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2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL published, monthly by THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION , 1956 Volume 33, Number 9

CONTENTS

page

io FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS

21 MORALITY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS by Howard Trivers

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION 22 POST REPORT by Mrs. Edith Belcher Honorary President JOHN FOSTER DULLES, Secretary of State Honorary Vice-Presidents 24 THE OLYMPIC GAMES by Gerald Warner THE UNDER SECRETARIES OF STATE THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARIES OF ST AH THE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF STATE THE COUNSELOR THE LECAL ADVISER departments THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE FOREIGN SEH\U K LOY W. HENDERSON, President GEORGE V. ALLEN, Vice President 4 APPOINTMENTS AND DESIGNATIONS BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary board of directors ft INDEX TO ADVERTISERS HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman ANNE W. MERIAM, Vice Chairman 8 BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES HARRY A. MCBRIDE THOMAS S. ESTES, Secretary-Treasurer CHRISTOPHER A. SQUIRE, Asst. Sec.-Treas. 14 AMONG OUR CONTRIBUTORS Alternates ROBERT I. OWEN 16 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO by James B. Stewart STANLEY M. CLEVELAND JOHN F. O'GRADY HOWARD TRIVERS 28 EDITORIALS: journal editorial board WILLIAM R. TYLER, Chairman S-3481 JOSEPH PALMER, 2ND Reorganization and the Staff Corps CHARLES F. KNOX, JR. EDMUND GUI.LION EDWARD W. MULCAHY 29 NEWS TO THE FIELD JOSEPH J. WAGNER NORMAN HANNAH MARY VANCE TRENT 30 SERVICE GLIMPSES WILLIAM L. KRIEC RICHARD H. DAVIS JOHN T. WHEELOCK 32 THE BOOKSHELF by Francis C. de Wolf 1 GWEN BARROWS, Managing Editor GEORGE BUTLER, liusiness Manager 3ft NEWS FROM THE FIELD HESTER H. HENDERSON, Editorial Assistant and Circulation Manager

The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICF, ASSOCIATION is an 48 ADDRESSES OF RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL unofficial and voluntary association of the members, active and retired, of The Foreign Service of the United States and the Department of State. The As¬ 60 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR sociation was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is not official and material appearing herein represents only personal opinions, and is not intended in any way to indicate tiie official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. The editors will consider all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid one cent a word NEXT MONTH THE OLYMPIC FLAME WILL BE CARRIED. at time of publication. Photographs accompanying IN THE WORLD'S LONGEST RELAY. 2.700 MILES FROM articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dollar CAIRNS IN NORTHERN QUEENSLAND TO . each. Five dollars is paid for cover pictures. TO CELEBRATE THE OPENING OF THE XVITH OLYM¬ PIAD. 83 NATIONS HAVE BEEN INVITED TO PARTICI¬ Copyright, 1956, by the American Foreign Service PATE. AND OVER 30.000 VISITORS ARE EXPECTED AT Association. MELBOURNE. FSO GERALD WARNER REPORTS ON Issued monthly at the rate of $3.00 a year, 25 cents PLANS AND PREPARATIONS IN AUSTRLIA FOR THE a copy, by the American Foreign Service Association. OLYMPICS. ON PAGE 24 OF THIS ISSUE. 1908 G Street, N. W., Washington. D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Printed in U.S.A. by Monumental Printing Com¬ pany, Baltimore. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Appointments and Designations American Express Company 1 American Foreign Service Protective Association 45 The following appointments to ambassadorial posts by American President Lines ; 47 American Security & Trust Company 33 President Eisenhower have been confirmed by the Senate: American Storage Company 16 GEORGE W. ALLEN Greece AVCO 39 HENRY BYROADE South Africa Bookmailer, The 32 CAVENDISH CANNON Morocco Brown-Forman Distillers Corporation 11 Calvert School 51 RAYMOND HARE Egypt Chase-Manhattan Bank 14 G. LEWIS JONES Tunisia Chatel, J. C., Realtor =. 51 CHRISTIAN RAVNDAL Ecuador Circle Florists 4 EDWARD T. WAILES Hungary DACOR 57 Educational Consulting Service 49 WILLIAM M. ROUNTREE has been named to succeed Mr. Federal Storage Company 8 Allen as Assistant Secretary of State for NEA. Ferris & Company 6 Firestone Tire & Rubber Company 20 The following nominations have been approved by the First National City Bank of New York 45 Senate: Fowler Enterprises 49 Francis Scott Key Apartment Hotel 47 Class 2, and Secretaries to be also Consuls General General Electronics Incorporated 14 Montgomery, Edward P. O’Donnell, Charles P. General Motors Corporation 13 Goodman, Henry J. 8c Co. 51 Class 3, and Secretaries to be also Consuls General Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 34, 35 Martindale, Robert C. Minnigerode, H. Gordon Grace Line 12 Harris, L. E. Agency : 53 Class l,also to be Consuls and Secretaries International Bank : 49 International Telephone 8c Telegraph Corporation 15 Armstrong, W. Park, Jr. Barrows, Leland Jefferson International Corporation 18 Class 2, also to be Consuls and Secretaries Maphis, J. Alan 45 Mayflower, The 9 Barringer, J. Paul Stelle Charles C. Merchants Transfer & Storage Company 47 Doherty, Edward W. Trivers, Howard Montgomery Ward 10 McCullough, Max Unger, Leonard National Distillers Products Corporation 5, 41 Mcllvaine, Robinson Weiss, Leonard Ney’s Shopping Service 9 Norris Furniture Corporation 51 Robinson, Marc J. Wilson, George F. Philco International Corporation 43 Sheppard, William J. Radio Corporation of America 2 Schenley International Corporation 37, III Cover Class 3, also to be Consuls and Secretaries Seagram’s V. O II Cover Bekker, Konrad Mueller, Walter J. Security Storage Company of Washington 33 Chappell, Joseph J. Nelson, Thomas E. Service Investment Corporation 49 Seven Seas Restaurant 18 Cooper, Edward N. Reifinan, Alfred Smith’s Transfer and Storage Company 53 Flanagan, James M. Rieger, John F. Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. 19 Hallman, Paul W. Silver, Warren A. State Department Federal Credit Union 16 Hughes, Mrs. Ruth Mason Sisco, Joseph John Swartz, W. H. Co. 7 United Fruit Company 6 McDonald, John W., Jr. Wade, Roy L. United States Lines 9 Vantage Press 38 Class 4. also to be Consuls and Secretaries Waldorf-Astoria, The IV Cover Bailey, John A. Moores, Roland F. Wilner, Jos. A. 8c Co. 53 Bevilacqua, Charles K. Neese, John L., Jr. Woodward 8c Lothrop 18 Wooster School - 47 Caldwell, George W., Jr. Newell, Hugo V. Zenith Radio Corporation ± 17 Doerr, John D. Person, Robert Falkener, Sara G. Prokofieff, Vladimir Getsinger, Norman W. Purnell, Lewis M. Hayes, Robert C. Rose, Helen W. Hodet, Thomas R. Sallas, Gustav A. E.autiU 3L werA Johnson, Gordon D. Sanchez, Manuel Lehmann, W. J. Snidow, William P. For Every Occasion Leighton, Leocade Tenney, W. Davidson McElroy, Jesse D., Jr. Zirkle, Vernon B. AT POPULAR PRICES Vice-Consuls and Secretaries CHARGE Class 5, also to be ACCOUNTS Anderson, Marion E. Lewis, Orville M. INVITED Andrus, Faith V. Lewis, Theodore L. Bloom, Hyman Marks, Copeland H. Booth, S. Lees Offie, Teresa lorists Brogan, John A., Ill Oliverson, Mary W. Buzbee, Hubert H., Jr. O’Mahony, Joseph E. 5634 CONNECTICUT AVENUE EM. 3-6465 Christie, Harold T. Parks, Neil L. Durling, Fred A. Rice, Elizabeth

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BEXI.OWS 'CPARTNERSI PARTNERS CHOICE CHOICEJi BELLOWS You can taste the difference! Contains CLUB BOURBON 1SKEY'A BLESI® more aged base whiskies, blended This is the one straight bourbon that with the finest grain neutral spirits, fa % %££%%%& 1 met the exacting standardsof the part¬ than any other nationally sold blended ners of Bellows & Company. You just whiskey at its price. cannot buy a better-tasting straight Kentucky bourbon at any price! m Only the best is labelled

SEPTEMBER, 1956 5 Appointments aiul Designations Farr, Jean L. Rivera, Regulo Glennon, Clifford J. Sheehy, Mrs. Helen E. Goodman, Seymour S. Shults, Lucy Jessee, Albert W. Smith, Cora M. Kelley, William Somerford, Fred A. Klieforth, Leslie A. van Essen, Marcel Lawrence, Malcolm Yoder, Robert D. Class 5, also to be Consul and Secretary Alsterlund, Nor ah Class 6, also to be Vice-Consuls and Secretaries “Allen, Phillip M. tLaumer, John K. “Applebaum, Sheldon ‘Levin, Herbert Ferris & Company, Members of the New York Logan, Alan Slock Exchange, cordially invites you to become “Beck, William M. acquainted with our investment services. Blake, Melville E.. Jr. Lusby, David S. The Overseas Department, staffed by people who Brewer, Carleton C. fMcIntyre, Stuart H. themselves have been in foreign service, is familiar “Marcus, Melvin M. with the special problems involved in carrying out “Cahill, Harry A. your investment program while you are abroad. * Canney Paul F. “Moon, Richard B. Whether you set up a mutual fund monthly invest¬ *Carlucci, Frank C. ‘Morefield, Richard H. ment program or, with the help of the Research Department, a portfolio of individual securities, ‘Chapman, R. Dabney fMorgan, Don A.. the Overseas Department supervises your invest¬ “Christiansen, Richard D. Nagy, Ernest A. ments and keeps you informed of any significant fCox, Robert G. ‘Nalle Beauveau B. developments. Why not send for our brochure, “How to Plan fCroswell, Edwin G. ‘O’Hara, Charles R. Your Finances,” which includes a complete de¬ Davis, Allen C. Plambeck, Arthur C. scription of services offered. ‘Dorrance, John C. Raynolds, David R. FERRIS & COMPANY England, Robert A. Rogers, Robert F. “Rogers, Stephen H. 523 Washington Bldg. ST 3-5924 ‘Glitman, Maynard W. ‘Rotklein, Bernard J. Washington, D. C. Cable: FERBISCO tGrip, Carl J. John S. R. Schoenfeld Julia M. Montgomery Hall, Walter V. ‘Smith, Jackson L. ‘Heyniger, Lambert Smith, Thomas W. M. ‘High, George Borman fStevens, Franklyn E. “Jones, Donald R. ‘Streator, Edward J., Jr. ‘Jones George F. “Teele, Thurston F. Kane, Carol P. Thigpen, George H. tKeller, Edward E., Jr. Thomas, Francis Hugh ‘Killoran, Thomas F. ‘Toussaint, Donald R. ‘Knepper, William E. ‘Walters, Edward T. Lande, Peter W. Watts, William Lane, Larry E. ‘Young. Charles L. ‘These officers who have been assigned to the Depart¬ ment, finished the Junior Officer course at the Foreign Service Institute, August 17. Also in the class were Sharon E. Erdkamp, Lewis P. Fickett, Jr., Charles W. Grover, Edward R. O’Conner, and William B. Pounds. tAssigned to the field, these officers will finish the Junior Officers course, . Others in the class are Dwight Ambach, Roderick Grant, Stanley Harris, Gordon THIS LIVING CIRCLE Klett, Richard G. Long. Robert K. Olson, Robert P. Smith, STRENGTHENS THE AMERICAS and Charles Stout. “In addition to these officers the membership of the new Interdependence between the Americas is the key class which began its program August 6 includes: A nth on \ to the survival of the Western Hemisphere. It is based upon trade and communications. Albrecht. Howard Blutstein, Basil Brown, John Barfield, Today many crops and products flow northward Roy Ferrence, Frank Mau, John Peters, Lawrence Pickering, from Central America . . . the dollars they earn Cecil Richardson, and Benjamin Weiner. flow southward, later to buy refrigerators, tele¬ phones, cars, tractors and other manufactures. Foreign Service Staff Officers to be Consuls This Living Circle of economics brings the people of the American Republics into close bonds of Austin, Gilbert F. Meadows Nathan R. friendship and better living. Braun, William K. Nichols, Robert L. Coffey, John P. Ruggieri, Nicholas United Fruit Company Cromwell. Frederick N. Sowell, Benjamin L. Kirkland, Edwin C-

0 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SSS ELEGANTE Y HAND-NEEDEED nee you’ve seen HAND WOVEN TWEEDS-SCOTLAND you’ll instantly know there are none finer at any price. For in¬ 90 formal wear; for traveling. Hand-woven 8C hand-needled. New o raglan model spells unbelievable comfort—and wear! 45 u his is Cashmere & Lamb Wool CROMBI E-SCOTLAND . . ^ once you feel it ’round your shoulders—you’ll reach for your wal¬ 50 let. Here is luxury at a price within reach. The magnificent hand T of legendary Scotch Crombie. All colors; warm; no weight. 69 E oyalty of the GABARDINES—CAWTHRA, SCOTLAND Here is truly the acknowledged blue-blood aristocrat of them all. 90 And money can’t buy more. Popular raglan model that’s widely R used—even with fo-mal wear. Drenched with SSS hand-needling! 45 C Id Favorite . . . Genuine WEST-OF-ENGLAND COVERT A favorite with all our Ambassadors. Beautiful, enduring Saxony- Covert . . . made doubly individual by faint overplaid or raised 4950 O herringbone. $100.00 and up environment. A his is the completely new luxury PARLANO FLEECE . . . made from fine imported 8C domestic wools. Lustrous in appear¬ ance; luxurious in "hand”; light in weight—but extremely warm. 545° T Easily the aristocrat of all lightweight overcoats. FOR WOMEN: 100% pure camel in new single breasted, x/i - belt, T raveller SWARTZs model $72.50 501 E. PRESTON ST. BALTIMORE -2 MD. Our New Catalog is now in the Mail—See Administrative Office

SEPTEMBER. 1956 7 Appointments and Designations Foreign Service Reserve Officer to be Consul and Secretary Swift, Carleton B.. Jr.

Foreign Service Reserve Officer to be Consul Sichel, Peter M. F. Foreign Service Reserve Officer to be Secretaries Hyson, Charles D. Weitzel, Richard G.

Foreign Service Reserve Officer to be Vice Consul Goodall, Harold Lloyd Rogers, John R. Rajala, Clifford A. Shaw, Robert T.

BIRTHS

FEDERAL STORAGE BELL. A son, Patrick Scott, was born to Sir Peter and Lady Bell, June 13, 1956, in Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia. The baby is a grandson of retired Foreign Service Officer, COMPANY ALBERT W. SCOTT. DUNNIGAN. A son, Leo Daniel, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling Thomas J. Dunnigan, June 26, 1956, in Hong Kong. and Care of Household Treasures EASUM. A son, Jefferson Boyd, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Easum, May 5, 1956, in Managua. NELSON. A son, Robert (Robin) Lloyd, was born to Mr. FOREIGN SERVICE and Mrs. Robert L. Nelson, June 26, 1956, in Washington. • LIFT-VANS. We handle Bowling Green Mr. Nelson is assigned to the Foreign Reporting staff. steel lift-vans exclusively in Washington. Experi¬ ence for safety in these well known containers since MARRIAGES the turn of the century speaks for itself. Door to door service is available throughout most of the BLAKE-WHITEHOUSE. Sylvia Whitehouse, daughter of Mr. world. We also use wooden vans and cases of all sizes. Recently we have constructed a branch build¬ and Mrs. Sheldon Whitehouse of New York, was married to ing across the river in Alexandria, equipped with Robert Blake, July 28, 1956, in Newport. Mr. Blake is as¬ every modern device for packing and foreign ship¬ signed to the Eastern European Desk in Washington. ping. This building has its own private railroad spur and motor freight terminal to expedite service, DAVIS-CAREY. Helen M. Carey was married to John R. and maintain our "on schedule” reputation. Davis, Jr. July 28, 1956, in Washington. Mr. Davis has been assigned to Djakarta. • WORLD-WIDE INSURANCE. Complete coverage is available for your household goods while in our motor vans, in our lift-vans, in IN MEMORIAM our depository, or in your home. Just communi¬ cate with our Insurance Department. Most favor¬ BLATCHFORD. Edward Blatchford, retired Foreign Service able fire insurance rates apply to your goods in officer, died in Chicago, May 18, 1956. Mr. Blatchford storage, due to the recognized superiority of our facilities. served in the Near East for twenty six years. BOTELER William P. Boteler, Vice Consul, died June 16, • AUTOMOBILE SHIPMENTS. 1956, in Nicosia. We specialize in boxing automobiles. We also BROOKHART. Charles E. Brookhart, retired Foreign Service have driveaway service to or from pier for auto¬ mobiles which do not require boxing. officer, died in Washington, March 15, 1956. Mr. Brookhart was Consul in Hong Kong at the time of his retirement in We are members of the National Furniture Warehousemen’s Association, the Canadian Warehousemen’s Association, the 1948. British Association of International Furniture Removers, and F.I.D.I. (Federation Internationale des Demenageurs DYE. Dr. Alexander V. Dye, retired Foreign Service Officer, Internationaux.) died June 2, 1956, in Tryon, North Carolina. GOETZMANN. Jule L. Goetzmann, chief of the Monetary 1701 Florida Avenue Stabilization branch of the State Department, died in Wash¬ ington, July 23, 1956. As a Foreign Service officer, Mr. Washington 9, D. C. Goetzmann had served in Havana, Bilbao, San Jose, and Telephone ADams 4-5600 Yokohama. Cable BOWLINGVAN LAURELL. George D. Laurell, Foreign Service Officer, E. K. MORRIS, President; H. RANDOLPH BARBEE, First died May 12, 1956 in Rotterdam where he was serving as Vice-President; JAMES M. JOHNSTON, Vice-President and Treasurer; FREDERIC N. TOWERS, Vice-President and a Vice Consul. Counsel; P. M. DEMING, Vice-President; G. ELROY McNEIL, Secretary; RAYMOND O. BABB, General Super¬ LANE. The Hon. ARTHUR BUSS LANE, who had a long and intendent; ROBERT L. TULL, Assistant Vice-President; DONALD W. TOLSON, Auditor; WILLIAM L. ALBERT, distinguished career in the Foreign Service, was past presi¬ Traffic Manager. dent of the American Foreign Service Association and of DACOR, died August 12 in New York City. MAXTON. Dr. Jacob L. Maxton, Foreign Agricultural Officer, died in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, May 16, 1956.

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL AFLOAT OR ASHORE The superb new s' s‘ United States The world’s most modern passenger liner . . . less than 5 days to Europe

NEW YORK • HAVRE • SOUTHAMPTON A NAME OF First Class, $350 up; Cabin, $220 up; Tourist, $172 un The beautiful and luxurious Sm s‘ America Favorite of thousands of transatlantic travelers.

Friendly hospitality awaits Foreign Service men and NEW YORK • COBH • HAVRE • SOUTHAMPTON their families at this distinguished hotel in the na¬ BREMERHAVEN tion’s capital. Its central location is convenient to the First Class, $295 up; Cabin, $200 up; Tourist, $165 up White House, embassies and government buildings. Famous for luxurious comfort, fine food and service. The Mayflower is the residence of many noted person¬ ages . . . the scene of internationally-important events and the favorite meeting place of society. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Gay Cocktail Lounge. COMPLETELY AIR-CONDITIONED

See our authorized Travel Agents UNITED STATES LINES WASHINGTON, D. C. One Broadway, New York C. ]. Mack, Vice President & General Manager ....AS NEAR AS AN AIR MAIL STAMP!

