as the tenth and youngest chemistry, published jointly with René In 1872, Darmstaedter married Marie its construction. child of a wealthy merchant. After los- Du Bois-Reymond “4000 Years of Gumbert, the sister of Franziska Speyer, ing both parents at an early age, he was Pioneering Work in the Exact Sciences”, wife of Frankfurt banker Georg Speyer. raised by a stepbrother many years his which he expanded in the following Darmstaedter encouraged his sister-in- elder. years. In 1908, he reissued it under his law to support Paul Ehrlich’s research name as “Handbook on the History of work. In 1904, Franziska Speyer set up In his early youth, he had already the Natural Sciences and Technology”. a foundation and donated one million shown an interest in geology and min­ marks for the establishment of an insti-­ eralogy. At the age of 18, he studied Throughout his life, Darmstaedter was a tute. In memory of her deceased hus- mineralogy and chemistry at the passionate collector. At the age of 60, band, it was named the Chemo­ University of , where he he retired from the board of directors in therapeutic Research Institute Georg- In the 1920s, the Royal Institute for received his doctorate four years later. order to devote himself entirely to his Speyer-Haus. After her death in 1909, Experimental Therapy and the Georg-Speyer- During his studies, he was influenced by scientific studies and collections. The further funds out of her estate were Haus were joined by a common entrance. Robert Bunsen, Emil Erlenmeyer and outcome was an unparalleled collection donated to the Institute, which was Gustav Kirchhoff. In the following years of autographs by important natural sci- directly adjacent to the Royal Institute he lived in Leipzig, Berlin and . He entists and medical researchers as well for Experimental Therapy and of which researched intensively on questions that as politicians, artists and intellectuals. Paul Ehrlich was Director. were of interest to the burgeoning It is known today as the “Darmstaedter chemicals industry at that time and pub- Collection of the State Library of the On the occasion of Darmstaedter’s 80th lished studies on naphthol, dinitronaph- Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation birthday in 1926 and in his honour, the thalin and lanoline. Having spent sever- in Berlin”. In 1907, he donated the col- Chemotherapeutic Research Institute al years in England, Belgium and Spain, lection to the state and enlarged it until Georg-Speyer-Haus Foundation created he returned to Germany and became a his death in 1927. At that time it con- the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in recog­ partner in Benno Jaffé’s ammonia and sisted of 190,000 manuscripts. Starting nition of his support for Paul Ehrlich. The prize was to be awarded once every Both buildings are now situated in Paul- glycerol business in Berlin. The firm, with minerals and crystals as a young Ehrlich-Strasse 42–44 in Frankfurt. Jaffé & Darmstaedter, became very man, he also began to collect porcelain three years for outstanding work in the important as a result of acquiring the in 1879. At the age of 78, three years fields of chemotherapy­ and . On