Q//e ^//indii/e/ SHOPPING ERVlj£ wince CJ SPECIAL EXPORT PRICES • t $ » //l Me WM// BE SURE ... get NEY'S Franchised dealer for major appliances with the proper prices before you buy washers, voltage for any country in the world. Every item is dryers, refrigerators, radios, fully guaranteed to operate in the country for which it television, transformers, etc. was purchased. BE SURE . . . that you are buying the RIGHT current for the RIGHT country. WRITE FOR Years of practical experi¬ AROUND THE CORNER . . . OUR NEW CATALOG ences have given NEY'S or AROUND THE WORLD a lot of experience. AND It's yours FREE . . . your FREE copy of for the asking. Ney’s own packing and shipping department are at your service "ELECTRICAL LIVING . . . insuring fast, economical service and full protection. IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES" CHARGE ACCOUNTS INVITED NATIONALLY ADVERTISED 1144 - 18th Street, N.W. WASHINGTON 6, D. C., U.S.A. MERCHANDISE Sterling • CABLE - NEIGH

SEPTEMBER, 1956 9 SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS 1956-1957 EXPORT DEPARTMENT CHICAGO, U. S. A. The American Foreign Service Association has announced the Scholarship awards for the academic year 1956-57. Winners were chosen by the Committee on Education: CHARLES HULICK, JR., chairman, WILLIAM DALE FISIIER, DOUGLAS FORMAN, JR., MRS. OLCOTT DEMING, MRS. HAROLD HOSKINS, MRS. JOSEPH PALMER, 2ND, AND MRS. FRASER WILKINS. THE HON. CECIL B. LYON served as liaison officer. Charles B. Hosmer and American Foreign Service Association Scholarship

JOHN L. DONALDSON, son of the late HARRY M. DONALDSON, is entering the freshman year at Oberlin College. $450

LYNN W. FRANKLIN, son of the late LYNN W. FRANKLIN, will be a sophomore at Virginia Military Institute. $450

DOUGLAS H. LATIMER, son of FREDERICK P. LATIMER, JR., is entering Princeton University. $450 WHEREVER YOU ARE STATIONED

YOU CAN SHOP WARDS NEW, BEAUTIFUL Fall & Winter Catalog JACQUELINE M. MCCLOUD, daughter of FIELDEN W. MCCLOUD, will be a fresh¬ People the world over will shop from Wards man at Northern Michigan College. $450 beautiful Fall & Winter Catalog. Here's why: • new, better-value merchandise • complete, accurate descriptions William Benton Scholarship • low, money-saving prices • safe delivery assured, anywhere WILLIAM MCC. RICHARDSON, son of W. GARLAND RICHARDSON, will be a sopho¬ Yes, the Fall Catalog offers plus-value mer¬ more at Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ chandise: fashions, housewares, tools, sport¬ nology. $500 ing goods, gifts—thousands of everyday needs —all carefully selected to meet high quality standards. And Wards rock-bottom prices will save you money—time and again. Over 800 value-packed pages—bigger than MARITA VON HELLENS, daughter of ever! Just like in the States, Wards bring a huge LAWRENCE W. VON HELLENS, is entering store right to your door—to make shopping Marymount College. $500 easier. Every item clearly described and pic¬ tured. You can be sure when you buy at Wards. Robert D. Murphy Scholarship If you do not have the new book, ask to borrow it from your official library. Orders sent now will assure you of a personal copy next season. JAMES A. MOKMA, son of GERALD A. MOKMA, will he a freshman at the Let us handle your Christmas gift orders, too. Colorado School of Mines. $500 Prompt shipment anywhere, assured delivery. t

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL I ill

IS I® Not too dry, not too sweet

A whisky sour made with Old Forester m i

is a drink that cheers — and one to cheer about!

For its unmatched bouquet, its full-bodied goodness, Old Forester is the bonded bourbon whisky that sets the standard for all Kentucky whiskies — grand in a mixed drink . . . and simply superb when served straight!

As fine in quality, as elegant in flavor as it was in 1870, the year the first Old Forester was created, it is “America’s C)liD guest whisky” — a promise of good cheer! Try it tonight — you, too, will say: KENTUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKY

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Juice of YJ lemon, 1 teaspoon Our Export Division is at your sugar, 1 or 2 jiggers of Old Service, ready to give careful Forester. Shake well with ice. attention to every detail. You'll Strain into delmonico glass, like dealing with them. Write or garnish with fruit. cable your requirements today.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 11 FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOLARSHIPS (from page 10) Robert Woods Bliss Scholarship

ERNEST S. GUADERRAMA, JR., son of ERNEST S. GUADERRAMA, will be a sopho¬ more at the Univ. of California, Los Angeles. $500

ARTHUR S. WARNER, son of GERALD WARNER, will be a sophomore at Wash¬ ington and Lee University. $500

Symbol of Service Overseas Service Scholarship

in World Trade MULFORD JAY COLEBROOK, son of MUL- Flying high over the decks of trim, modern Santa FORD A. COLEBROOK, will be a senior ships, the Grace Line flag is a symbol of service at Earlham College. $375 familiar in key harbors of all the Americas. To shippers and travelers alike, it is a reminder that Grace ships have been serving vital inter-American trade for a century. With expanding world trade—more important JOHN H. GEERKEN, son of FORREST K. than ever to global economic stability and inter¬ GEERKEN, will enter George Washing¬ national understanding—Grace Line will continue ton University as a freshman. $375 to improve its facilities, ships and services for the furtherance of a flourishing, two-way trade between the Americas. Gertrude Stewart Memorial Scholarship In this important phase of world trade, Grace Line’s service typifies the significant contributions of America’s Merchant Marine. Keeping pace with the growing needs of Hemisphere trade, Grace THOMAS WATSON DOUGHERTY, son of JOSEPH L. DOUGHERTY, will be a fresh¬ Line stands ready, as always, to provide exporters, man at Johns Hopkins University. $480 importers and travelers with the best in swift, de¬ pendable transportation to and from Latin America.

REGULAR DIRECT AMERICAN FLAG PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICES BETWEEN THE AMERICAS FREDERICK F. FARNSWORTH, son of Between New York, Atlantic Ports and FREDERICK E. FARNSWORTH, will be a Netherlands Antilles, junior at the University of Kansas. $480 Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Canal Zone, Ecuador, Peru (Bolivia), Chile. Between U. S. Pacific Ports and Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and West Coast of South America.

JOHN H. GRUMMON, son of STUART E. GRUMMON, freshman year at Princeton University. $480

Agents and Offices in All Principal Cities Hanover Square, New York 4, N. Y. (Continued, on page 14)

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL GENERAL MOTORS LEADS THE WAY-with

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 13 FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOLARSHIPS (from page 12) Foreign Service Journal Scholarship

ANN MARY HIGGINS, daughter of HERBERT N. HIGGINS, will enter Stone Ridge, Convent of the Sacred Heart, in her junior year of preparatory school. $500

Oliver Bishop Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship

LONG active in promoting commerce among the peoples of the Americas, The MARGARET L. SIMPSON, daughter of R. Chase Manhattan Bank today is in the SMITH SIMPSON, will enter Bryn Mawr. vanguard of those institutions which are fostering Pan-American relations by the promotion of trade and travel.

JOHN A. WASHINGTON II, son of S. THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK WALTER WASHINGTON, hopes to complete NEW YORK the normal four year program in three, Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation graduating June 1957 from University of Virginia.

Miss Simpson and Mr. Washington will each receive half of the trust income.

Among Our Contributors: GENERAL Edith Belcher in her post report looks at the Nation’s ELECTRIC capital as would a foreign diplomat, some of whom classify Washington as a “hardship” post. Wife of TAYLOR G. BELCHER, Mrs. Belcher contributed to the JOURNAL while Appliances stationed in Scotland. The Belchers have been stationed in Mexico City, in Glasgow, and are now in Washington. We will be interested to hear reports and reactions from others FOR on this “hardship” post. Francis de Wolf, editor of the Bookshelf, tells us that Usha Mahajani, who has reviewed EXPORT “At Home in India” on page 32 of this issue, is a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University. Her home is in New Delhi where her father is Vice Chancellor of the University REFRIGERATORS — RANGES — FREEZERS of Delhi. Miss Mahajani has visited the Bowles’ home in Connecticut. “Morality and Foreign Affairs,” reprinted WASHERS — DRIERS from the Virginia Quarterly, carries forward the discussion AIR CONDITIONERS by Mr. ROOT and Mr. HANNAH in our letter column last RADIOS — SMALL APPLIANCES month. Its author, Howard Trivers, was appointed an instructor at the National War College in 1954. He is cur¬ rently Officer in Charge of Polish, Baltic and Czechoslovak Affairs. Up to his ears in preparations for the Olympic Games at Melbourne, Consul General Gerald Warner GENERAL ELECTRONICS nevertheless took time out to send us his authoritative and INCORPORATED comprehensive piece on the Games. With at least one of his American staff and several of the local staff assigned full SHOW ROOM — 4313 WISCONSIN AVE., N.W. time to the Games’ duties, the chief officer at Melbourne EM. 2 8300 WASHINGTON, D.C. anticipates two months devoid of “breathing spells.” WRITE FOR CATALOG We have heard of people who do send their Christmas cards early and so are publishing this month eight pages of addresses of retired FSOs.

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SEPTEMBER, 1956 Wi We buildelectronic"BRAINS" forguidedmissiles research, development,and manufactureof INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONEANDTELEGRAPH CORPORATION,67Broad Street,NewYork4, N.Y. missile guidanceandprecision remotecontrol both divisionsofIT&T,are deeplyengagedin experience andascoreofspecialskills. engineers oftheInternationalTelephoneand Telegraph Corporationhavebeenatworkon electronic controls. RIES andFARNSWORTHELECTRONICS COMPANY, guided missilesystems,applyingworld-wide depends uponthereliabilityofprecision FEDERAL TELECOMMUNICATIONLABORATO¬ From theverybeginning,scientistsand A missile’saccuracyinreachingitstarget Sparrow, Meteor,Rascal,andBoinarc. operation ofsuchmissilesastheTerrier,Talos, systems .contributingtotheconceptionand Missile guidanceisonemorefieldinwhich 15 THE CREDIT UNION IS FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE

. . . Use it to help “Five Star Diplomats” is what the Press called the first officers to be appointed Career Ambassadors. About twenty solve those financial problems. five years ago the four—JIMMY DUNN, BOB MURPHY, LOY HENDERSON, and Doc MATTHEWS—were doing a hitch in See your administrative officer the Department and boasted from about a Half to three- fourths of a star each. Near the end of a hot summer day for further details. they and many others might have been seen standing at the top of the Pennsylvania avenue steps of Old State waiting ‘ Total Loans ■ for a cooling downpour to let up. Chatting there with a ; $2,002,957 ; friend was a pleasant experience. He might have been on 1 Total Shares | post with you and might have just signed the register in I $2,368,764 1 room 109 after greetings in 115 from Herbert Hengstler, Chief of FA, and Harry Havens. Among those who some¬ A place to save times waited on the let-up of the rain, especially if they happened to quit early, were Anna A. O’Neill. Blanche Rule, l Mrs. Halla), Sadie D. Moore, Ruth B. Shipley, Francis C. STATE DEPARTMENT deWolf, Frederick Livesey, Charles Lee Cooke, Michael FEDERAL CREDIT UNION McDermott, Marvin Will, Nina G. Romeyn, Margaret Shedd, Madge Blessing, Richard Fluornoy, George Morlock, Percy .... A place to borrow Allen, Miles Shand, Adele Dix, Ancel Taylor. Mildred Deike, Eunice Lincoln, Rebekah De Lashmutt, Larry Frank. William R. Vallanice, Cornelia B. Bassel, Herbert Feis, Harry C. Haw¬ kins. David A. Salmon. Sample Anecdote The first four ladies mentioned above know some choice anecdotes. Sample: “When Mr. L. H. Woolsey (Solicitor from 1917 to 1920) wanted anyone or anything, be wanted STVRFGIE tVMPRNY them right then, and Anne was his right hand—i.e. his girl Friday. On one occasion he was in a stew and Anne was out SHIPPING TO OR FROM WASHINGTON of the room. So he sent the messenger for her. He looked everywhere and finally had a bright idea. Being barred from opening a certain swing door in Old State, he stooped INCOMING CASES AND VANS are easily stored down and in a loud whisper said: ‘Miss Annie, Miss Annie, intact inside our new, is you c’ere? If you is, Mr. Woolsey tvants you RIGHT spacious, clean warehouse NOW. (from Sadie Moore). and are then unpacked Ouch! Yelled the Victims! At a dinner party at the at your residence. American Embassy, London, Mrs. Nathaniel P. Davis told Ambassador CHARLES G. DAWES that she once stabbed a man in the back. He leaned over and was all ears. “It was at the theater,” she said, “and in fastening my hat to the COMPLETE FACIL¬ back of the seat in front of me, I jabbed a long hatpin into ITIES for all your SHIP¬ its occupant. The Ambassador could hardly wait for me to PING AND STORAGE finish—so anxious was he to tell me about the time he did NEEDS in our other modern warehouses. the same thing at a London theater with his wife’s hatpin.” DREW-HUNTER Married at New York, June 20. 1931, Diplo¬ matic Secretary GERALD A. DREW and Miss Doris Hunter. VINCENT-SPENCER Marred at Tsinan. Shantung, on March RMERKRN STVRRSE W. 28, 1931, Consul JOHN CARTER VINCENT and Miss Elizabeth 2801 Georgia Ave., Washington 1, D. C. Thaver Spencer. CHII.DS-LEWIS Married at Chicago, June Phone DEeatur 2-6000 TWX-WA 139 20. 1931, Consul PRESCOTT CHILDS and Miss Roberta Lewis. Cable Address: "Amerstor'-' Washington There Like a Bright Red Rose: Ye old globe trotters Members: National Furniture Warehousemen's Assn. really appreciated us. Take this letter written to the Depart¬ ment twenty-five years ago: “He is brilliant, intelligent,

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SEPTEMBER. 1956 17 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO shrewd without being cunning, affectionate to a fault and going to the American Consulate is not so much a pleasure as knowing that John will be there like a bright red rose making an American wish to quicken his footsteps in order to get there sooner. His desire to please is faultless—he simply yearns to be of service to any American.” WASHINGTON 13. D.C From the Bookshelf: Two books which are being widely read in Washington circles are “The Washington Merry-Go- Round” and the “Mirrors of Washington” both anonymous and both purporting to give the low-down on the capital of this great and rather depressed republic. The “Merry-Go-Round” is generally regarded as the work of a group of opposition journalists . . . “The Mirrors,” on the other hand, is written by one hand and contains a series of character sketches of the presumptive political Plan Now* for candidates of the 1932 national elections. ... It speaks rather slightingly of both Owen D. Young and Governor Christmas Shopping Franklin Roosevelt as presidential timber and prefers Newton D. Baker. Now is the time for you, our overseas Ed Trueblood was Puzzled customers, to begin considering Christ¬ June, 1956 mas Shopping. Our Personal Shoppers Dear Jimmie: are ready now to play “Santa” with all My surprise was intense when I picked up recently Le your gift shopping problems. Monde Diplomatique and read on its page of “Mouvement Diplomatique et Consulaire” the following changes: *For delivery of Christmas parcels to overseas points, Mr. J. RIVES CHILDS has been appointed second secretary endeavor to have your order reach us before November of the Embassy of the United States at Le Caire. 1st. Simply write—Woodward & Lothrop, Mail Cr Telephone Order Dept., 3rd Floor, North Building. Mr. JULIUS C. HOLMES has been appointed third secretary of the Legation of the United States in Bucharest. Mr. ROBERT B. MACATEE has been appointed consul of the United States in Malaga. gOLDEN-HUED Mr. ROBERT M. SCOTTEN has been appointed first secre¬ TABLEWARE tary of the Embassy of the United States in Paris. giFTWARE After puzzling over the matter I finally realized that this (No federal tax) eminent publication had taken its information from one of your Twenty-Five Years Ago columns. . . . JEFFERSON INTERNATIONAL CO., INC. American Embassy, Paris Ed Trueblood Exclusive Export Distributors 101 Front Street HIS HONOR, THE MAYOR New York 5, N. Y.

AUTHORIZED SUPPLIERS Former Ambassador NATHANIEL P. DAVIS recently recalled TO MEMBERS OF that when Jimmy Walker was still riding high as Mayor of THE FOREICN SERVICE New York, he visited the Lord Mayor of London, dined at AND THE ARMED FORCES Mansion House, rode in the gilded coach, and got all the WRITE FOR publicity anyone could wish. He took time out from all ILLUSTRATED LITERATURE this for a luncheon in his honor at the American Club. The president of the club escorted him through the lounge and bar introducing the members by name. But when he SEVEN SEAS RESTAURANT came to Consul General ALBERT HALSTEAD he omitted the SPECIALIZES name and said, “Mr. Mayor, I want you to meet our Consul NORTHERN CHINESE FOOD General.” As the two shook hands, Halstead said, “My name is Halstead. You can forget the title. I travel on my Feast dinners served like in the native country personality as you do.” Without a moment’s hesitation, • Peking Duck • Jah-tze • Sharks fin soup Jimmy replied, “Except on pay day, of course. and many other favorite dishes PIANO MUSIC: Mon. thru Sat., from 8 p.m. POST TO POST Air Conditioned CARLOS J. WARNER, Vice Consul, Buenos Aires to Third Secretary, Bogota Please call TU 2-6040 for reservations Large customers parking area in rear CHARLES E. BOHLEN, Vice Consul, Prague to Vice Consul. Paris 5915 Georgia Ave., N.W. at Military Road EDWIN ALLAN LIGHTNER, JR., Vice Consul, Maracaibo to Santiago, Chile

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Behind the Ships that Set the Pace . . . a Master’s Touch in Oil

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Morality and Foreign Affairs

By HOWARD TRIVERS

THE precipitate emergence of the United States after with it, the same period has seen, the critics point out, re¬ World War II into a position of leadership on the current American efforts to disassociate ourselves from the world political scene has brought with it a review and re¬ ills and evils of world politics, to withdraw from its tension appraisal of past United States foreign policy. The prin¬ and problems, and to seek security in a Western hemisphere ciples and attitudes behind this policy have been scrutinized isolation. The Senate’s refusal to ratify United States par¬ closely and found wanting by a series of distinguished and ticipation in the League, an action which enjoyed consider¬ enlightened men. Most notable in this review has been the able popular support in the ensuing years, w'as the first work of men with real experience in the practice of foreign and most important step in this direction. The neutrality acts affairs, George Kennan, C. B. Marshall, and Louis J. Halle; of the 1930’s set down in detail a method supposed to en¬ of the political theorists with a similar orientation, Hans sure that the United States would not become involved in Morgenthau might he mentioned. This critical review has wars beyond the seas. In the same spirit was the proposal been a very healthy phenomenon. Inasmuch as only ten to divest Congress of the power to declare war by requiring years have elapsed smce the end of World War II hostilities, a referendum on war instead—a proposal only narrowly this critique is new, in a sense barely begun. And yet it has defeated in the House early in 1938. already become anachronistic. Let us recognize at once that there is a great measure of Is that possible? Barely begun and already anachronistic. truth in the criticism of the foregoing aspects of recent The new critique of United States foreign policy was based United States foreign policy. American policy up to the end on certain conditions, or rather on the acceptance of certain of World War II was characterized too often by an abstract conditions as fundamental in world-political reality. Can legalistic-moralistic approach and by an isolationist spirit: it be that the conditions changed while the critique was in fact, it seemed to oscillate between the tw'o. . . . being made? Ill II Let us first set forth briefly the substance of the critique The critics of our past foreign policy have not been con¬ with respect to past United States foreign policy. tent to point out the shortcomings of this policy, but have also outlined a positive realist approach to foreign policy. It is argued that the American approach to foreign rela¬ tions in the past fifty years has been animated by the idea The crucial category in this realist approach is national of an achievable formula capable of solving all the problems self-interest—“enlightened,” of course. The instrument and and removing all the hazards. Hence there has been a re¬ armor of national self-interest, we are told, is power. The current search for a panacea-formula. For instance, the power factors make possible the character of the nation’s arbitration and conciliation treaty is given as an example voice in the world arena. In the present circumstance, no of one such formula. We concluded ninety-seven of such single nation has sufficient power to expect to be able to ac¬ treaties in thirty-five years and none has ever been used to complish all its desires and aims. There are limits to foreign solve any significant problem. There were the Hague con¬ policy, imposed primarily by limitations on power. Survival ferences and various schemes for universal disarmament. of the fittest through competition is the essential process in The Kellogg-Briand pact, another example of a panacea- the politics of power. It is necessary according to the formula, sought to bring permanent peace by “outlawing” realists to admit the validity and legitimacy of power aspi¬ war. The idea of a universal international organization able rations as realities and “to seek their point of maximum to resolve political problems and to enforce their resolution equilibrium rather than their reform or their repression.” has played a great role in this period and is of continuing Maintenance of peace is to be achieved, it is hoped, by a importance. The United States took the initiative in creating return to harmonious operation of the balance of power the League of Nations, and despite our refusal to participate, system. The bipolar division of the world into two blocs is the fundamental idea of the League retained an appeal in embarrassing inasmuch as it renders difficult, or well nigh this country so that the United States played a prominent impossible, the operation of the balance of power. One role again in the establishment of the United Nations. author hopes that China may split off from the Soviets and begin to play off the Soviet Union against the Western With the above in mind, “the most serious fault of our Powers, adding that “the world might then see a return to past policy formulation” is found to lie in “the legalistic- moralistic approach” to international problems. Behind that multilateral balance of power which offers so much greater security to all concerned than the present bilateral this approach is seen the endeavor to regulate conduct in balance.” the international field by the acceptance of some system of legal rules and restraints. A major point is that we are enjoined to accept power Along with this American search for ways and means of aspirations and realities without feeling the obligation of solving international problems, and somewhat in conflict (Continued on page 40)

SEPTEMBER, 1956 21 POST REPORT DEPARTMENT OF STATE From: Date: August 2, 1956 Washington, D. C.

PART I General Description

Geography and Climate Washington is situated in the center of a rolling plain watered by the Potomac River which divides the Federal District from the State of Virginia. For most of the year Washington is eighty-eight feet above the level of the river. At one time the site consisted of mud flats, pastures and swamps which have been replaced by the Federal Govern¬ ment. Winters are generally mild, wet and seldom agreeable. Our author, Edith Belcher, transcribing by ear Snow is not a problem in Washington except for overly- the Government was accused of everything from tyranny to cautious car drivers. Traffic jams due to snow or rain are colonialism. frequent during the winter. The summer months are of a American is the spoken language of the country with the tropical nature and, with the exception of State Department exception of small towns and villages where often strange personnel who are tied to their desks, Washingtonians take and unintelligible dialects are spoken. The average Ameri¬ to the hills. can voice has a strong nasal tone and what is lost in Description of Post muddled speech is made up in volume. Americans, as a Washington has been the capital of the United States since rule, are exuberant, particularly the young men of the land 1800. After almost a generation in power, the Democratic who seldom talk when they can yell and never walk if they Regime was replaced by the Republican Regime in 1952. can ride. National Elections occur every four years and are of con¬ Sports and Outdoor Life siderable interest. Little violence is connected with these Unlike other hardship posts, there is an abundance of elections and it is usually safe to be on the streets during the sports, including golf, tennis, boating on the Potomac, hikes voting period. along the canal with Justice Douglas, riding, swimming, Recently the Federal District was given the right to vote bird watching, nature walks and the elections. Popular on local government issues for the first time in eighty years. sporting events include football, basketball, car pools, horse “Taxation without representation” signs and paid political racing and a game similar to baseball played by the Wash¬ advertisements on the radio were used in the campaign and ington Nationals, a local ball club.

Reports of Close Harmony at New State

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Social Recreation Recreation is by no means confined to official receptions, dinner parties and taking tourists to climb the Washington Monument. The wives, in particular, will find their days crowded with Cub Scout activity, Girl Scout activity, church and Sunday School work, chauffering the children. Leisure time is taken up with the numerous house guests who “pass through” Washington.

PART II Housing, Furniture, and Household Equipment

Government Quarters Except in the few Government-owned units namely, Blair House and the White House, which are of course restricted to certain occupancy regulations, there is little in the way of government quarters.

4vailability of Quarters There is no serious shortage of better-class housing in the city. There exists, as well, an ample supply of less expensive, rather unfinished “developments.” These houses are on a smaller scale, rather similar in appearance and stand abreast of one another overlooking large sandy lots—there may be a lack of shade, but airconditioned movies on almost every corner provide relief during the hot, humid months.

Furnishings In Washington one seldom need pay what a thing costs. Sales occur throughout the year and are climaxed with the George Washington Birthday sales. On this important na¬ tional holiday, the nation honors the Father of its Country with parades, and tremendous sales. Queues start early the day before, some people bringing sleeping bags for their night-long vigil.

Facilities In modern American houses and apartments, built since the war living rooms are average size. In the cheaper development houses, space problems should not arise pro¬ viding no member of the family is over five feet tall. Electricity costs have steadily risen during recent years until now they are prohibitive, but Foreign Service personnel will find candlelight restful as well as more economical and quite free from the noise of running meters.

Temporary Quarters There are no arrangements to meet new arrivals at the National Airport, the railway station or the Greyhound Bus depot. Personnel, upon their arrival in Washington, make their own room reservations.

Water It is not necessary to boil the water at this post. It is pure and the bad taste is due to the sanitary measures taken.

PART III Living Conditions Food All foods are available in Washington. The only high- 1. Messengers—Slow but Scintillating priced items are meat, eggs, butter, staples, fresh fruits, 2. Five Minutes before Closing Time vegetables and canned goods. Prices do vary with the 3. There are ways of Avoiding the Traffic Tie-ups (Continued on page 46) 4. At a Call from the Hill

SEPTEMBER, 1956 23 O AY Mm A

•Y- ' ^ ' r»r--55*22

By GERALD WARNER

N THE PLAINS OF Olympia, in southwest Greece, where O ▼ Wendouree, , the rowing course for the the ancient Gree's first began the Olympics 2732 years Olympic Games. ago, the sun’s rays will be concentrated by a magnifying glass to kindle a fire in late October, 1956. From these flames beautiful Greek maidens will light the Olympic Torch and hand it to the first of a relay of 350 young Greek athletes who will bear it to the ceremonies at the Athens Olympic Stadium, scene of the first modern Olympics in 1896. The flame will then be transferred to an old-fashioned, foot high, ten pound glass and pewter Saarland miner’s lamp for flight by Qantas Airways to Cairns on the coast of northern Queensland. , via Beirut, Karachi, Cal¬ cutta, Singapore, Djakarta, and Darwin. From Cairns the Torch in an aluminum holder burning hexamine tablets to keep the flame alive will begin the longest and most spectacular relay race in history. It will cover the 2732 miles to Melbourne down the east coast of Australia in one mile relays in which aboriginals as well as all resident nationalities will be represented. The route will pass the sugar cane and tropical fruit lands, and the 12 foot harking earthworms of northern Queensland, parallel the Great Barrier Reef off the coast, which serves as a sum¬ mer playground for Australians, and traverse the streets of provincial towns and the state capital at Brisbane. Tt will then cross the coastal rivers of New South Wales, pass the heavy industrial factories and mills of Newcastle, and enter Sydney, birthplace of this nation. Sydney produced two 1952 Helsinki champions in cyclist Lionel Cox and swimmer John Davies. It is also the home of tennis players Lew Hoad and Ken Rosewall, swdmmers Jon Henricks and Lorraine With over 30,000 visitors expected at the Games, I Crapp, and cricketers Keith Miller and Arthur Morris. Melbourne is following the lead set at Helsinki and I offering accommodations to many in its private homes.I Leaving Sydney, the Torch will cross the continent’s Great

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The placid, lawn-skirted waters of the Yarra, Melbourne, Australia

This is the heart of the festival. In the foreground is the , the Main Stadium for the Games. Beyond it, on the bank of the Yarra T River, is Olympic Park, a multi-purpose sports center.

John Landy running during the Aus¬ tralian Athletic Championships at Olympic Park, Melbourne.

Official invitations to 83 countries to attend the XVIth Olympic Games A were sent from Melbourne Town Hall, signed by Mr. W. S. Kent Hughes, ▲ Olympic Park, sports center for the Games. Beyond chairman of the Olympic Organizing Committee. Mr. Hughes is shown the grandstand is the Olympic pool where swimming signing in the presence of his committee. and diving events will be held. (Continued on page 26)

SEPTEMBER, 1956 The Olympic Games (from page 25) will be rowing and canoeing on Lake Wendouree at Ballarat in a beautiful setting some 70 miles west of Melbourne. Dividing Range to Canberra, the national capital. On Yachting will take place on Bay. through the rolling wheat and sheep lands of inland New It is expected that some 10,000 overseas civilian visitors South Wales, the Torch will cross the Murray into will come to Melbourne for the Games, and that they will at Albury, and head southwest to Melbourne. This home of take the opportunity to travel about this fascinating conti¬ the 1956 Olympiad is also that of miler John Landy, swim¬ nent while here. They may see some of the unusual flora mer John Marshall, tennis player Frank Sedgman and golfer (consider the wild flowers around Perth) and fauna (how Peter Thomson. about the egg laying, web footed, duck billed, fur bearing combination of reptile, bird, and water animal called a After some 15 days and nights of continuous hand to platypus) for which Australia is famed, as well as partaking hand travel, the Torch will reach its goal on November 22 of equally renowned Australian hospitality. If they come at the Main Olympic Stadium, the famous Melbourne Cricket early they can take in some Australian rules football—or¬ Ground, where some 120,000 spectators will see it trans¬ ganized mayhem, but a great spectator sport—or even see ferred to a symbolic cauldron as part of the Opening Cere¬ the Cup races on November 6, or perhaps later take in the mony. H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh will officially open Davis Cup matches at Adelaide after Christmas. But where the XVIth Olympiad. else in the world might you see a cuddly koala bear lolling MELBOURNE in its blue gum tree, or watch waddly penguins emerge stuffed from a day of sea fishing to feed their young in Melbourne, host city for the 1956 Games, is a modern burrows, or find a kangaroo effortlessly pacing your RHD well planned, friendly city of 1,500,000. Known as the Queen car at a graceful 50 miles per hour, or hear a lyre bird City of the South, it is a busy seaport, industrial, financial, imitate every forest sound from the irresistible laugh of the and commercial as well as the cultural center of the South kookaburra to the chopping of a woodsman felling a tree? Pacific, and a major force in the life of the Australian na¬ But you will be lucky to see an abo with his boomerang, or tion. Its broad tree-lined streets and suburbs cover some 230 a swagman with his billy can, and you may be surprised to square miles around the head of Port Phillip Bay, with its find that “Waltzing Matilda” is not the national anthem. many miles of fine beaches. The main sites for the Games in¬ In addition a dozen navies will have at least another volving new construction costing some $5 millions, are with¬ 10,000 men in port, with the U.S. Navy well represented in in a mile of the heart of the city, along the placid, lawn- two visitations. The first group during the period of No¬ skirted waters of the Yarra which meanders through the vember 21-30 will include the aircraft carrier Bennington town “too thick to swim in, too thin to flow” but it serves and 4 destroyers O’Brien, Walke, Small, and Hubbard, with commerce and sportsmen alike. Melbourne leads the good a complement of 262 officers and 3330 enlisted men, headed life of ordered beauty backed by a century of sound by Rear Admiral Storrs. The second contingent from De¬ achievement. It was its country’s capital city until 1927 cember 1-8 will consist of the cruiser Bremmerton and 4 when Canberra was established on neutral ground between destroyers Blue, McKean, Evans, and Cunningham, carry¬ the two colossi of Melbourne and Sydney, a la Washington ing 147 officers and 1840 enlisted men headed by Rear Ad¬ when New York, Philadelphia and Richmond could not miral H. L. Collins. In addition the U.S. Air Force will be agree on our capital’s location in our early days. represented during the period of the Games by about 100 Melbourne’s hotels could not begin to accommodate all airmen in 3 jet bombers, 2 KC 97s, 2 C 124s and 10 jet Olympic visitors, as indeed Helsinki’s could not in 1952, so fighters. Fortunately the Navy will provide their own bed that Melbourne’s very hospitable citizens have offered their and board, but the well deserved popularity of U.S. service¬ private homes for such additional accommodation as will men in Australia ever since 2 million of our men were here be required. The Olympic Civic Committee has inspected during the war will guarantee for them a warm welcome offerings for suitability, and through an elaborate card sys¬ which promises to make their visit a memorable one. tem is endeavoring to match visitor and host, to insure compatibilities. Accommodations generally range between ATHLETES $2 and $4 per day for bed and breakfast. Over 50% of Some 6,000 Olympic athletes, coaches and officials “in¬ those offering their homes have expressed a preference for cluding 400 each from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.” will be accommodating Asian visitors, which indicates the impor¬ accommodated in a newly constructed Olympic Village in tance Australians attach to their relations with Asian na¬ the suburb of Heidelberg, some 7 miles from the Main tions. Many other families have specified Americans and Stadium. This Village of some 800 attractive brick and some with lovely eligible daughters have even indicated a concrete houses and apartments is part of a $4 million State preference for bachelors. Housing Commission project which will become private housing when the Games are finished. Each nation will PARTICIPANTS AND VISITORS have its own section of housing, but there will be no barriers Of the 83 nations in the Olympic movement 73 have thus between, and all will eat in common mess halls which will far accepted Melbourne’s invitation to send teams to the be divided only by diet. Homeland meals will be prepared Games, while only 4 have declined. The previous highest by foreign cooks provided to the athletes in order to enable number of participant nations was 69 at Helsinki in 1952. them to keep in the peak of condition and not be upset by For 15 days and nights the world’s finest athletes will strive unfamiliar foods. An adjacent training field will give ath¬ for Olympic honors in 16 different sports covering 144 letes a place for workouts, while all other necessary facilities events. The only events being staged outside of Melbourne will be available at the Village.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL TICKETS beautiful Dandenongs—driving on the left of course as in Sale of the 1,300,000 tickets at an average of some $2 England. each for all Olympic events began in April, 1955, so that Melbourne and Victoria feel that they have a job not only many events are completely booked out including the Open¬ of providing their best for visitors, but also of selling them¬ ing and Closing Ceremonies, night swimming, and gym¬ selves and thereby Australia to the world. Their modest, nastics, boxing, basketball, and cycling finals. However, intelligent and able John Landy has recently done a beauti¬ overseas visitors have been given preferential booking op¬ ful job of selling Australia in the States in the realm of sport portunities, and should experience a minimum of difficulty and sportsmanship; and his visit was ably followed by that with seating. Heavy bookings have been made for daily of Premier Henry Bolte who interested additional American athletic events, wrestling, weightlifting, hockey and soccer investment in looking into the tremendous possibilities that matches. There will be plenty of room at outdoor events exist Down Under. Already in Victoria we have such firms such as shooting, the Modern Pentathlon, rowing, canoeing as General Motors-Holden, Ford, Vacuum Oil, International and yachting. However it is anticipated that all reserved Harvester, Heinz, Cheeseborough, Caterpillar and Philip seats will be sold out for all events prior to the start of the Morris, operating manufacturing plants, while others are Games. considering locating here. In addition, Utah and Braun Construction companies have done some magnificent con¬ PRESS struction jobs in various parts of the country. Some 800 Australian and overseas journalists will cover No wonder that Phillip Reed, Chairman of the Board of the 1956 Games, while in addition some 120 radio broad¬ General Electric remarked on a recent visit to Melbourne: casters will report Games progress to the world from spe¬ “If I had a son, and could tell him what to do, I would ad¬ cial vantage points. Furthermore, still photographers will vise him to come to Australia and grow up with the country.” be active, and it is expected that film coverage will be made Here it is as big physically as the continental U.S., and with for record purposes as well as for public showings, and that a population only now’ equal to ours in 1820; and with one TV coverage will be made, although TV will have just com¬ state 4 times the size of Texas, fair dinkum; and yet with menced to operate in Melbourne and Sydney in November, resources for latent development that have hardly been 1956. touched. And moreover with a people with a great heart ENTERTAINMENT and a friendly place therein for Americans and other visitors Having operated a successful Moomba (Whoopee) Festi¬ from overseas. Since the end of World War II Australia val for several years, the Melbourne Civic authorities may has taken in over 1,000,000 immigrants, and is doing so now be expected to go all out in providing every sort of appeal at the rate of 125,000 per year. Percentagewise this equals to the eye, ear, taste, and pocketbook of the visitor. Fine our own tremendous influx following the turn of the cen¬ Arts exhibitions of Visual Arts and Literature, and a sepa¬ tury, and brings with it problems such as those we faced at rate festival of Music and Drama, will supplement the per¬ that time. But our own example and the bright hope of the manent exhibitions in the National Gallery, the Museum, future beckons the Australian on in development of his own the Public Library, and the University, and other public continent. centers. Opera, ballet, orchestral concerts, chamber music, HISTORICAL open air concerts in the beautiful Botanical Gardens; ex¬ For those not up on their Olympic history, it might be hibitions of Australian historical and contemporary paint¬ noted that the ancient Olympics lasted from 776 B.C. to 392 ings, including aboriginal art; theaters, movie houses, res¬ A.D. thus covering over 1100 years, while the modern taurants, hotels, and shops may all be expected to turn on Games were revived only 60 years ago on the inspiration of their best for Olympic visitors. the French educationist Baron Pierre de Coubertin who And though the bars will continue their six o’clock closing realized the powerful influence the Games might exert in the out of town visitor will have his needs looked after fostering international understanding and friendship. since drinks may be served with meals or in the room there¬ The modern Games were first held in Athens in 1896, then after. Melbourne beer or bitter as it is termed here is Paris 1900, St. Louis 1904, London 1908, Stockholm 1912, famous in this part of the world, coming only in quart (w’ar 1916), Antwerp 1920, Paris 1924, Amsterdam 1928, bottles or by draught, double the strength of American beer, Los Angeles 1932, Berlin 1936, (war 1940 and 1944), Lon¬ while Australian wines rank with those from the rest of the don 1948, and Helsinki 1952. Following Melbourne this world in many vintages and types. But even the Australians year, they will go to Rome in 1960. prefer Scotch from the old country, and drink virtually no American whiskies. ORGANIZATION And speaking of food one can range from the succulent The Olympic Games were aw’arded to Melbourne by the sublimity of a tender beef steak or lamb roast to the abso¬ International Olympic Committee which met in Rome in lute absurdity of a cold spaghetti sandwich, or try the great June, 1949. The Federal Government is meeting half of the variety of European dishes appearing in Melbourne res¬ promotional expenses, capital construction costs for work on taurants as a result of the culinary influence of New stadia, arenas, housing, and other facilities, while the other Australians. half is being shared equally by the Victorian State Govern¬ But don’t expect to do anything on a Sunday in Mel¬ ment and the Melbourne City Council. bourne, except to go to church or sleep. Shops lock up at IMMIGRATION, CUSTOMS AND HEALTH REGULATIONS Saturday noon and don’t open until Monday morning. Not Everything possible is being done to make it easy for the even a pub or movie house is open on Sunday—shades of overseas visitor to enter Australia during the Olympics. Boston in the good old days. But you might drive out to the (Continued on page 46)