12 13 The Foundation, the Thanks to the efforts of Günter K. Choosing the winners of the Paul Moreover, the Foundation also grants Schwerin, grandson of Hedwig and Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize scholarships to support the work of Prize and the Role of Ehrlich and long-time honorary mem- is the most important task of the young researchers in the disciplines ber of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation, the Scientific Council. mentioned above. Hedwig Ehrlich former Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy was renamed after its founder, According to the Articles of the Today, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Paul Ehrlich’s widow, Hedwig Ehrlich, Paul Ehrlich, in 1947. Günter K. Foundation, the Board of Trustees is Darmstaedter Prize is one of the most donated the sum of 90,000 marks to the Schwerin died on May 19, 1997 at the obliged to initiate all measures appropri- important and distinguished awards in Association of Friends and Patrons of age of 87 in and is buried in ate to achieving the objectives of the biomedical research in Germany. Each Frankfurt University for a Paul Ehrlich Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Hawthorne, Foundation, in particular to preserve and year on March 14, the date of Paul Fund. On July 13, 1929, fourteen years New York. increase the assets of the Foundation. Ehrlich’s birthday, the prize-giving cer- after Paul Ehrlich’s death, the fund was The objective of the Paul Ehrlich emony takes place in Frankfurt’s historic transferred to the Paul Ehrlich Founda- The Paul Ehrlich Foundation resumed Foundation is to preserve Paul Ehrlich’s St. Paul’s Church. The prize is presently tion. Since then, the foundation’s assets its work in 1952. The Scientific Council scientific heritage and his memory and endowed with € 120,000. have been administered on a trust basis of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation and the by the Association of Friends and Board of Directors of the Foundation Patrons of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Bio­ University Frankfurt am Main e.V. The medical Research as it was now called Paul Ehrlich Prize was first awarded in resolved in 1952 to unite the Paul Ehr­ 1930 to scientists from Germany and lich Prize and the Ludwig Darmstaedter abroad for their valuable contributions Prize. According to the agreement, the in Paul Ehrlich’s fields of work. new prize is awarded in accordance with the Articles of Association of the When National Socialism came to power Paul Ehrlich Foundation. in 1933, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation could not continue to function, and in Since 1960, the Federal Ministry of 1934 the Paul Ehrlich Prize also ceased Health has made an annual contribu- to be awarded – temporarily. All of the tion of currently € 60,000 in recognition Jewish employees of the Georg-Speyer- of Paul Ehrlich’s work and his great ser- Holiday in the mountains: the young couple Hedwig Haus were dismissed in 1935, and all vices to mankind. and Paul Ehrlich. papers and studies that bore the name of Paul Ehrlich were removed from the The Honorary President, the Scientific Institute. Paul-Ehrlich-Straße was re­ Council and the Board of Trustees to protect the will of its settlor, Hedwig The prize winner receives a certificate named Ludwig-Rehn-Straße in 1938 comprise the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. Ehrlich. In that spirit and irrespective and a gold copy of the original medal of and was only changed back to Paul- The names of the members can be of nationality, race, confession, origin the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize carrying Ehrlich-Straße in 1945. Hedwig Ehrlich found on the website of the Paul or gender, scientists are honoured for the portrait of Paul Ehrlich. Since 1952, first emigrated to and sub- Ehrlich Foundation. their valuable research results in Paul the prize has been awarded to more sequently to the of America. Ehrlich’s fields of work, especially in than 100 scientists who have made She died in a hospital in New York City The members of the Scientific Council experimental and chemotherapeutic important contributions to Paul Ehrlich’s on December 20, 1948 and is buried in are leading scientists from all over the hæmatology, clinical bacteriology, pioneering work. Westchester in the State of New York. world. immunology, and cancer research.

14 15 Many winners of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize have also The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm­ received the Nobel Prize: staedter Prize for Young Researchers

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm­ Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain staedter Prize for Young Researchers Prof. Dr. has been awarded by the Paul Ehrlich Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg Foundation since 2006. It is awarded Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous annually to a young scientist working Prof. Dr. at a research institute in Germany Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska for outstanding accomplishments in Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne the field of biomedical research.The Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty prize is worth up to € 60,000 and Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel must be used completely for research Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. purposes. Nominees for the Young Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner Researchers Prize can be suggested Prof. Dr. Robert Horvitz by university lecturers as well as senior Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall scientists of research institutes in Dr. J. Robin Warren St. Paul‘s Church in Frankfurt, a national Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire symbol of freedom and democracy in Germany. Germany. Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Prof. Dr. The junior scientists must be younger Prof. Dr. Carol Greider than 40 years. Prize winners are Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn selected by the Scientific Council of the Prof. Dr. James P. Allison Paul Ehrlich Foundation following the Prof. Dr. suggestions by a selection commission Prof. Dr. comprising eight German scientists.

The interior of St. Paul‘s Church at the Every winner of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig award ceremony in 2005. In the fore- Darmstaedter Prize receives a golden medallion ground is the bust of Paul Ehrlich. with a portrait of Paul Ehrlich.

16 17 Executive Editor

Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und Förderern der Goethe-Universität Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 60629 Frankfurt am Main E-Mail: [email protected] www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de The Paul Ehrlich Foundation

Prize Winners 1952–2021 Scientific Council and Board of Trustees of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Members of the Scientific Council

Chairman of the Scientific Council President Prof. Dr. Thomas Boehm of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Prof. Dr. Klaus Cichutek Paul Ehrlich Institute Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology Langen, Germany and Epigenetics Freiburg, Germany