SEPTEMBER, 1956 27 EDITORIALS

S-3481 generous as those to be found anywhere in government. This In the closing hours of the 84th Congress, President Eisen¬ same Service offers the challenge of serving the American hower signed the most significant piece of Foreign Service people in a difficult era. legislation since the Act of 1946. The highest standards must be rigidly maintained through The purposes of the law, as cited by the Report of the any and all transformations of the Corps in which we serve. House Foreign Affairs Committee, are: We are confident that they will be. Only thus, can we get (1) “to recruit capable Americans and retain them in a and keep the best young men and women of America for service that will offer an attractive career;” the Foreign Service of the United States. (2) “to improve the overall administration of the Service, so that career incentives for its officers and employees REORGANIZATION AND THE STAFF CORPS are maintained.” The new Act goes a very long way toward achieving these With the virtual completion of the Foreign Service inte¬ objectives. gration program, which has been the principal personnel If better pay, better retirement, better medical care, and problem of the Department of State during the past two an infusion of new blood make a better Service, then our years, it seems appropriate that early consideration be Service has never fared better. In presenting the case for given to a re-examination of the position and future of the the Service, Under Secretary Loy Henderson and his staff Foreign Service Staff Corps. have amply merited the exceptional praise which members The Staff Corps is not only an important but a vital com¬ of the House and Senate bestowed upon them. (See page 29) ponent of the total organizational mechanism charged with The Act increases the salaries of Chiefs of Mission and the conduct of American foreign relations. It is perhaps improves the salary scales for the rest of the Service. It time to remind ourselves that there are certain essential increases the number of years of service credit toward re¬ functions which should and must be performed by the Staff tirement, from the present maximum limit of 30, to 35 years. Corps. All deliberate haste should be made to adopt new It will provide more adequate medical benefits not only for policies governing the Staff Corps, consonant not only with members of the Foreign Sendee abroad, but for their de¬ the position of the reorganized career officer corps but with pendents as well. It will permit the establishment of much- the need to provide the kind of opportunities which will needed recreational facilities and commissaries. attract highly qualified people to the Staff Corps. The Act contains other provisions designed to provide Concern has been expressed by some members of the more flexibility in the structure of the Service, to facilitate Staff Corps that they are “the forgotten men,” that there is integration, to assure a flow of qualified recruits to all ranks, no future for the Staff Corps, that there is no longer a secure and to fit rank more closely to responsibility. system whereby they may climb in the hierarchy in accord¬ Two additional classes of Foreign Service Officers and ance with their abilities. The JOURNAL is confident that Reserve Officers are created, below the rank of Career these fears will be proved to be groundless. Nevertheless, Minister. the fact that they exist is a measure of the fact that it is The number of persons from other agencies who can be now time to turn our attention to the early formulation of a appointed during the integration program has been in¬ clear definition of the structure and future of the Staff creased by an additional 135, within a ceiling of 1,250; Corps. while officers who will have completed minimum required The greatest single cause for concern probably lies in the periods of service in the Reserve Branch can be “integrated” fact that since the war the whole Foreign Service, the Officer without much regard to this limitation. (Continued on page 49) We have previously pointed out some problems which will arise in administering these provisions. During the transi¬ tion period, the status of some officers will be significantly changed. For example, existing FSO Class 4 will be divided among new classes 4 and 5. In an effort to meet one prob¬ lem, the Department intends to make it possible for officers thus placed in Class 5 to be considered for promotion to Class 3. A Service which offers an increasingly attractive career while entrance requirements, during a period of transition and expansion, are increasingly varied and flexible may come under more pressure for political preferment and for an easier standard. The ingenuity and alertness which went into the Act will have to be present in high degree both to adjust interim difficulties and to stand against any slacken¬ ing of requirements. In a subsequent issue of the JOURNAL, we shall present various Service views on the problems of administering the Act. There can be no doubt, however, that the new law provides material incentives for our Service at least as "Now, here we are at the Grand Canyon!"

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS to the FIELD By GWEN BARROWS

Friends on the Hill have studied at American schools abroad under Fulbright Act sponsorship. . . . Last month the Foreign Service lost two ol its most f-dt1'.- “Elihu Root once said that ‘a democracy which under¬ ful and able defenders on the Hill, the chairman of the takes to control its own foreign relations ought to know House Foreign Relations Committee and the chairman of something about the subject.’ A truism that requires daily the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Both Mr. Richa-d^ reiteration. Call the 9000 Americans (and 12,000 foreign and Mr. George plan to retire. The latter will go to Par's students) and those who come after them cadres, as the as a special NATO representative for the President. For Communists use the word, and you will get some idea of the almost a quarter of a century the Foreign Service has bene¬ dispersed influence that these persons are in a position to fited by the devotion of these two men. The passage of the exercise in their localities. Tourists, soldiers, businessmen, foreign service Act of 1946 was largely due to their efforts. Government servants—these are our modern missionaries; It was in support of amendments to the 1946 act, S-34"l, but they don t have the assignment of the Fulbright scholars, discussed on our editorial page this month, that Mr. that is, of becoming acquainted with the ways of life, prob¬ Richards made his final speech to the House and in it paid lems and values of other peoples. It would be unfair to say tribute to the progress he had seen in the Foreign Serv'ce that the scholars leaven the loaf, but it is true to say that during his time in office: they are there to learn, and this is productive of the true “Almost a quarter of a century in this House has given humility that should go with great power.” me opportunities to see our men and women engaged in the difficult task of representing our Government abroad. Thev Howard Fyfe, U. S. Despatch Agent have been upon occasion, unjustly ridiculed and caricatured Elephants and eye-droppers, parrots and pianos, in a on this floor and by the press, while they were in distant staggering parade have all passed calmly through customs lands carrying on for their country, usually with devoted under the careful supervision of the U. S. Despatch Agent patriotism. Our people at home have never had a real un¬ derstanding of the job they are doing. Some of our citizens and been received intact. Now’ the old order must change: the Association’s revolv¬ think these people are living a useless life of comfort '■broad ing fund has been terminated and personal shipments must at the expense of the American taxpayer. I can assure vou be arranged for directly by the FSO as the Field has already that they are not. They are devoted and loyal, hard working been notified by the Department. and self-effacing, representing our country with dignitv and Few public servants have earned such widespread appre¬ distinction. I admit there are some weak or ineffective in¬ dividuals. But they are in a highly competitive occupation ciation from the Foreign Service as Howard Fyfe has in taking care of shipments of personal purchases for members and those who cannot make the grade are weeded out. We of the Service. All who have benefited (and who has not) have a right to be proud of our Foreign Service. by Mr. Fyfe’s unstinting service will echo the appreciation “The administration of the Foreign Service is in com¬ of the chairman of the board of directors of the American petent hands. Under the direction of Loy Henderson, Deputy Foreign Service Association wTho w’rote How’ard Fyfe: Under Secretary of State for Administration, an outstanding career officer with almost 35 years of experience, the For¬ Dear Howard: eign Service has taken on new stature. I have confidence The termination of The American Foreign Service Asso¬ that Mr. Henderson’s leadership will supply the Foreign ciation Revolving Fund inevitably brings to mind the origin Service with firmness and fairness. He has a difficult job of this arrangement and the part played by you in assisting but he is performing it with ability, zeal, and courage—and members of the Service wdth the shipment overseas of their always mindful of the best interests of our country. He de¬ personal purchases in the United-States. serves the support of Congress and the public. The amend¬ It is interesting to recall that in a letter of February 23, ments in this bill will make a better Foreign Service and 1939 w’hich I signed in my capacity at that time as Secre¬ Mr. Henderson’s task easier. . . . tary-Treasurer, the Association first took note of the prob¬ “This bill makes it possible for the Foreign Service to lem of these individual shipments. Out of a patriotic desire compete with private industry in attracting and retaining to help personnel of the Foreign Service, you were advanc¬ able men without private incomes.” ing your own funds to cover non-official shipping costs. This the Association considered beyond the normal call of “Fabulously Profitable Investment,'> duty, with the result that action was taken to establish the Commenting on the Department’s report of the 10th an¬ Revolving Fund. Now we have come full circle, and with niversary of Fulbright Act, the Washington Post Times- the disappearance of the Fund I am again writing to you in Herald agreed that the Fulbright Act was the “most fabu¬ behalf of the Board of Directors of the Association. lously profitable investment ever authorized by the Congress The Foreign Service is deeply appreciative of the years of the United States,” and editorialized: of unselfish effort you have put into the problem of these “More than 9000 Americans have had the advantage of non-official shipments. Without your personal interest and a Fulbright scholarship. By the same token more than initiative, the assistance provided by the Revolving Fund 12,000 foreign students, teachers, lecturers and scholars could not have been adequately rendered. Please accept the have visited the United States to study under the companion warm thanks and grateful acknowledgment of the Associa¬ Smith-Mundt Act, the operations of which are integrated tion, and. as ever, its best wishes for your - own welfare. with the Fulbright Act. Some 2917 foreign students also (signed) Henry S. Villard RC SEPTEMBER, 1956 29 1. Madras—Consul MICHAEL J. DUX, Consul ROBERT M. W'INFRF.E, Bill Russell of the San Francisco Dons at a reception given by Dr. S. Chandrasekhar, director of Indian Institute for Population Public Affairs Officer GENE KARST for sports writers, radio com¬ Studies, and S. Narayanaswamy, of Chitra and Co., stockbrokers, mentators, and fans on the occasion of the Dons’ tour of the attended a USIS-sponsored seminar on “Economic Progress in a country. Free Society.” 4. Guadalajara—Bertha Salazar was honored by the Consulate 2. Tijuana—Consul General ROBERT F. HALF, administering the oath to Mrs. Gregory Peck when she received her immigrant visa and USIS staffs on the occasion of her marriage to Rene Pellat. at the American Consulate. Guests at the party included: WILLIAM HUDSON, PAUL DWYER, JOHN GAWF, Dorothy McCarroll, ROBERT ADES, JOHN MOODY, 3. San Salvador—Ambassador THOMAS C. MANN chatting with William Hughes, Jose Rivas, Ruth Gascon, Ramon Navarette, Mr.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and Mrs. Mario Bauche, Teresa Cornejo, Juan Jimenez, Alvarez notes on the family trees, it was definitely established that these Medina, Mrs. Malcolm Rink, Alicia Corona, Martha Herrera, Rosa four are cousins. Gallegos, Mrs. PAUL DWYER, Bertha Orozco, Mrs. E. Johnson, 6. Damascus—ROBERT C. STRONC, DCM and Counselor of Em¬ Miss Salazar, Florisa Molgora, Delia Rodriguez, and Helen bassy, turning the first shovelful of earth to start construction Sunakoshi. of the United States pavilion at this month’s International Fair. Sidewalk supervisors are architect Raoul du Brul, designer of 5. Washington—Four of the six Clevelands on the Foreign Serv¬ the pavilion, and RICHARD FUNKHOUSER, First Secretary and ice rolls got together for the first time recently. Left to right: Economics officer. RICHARD CLEVELAND, Djakarta, STANLEY CLEVELAND, Paris, ROBERT 7. Montreal—Consul PAUL MEYER and Vice Consul ROBERT CHASE CLEVELAND, Sydney, and EARLE CLEVELAND, Tokyo. In comparing recently visited an asbestos mine in Quebec.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 : ; .. • But the Bowles’ instinct was determined to crawl out into the open where India dwelt. Miss Bowles relates a charming account of her days in | Francis C. deWolf, Review Editor school at Delhi where she formed some enduring friend¬ ships. Without probably meaning to, she dwells more on the 1 serious aspects of her education, such as the students’ mis¬ conceptions of America, the superficial Americanization of THE BOOKSHELF | one of her Indian friends, and the curriculum. Only occasionally, the child steps forward and admits impishly, “Behind Ma’am’s stern back we winked at each other and braided each other’s hair, though not, of course, on that j first day!” The author utilized every minute of her life in India in learning service and friendship. Her perceptive and mature NEW AND INTERESTING mind envisioned the fusion of the old and the new Indias By FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF in Gandhi’s Sevagram, Tajore’s Shantiniketan, Bahenji’s 1. The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico by village and especially in the community of her servants who Bernal Diaz del Castillo, published by Farrar, also became her guardians. Nor did Miss Bowles overlook Straus and Cudahy $6.50 India’s music, embroidery and sports. The conquest of the Aztec Empire simply told by the One thing this reviewer must mention, however: In Spanish conquistador Bernal Diaz who served with drawing a contrast between American democratic outlook Cortez. Don’t miss this eye-witness account of this and the Indian caste attitudes, Miss Bowles fails to appreciate great American Epic. that the liberalism of visiting the servants’ village and ap¬ 2. The Blessings of Liberty by Zechariah Chafee, pointing them as guardians for the children, is the Bowles’ Jr., published by Lippincott $5.00 way of life, not the American way of life. A collection of writings and speeches in defense of our Miss Bowles has addressed her book chiefly to Americans essential freedom as set forth in the Bill of Rights by but her book is even more important for Indians. For it my fellow Rhode Islander—the distinguished professor unfolds a beautiful picture of a sincere, warm-hearted, and of law at Flarvard University. lovable fifteen-year-old American who accomplished the 3. The Changing Environment of International impossible—a real meeting of the East and the West. Relations by Grayson Kirk, Flarrison S. Brown, MacArthur—His Rendezvous with History, by Major Denis W. Brogan, Edward S. Mason, Harold H. 1 Fisher and Willard L. Thorp, published by the General Courtney Whitney, Ret. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, Brookings Institution $2.50 1956. 547 pp. $6.75. Six 1956 Brookings Lecturers explore selected aspects Reviewed by John S. Cross of the world situation that now confronts the Ameri¬ MacArthur’s supporters will really like this, and find can people—“a reexamination of many of the tradi¬ many opportunities to read aloud to the heretics and say, tional and recent assumptions underlying relations “I told you so.” However, if you are not a MacArthur between nations” which “will make necessary a future supporter, it is doubtful if you will be convinced, despite readjustment of United States relations with the rest General Whitney’s best efforts to portray his boss, whom he of the world.” reveres, as a fearless oracle combining all the best qualities of Solomon, Caesar, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Paul At Home in India, by Cynthia Bowles, Harcourt, Brace, Bunyan, and Zeus—who accomplishes his miracles despite and Co. 1956. 180 pages, $3.00. the obstacles placed in his way by jealous people in high places of the United States government. If you are not Reviewed by USHA MAHAJANI stopped by such fatuous phrases as “He almost alone,” ‘I It is a welcome epilogue to Chester Bowles’ “Ambassador’s shall return,” et cetera, you can get some interesting reading Report” that Cynthia Bowles, his twenty-year-old daughter, (Continued on page 38) has now written in “At Home in India.” It gives a straight¬ forward account of the two best years of a girl’s life spent in a foreign country. Fortunately “At Home in India” is not written by a self-appointed authority whose only contact with India was through its impenetrable jungles or a small platoon of its Army. Nor was the author sent to India by the State Department to lecture. In fact, like any other girl of her age, Miss Bowles was reluctant to plunge herself into a strange land. Frosted initially with a sullen skepticism, Miss Bowles taught herself to “expect anything.” Soon after her arrival in Delhi, she made a simple but profound dis¬ covery viz. the “similarities between us and all people.” WE PAY THE POSTAGE As the daughter of the American Ambassador, the author ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD had every reason to live the warm but suffocating life within Send for Free Catalog the diplomatic “shell” that was being formed around her.

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 35 NEWS FHOM THE FIELD

ALGIERS Most recent arrivals in Guadalajara are Mr. and Mrs. All is quiet on the Algiers front!!! As I write at eleven ROBERT ADES. Mr. Ades is the new Public Affairs officer, p.m. there is a helicopter overhead searching the city below replacing JOHN R. HIGGINS who has transferred to Madrid to insure against surprise terrorist acts just prior to curfew as Information officer. It is expected that Vice Consul and which will begin in another hour. Despite the midnight Mrs. LEROY AYCOCK will arrive in September after home curfew, the streets are habitually empty by eleven o’clock. leave and transfer from Caracas. No one wishes to risk the possibility of unforeseen delay Four hundred guests from the official and business com¬ and resulting encounter with military and police. Those out munities attended the Fourth of July reception. after midnight have been known to not survive to explain. In Paul S. Dwyer surrounding areas, curfew begins at dark. I say all is quiet on the Algiers front because, by com¬ BAGHDAD parison with a week ago (July 4) all is quiet. Last week we More and more the eyes of the world have turned towards had about forty terrorist acts within the city, resulting in Baghdad, not only because of its importance as the seat eighteen killed and thirty-seven wounded; we had large of the Baghdad Pact Organization, but also because it is bombs exploding in five industrial or commercial estab¬ the capital of a country which is making giant strides in the lishments. This week we have had only three killed in the development of its own resources. city and only four terrorist acts of sabotage. Therefore all The adherence of the United States to the Economic and is calm, comparatively speaking. Anyone taking a stroll on Counter Subversion Committees of the Pact at Tehran in one of the principal streets of Algiers would never dream of April has resulted in a corresponding increase in activity at the turmoil surging just below the surface. Streetcars run, the Embassy. Our Ambassador, Mr. WALDEMAR J. GALLMAN, busses interfere with private automotive traffic. Traffic cops continues to be the official U.S. observer at the Council meet¬ attempt unsuccessfully to unsnarl the traffic, jaywalkers cross ings, while many other officers have been assigned various the street without fear, sidewalk cafes are filled and life duties with the working committees. A well beaten track is goes on as usual. This is only on the surface, however. certainly beginning to appear between “Bait Baghdad” Underlying the surface tranquillity, or customary hustle (Baghdad House), the temporary headquarters of the Secre¬ and bustle if you will, is an increasing uneasiness which is tariat, and the Embassy. developing into ingrained fear. People are killed on the Within Iraq, the past few months have seen the opening streets of Algiers practically every day. Not all of those of the Wadi Tharthar Project and the Ramadi Barrage, killed are the target of attack. Many just happened to be there which will put thousands of new acres under cultivation and and got in the way of a stray bullet. No one knows when provide another defense against devastating floods. On he is going to be the one who gets in the way of such a King Faisal’s birthday, May 2, television broadcasting made stray bullet. its bow and the well-known antennae are beginning to make There is, therefore, a quite natural tendency to stay at their appearance. Only recently Baghdad saw the advent home. In the “good old days” of a few months ago we would of the atomic age as Prime Minister Nuri al-Said formally in¬ take a trip to the Sahara or to the beach and forget about it. augurated the “Atoms for Peace'’ exhibition, which was Now all roads to the Sahara are unsafe because of terrorist jointly sponsored by the Governments of the United States ambushes and likewise throat-cuttings on beaches near and Iraq. Algiers have discouraged even the most hardened skin diver. (Continued on page 57) Under these conditions the continued high morale of the staff of the Consulate General in Algiers is a credit to the Service. They are sweating it out, carrying on and looking forward to that better day when once again we can picnic in the Kabylie, bask in the Sahara and swim at the Club des Pines. Lewis Clark GUADALAJARA In this choice post, personnel changes are coming fast and furiously. Vice Consul and Mrs. JOHN GAWF, proud parents of Mathilde Frances, born June 7, are planning on a September departure. Mr. Gawf has been assigned to the Department. LUCILLE JANS is tidying up her desk, brushing up on her already-good German and anticipating her home leave early in August, and then a transfer to Bonn. Consul BILL HUDSON and Peggy and Stevie are relaxing on the Carolina shore, enjoying their home leave, it is hoped. They will return here in September. Ambassador John Davis Lodge presents Scouting awards in Madrid.

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 37 diagnosed correctly the attraction exerted by Mao’s China The Bookshelf (from page 32) —the appeal of its industrialization. The following quota¬ on the war in the Pacific and the Korean campaign. tion summarizes in a nutshell Indonesia’s present mood on Part One tells the story of Bataan and of MacArthur’s the two fundamental issues of economic development and escape and later triumphant return to the Philippines. Part colonialism: “It matters less to many Indonesians that Two describes the surrender of Japan and the great accom¬ China is a communist nation than that it is a world power, plishments of the (MacArthur) Occupation. Part Three laying the foundations of an industrial country. Thus, tells of the Korean war and the baffling and contradictory whilst the Communist Party, as such, has had only a policy directives under which MacArthur had to operate. limited appeal, it can scarcely be doubted that no political Part Four deals with MarArthur’s recall, his overwhelming party could hope to win any considerable support by a reception on returning home, his political activity during policy based on anti-Communism; the bogy in the Indo¬ 1952, and his present position as an industrial leader. nesian mind resides in Amsterdam and Washington rather There are a few other characters in the book, such as than in Moscow or Peking.” Presidents Roosevelt and Truman, Secretary Acheson, Gen¬ eral Marshall, et cetera. However, they are merely scattered Goodbye to Uncle Tom, by J. C. Furnas. William Sloane around as props to furnish the proper setting for MacArthur. Associates, New York, 1956. 435 pages with Index. $6.00. Reviewed by: JAMES A. HULBERT Power and Community, by Robert Strausz-Hupe. Fred¬ erick A. Praeger, New York, 1956. 129 pages, $3.00. To American Negroes “Uncle Tom” symbolizes cringing

Reviewed by ARTHUR L. LEBEL and servility. It is the eagerness on the part of a Negro, motivated by desire of some personal gain or security, to This is a brief treatment of the relationship of power please a white person at the sacrifice of dignity and man¬ (political, military, etc.) to the true interests of humanity hood. “Uncletomism” is not as prevalent today as formerly, and segments thereof. The first chapter deals with the with the new surge of group realization, but it is a practice nature of power itself. This is followed, in succeeding extending back to slavery which became crystallized as an chapters, by discussions of power in its relationship to effective behavior mechanism in a complex interracial system. personality, history, science, community interests and In this work Mr. Furnas has taken up mighty arms on be¬ security. The author attempts to show that power, per half of the Negro, democracy, and common sense. It is se, is not the primary controlling element in social and his¬ his thesis that the Abolitionist classic, Harriet Beecher torical evolution. Although somewhat abstruse this volume Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” recently included in Robert is a challenging bit of thinking on the relative weight of Downs’ “Books that Changed the World,” has been chiefly power in the human scheme of things. responsible for the conception and perpetuation of the most The Republic of Indonesia, by Dorothy Woodman. prevalent and damning stereotypes in the thinking of whites Philosophical Library, New York, 1955. 437 pages, $6.00. about Negroes. He is a severe critic of Mrs. Stowe’s research, content, characterizations, and knowledge about race. The Reviewed by S. SIOMA KAGAN tremendous influence of the book, extended by the innumer¬ Dorothy Woodman’s scholarly book makes a significant able “Tomshows” and black-faced minstrels of Eliza and contribution to the literature on one of the most pivotal the hounds, and Simon Legree fame, has been more than areas of our time—the newly-emerged state of Indonesia. just effective propaganda leading to the Civil War. “Uncle The book is too detailed to be of as much interest to the Tom’s Cabin,” as Furnas points out, has been the source of general reader as Marguerite Bro’s “Indonesia: Land of much of the wrongheaded thinking and unfair misconcep¬ Challenge” (Harper, 1954), but a serious student of tions about race in this country. The relation of all this Indonesia will be indebted to Miss Woodman for her pains¬ to today’s dilemma of desegregation is obvious. taking research which resulted in such a comprehensive Perhaps the author over-simplifies the causes of anti-Negro accumulation of background material. prejudice, but at any rate his thesis is an interesting and Her analysis of the myopic policies pursued by the Dutch tenable one. Actually his major contribution is not his colonial administration • supplies an incisive rationale for quarrel with Harriet Stowe but an enlivened, though schol¬ the current emotional attitudes toward the West prevalent arly, history of the problem of the Negro in his American throughout much of Asia. With hindsight one can hardly experience with particular attention to the period of slavery. help wondering how an administration which counted within His research, which led him into many other countries, is its ranks outstanding experts on Javanese culture could have impressive. His information is richly detailed, well-analyzed, so consistently failed to anticipate the inevitable conse¬ and readably presented. The closing chapters, dealing with quences of their actions. amalgamation and genetics, hold no comfort for the racist “The Republic of Indonesia” was published before the and segregationist, for the topics of “pure blood,” so-called, first elections were held in September of 1955, but she and innate Negro inferiority are well explored in the light of the latest scientific findings. This astonishing and gratifying book is no dry-as-dust sociological treatise. Rather, it is a witty, urbane and rea¬ TO AUTHORS soning commentary which should be a welcome and refresh¬ seeking a publisher ing addition to the body of literature on human relations. Learn how we can publish, promote and distribute your book, as we have done for hundreds of others. All subjects considered. New writers wel¬ The book leads us to hope that some day we may be able comed. Write today for booklet FS. It’s free. to dismiss unreasonable prejudice which expresses itself in VANTACE PRESS, Inc., 120 W. 31 St., New York 1, N. Y. In Calif.: 6253 Hollywood Bird., Hollywood 28 race repression, and Negro fears which arise from such In Washington, D.C.: 1010 Vermont Ave., N.W. repression. But there is a slang expression of Negroes that is appropriate: “Every goodbye aint gone!”

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 39 Morality and Foreign Affairs (from page 21) merely the fate of great nations, of Western civilization— moral judgment, to take them as existing and inalterable and Eastern—, the fate of the human race is involved. There human forces, neither good nor bad. To carry over into the seems no doubt that the megaton hydrogen bomb delivered affairs of states the concepts of right and wrong is regarded to densely populated areas in sufficient numbers could as a great mistake, as is the assumption that state behavior kill tens of millions of people and devastate urban civiliza¬ is a fit subject for moral judgment. A nation, it is indicated, tion. Very large areas of the adjacent countryside would be cannot afford to operate in the moral climate of individual contaminated with lethal effects by the fallout. There is a ethics. theoretical probability that if a sufficiently large number of What does this mean ? Let me state the matter baldly: the fission and fusion bombs are exploded, the concomitant critique of the previous abstract legalistic-moralistic and release of radioactive particles will so increase the radio¬ isolationist Lbiited States foreign policy has led to a rejection activity in the radiation background of the atmosphere that of the moral approach to the affairs and conduct of states all human life will be killed. At least all human life in the and to an affirmation of a realist approach based on primary northern hemisphere might be killed, assuming that the consideration of national self-interest and power. bomb explosions would take place in the northern hemi¬ It might not be amiss to regard the current vigorous pres¬ sphere, in which lie the great pow’ers of the opposing blocs. entation of this realist viewpoint as a natural concomitant of Perhaps the broad doldrum belt at the equator would so a general realization in this country of the new power posi¬ restrict the passage of radioactive matter into the southern tion of the United States in the postwar world. How natural hemisphere’s atmosphere that this hemisphere would be that an endeavor to understand this new role of the United spared the fate of the northern one. How about the “suffi¬ States would lead to a preoccupation with the power ele¬ ciently large number” of bombs required for this result? ments and power aspects of political existence, and with a There is no general agreement as to precisely what number theoretical focus on self-interest and power as the crucial of bombs of what type are needed, but there is not much factors in international relations. There was a real need for doubt that adequate nuclear material is available for the a searing critique of the past abstract legalistic-moralistic likely number required. attitudes. But has this critique gone too far? Has it been The southern hemisphere is eight-tenths water. It in¬ led through its opposition to the past to misconstrue the cludes in land area, South America south of Colombia, essential character of political affairs in contemporary Africa south of Uganda, most of Indonesia, Australia, New existence? Is it basing its own theory on an implicit accept¬ Zealand, and the South Pacific Islands. Its population num¬ ance of certain conditions as fundamental while these condi¬ bers around 250 million, or one-tenth of the world popula¬ tions have changed? tion. Could the people of the southern hemisphere regenerate IV civilization, repeople eventually a northern hemisphere whose Let us approach our problem from a different angle. If population was mostly lost in total nuclear warfare? Is not we were asked to determine what has been the most signifi¬ the southern hemisphere too dependent on the northern for cant development during the past ten years with respect to the maintenance of its own present stand of civilization? human affairs, we would have to set down the development Would it not necessarily slip precipitately backwards, more of nuclear weapons. The first atom bomb was exploded in than likely fall into an apathy and torpor at a lower civiliza- 1945; the first thermo-nuclear bomb was exploded in 1951. tional level? And besides, there is no certainty that the These two explosions signify, in my opinion, an essential equatorial doldrum belt would prevent lethal amounts of change in the basic conditions of world politics. radioactivity entering the southern hemisphere at high at¬ What are the basic conditions which have existed for mospheric levels—so even the southern hemisphere may not some centuries and which are the presuppositions of the re¬ be secure and the foresight of the Australian Government alists, the new exponents of the “old diplomacy” and the in its policy of preventing thermo-nuclear test explosions “balance of power.” Let me state them as follows: The na¬ on the Australian continent might prove unavailing. tional state is the ultimate fact in world politics. The reality If the civilized existence of mankind, if human existence of the state lies in its power—through which it attains its itself, is threatened by the consequences of “foreign affairs,” interests. The separate'’national states are involved in a an understanding of international relations in terms of na¬ complicated system of interrelationships, in which the politi¬ tional self-interest and power cannot possibly meet the reali¬ cal are primary. Strife and war are modes of behavior ties of the present, cannot even grapple with the essential intrinsic to this system—is not war merely a continuation of problems. The problems go too deep, and hence we must the political by other means? In earlier centuries wars seek a deeper understanding of political realities and na¬ between the nation-states were for the most part limited, tional purposes. We must go back to first principles, in limited in scope and objectives; in the twentieth century order to understand our present situation and seek guide the two major wars have been total wars, involving whole lines for political action. populations in so-called “life and death” struggles. But what V may have died at the conclusion were states, not peoples. There is a passage in “Civilization and Foreign Policy” The people endured, despite the blood loss of individuals. by Louis Halle—whose thought is distinguished by a more Beneath the strife of the nation-states was a variegated adequate appraisal of the moral factor—in which he sets human society throughout the world, persistent and appar¬ forth the contradiction of ends and means basic to the Com¬ ently indestructible. The world society was not inalterable, munist movement: peace achieved by class warfare, freedom it was subject to change, but it was not threatened in its resulting from dictatorship, the classless society arising very existence, not at any rate by the surface play of the from the supremacy of the proletariat, the state’s “withering nation-states in peace or war. away” accomplished by the state becoming omnipotent. As What the two bomb explosions signify, however, is a he aptly points out, where ends and means are contradictory, novel and real threat to the peoples, the world society. Not (Continued on page 42)

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 41 Morality and Foreign Affairs (from page 40) tion, not to mention the higher freedoms of press, speech, the means determine the reality, not the ends. This thorough¬ association, assembly, political affiliation. The essence of going discrepancy between ends and means might be re¬ human freedom lies in the self-determining decisiveness of garded as derivative from the unrestrained Communist the individual, formulating his own being therein. If the violation of the Kantian practical imperative concerning area of decisiveness is radically limited by restrictions on the treatment of human beings as ends-in-themselves rather the area of choice, the quality of the individual and the than means. If we are seeking first principles of human quality of freedom are radically diminished. relations and guide lines to human conduct, both of indi¬ The first principles thus far mentioned have been ex¬ viduals and states, there is no better beginning than the self- pressed primarily in individualist terms. But the individual explanatory dictum of practical reason. is from the beginning set in a communal context, family, In Kant’s words, “Now I say: man and generally any neighborhood, local community, state The common good rational being exists as an end in himself, not as a means is real to the individual as his good. The sustenance of to be arbitrarily used by this or that will, but in all his the communities in which he lives is as real to him as his actions, whether they concern himself or other rational purpose. Of course, what appears good to an individual beings, must be always regarded at the same time as an end. oftentimes may conflict with what the community prescribes “Accordingly, the practical imperative will be as follows: to be good and proper. As a basic principle, though, might So act as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or be stated the following: there is a general compatibility in that of any other in every case as an end withal, never as between the good of the individual and the good of the com¬ means only.” munity. While at the present time it is still true that the Kant has formulated herewith an incontestable and uni¬ nation-state represents the fullest, most real community in versally valid principle of conduct. This principle applies which the individual exists, nevertheless it would be narrow¬ as well to the behavior of man to man as to the conduct of a minded indeed to fail to recognize in the growth of regional state toward its own nationals, or the conduct of a state arrangements and universal international organization dur¬ toward another state and its nationals. It applies as a moral ing the past fifty years a decisive trend in the direction of guide to all action of men, acting for themselves as indi¬ more encompassing human communities than the nation¬ viduals or as agents of corporate entities—all action which state. It might not hence be amiss to state the foregoing involves other human beings. To say that this principle is principle as follows: there is a general compatibility between universally valid does not mean that it can or ever will pre¬ the good of the individual and the good of mankind. vail to determine all human affairs. Whenever the bullet In the fullest development of the moral situation of the in¬ strikes a human heart, whenever a bomb explodes on a city, dividual within a community, there is a concern of one in¬ the principle is breached. Doubtless the world is so con¬ dividual for the welfare of the other. Is the relation among stituted that it will always be breached. But a universally states so different? Can a state have rights and claims unless valid regulative principle does not lose its validity if it is it is ready to acknowledge that other states have rights and violated. Nor does it lose its appeal as a moral guide to men claims? No fact is more apparent nowadays than that the civilized enough to apprehend moral guides. nation-states of the world are interrelated and interdependent There is a related principle, perhaps a corollary or per¬ and that there is no escape from a mutuality of relation. In haps the root, from which the Kantian imperative may be fact, inasmuch as the development of any state takes place derived. Josiah Royce has stated it thus: “The self is a through interaction with others, the existence of these others purpose.” Yes, all two billion six hundred million or more becomes a constitutional concern for each one. If a state human creatures now on this planet are each a purpose. Do acknowledges the rights of other states, it is presupposed you dispute it, is it not sound Christian doctrine, sound that the other states are valued in some way for themselves. American doctrine? What determines the action of states? Decision, human To realize himself, his purpose, man must be free. Free¬ decision, whether of a king, a cabinet, a legislature, or a dom is intrinsic to the essential nature of man. Politburo. Though intrinsic to man, freedom is not possessed; it If the actions of states were cast in a necessitarian mold, must be achieved and be increased by achievement. It must, then it would not be fair to lay a moral yardstick on their too, be sought. That men seek greater freedom is hence doings. But states as communities of men acquire a deriva¬ another basic principle, another guide line to human con¬ tive freedom from the men who constitute and guide them. duct. In the political sphere this means to seek governmental If through these men states are free to know the difference institutions at home and an international order abroad between right and wrong, if states are free to do right or which enable a greater realization of human freedom. Hegel wrong, then the actions of states are subject to moral stand¬ found world history to show progress in freedom, or in the ards and can not escape moral judgment—so long as there specific terms of his thought, progress in the consciousness are men in the world raised sufficiently above the beast to be of freedom. In his view this progress was determined by a able to formulate moral judgments. spiritual necessity, in Marx’s view by a material necessity. To bring this argument to precise terms, let me recall the We may doubt the necessity, but is there not a determinate thesis formulated many years ago by the most distinguished lure, so to speak, a divine lure, ingredient in human exist¬ living American philosopher, W. E. Hocking: “The funda¬ ence eliciting the drive toward more and more freedom. mental principle of right is the same for states as for Freedom resides in choice. It is expressed in decision, in individuals.” the deciding over relevant alternative possibilities. The It does not follow from this thesis that there is a direct extent of freedom is related to the breadth of choice. The one-to-one correspondence between the specific ethical prin¬ retrograde character of human existence in the Soviet Union ciples applying to specific situations involving individuals is clearly evidenced in the restrictions on individual choice and those applying to states. States are not the same as —with respect to place of residence, movement, job, educa¬ (Continued on page 44)

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 43 Morality and Foreign Affairs (from page 42) in decisions on foreign policy. What was the motivation of individuals. While it is right for an individual in given President Truman’s decision of June, 1950, to fight in circumstances to sacrifice his life for other individuals or Korea? It was assuredly not based primarily on national for the good of the state, there is no comparable ethical self-interest, nor power requirements, nor the security of the compulsion on a state to sacrifice its “life” for other states United States. Had not a thorough and comprehensive or for mankind. While for an American it is a self-evident military and political review by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and truth that “all men are created equal,” it is clear that states the National Security Council resulted in the finding that whose size, population, form of government, and other South Korea was expendable, not essential to United States fundamental attributes are products of history are not security, that the power equation between the Communist created equal—and the carefully preserved fiction of sov¬ and Free World Blocs would not be so seriously altered by ereign equality, so important in international organizations, Communist possession of South Korea that the United does not make them equal. It should not be surprising that States must seek to prevent it? Had we not withdrawn our ethical principles in their application to states exhibit armed forces from the Korean peninsula pursuant to this differences from their application to individuals, which power appraisal? We had even failed to leave behind a reflect the differences between individuals and states them¬ token American force, say a regimental combat team, as an selves. The point is, however, that states are not above and indication that a free South Korea had a certain significance beyond the moral realm, not withdrawn from the range of to the United States, as a warning to a possible aggressor. moral judgment; rather, moral principles and standards No wonder the Russians felt that the Americans had deceived apply to the conduct of states toward other states, and moral them and Vishinsky citing Korea could say the Americans judgment in consequence thereof. “can’t be trusted;” no wonder Mao Tse-tung is concerned Those who deny the centrality of moral considerations because the Americans “are so unpredictable.” Vishinsky and with respect to foreign policy overlook the relations of Mao were certainly experts in the calculus of self-interest; mutual reciprocity between the domestic morality within perhaps they had read our NSC essay in that calculus and the state and the morality or lack of it of the state in its we had forgotten to include the moral factor, a factor which foreign relations. It is doubtful whether domestic morality would doubtless never occur to them had we perchance can long be conserved if the state practices the “law of the omitted it. jungle” in its foreign relations. Professor Hocking has The cynics will say that it was just the mise-en-scene of stated: “Internal relations assimiliate themselves to the the attempted North Korean seizure of South Korea, the morals of external relations,” giving as an example that open bold-faced aggression, that triggered the violent United when Athens dealt as pure egoist with her Allies, Athenians States reaction. If it had been attempted by covert means, began to deal as pure egoists with each other and the by subversion, by a mob uprising of the Communists in democracy was ruined. On the current scene we can see South Korea, and armed attack perhaps only secondarily clearly another example of the reciprocal relations between in relation thereto, might not the United States have re¬ the morality of the conduct of the state toward its own citi¬ mained passive? Perhaps. Let the cynics have their say, zens and toward other states. Who doubts that if the Soviet and their due. In a different setting, the essential factors regime ever begins to treat its own citizens more in accord¬ might have been obscured. They were not obscured in the ance with ethical standards, it will likewise begin to conduct given setting. its foreign relations more along moral lines, and vice versa? I submit that President Truman’s decision was motivated George Kennan has advised us to confine the concepts of by ethical principles and moral conviction, by the funda¬ international law and morality “to the unobtrusive, almost mental and elementary moral response that the North feminine function of the gentle civilizer of national self-in¬ Korean action was not right, that the United States could terest in which they find their true value.” National interest not tolerate this breach of what was right, that the United thus comes indisputably first, and morality has a sort of States was morally involved in the fate of South Korea, epiphenomenal existence, less in essential being even than morally involved in upholding certain ethical principles in the realm of the “spirit” in Marxist ideology. In my opinion, the conduct of international relations, and thereby involved Kennan has given a precisely wrong statement of the rela¬ in the fate of South Korea. I submit that President Truman’s tion between moral principles and self-interest; indeed, the decision was understood in this way throughout the free inverse relation would be more accurate. Moral principles world and that the extraordinarily enthusiastic response of are first. Their relevance and application in particular free-world public opinion was derived from a moral reso¬ situations, however, are subject to corollary considerations nance to a moral desision. However unfortunate and imper¬ of self-interest. Perhaps we should say that in concrete fect the eventual ultimate outcome in Korea, President decisions moral principles have to be applied, not abstractly Truman’s original decision gave evidence that moral con¬ by way of general formula, but realistically with reference siderations still played a dominant role in determining to the specific case. Perhaps we should recognize that in United States foreign policy and that the United States was actual decision there is a blending of considerations of prepared as hitherto to make costly sacrifices for moral morality and national self-interest. In the real world of purposes. conflicting purposes and claims, moral principles can only VI be fulfilled imperfectly, but they ought not therefore to be Does it matter which comes first—power and self-interest disparaged. However we may put the relation between or moral principles? Surely we cannot agree that the two morality and national self-interest, in my opinion it is are intrinsically in conflict in the international sphere, that mistaken if morality is ascribed a secondary or peripheral national self-interest cannot be fulfilled except by grievous role. breach with moral principle, or that adherence in foreign Let me discuss—for the impatient particularist-minded policy to moral principles would inevitably lead to diminu- reader—an example of the significance of moral principles (Continued on page 51)