Deputy Chairman Institute Pasteur Prof. Dr. Stefan Zeuzem of the Scientific Council Prof. Dr. Pascale Cossart Paris, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Chairman of the Association University of Colorado Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bender of Friends and Sponsors of the Prof. Dr. Charles A. Dinarello Anschutz Medical Campus Goethe University Aurora, Colorado, USA Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Federal Ministry of Health Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade Dr. Antina Ziegelmann Permanent Representative Prof. Dr. Alain Fischer Paris, France of the Federal Minister of Health on the Scientific Council Berlin, Germany

2 3 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Former President The University of California, San Jörg Hacker German National Academy of Prof. Dr. Francisco (UCSF) Sciences Leopoldina Dept of & Biophysics , Germany San Francisco, USA

Karolinska Institute Prof. Dr. Sir MRC Laboratory of Molecular Prof. Dr. Klas Kärre Stockholm, Sweden BiologyCambridge, UK Nobel Prize Chemistry 2018

Prof. Dr. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Weizman Institute , Ph.D. National Jewish Health Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath Director Kimmelman Center Denver, USA of Biomolecular Structure and Assembly Rehovot, Israel Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2009

Prof. Dr. Sir MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit John Walker Cambridge, UK Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1997

4 5 Members of the Board Members of Trustees Dr. Jan Adams Dr. Joern-Peter Halle Prof. Dr. Enrico Schleiff Chief Scientific Officer Vice President, Global Head President Grünenthal GmbH External Innovation Merck Serono Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main Honorary Chairman , Germany Merck KGaA Frankfurt am Main, Germany Darmstadt, Germany Volker Bouffier Dr. Christian Biedenkopf Dr. Cathrin Schleussner Prime Minister of the State of Hesse Member of the Management Board Rudolf Herfurth Vice Chairman of the Wiesbaden, Germany Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA Member of the Foundation Board Supervisory Board Bad Homburg, Germany Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation Biotest AG Bad Homburg, Germany Dreieich, Germany Chairman Dr. Ulrich Bollert Great Grandson of Dr. Stefan von Holtzbrinck Gerhard Wiesheu Prof. Dr. Jochen Maas Ludwig Darmstaedter Chief Executive Officer Chairman of the Board of Trustees Head of Research and Development Bexbach, Germany Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Georg Speyer Haus Member of the Management Board Stuttgart, Germany Partner and Member of the Managing Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Dr. Christoph Bug Committee B. Metzler seel. Frankfurt am Main, Germany Director Medical & Scientific Affairs Dr. Petra Moroni-Zentgraf Sohn & Co. Holding AG Janssen-Cilag GmbH Medical Director Germany Frankfurt am Main, Germany Deputy Chairman Neuss, Germany Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Prof. Dr. Florian R. Greten Dr. Hendrik von Büren Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany Director Managing Director R&D Georg-Speyer-Haus und Senior Director Development Dr. Christian Rommel Institute for Tumor Biology Sciences Head of Research and Development and Experimental Therapy AbbVie GmbH & Co. KG Bayer Healthcare Frankfurt am Main, Germany Wiesbaden, Germany Bayer AG Leverkusen, Germany Dr. Matthias Essenpreis Chief Technology Officer Thomas Rosenfeld Roche Diagnostics Member of the Board of Management F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Baden-Württembergische Bank Basel, Switzerland Aachen, Germany

6 7 Harald zur Hausen Tim J. Schulz, Laureate of the Prize for Young Claus-Dieter Kuhn, Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren Peter G. Schultz Laureate 1994 Researchers 2018; David Wallach, Laureate 2018; 2016; Jennifer A. Doudna, Laureate 2016; Emmanuelle Charpentier, Laureate 1997 Laureate 1997 Laureate 2003 Nobel Prize 2008 Anthony Cerami, Laureate 2018 Laureate 2016 Nobel Prize 2005 Nobel Prize 2005

Ana Martin-Villalba, Laureate of the Prize for Harry Noller, Laureate 2007 Young Researchers 2006 Ada Yonath, Laureate 2007, Nobel Prize 2009 Andrew Z. Fire, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006 Craig C. Mello, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006

Shimon Sakaguchi, Laureate 2020; Judith Reichmann, Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers 2020 (from left to right)