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS AND Collective Security PERSONNEL Group Insurance ARE INVITED TO CONSULT, EITHER IN For: PERSON OR BY MAIL, Foreign Service Officers Foreign Service Staff- Officers WITH Permanent American Employees ). ALAN MAPHIS of the Foreign Service

Chartered Life Underwriter Premium Notices for the quarter beginning September Insurance Advisor to the American Foreign 1, 1956 have been mailed to all members of the Pro¬ tective Association. Included with the Premium Notice Service Protective Association is a statement regarding the recently enacted legislation which contains provisions regarding the payment of medi¬ about cal expenses for dependents of Foreign Service personnel of the Department of State when at posts abroad. Coordinating their Group Lite and Permanent Life In¬ surance into an individually designed program for their There will be no change in the Protective Association families group insurance plan until further notice. Please read the statement referred to and watch the Foreign Service News Insurance to guarantee a college education for their Letter and the Foreign Service Journal for additional children information. Retirement Income to supplement annuities AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Insurance available at many stations abroad. PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION Care of Department of State j. Alan Maphis, C.L.U. Washington 25, D. C. 1741 DeSales St., N. W. Telephone: or Washington 6, D. C. Executive 3-8141 1908 G St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 45 The Olympic Games (from page 27) Washington Post Report (from page 23) Team members and officials will require neither passports nor visas, while the ordinary visitor will be accorded special seasons, however, from high during the season to very high out of season. arrangements for entry, including free visas issued with a Generally speaking food is used as a means to an end in minimum of delay and formality. In addition immigration this country and meals are rushed at and through, not officers will be empowered to make on-the-spot decisions savored as in other posts. Among many families, meals are normally referred to Canberra for decision. Customs entry served in shifts in order to avoid over-lapping of a favorite will likewise be facilitated, although it should be noted that TV program. Groceries carry conveniently-packaged TV the entry of pets is prohibited, while plants and certain food¬ meals which require only warming up and are then served stuffs particularly meats are under quarantine. Air travelers quickly and easily in front of the TV set. Mealtime conver¬ should be vaccinated against smallpox, while a certificate of sation, once a popular pastime, now consists of staccato inoculation against cholera and yellow fever may be re¬ phrases during the commercials. quired if travel is made through certain countries. All TV meals, as a rule, are low in calories, a subject dis¬ travelers are subject to the usual medical examination upon cussed with fervor by both men and women. Restaurants arrival at the port of entry. Australia itself is free from and cafeterias are geared to meet this food emergency and plague, smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, and epidemic typhus, in many nourishment houses dietitians are present to advise and the general state of health is good. The water is pure, the purchasers on getting a “well-balanced” meal. if one can find it to drink, and food standards are high in All stores in America, with the exception of a few small the best hotels and restaurants. town groceries, are run on a “Help-Ur-Self” basis. Two- WEATHER storey carts are provided for the shopper to carry her parcels Mild and pleasant weather with long spells of brilliant about and, if accompanied by a small child,, the child may sunshine is normal in Melbourne in early summer at the ride in the upper section. However, there are signs in all time of the Games—the seasons being reversed in the South¬ shops warning you “not to leave child alone in basket.” ern Hemisphere. But while the average maximum tempera¬ No matter how few articles you buy in any store, you ture during November is 71°F. and minimum 51°F. and is leave with a large paper bag. The tons of extra paper used 4° higher at both ends of the scale in December, still Mel¬ in America for wrapping and packaging purposes may ac¬ bourne weather is fickle, and as the saying goes “If you count for some of the high food costs. Apropos of this don’t like the weather, wait ten minutes.” Thus a mixture paper problem, it is advisable to have several of the very of clothing would be in order—particularly a water repel¬ large type wastepaper basket in your home. lent topcoat. Spiritous beverages are sold in privately-owned, profit¬ CONSULAR WORK making liquor stores. Prices are considerably higher than Inquiries are frequently directed to the Consulate on overseas. However, a cheaper brand can be procured matters of accommodations, tickets, transportation, travel through hill stores which ferment their own. This is risky arrangements, press, radio, and photographic arrangements, due to constant intervention by the police and it is con¬ and information of an assorted nature. Even though the in¬ sidered wiser to deal with more conventional sources. quirer may be referred to an Olympic body, still the han¬ Servants dling of inquiries takes the time of consular personnel. Also In the suburbs servants have become an almost extinct consultation with Olympic officials is frequent, as well as group and little is known of it, although it has been rumored with organizations planning programs. The Australian- that this once necessary and prosperous class has gone American Association has generously permitted its Secre¬ underground. To replace them are the “baby-sitter groups” tary, Mr. P. M. Hamilton, to accept appointment as the U.S. who range in age from 16 to 65. The older sitters are Olympic Attache for the Games, and he and his staff find bonded and sent out by baby-sitter agencies. The younger that they already spend considerable time on Olympic Game sitters are bound by no such restrictions and work com¬ matters, and expect to devote all of their time to that ac¬ pletely on their own. Among younger baby sitters, there is tivity immediately preceding and during the Games. The a general rule not to accept jobs where TV is not installed. American Club and Women’s Auxiliary will also find them¬ A woman does not lose caste in this country by cleaning selves busy then. An officer of this Consulate will shortly her own house, ironing or washing, although she might well be assigned exclusively to this work, and it will probably be lose it by not so doing. found that during Game time the office will devote most of During the hours -when supper is being prepared, TV its attention to Game activities especially with 5000 Ameri¬ has proven an efficient nanny, keeping the very young spell¬ can sailors in town. As Dean of the 26 national Consular bound and out of the kitchen. As TV programs run through¬ Corps of Melbourne I have also had to engage in consider¬ out the day and as late as 3 a.m. in the big cities, it is able Olympic Game activity on behalf of the Corps, and extremely easy to keep children quiet under this mesmeric this work will increase before the Games end. control. Thus the Consulate in Melbourne is becoming increasingly Miscellaneous involved in Olympic events, so that some personnel on the Diplomatic license plates and the immunity that goes firing line are beginning to look at the target date of De¬ with them are not available at this post for American For¬ cember 8 for the Closing Ceremony, when the Olympic eign Service officers. Only foreign personnel stationed in Torch is extinguished, as one which spells release from Washington have immunity to standard illegal practices, an involvement more overwhelming than the strangle hold of such as access to No Parking zones, exceeding the speed an Olympic heavyweight wrestler. limit, etc.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FRANCIS SCOTT KEY APARTMENT HOTEL a “President” vacation 600 - 20th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. as you cross NAtional 8-5425 the Sunny Pacific

Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the S. S. PRESIDENT CLEVELAND Francis Scott Key Hotel: S. S. PRESIDENT WILSON (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department (3) It offers family accommodations Air-Conditioned Luxury Liners (3) One room, kitchen and bath, completely fnrnlshed Sailing Every 3 Weeks between apartments, air conditioned San Francisco or Los Angeles and (4) Coffee shop and excellent food (5) Reasonable rates—$6.00 to $10.00 double HONOLULU - YOKOHAMA • MANILA CAPT. & MBS. MARSHALL McKIBBIN, Mgrs. HONG KONG•KOBE Treat yourself to a really relaxing vacation as you travel, WOOSTER SCHOOL, with the finest of dining, swim¬ DANBURY, CONNECTICUT ming, sports, dancing and Wooster is a young, small, boys’ boarding school entertainment. Complete shop¬ with a rather unique curriculum, emphasizing the liberal arts and preparing boys largely for colleges ping center aboard ship; super¬ in the New England and Middle Atlantic States area. vised playroom for your chil¬ Boys of all faiths are eligible, though the School dren. Take 350 lb.of baggage is Episcopalian in its origin and present religious free! influence. Special scholarship help is available, as needed, to qualified sons of Foreign Service personnel. AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES For information and catalogue write to The General Offices: 311 California Street Reverend John D. Verdery, Headmaster. San Francisco 4

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SEPTEMBER, 1956 47 Addresses of Foreign Service Personnel Retired OR RESIGNED AFTER FIFTEEN OR MORE YEARS OF SERVICE

Abbey, Glenn A. Armstrong, George A. Benninghoff, H. Merrell Boudinot, Miss Mary C. Eugenio Sue 215, Polanco, 6 Boud Ave. 10 Vesta Circle 1307 Locust St. Mexico, D. F., Mexico Farmingdale, N. J. Melbourne, Fla. Muskogee, Okla. April thru Nov.: Abbott, Wainwright Armstrong, Mrs. Jane P. Benson, Barry T. % F. Abbott % American Embassy 520 21st St., N.W. 354 South Spring St., Rm. 731 Madrid, Spain Hitherbrook Washington, D. C. Los Angeles 13, Calif. St. James, L.I., N.Y. Bowcock, James M. Aspelin, Johnes Harry Benton, Russell W. 2504 Monument Ave. Abell, Miss A. Edith % American Embassy 175 Woodward Ave. Richmond, Va. 3620 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Stockholm, Buffalo 14, N. Y. Apt. 9 Bowers, Hon. Claude G. Aspelin, K. Gunnar Washington, D. C. Berger, David C. 20 West 84th St. Gjorwellsgattan, 17 2808 Vallejo St. New York, N. Y. Abrams, Manuel Stockholm, Sweden San Francisco, Calif. 7 Cloverfield Rd. Bowman, Howard A. Atherton, Hon. Ray Valley Stream, L.I., N.Y. Berry, Hon. Burton Y. P. O. Box 1092 3017 O St., N.W. % Robert College Carmel, Calif. Abraham, Russell Washington 7, D. C. Bebek Post Office Box 8 % Dr. Joseph Abraham Istanbul, Turkey P. O. Box 63 Bailey, John W., Jr. Bowman, Thomas D. Falmouth, Kentucky Waterford, Va. 32 Wall St. Beylard, Charles B. Wellesley, Mass. % American Consulate Ackerman, Hon. Ralph H. Bailey, Waldo E. Rt. 2, Box 226 8155 Pasadena Nice, France Boyce, Richard F. 1305 Admiral Dr. Walterboro, S. Carolina La Mesa, Calif. Bickers, William A. Home 312 W. Asher St. Wellington Heights Adam, Hector C. Baker, Miss Muriel F. Alexandria, Va. 1060 Park Ave. % American Consulate General Culpepper, Va. New York, N. Y. Montreal, Canada % Philco Corp. Bigelow, Donald F. 744 Jackson PL, N.W. Business Adams, Walter A. Balch, Henry FI. Windspillen Washington 6, D. C. Old Orchard, Pelham Rd. 441 Eustis St. Gstaad, Switzerland Boyle, Miss Fay Greenville, S. Carolina Huntsville, Ala. Bingham, Hiram, Jr., P. O. Box 287 Salem, Conn. Aguirre, Stephen E. Baldwin, Charles F. McLean, Va. Via di San Teodora, 28 2210 W. Virginia St. Birkeland, Carl El Paso, Texas Rome, Italy Bradford, Leonard G. % American Consulate % American Consulate General Ballantine, Joseph W. Liverpool, England Ailshie, William K. 1623 Lanier PL, N.W. Apt. 202 Marseille, France 254 Prospect St., La Jolla, Calif. Washington, D. C. Blake, Gilson G. 15 Busbee Rd. Bradford, Robert R. Alexopulos, Alexander I. Bankhead, Henry M. Biltmore, N. Carolina % Trust Dept. 1 Korai St. Key Colony, P.O. Box 305 Omaha National Bank Athens, Greece Marathon, Fla. Blake, Maxwell Omaha, Nebraska S. Twin Oaks Apt. Alexander, Knox Bankhead, John L. 5050 Oak St. Brady, Austin C. 2570 Hilgard Ave. P.O. Box 5630, Friendship Station Kansas City, Mo. Cathedral Apts. Washington 16, D. C. 1201 California St. Berkeley 5, Calif. Bliss, Hon. Robert Woods Barnes, Hon. Maynard B. 1537 28th St., N.W. San Francisco 9, Calif. Alfsen, Fritz A. M. 1061 31st St., N.W. 15219 12th Rd. Washington, D. C. Brandt, George L. Washington, D. C. White Stone, L.I., N. Y. Blohm, Lee R. Lerch Drive Barry, John R. 106 W. Church St. Avalon Shores Allen, Charles W. 492 Park Ave. Carlsbad, New Mexico Shady Side, Md. Rt. 1, Box 1313A Laguna Beach, Calif. Grants Pass, Oregon Boal, Hon. Pierre deL. Brett, Homer Bay, Charles A. La Ferme de Chignens Box 1466 Altaffer, Maurice W. Lahaska Les Allinges Meridian, Miss. RFD Box 173 Bucks County, Pa. Haute-Savoie, France New Hope, Bucks Co., Pa. Breuer, Carl Beach, William H. Boernstein, Ralph A. 2 Campbelton Circle Anderson, Charles W. At-the-Bay 3731 Northampton St., N.W. Princeton, N. J. Villa Roger Snow Hill, Md. Washington 15, D. C. Brecy-par-Coincy, Aisne, France Brooks, Clarence C. Beaumont, Adam Bohan, Hon. Merwin L. % Klein & Saks, E & F Andrews, George D. Castine, Maine 304 S. St. Asaph St. Mission, Apartado Postal 240 Marystowe Cottage Beck, Mrs. Elizabeth D. Alexandria, Va. Guatemala, Guatemala Marystowe, Lifton % American Embassy Bohr, Frank Brooks, Russell M. Devon, England The JIague, Netherlands 409 Pauline Blvd. St. Raphael Ann Arbor, Mich. Anslinger, Harry J. Beck, William H. Var, France Room 8200, 1300 E St.. N.W. 2921 Bellevue Terrace, N.W. Borum, Neal D. Browne, Sidney H. Washington, D. C. Washington 16, D. C. 1701 Eagles Nest Dr. P.O. Box 892 Antoniades, Miss Anne Belin, Hon. F. Lammot Belleair, Clearwater, Fla. Chatham, Mass. 119 East 29th St. 1623 28th St., N.W. Bouchal, John L. Bruner, Glen W. New York, N. Y. Washington, D. C. Wilber, Nebraska 205 Hendren St. Armour, Hon. Norman Belovsky, Sidney A. Boucher, Hiram A. Walsenburg, Colo. 825 Fifth Ave. 11 Church St. Rt. 1 Bucknell, Howard New York, N. Y. Alfred, N. Y. Mechanicsville, Md. Bluemont, Va.

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SF.PTF.MBRR. 1956 49 Buell, Robert L. Chau Wing Tai Corrigan, John P. O. Box 266 Summer 3319 Dent PI., N.W. 332 Third Ave., Apt. 2 Hotel Musgrave Stockbridge, Mass. } Washington 7, D. C. New York, N. Y. Durban, Natal, U. of S. Africa Davis, Hon. Nathaniel P. Burke, Gordon L. Childs, Archie W. Corrigan, Hon. Frank P. 10 Lincoln Ave. Stevens Gardens 536 Scotland St. 531 East 20th St. Glens Falls, N. Y. 214 Main St. Dunedin, Fla. New York, N. Y. E. Hartford 8, Conn. Davis, Thomas D. Childs, Hon. J. Rives Cory, Thomas J. 330 North Green St. Burri, Alfred T. % American Consulate S.V.P.M., Palembang Tupelo, Miss. 232 E. Padre St. Nice (A.M.), France Sumatra, Indonesia Santa Barbara, Calif. Dawson, Claude I. Christea, James Coudray, Robert C. 802 Calhoun St. Burt, Joseph F. % American Embassy 830 Barracks St. Anderson, S. Carolina OFC—EP Athens, Greece Vieux Carre American Consulate General New Orleans 16, La. Dawson, Leonard G. APO 757, New York, N. Y. Cifani, Alfred 821 High St. % American Embassy Courand, Claude W. Staunton, Va. Busser, William F. Rome, Italy % American Embassy St. Anthony Club Santiago, Chile Dawson, Owen L. 16 East 64th St. Christopherson, Carl E. % American Embassy New York 21, N. Y. Bank Village Coville, Cabot Bagdad New Ipswich, N. H. 101 Crown Rd. Butler, Hon. George H. Kentfield, Calif. Dawson, Hon. William Clark, David M. 3317 Newark St., N.W. 2310 Connecticut Ave., N.W. j- Winter Apt. 306 White Mt. Drilling Co. Cowan, Robert T. Washington 8, D. C. Washington 8, D. C. 4232 North 44th PI. 4320 Mockingbird Lane Haven P. O., Maine [• Summer Phoenix, Ariz. Highland Park Byington, Homer M., Sr. Dallas, Texas Day, Henry B. East Trail, Tokeneke Clark, Lew B. 3252 O St., N.W. Darien, Conn. Milton, N. H. Cox, Raymond E. Washington, D. C. Byrd, Miss Mayelle Clark. Reed Paige 2346 S St., N.W. The Chastleton Hotel Washington, D. C. Day, Samuel H. 460 Everett St. 15211 Becky Lane Palo Alto, Calif. 16th & R Streets, N.W. Crocker, Hon. Edward S. Washington, D. C. 580 Park Ave. ) , Los Gatos, Calif. Byrnes, James R. New York 21, N. Y. J Wlnter Clark, DuWayne G. Dearing, Hon. Fred Morris 3430 Edgewater St. Kittery Point, Me. Summer Red Hook Orlando, Fla. 21 White Birch Farm Rd. New Canaan, Conn. Crawford, Mrs. Dora A. Dutchess County, N. Y. Caffery, Edward Clubl), O. Edmund 4054 W. Philadelphia de Barneville, Maurice F. 806 West Beach 276 Riverside Dr.. Apt. 7-H Detroit 4, Mich. Bernestrasse 54 Biloxi, Miss. Bern, Switzerland New York 25, N. Y. Crommett, Archiles M. Caffery, Hon. Jefferson Clum, Harold D. % Security Bank DeCourcy, Hon. William E. % Daniel F. McCarthy 321 Webster Ave. 101 Oakley St. Hilltop, P. O. Box 98 N.E. Corner 9th & G Sts., N.W. Malden-on-Hudson, N. Y. Washington, D. C. Winter Park, Fla. Evansville, Ind. Deike, Miss Mildred V. Calder, A. Bland Cochran, Hon. H. Merle Cross, Cecil M. P. International Monetary Fund Caixa Postal 58 2420 - 16th St., N.W. Box TT Washington, D. C. Carmel, Calif. 1818 H St„ N.W. Ceres (Goiaz), Brazil Washington 6, D. C. de Lambert, Richard M. Culbertson, Paul T. Caldwell. Hon. John K. Coe, Hon. Robert D. 1660 Luneta Drive Route 3 P. O. Box 12 American Ambassador Del Mar, Calif. Robles del Rio, Calif. Gaithersburg, Md. Copenhagen, Denmark Denby, James O. Callanan, Leo .1. Cunningham. Frederick J. 1520 33rd St., N.W. 9930 Markham St. Cole, Hon. Felix 1615 Harvard St., N.W. 57 Union St., Apt. 1 Washington 7, D. C. Silver Spring, Md. Washington, D. C. Montclair, N. J. DeVault, Charles L. Callejas, Miss Marie B. Curtis, Hon. Charles B. Box 1735 205 Madison St. Cole, Thomas J. P. O. Box 126 1502 Tangier Ave. ^ Winter Carmel, Calif. Lynchburg, Va. Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla Coral Gables, Fla. P. O. Box 631 1 Dick, Hassell Summer Calvert, John S. Coleman, Edwin S. Litchfield, Conn. \ llillcrest Drive 317 Raleigh Dr. 242 Cross Hill York, S. Carolina Cussans, Frank Virginia Beach, Va. Penwynne, Montgomery Co., Pa. Villa Sabyl Dickerson, Charles E., Jr. Canty, George R. Colebrook, Mulford A. Avenue Centrale Castle Nugent 570 Park Ave. % Edmund Cook & Co. Andernos-Les-Baines (Gironde), Christiansted, St. Croix New York 21, N. Y. 190 Nassau St. France Virgin Islands Princeton, N. J. Carlson, Harold Dahl, Basil D. Dickinson, Horace J. 3 Grevgatan Colladay, Montgomery H. 1107 Jackson Blvd. Vereda Nueva Stockholm, Sweden 1761 Pacific Beach Dr. Clearwater, Fla. Habana, Cuba San Diego 9, Calif. Carlson, Harry E. Daniels, Hon. Paul C. Dickover, Erie R. Jug End Rd„ RFD 1 Conkright, William A. Lakeville, Conn. Box 202, RFD 1 Sheffield, Mass. % Apartado No. 2069 Carpinteria, Calif. Caracas, Venezuela Davies, John P., Jr. Castleman, Reginald S. 16 West Myrtle St. Dickson, Samuel S. % American Embassy Cookingham, Harris N. Alexandria, Va. P. O. Box 323 Madrid, Spain RD 1 La Jolla, Calif. Red-Hook-on-Hudson, N. Y. Davis, John K. Chapman, .1. Holbrook 2635 Palmerston Ave. Dillingham, Sherburne Spring Willow Farm Cooper, Charles A. West Vancouver, British Colum¬ Signal Hill Rd. Wittman, Talbot Co., Md. Humboldt, Neb. bia, Canada Barrington, 111. Chau Sham Tai Corcoran, William W. Davis, Leslie A. Dix. Miss Adele ] 5614 Netherland Ave., 2-G 1241 Silverado Place 475 Jo-Al-Ca Ave. ) , 36 Oviedo Ave. J- Winter Riverdale 71, N. Y. La Jolla, Calif. Winter Park, Fla. f Wm,er Coral Gables, Fla. J

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Morality and Foreign Affairs (from page 44) u Serving the Men’s Wear tion of national power and denial of national self-interest. HE8ET J.GOODMAN ‘CO. Needs of the Depart¬ As long as we recognize the correlation of the two in con¬ ment of State and the crete situations, the need to endeavor to do justice to both Foreign Service in real decisions, does it matter which comes first? mm For Over 50 Years Yes, it does matter. • From the metaphysical standpoint, of course it matters In stock the year ’round whether power or ethics be regarded as primary in the essen¬ HASPEL new wash ’n wear miracle fabrics tial nature of things. If power is primary, then the variety Dacron & cotton—Orion & Nylon—also Cotton Cords PALM BEACH — ARROW — MANHATTAN — McGREGOR of the world must be so understood under the terms of this primary. If ethics is primary, then the variety of the Special attention to mail orders from any country world must be differently understood as under the terms of this different primacy. Men are metaphysical creatures HENRY J. GOODMAN & CO. whose lives and actions are governed, directly and indirectly, 1707 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W., Washington 6, D. C. by the world views which prevail in their minds and in their societies. We have seen too recently in Nazism the terrible consequences of a world-view oriented exclusively to power and national self-interest. Before you decide to Bent, Buy or Sell Does it matter to us Americans which comes first?The in Washington, contact image of America matters. The image of America to our¬ selves and to the world is involved in the determination. J. c. Shall the image of America be as power-seeking, power- C H A T E L hungry, power-focused in its own mind; bent exclusively on its own survival, striving eagerly for material success, the Realtor ruthless caster of the atomic bomb? Or shall the image of 1532 Wisconsin Ave. in Georgetown America be as moral, generous, humanitarian, concerned for HU 3-3356 all mankind, and seeking the good for itself and for all men. America cannot be both. America may never become as You will receive expert advice without any obligation. cast in image. Yet the image is nonetheless important to its We specialize in handling GEORGETOWN properties. becoming. More, I would say, the quality of attainment will perforce reflect the quality of the image. It may be true that if the United States had taken a more realistic approach in its foreign policy during the past fifty years, the history of this period might have been very differ¬ An American Education for Your Child ent. It appears to me likewise true that if the United States Wherever you may be stationed, Calvert SCHOOL- does not take a basically moral approach in the forthcoming AT-HOME Courses can provide, by mail, a sound, modern education for your child. No teaching ex¬ period, the history of this period may lead to disaster. It perience needed. Complete, easy-to-follow lessons. may lead to disaster, anyway, even with a moral approach, Continuous guidance by Calvert teachers. but there is more likelihood that a catastrophe can be averted BOOKS, SUPPLIES provided! Calvert Courses are accredited, stress the fundamentals. by adherence to moral principles in the conduct of foreign Often used to enrich learning programs of affairs. Faced with the awesome consequences of political superior pupils. Children all over the world have action, with the manifest threat to mankind, the problem Kindergarten been educated successfully by the Calvert method. is to maintain morality in foreign policy. The problem is through START ANY TIME. Calvert-taught children transfer easily to other schools. Send for the how to be moral, how to practice justice and benevolence ninth grade catalog. Give child’s age and school grade. without sacrifice of self-interest—in a world with an im¬ • placable foe possessed of great power, threatening power. 51st year CALVERT SCHOOL 9 130 W. Tuscany Rd. Baltimore 10, Md. There is so much current talk about survival, as if the problem were one merely of survival. Who would want to deny that survival would be nice? But survival does not thereby become the goal and end-all of our efforts, for there are conditions and circumstances under which we would not want to accept survival. It is not through seeking to survive Exquisitely hand-crafted in solid that we shall outlast the enemy. The greatness of this country mahogany, walnut, or cherry. has been in its responsiveness to moral principles and moral Authentic traditional pieces for purposes. Moral principles have endurance. The problem is living — dining — bedrooms. to maintain the responsiveness to moral principles, to seek the right and ethical solutions to international problems. No. 210 Tester Bed Selling Foreign Service Personnel Jor years, packing and shipping to all parts oj the world. In so far as we are successful, may we not hope that survival For New Catalogue please send $1.00 will transpire as a natural corollary, that our endurance may in some part be influenced by the enduring quality of the principles to which we adhere.—Reprinted with permission NORRIS Furniture Corporation from the Virginia Quarterly Review © Summer 1956. Franklin and 24th Sts. • Richmond 14, Virginia