Raja Atreya, Laureate of the Prize for Young , Laureate 2009, Researchers 2015 Nobel Prize 2009 James P. Allison, Laureate 2015 Falk Nimmerjahn, Laureate of the Prize for Carl H. June, Laureate 2015 Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Laureate 2019, Arthur L. Volker Busskamp, Laureate of the Prize for Young Young Researchers 2009 Horwich, Laureate 2019, Dorothee Dormann, Researchers 2017; Yuan Chang, Laureate 2017; Carol Greider, Laureate 2009, Nobel Prize 2009 Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers 2019 Patrick S. Moore, Laureate 2017 Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich 1972 Dr. Dr. h.c. Denis P. Burkitt, /Uganda Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Jan Waldenström, Malmö and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1973 Prof. Dr. Sir Anthony Epstein, Bristol Prof. Dr. K. Ishizaka, Prof. Dr. D. H. Wright, Southampton 1974 Prof. Dr. J. L. Gowans, Oxford Prof. Dr. J. F. A. P. Miller, Melbourne 1952 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Eißner, Tübingen 1975 Prof. Dr. George B. Mackaness, Saranac Lake Prof. Dr. Wolf-H. Wagner, Nonnenhorn Prof. Dr. Nicholas A. Mitchison, London 1953 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf Butenandt, Munich Prof. Dr. Morten Simonsen, Copenhagen 1954 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain, London 1976 Prof. Dr. Georges Barski, Villejuif 1956 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Domagk, Elberfeld Prof. Dr. Boris Ephrussi, Gif-sur-Yvette 1958 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Richard Kuhn, Heidelberg 1977 Prof. Dr. T. Caspersson, Stockholm 1960 Prof. Dr. Felix Haurowitz, Bloomington Prof. Dr. J. B. Gurdon, Cambridge 1961 Prof. Dr. Albert H. Coons, 1978 Prof. Dr. Ludwik Gross, New York Prof. Dr. Günther Heymann, Langen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Schäfer, Tübingen Prof. Dr. Örjan E. Ouchterlony, Göteborg 1979 Prof. Dr. Arnold Graffi, Berlin Prof. Dr. Jacques Oudin, Paris Prof. Dr. Otto Mühlbock, Amsterdam 1962 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg, Berlin Prof. Dr. Wallace P. Rowe, Bethesda 1963 Prof. Dr. Helmut Holzer, Freiburg Dr. Lothar Jaenicke, Cologne 1980 Prof. Dr. Tomoichiro Akiba, Saitama Dr. Detlev Kayser, Berlin Prof. Dr. Hamao Umezawa, Prof. Dr. Tullio Terranova, Rome 1981 Prof. Dr. Stanley Falkow, Seattle 1964 Prof. Dr. Fritz Kauffmann, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Susumu Mitsuhashi, Gunma-Ken 1965 Prof. Dr. Otto Lüderitz, Freiburg 1982 Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne, Castillon du Gard Prof. Dr. Léon Le Minor, Paris 1983 Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty, Canberra Dr. Ida Ørskov, Copenhagen Dr. Michael Potter, Bethesda Dr. Fritz Ørskov, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Zurich Prof. Dr. B. A. D. Stocker, Stanford 1984 Prof. Dr. , Amsterdam 1966 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous, New York Prof. Dr. George A. M. Cross, New York 1967 Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bernhard, Villejuif 1985 Prof. Dr. Ernest Bueding, Baltimore Prof. Dr. Renato Dulbecco, San Diego Dr. Louis H. Miller, Bethesda 1968 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter T. J. Morgan, London Prof. Dr. Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig, New York Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Westphal, Montreux 1986 Dr. Abner L. Notkins, Bethesda 1969 Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Nikaido, Boston 1987 Prof. Dr. Jean F. Borel, Basel Prof. Dr. Anne-Marie Staub, Paris Prof. Dr. Hugh O. McDevitt, Stanford Prof. Dr. Winifred M. Watkins, London Prof. Dr. Felix Milgrom, Buffalo 1970 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1988 Prof. Dr. Peter K. Vogt, Los Angeles Prof. Dr. Helmut Ruska, Düsseldorf 1989 Dr. Stuart A. Aaronson, Bethesda 1971 Prof. Dr. , Brussels Prof. Dr. Russell F. Doolittle, La Jolla Prof. Dr. Keith R. Porter, Boulder Prof. Dr. Thomas Graf, Heidelberg Prof. Dr. Fritiof Sjöstrand, Los Angeles

10 11 1990 Prof. Dr. R. John Collier, Boston 2014 Prof. Dr. Michael Reth, Freiburg Prof. Dr. A. M. Pappenheimer, Jr., Cambridge 2015 Prof. Dr. James P. Allison, Houston 1991 Dr. , Prof. Dr. Carl H. June, Prof. Dr. Michio Ui, Tokyo 2016 Prof. Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Berlin 1992 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Eigen, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna, Berkeley 1993 Prof. Philippa Marrack, Ph.D., Denver 2017 Prof. Dr. Yuan Chang, Pittsburgh Prof. John W. Kappler, Ph.D., Denver Prof. Dr. Patrick S. Moore, Pittsburgh Prof. Dr. Harald von Boehmer, Basel 2018 Prof. Dr. Anthony Cerami, San Diego 1994 Prof. Dr. Peter Howly, Boston Prof. Dr. David Wallach, Rehovot Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald zur Hausen, Heidelberg 2019 Prof. Dr. Franz-Ulrich Hartl, München 1995 Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, San Francisco Prof. Dr. Arthur L. Horwich, New Haven 1996 Prof. Pamela J. Bjorkman, Ph.D., Pasadena 2020 Prof. Dr. Shimon Sakaguchi, Osaka Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Rammensee, Heidelberg 2021 Prof. Dr. Bonnie L. Bassler, Princeton Prof. Jack L. Strominger, Ph.D., Cambridge Prof. Dr. Michael Silverman, Moran, WY 1997 Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall, Charlottesville Dr. J. Robin Warren, 1998 Prof. Dr. David P. Lane, Dundee Prof. Dr. Arnold J. Levine, Princeton Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich Prof. Dr. , Baltimore and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for 1999 Prof. Dr. Robert C. Gallo, Baltimore Young Researchers 2000 Prof. H. Robert Horvitz, Ph.D., Cambridge Prof. John F. R. Kerr, Ph.D., Hamilton 2006 Dr. Ana Martin-Villalba, Heidelberg 2001 Prof. Stephen C. Harrison, Ph.D., Cambridge, USA 2007 Dr. Michael Schindler, Ulm Prof. Michael G. Rossmann, Ph.D., West Lafayette 2008 PD Dr. Eckhard Lammert, Dresden 2002 J. , Ph.D., Rockville 2009 Prof. Dr. Falk Nimmerjahn, Erlangen-Nürnberg 2003 Prof. Dr. Richard A. Lerner, M.D., La Jolla 2010 Prof. Dr. Amparo Acker-Palmer, Frankfurt Prof. Dr. Peter G. Schultz, Ph.D., La Jolla 2011 Dr. Stephan Grill, Dresden 2004 Prof. Mark M. Davis, Ph.D., Stanford 2012 Prof. Dr. Kathrin Maedler, Bremen Prof. Tak W. Mak, Ph.D., Toronto 2013 Dr. James Poulet, Berlin 2005 Prof. , O.B.E., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Roslin 2014 Dr. Andrea Ablasser, Bonn 2006 Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire, Stanford 2015 Prof. Dr. Raja Atreya, Erlangen Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello, Worcester 2016 Dr. Claus-Dieter Kuhn, Bayreuth 2007 Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath, Rehovot 2017 Dr. Volker Busskamp, Dresden Prof. Dr. Harry Noller, Santa Cruz 2018 Prof. Dr. Tim J. Schulz, Potsdam 2008 Prof. Dr. Tim R. Mosmann, Ph.D., Rochester 2019 Dr. Dorothee Dormann, München 2009 Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, San Francisco 2020 Dr. Judith Reichmann, Heidelberg Prof. Dr. Carol Greider, Baltimore 2021 Prof. Dr. Elvira Mass, Bonn 2010 Prof. Dr. Charles Dinarello, Denver 2011 Prof. Dr. Cesare Montecucco, Padua 2012 Prof. Dr. Peter Walter, San Francisco 2013 Prof. Dr. Mary-Claire King, Seattle

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Photos Part 1

Cover, pp. 6–10, 11, 13 and 15: Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen p. 12: Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main p. 16 top: City of Frankfurt am Main pp. 16 and 17: Uwe Dettmar, Frankfurt am Main

Photos Part 2

Members of the Scientific Council: private Prize Winners: Uwe Dettmar, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main