SEPTEMBER, 1956 51 3 Griner Rd. Summer Elding, Samuel G. Flood, Peter H. A. Giesecke, Dr. Albert A. Shadyside, Md. } Bellefontaine, Ohio Army-Navy Club % American Embassy Washington, D. C. Lima, Peru Donald, George K. Ellis, Overton G. Star Route 6107 69 Spardina Parkway Flournoy, William E., Jr. Goforth, Herndon W. Putnam, Conn. Pittsfield, Mass. 508 Pocahontas Dr. P. 0. Box 722 Virginia Beach, Va. Lenoir, N. Carolina Donovan, Howard Embry, John A. Alban Towers Hotel Box 1614 Follmer, Cyrus B. Goldstein, Ilyrnan 3700 Massachusetts Ave., N. W. New Port Richey, Fla. Potts Grove, Pa. 3255 Sawtelle Blvd., Apt. 1 Washington, D. C. Los Angeles 34, Calif. Engert, Hon. Cornelius Van H. Ford, Richard Donegan, Alfred W. 2717 36th Place, N.W. Pasaje Monseny 2 Goodier, Harvey T. 4828 Roland Ave. Washington, D. C. San Justo, Barcelona, Spain 1059 Glenrose Ave. Baltimore, Md. N. Sacramento 15, Calif. English. Robert Foster, Carol H. Donnelly, Hon. Walter J. King Street Farm 2323 Nebraska Ave., N.W. Goold, Herbert S. % U. S. Steel Co. Hancock, N. H. Washington 16, D. C. 4852 Indian Lane, N.W. 71 Broadway Washington, D. C. New York, N. Y. Enlow, Charles R. Fox, Homer Fowler, Indiana 128 Jordan St. Gordon, Hon. George A. Doolittle, Hooker A. | Winter Erickson. G~st"ve A. B-nrettsville, S. C. Oceanic Cottage, Breakers % American Legation Central Lake, Mich. ) Summer Tangier, Morocco 9 bis Ave. do Psris FI,. Versailles, France Fox, Ray Dooman, Eugene H. Eslinger, Ernest L. Glenn, Glenn Co. New York l2lf*N. Y. ]Summer Litchfield, Conn. % Mrs. Hickev Calif. Gotlieb, Bernard Doty, William F. 1510 Rebecca St. Frank, Laurence C. Memphis, Tenn. P. O. Box 4925 55 Arbour St. Hawthorne Rd. Main Post Office Southport, Lancs., England Etienne, Miss Koruna S. Jamestown, R. I. San Francisco, Calif. 31? - 54th ''ve., N.E. Douglas, Lee B. St. Pct'T lur u. Fla. Frazier, Alfred D. Grant-Smith, Hon. U. 304 S. St., Asaph St. % American Embassy 1222 - 16th St., N.W. Alexandria, Va. Fvons, Freest F.. Paris, France caint Alvcr" (Dordogne) Washington, D. C. Douglass, William B. France Fredrickson, Oscar W. Graves, Miss Elaina Sullivan’s Island, S. Carolina Evans. Jcs—h P. 3403 East 1st St. Andover, N. H. Long Beach 3, Calif. Dow, Edward A., Jr. 4269 Van Nuys Blvd. Graves, George M. Warren Garden Apts. Sherman Oaks, Calif. Frost, Arthur C. Pelham Manor 65, N. Y. East Rd. Fveretr, Curtis T. 875 Partridge Ave. S. Shaftsbury, Vt. Menlo Park, Calif. Doyle, Albert M. 9711 Believe- Dr. 1081 Park Ave., No. Lo-u-t Hill Fstates Gray, Archibald E. Bethesda 14, Md. Frost, Hon. Wesley 1648 Ohio St. Winter Park, Fla. 957 Phelps Ave. ) Redlands, Calif. Faust. John B. Winter Park, Fla. Wlnler Dreyfus, Hon. Louis G., Jr. \ 1212 Cortez St. 279 Elm St. ) c Gray, I. Cushman “Erram” Coral Gables, Fla. Oberlin, Ohio \ Summer 1648 Ohio St. 370 Hot Springs Rd. Redlands, Calif. Santa Barbara, Calif. Fernald. Robert F. Fuller, George Gregg 18 Nathan Hale Dr. 3816 Huntington St., N.W. Green, David S. duBois, Coert Huntington, L. I., N.Y. Washington 15, D. C. % Foreign Dept. 13 Elm St. First National Bank in Houston, Stonington, Conn. Ferrin, Augustin W. Bowlers Wharf Fullerton, Hon. Hugh S. P. O. Box 2519 Ducote. Charles H. Essex Co., Va. American Hospital Houston, Texas 63 Blvd. Victor Hugo 35 Park Ave. Green, Hon. Joseph C. New York, N. Y. Finley, Harold D. Neuilly-sur-, France 19 Hilltop Rd. 10 Quincy St. Dunham, Donald C. Billmore Forest, N. Carolina Funk, Ilo C. Chevy Chase, Md. % American Committee for 614 E. Alameda Fisher, Fred D. Santa Fe, New Mexico Greene, Winthrop S. Liberation from Bolshevism 729 N. Victoria Pk. Rd. American Embassy 6 East 45th St. Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Gade, Gerhard New York, N. Y. Vienna, Austria Fjelle, Miss Ethel B. Knickerbocker Hotel Dunkcr. Miss Ragnhild Pareliusveien 43 807 Fifth Ave. Greenup, Julian C. 220 Pelham Rd., Apt. 6-J Bekkelagshogda New York, N. Y. Malibu Lake, Star Route Agoura, Calif. New Rochelle, N. Y. Oslo, Norway Galbraith, Willard Flatau, Jack 4531 Que St., N.W. Grew, Hon. Joseph C. Dunlap, Maurice P. 2840 Woodland Drive, Dell Rapids Apt. 6-D, 213-02 75th Ave. Washington, D. C. Bayside 64, N. Y. Minnehaha County, S. Dakota Gamon, John A. Washington, D. C. } Winter Dunn. Hon. James C. Fletcher, C. Paul 927 Mendocino Ave. Manchester, Mass. }■ Summer Grand Hotel 357% Coast Blvd. Berkeley, Calif. Grinnell, Robert Rome, Italy La Jolla, Calif. Gardiner, John P. 1711 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Dunn, Dr. William E. Fletcher, Samuel J. 21 Cumberland Ave. Apt. 820 Westchester Apts., Apt. 11-B P. O. Box 180 Brookline, Mass. Washington, D. C. 4000 Cathedral Ave., N.W. Kittery Point, Me. Groeninger, Joseph G. Washington 16, D. C. Gauss, Hon. Clarence E. Flexer, Fayette J. Mall Point Farm Army-Navy Club 4220 Cresta Ave. St. Leonard P. O., Dye. John W. Hope Ranch Park 196 La Vereda Rd. Washington, D. C. Calvert Co., Md. Santa Barbara, Calif. Santa Barbara, Calif. Flood, Douglas Gross, Paul L. Eberhardt, Hon. Charles C. Attorney at Law Gibson, Raleigh A. Lencshire House, Apt. 412 421 South 8th St. 154 S. La Salle St. 95 Arquimedos 3140 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Salina, Kansas Chicago 3, 111. Mexico, D. F., Mexico Washington 16, D. C.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Grotli, Edward M. Hester, Evett D. Box 645 1012 E. Seventh St. Colorado Springs, Colo. Jeffersonville, Ind. Moving Abroad? Groves, H. Lawrence Hewes, Clarence B. Coudersport, Pa. 2358 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D. C. Grummon, Stuart E. Old Mail Coach Rd. Higgins, Col. Lawrence H. Redding, Conn. Masaryk 83, Depto 6 Mexico 5, D. F., Mexico Guinn, Paul S. Dir. Proc. & Prod. Hinkle, Eugene M. DCS/Materiel, Hqs., USAFE 11 Ober Rd. APO 633, New York, N. Y. Princeton, N. J. Haering, George J. Hodgson, James F. The Westchester, Apt. 614B 17 East 55th St. 4000 Cathedral Ave., N.W. New York, N. Y. Washington 16, D. C. Hohenthal, Theodore J. Hagerman, Worthington E. 87 Ardmore Rd., Kensington 6732 Fourth Ave., N. Park St. Petersburg, Fla. Berkeley, Calif. Hagstrom, Miss Helen M. Holland, Philip don't make a move . . . without calling— 762 - 55th St. 2014 General Pershing St. Brooklyn, N. Y. New Orleans 15, Louisiana Hall, Mrs. Alethea A. Honaker, Samuel W. Boston House, Apt. 713 % General Delivery Miami, Fla. 1711 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington 6, D. C. Hooper, Malcolm P. 2706 Cheswolde Rd. SMITH’S Hamilton, Hon. Maxwell M. Baltimore, Md. 1256 Martin Ave. Palo Alto, Calif. Hopper, George D. NOrth 7-3343 Boxwood Lane, Beaucatcher Mt. Hamlin, John N. Asheville, N. C. Westchester Apts., Apt. 105-A PACKING • CRATING 4000 Cathedral Ave. Horn, Thomas S. Washington 16, D. C. % The University Club LIFT-VAN SERVICE 800 Powell St. Hammond, B. Miles San Francisco 8, Calif. 1313 YOU STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. Box 754 Williston, Fla. Hornbeck, Hon. Stanley K. 2139 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Harrison, Randolph Washington, D. C. % Comdr. P. H. Ryan Boyd Tavern, Va. Houck, Fred H. 1217 Alameda Ave. Haven, Richard B. Glendale 1, Calif. % American Embassy Athens, Greece Howard, George C. ICA-Textile Project Havron, J. Brock % American Embassy 13 Lilly St. Lima, Peru Florence, Mass. Hawkins, Harry C. Hubbard, Phil H. Springdale Farm 240 South Broadway Clifton, Va. Tarrytown, N. Y. Hawley, Harry F. Huddle, Hon. J. Klahr P. O. Box 267 3434 Ashley Terrace, N.W. Old Saybrook, Conn. Washington, D. C. Heard, William W. Huddleston, John F. Corso Elia Rainusso 20-5 1245 Sunset Drive Santa Margherita Winter Park, Fla. Ligure, Italy Hudson, Joel C. Heisler, Charles H. 22 No. San Mateo Drive 317 Greenwood Ave. San Mateo, Calif. Whitfield Estates Sarasota, Fla. Huestis, Richard S. 79 Park St. IJeizer, Oscar S. Allison Hotel Portland, Maine St. Petersburg, Fla. Hukill, George R. Hengstler, Herbert C. P. O. Box 163 900 Tennessee Lane Middletown, Dela. Sarasota, Fla. Hulley, Benjamin M. Henry, Frank Anderson 15 Columbus Ave. The Laurels, Nutley Hyannis, Mass. Sussex, England Henry, R. Horton Humes, Miss Elizabeth Box 2-4125, Village Sta. % American Embassy Westwood, Calif. APO 794, New York, N. Y.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 53 Humphrey, Miss Daisy, Jordan, Francis C. Kirk, Hon. Alexander C. Lewis, Charles W., Jr. % J. E. Clark 564 Davidson St. P. O. Box 1 “Eagle’s Nest” 6714 Oleatha Ave. Chula Vista, Calif. Florissant, Colo. King George, Va. St. Louis 9, Mo. Jordan. Miss Maud A. Klieforth, Alfred W. Lickert, Miss Elizabeth Hunt, Frederick Drum % W. H. Mitchell 8650 Lemon Ave. 5309 Carvel Rd. 2535 S. Webster St. Bramhall Field La Mesa, Calif. Ft. Wayne, Ind. Washington 16, D. C. Falmouth Foreside, Portland, Maine Knapp, Alfred G. Lineaweaver, F. Ridgway Hunt, Leigh 300 Anacoslia Rd., S. E. R. F. D. 1 Josselyn, Paul R. 66 South Maryland St. Washington, D. C. Ocala, Fla. Purcellville, Va. 2606 Newlands Ave. Belmont, Calif. Knasin, Louis R. Hunter, Mrs. Winifred A. % American Embassy Linthicum, Walter J. 2138 California St., N. W. Apt. Juddson, Harte M. Paris, France Box 133 206 23 Veronica Place Royal Oak, Talbot Co., Md. Washington 8, D. C. Brooklyn 26, N. Y. Knox, Charles F., Jr. Livengood, Hon. Charles A. Hurst, Carlton Tintern Farm 3214 Porter St., N.W. 920 Coral Way Kappel, Miss Henrietta Warrenton, Va. % Alice Haines Washington 15, D. C. Coral Gables, Fla. 810 - 4th St., No. Kock, Aame R. % American Legation Huston, Cloyce K. St. Petersburg, Fla. Lockett, Thomas H. Helsinki, Finland Dorchester House Free Europe Comm. Kazanjian, Reginald 110 West 57th St. Kolb, Raymond E. 2480 - 16th St., N.W. New York, N. Y. % American Embassy Washington, D. C. Lisbon, Portugal 823 Mt. Royal Ave. Ives, Ernest L. Cumberland, Md. Keeler, Erwin P. Long, Hon. Boaz W. Paint Hill Farm Krausse, Henry G., Sr. 460 Camino de las Animas Southern Pines, N. Carolina % Mrs. H. M. Sessions 201 Daleville St. Rayon #35 Santa Fe, New Mexico Enterprise, Ala. Veracruz, Mexico Jacobs, Miss Carolyn G. Longyear, Robert D. 800 West 72nd St. Krentz, Kenneth C. Keena, Hon. Leo J. Kansas City, Mo. P. O. Box 584 Winter % American Consulate Geneva, Switzerland f Pebble Beach, Calif. Janz, Robert Durban, Union of S. Africa P. O. Box 95 j Summer 480 - 281h Ave., No. Wnmirtil Mncc ( Keith, Gerald Kuniholm, Bertel E. St. Petersburg, Fla. American Committee, Suite 702 P. O. Box 267 Lord, John H. 6 East 45th St. Pebble Beach, Calif Indian Brook, R. F. D. Jenkins, Hon. Douglas New York 17, N. Y. 2257 Central Ave. Buzzards Bay, Mass. Augusta, Ga. Kelchner, Warren 1112 S. Orange Ave. Kuykendall, C. Porter 436 Kimberley Ave. Loren, Odin G. Jensen, Julius C. Bay Point Park j WiiVinter Asheville, N. Carolina 211 Chevy Chase Drive % Mrs. D. Petersen Sarasota, Fla. San Antonio, Texas 119 N. Madison Ave. Millville • Summer Laing, Duncan James Pasadena, Calif. Columbia Co., Pa. % American Embassy Lundgren, Maynard B. Tokyo, Japan Kelley, Robert F. 1026-15th St., N.W. Jester, Perry N. Washington, D. C. Bonnie Highlands 2 Lilienthalstrasse Lane, Clayton Free Union Star Rte. Munich, Germany 901 N. First St. Lynch, William R. Charlottesville, Va. Indianola, Iowa Kelsey, Easton T. 2866 Chestnut Ave. Jimenez, Emilio 10 Ancroft Place Lane, Francis A. Long Beach 6, Calif. Hostoc, 35 Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada % American Consulate General Ciudad Trujillo, D. R. Bremen, Germany Macatee, Hon. Robert B. Kemp, Edwin C. 3232 Prospect St., N.W. Johnson, Ellis A. 96 West Emerson St. Langdon, William R. Washington 7, D. C. The Studio Apt. Melrose, Mass. 44 Bradford Rd. Allies Inn Wellesley Hills, Mass. Macdonald. John J. 1703 New York Ave., N.W. Kemp, Percy George 4525 Lindell Blvd. Washington 6, D. C. Pacific Club Latimer, Frederick P., Jr. St. Louis, Mo. Victoria, British Columbia 42 Park Place Johnson, Hartwell Princeton, N. J. MacEachran, Clinton E. Aiken, S. C. Kemper, Graham LI. 2000 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Orange, Va. Laukhuff, Perry Apt. 707 Johnson, Hon. Hallett Glen Ave. Washington, D. C. 19 Cleveland Ave. Kendig, Mrs. Bertha M. Norwalk, Conn. 144 S. E. 3rd St., Apt. 27 Princeton, N. J. Macgowan, David B. Miami 32, Fla. Laurvik, Mrs. Elma P. Johnson, Hon. Herschel V. % Dr. Catherine Pasztory 5411 Newby Ave. Kendrick, Stephen E. C. 322 Hawthorne Lane 269 East 194th St„ Apt. 1A East Riverdale, Md. Charlotte, N. Carolina 2155 S. W. 18th Ave. New York 58, N. Y. Miami 45, Fla. MacLean. H. Coit Lawton, Edward P. R. F. D. 2 Johnson, John D. Kennan, Hon. George F. Jaffrey, N. H. % R. S. Rounds Leesburg, Va. 146 Hodge Rd. Cannondale, Conn. Johnston, Coldwell S. Princeton, N. J. MacMurray, Hon. John Van A. Lee, Frank Charles Captiva, Fla. J Winter 5000 Edgemoor Lane Ketcham, John B. Cape Meddick, Maine Norfolk, Conn. }■ Summer Bethesda 14, Md. 19880 Robin Way Los Gatos, Calif. Lee, Samuel T. MacVeagh, John H. Jonn, Miss Elsa P. O. Box 366 | % Fiduciary Trust Co. Key, Hon. David McK. Winter % American Embassy Fort Myers, Fla. \ 1 Wall St. Stockholm, Sweden 2543 Waterside Drive, N.W'. Washington 8, D. C. Box 268 1 Summer New York, N. Y. West Rutland, Vt. j Jordan, Curtis C. Kilcoin, William L. MacVeagh, Hon. Lincoln 4260 Cresta Ave. 4610 Harrison St. Lemke, Carl R. 331 St. Ronan St. Santa Barbara, Calif. Washington 15, D. C. Mayer Helvetia, Minn. New Haven, Conn.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MacVitty, Karl deG. McKenna, James E. Mitchell, Reginald P. Oakes, C. Hawley “Berkley,” Cook Rd. 702 South Fayette St. 4626 Warren St., N.W. 2507 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Hermitage, Tenn. Alexandria, Va. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Macy, Clarence E. McLean, Miss Minedee Moffitt, James P. O’Connor, Miss Katherine E. 1145 Race St. Jackson, La. 1623 Mount Eagle Place 1781 Riverside Dr., Apt. 4H Denver 6, Colo. Alexandria, Va. New York 34, N. Y. McManus, George B. Madonne, John H. 5058 26th Rd. Molesworth, Miss Kathleen O’Donoghue, Sidney E. N. Arlington, Va. 3090 Btiena Vista Way 207 Archway Sloney Knob Hill Berkeley, Calif. McNiece, Renwick S. Austin, Texas Weaverville, N. C. Magnuson, Erik W. 1609 S. Comstock Ave. Montamat, Harold E. Terserusvagen, 23 Los Angeles 24, Calif. Offie, Carmel 559 Prospect St. 3100 Connecticut Ave. N.W. Bromma, Sweden Meekins, Lynn W. Westfield, N. J. Washington, D. C. Magruder, Alexander R. 4017 Oliver St. Montgomery, Edmund B. Union Club Chevy Chase, Md. Ocheltree, John B. “Little Collingwood-on-the- 5200 Watson St., N.W. Park Ave. & 69th St. Potomac” New York, N. Y. Meinhardt, Carl D. Washington, D. C. Box 568 Mt. Vernon Memorial Highway Maher, Miss Frances Middleburg, N. Y. Alexandria, Va. Ogletree, Tigner Ini Walder 15 Hilltop Antique Shop Mooers, Horatio Ifyattstown, Md. Melby, John F. Zurich, Switzerland 3905 Spruce St. 1524 La Sula Court Makinson, George A. Philadelphia, Pa. Sarasota, Fla. Ostertag, Augustus 2122 - 22nd St. 328 Pennsylvania Ave. Meniminger, Lucien Moorhead, Maxwell K. Sacramento, Calif. Downinglown, Pa. 227 Victoria Rd. P. O. Box 600 Malige, Marcel E. Asheville, N. Carolina Lee Highway Owen, Augustus C. Pleasant View, Va. Warren ton, Va. St. Mathews, S. Carolina Merrell, Hon. George R. Marrero, Angel R. “Manzel Bagh” Murray, Hon. Wallace Packer, Earl L. % American Embassy Son Quint, Son Rapina 1852 Columbia Rd., N.W. 110 West 57th St. Ciudad Trujillo, D. R. Palma de Mallorca, Spain Apt. 603 New York, N. Y. Washington 9, D. C. Palmer, Hon. Ely Eliot Martin, Thaddeus Merriam, Gordon P. Murray, William Ballew Rancho de la Vista 711 Hillsboro St. Blueberry Farm 310 Hyde Park Ave. Rt. 2, Box 26 Dorado, Ark. South Bristol Rd. Damariscotta, Maine Tampa 6, Fla. Highland, San Bernardino Co. Mauricides, Harry Calif. P. 0. Box 3156 Mersman, Scudder Myers, Myrl S. Beirut, Lebanon 370 Westminster Ave. 265 Williamette Ave. Park, Nelson R. Lake Forrest, 111. Berkeley 8, Calif. 1420 Sunset Drive Mayer, Hon. Ferdinand L. Winter Park, Fla. West Rd. Messersmith, Hon. George S. Nabel, Eugene W. Bennington, Vt. 1285 Sierra Paracaima Box 6604, Metropolitan Station Parker, Edward S. Mexico D. F., Mexico Los Angeles 55, Calif. King’s Highway Maynard, Lester Star Route Nathan, Edward I. 29 Boulevard d’ltalie Middleton, Benjamin F. Fredericksburg, Va. Bruselas 902 Monte Carlo, Monaco 3 Ave. Buenos Ayres Nice (A.M.), France Colonia el Mirador Parks, James E. Mazzeo, Louis B. Monterrey, Mexico 206 Hill Rd., Box 268 837 Tangier St. Millard, Hugh Southern Pines, N. Carolina Coral Gables 34, Fla. Montesquinza, 23 Neathery, Jack B. Madrid, Spain 1431 Manchester Lane Parsloe, Arthur G. McAndrews, John H. E. Washington 8, D. C. % American Consulate 704 South Elm St. Miller, George E. Nester, Alfred T. Santos, Brazil Owatonna, Minn. % P. J. McCarthy Youngstown, Pa. % American Consulate General Pasquet, Maurice McBride, Col. Harry A. Naples, Italy Domaine du Ponceau 3000 Tilden St., N.W. Milboume, Harvey Lee Nculand, Paul A. Rubelles, Seine et Marne Washington, D. C. Charles Town France Jefferson Co., West Virginia 1901 Wyoming Ave., N.W. McCafferty, William J. Washington 9, D. C. Patterson, Hon. Jeffer o.i 2065 California St., Apt. 104 Miller, Ralph Newton, Miss Ethel R. American Ambassador San Francisco, Calif. Yule Farm 1147 Hartzell Montevideo, Uruguay Charlottesville, Va. McConnico, Andrew J. Pacific Palisades, Calif. Ft. George Star Route, Box 190 Patton, Hon. Kenneth S. Millet, Charles S. Jacksonville, Fla. Nielsen, Orsen N. Alemquer 312 East St. Corsica Nokomis, Fla. McDonough, Dayle C. West Bridgewater, Mass. Route One Centreville, Md. Peck, William L. Minneman, Dr. Paul G. Cameron, Mo. North, Oliver B. Scotland Rd. % American Embassy Madison, Conn. McEnelly, Thomas Paris, France 96 Killdeer Rd. Alexian Brothers Rest Home Hamden 14, Conn. Perkins, Mahlon F. Signal Mountain, Tenn. Minor, George C. Norton, Edward J. 2202 Wyoming Ave., N.W. McGurk, Hon. Joseph P. O. Box 264 Washington, D. C . Orange, Va. % Bevan S. A. % Hon. George H. Butler Malaga, Spain 2310 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Minor, Hon. Harold B. Perkins, Troy L. Apt. 306 % Arabian American Oil Co. Norweb, Hon. R. llenry 5129 Newport Ave., N.W. Washington 8, D. C. 505 Park Ave. 9511 Lake Shore Blvd. Washington 16, D. C. New York 22, N. Y. Cleveland 8, Ohio McFadyen, Archibald A. Perkins, Warwick 3106 Parkway Terrace Drive Minter, John R. Nyhus, Paul O. % Miss Elizabeth Perkins Apt. 1 % American Consulate General 79-10 34th Ave. 3027 N. Calvert St. Washington 23, D. C. Sydney, Australia Jackson Heights 72, N. Y. Baltimore 18, Md.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 55 Phelan, George R. Robinson, Thomas H. Shepard, Donald D. Stafford, Maurice L. 7800 Fairfield St. Lower Goddards Farm Suite 701 % American Embassy Philadelphia, Pa. Skirmett, Near Henley-on-Thames 1701 K St., N.W. Mexico, D. F., Mexico England Washington 6, D. C. Phillips, Hon. William Stanton, Hon. Edwin F. Robison,, Harold D. “Highover” Shepard, Septimus Indian Point Lane North Beverly, Mass. Carmel Valley, Calif. 174 A St. Riverside, Conn. Pierrot, A. Ogden Romero, Arthur J. Salt Lake City, Utah 2701-31st St., N.W. 2004 North Scott St. Stanton, Willard Quincy Washington, D. C. Arlington 1, Va. Sholes, Walter H. 1542 E. Water St. 2841 - 29th St., N.W. Tucson, Ariz. Pinkerton, Julian L. Roosevelt, Nicholas Washington, D. C. 542 South 45th St. Point of Whales St. Clair, Miss Dorothy Philadelphia, Pa. Big Sur, Calif. Simmons, Hon. John F. 5181 Westmore Chief of Protocol Montreal, Canada Playter, Harold Ross, Ervin C. Department of State 46 Charlotte St. 1040 Cambridge St. Washington 25, D. C. Steintorf, Paul B. St. Augustine, Fla. Topeka, Kansas P. O. Box 1232 Skinner, Hon. Robert P. Eustis, Fla. Porter, Miss Mary Jane Rozier, John W. 2 Congress St. 1816 7th Avenue 318 Adams St. Belfast, Maine Sterling, Hon. Frederick A. Greeley, Colo. Sparta, Ga. 3260 Prospect Ave., N.W. Slavens, Stanley G. Washington 7, D. C. Potter, Kennett F. Ruffin, Miss Frances R. 234 W. King’s Highway 1922 Irving St. 607 N. Spring St. San Antonio, Texas Steussy, Robin E. Sarasota, Fla. Pensacola, Fla. 3847 Nakoma Rd. Smale, William A. Madison 5, Wisconsin Preston, Austin R. Russell, H. Earle, Sr. Rochestown House “Mariposa,” Grantulla Rd. 915 Sligo Parkway Rochestown Stevens, Harry E. Kallista, Victoria, Australia Takoma Park 12, Md. County Cork, Ireland 2233 Durant Ave. Berkeley, Calif. Quarton, Harold B. Salisbury, Laurence E. Smith, Miss A. Viola 3535 Lake Mendota Dr. Guilford, Conn. Beekman Tower Hotel Stewart, Francis R. Shorewood 3 Mitchell Place The Towers Hotel Madison, Wise. Santana, Juan E. New York 17, N. Y. 332 S. E. Second Ave. 4211 Davis St. Miami, Fla. Ragland, Joseph P. Norfolk, Va. 1136 West Ave. Smith, E. Talbot “Muthaiga” Stewart, Hon. James B. Richmond 20, Va. Sappington, James C. 400 Carr St. Libert ytown Stable Lane Findon, Sussex, England Denver 15, Colo. Ray, John A. Frederick Co., Md. Box 103 Stoner, William G. Whitewright, Texas Sawyer, John B. Smith, Julc B. 6701 Woodstock Rd. 851 Lakeview Ave. 517 Lottie St. Fort Worth, Texas St. Petersburg, Fla. Reber, Hon. Samuel Modesto, Calif. 51 Cleveland Lane Sturgeon, Leo D. Princeton, N. J. Smith, Roger L. Schoenfeld, Hon. Rudolf E. P. O. Box 6 40 W. Phil-Ellena St. 3448 - 34th Place, N.W. Port Blakely, Washington Philadelphia 19, Pa. Redecker, Sydney B. Washington, D. C. Ill Park Ave. Styles, Francis H. Greenwich, Conn. Sniyser, William L. Schoenrich, Edwin P. O. Box 32 1050 26th St., S. Nanticoke, Md. Arlington 2, Va. Reed, Edward L. Mountainhome, Pa. The Barclay Schott, William W. Smyth, Robert L. Swift, Merritt Rittenhouse Square, E. Campliausenalle 8 Box 76, 39 Edgewood Way 2928 P. St., N.W. Philadelphia, Pa. Bad Godesburg/RH, Germany San Rafael, Calif. Washington 7, D. C. Reed, Leslie E. Schuler, Frank A., Jr. Sokobin, Samuel Taylor, Clifford C. 251 Oceano Dr. 2377 Westwood Rd. The Pink House The Westchester Los Angeles 49, Calif. Muskegen, Mich. 180 Alta Vista Dr. 4000 Cathedral Ave., N.W. Washington 16, D. C. Reineck, Walter S. Scott, Albert W. Atherton, Calif. R. F. D. 1 5823 Phoenix Dr. Taylor, Laurence W. Somerville, James 2351 Virginia St. Hudson, N. Y. Bethesda, Md. 3241 Livingston St. N.W. Berkeley 9, Calif. Remillard, Horace Scott, Winfield H. Washington 15, D. C. 4 Rue Guiglia Matthews Court House Taylor, Robert M. Matthews Co., Va. Southard, Addison E. 1212 Ravenna Blvd. Nice, Alpes Maritimes, France 241 Montalvo Ave. Seltzer, George E. Seattle 5, Washington Rhoades, Otis W. San Francisco 16, Calif. 1208 North Fuller Ave. Tewell, Harold S. 1205 Rosemont Ave. Spamer, Carl O. Los Angeles 46, Calif. 913 Majorca Ave. Frederick, Md. 26 Mountain Ave. Service, John S. Coral Gables, Fla. Richards, J. Bartlett Summit, N. J. SARCO Co., Inc. Blackville Rd. Spiker, Clarence J. Tewksbury, Hon. Howard H. Washington, Conn. Empire State Bldg. New Ipswich, N. H. New York, N. Y. 2022 Columbia Rd., N.W. Apt. 306 Richardson, Gardner Shantz, Hon. Harold Thayer, Charles W. Washington 9, D. C. Woodstock, Conn. Friedrich Herschel Strasse 21 Herschelstrasse 10 Munich, Germany Riggs, Benjamin R. Munich 27, Germany Spitler, James 1909 - 23rd St., N. W. Shaw, Hon. G. Howland 8044 - 265th St. Thompson, Charles O. Washington, D. C. 2723 N St., N.W. Floral Park, N. Y. Kaiser Engineers Corp. Washington 7, D. C. Jamshedpur, India Roberts, Quincy F. Squire, Paul C. The Glebe Shaw, Hon. George P. Vida Blanche Thompson, Leonard E. Rathmore, NAAS 2410 Adams St. Avenue de la Santerne, 207 P. O. Box 243 Co. Kildare. Ireland New Orleans 25, La. Nice, France Port-au-Prince, Haiti

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Walker, Joseph F. Thompson, Paul D. P.S.O.’s CAN JOIN DACOR—$4 annually. Monthly Bulletin, % S. Reid Thompson % American Embassy Insurance. Employment service. Welfare. 27 Busbee Rd. Montevideo, Uruguay AND DACOR HOUSE—Temporary membership, $5 monthly. Biltmore, N. C. Annual resident membership, $35. Rooms, meals, social Waller, Fred E. activities. Thompson, S. Reid 3606 • 35th St., N.W. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OPPICERS RETIRED, Inc. 27 Busbee Rd. Washington 8, D. C. Dacor House 1718 H St. N.W., Washington, D.C. Biltmore, N. C. Waller, George P. Thurston, Hon. Walter Halcyon Hill, Mt. Meigs Rd. Wilson, Hon. Edwin C. Woodward, G. Carlelon Metropolitan Club Montgomery 1, Ala. 3122 P St. N.W. 5200-11th Ave., N.E. 17th & II Sts., N.W. Washington, D. C. Seattle 5, Washington Washington 6, D. C. Ward, Hon. Angus Las Yistillas Wilson, Hon. Orme Woodward, Hon. Stanley Tittmann, Hon. Harold H. Coin (Malaga), Spain 2406 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. 3009 N St., N.W. % American Consulate General Washington 8, D. C. Washington, D. C. Geneva, Switzerland Warren, Hon. Avra M. % R. D. Williams Wilson, Hon. Thomas M. Wren, Fred M. Touchette, Joseph I. mil Orleans Way 2540 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. U/2 High St. 8617 Irvington Ave. Kensington, Md. Washington 8, D. C. Eastport, Maine Bethesda, Md. Washington, S. Walter Wilson, Warden McKee Wright, Miss Anna G. Tower, Arthur F. P. O. Box 3098 2 Stuyvesant Rd. Elgin, Arizona Thetford Center, Vt. Charlottesville, Va. Biltmore, N. Carolina Wright, William P. Travers, Hon. Howard K. Waterman, Henry S. Winckel, Mrs. Helen N. 469 Kimberley Ave. % American Embassy 2938 Clay St. % Miss E. Bubb Asheville, N. C. APO 794, New York, N. Y. San Francisco, Calif. 2005 Belmont Rd., N.W. Washington, D. C. Yates, Mr. & Mrs. Lloyd D. Tredwell, Roger Culver Watson, Osborn S. Noank, Conn. R.F.D. 1 Blackshear, Ga. Winn, Miss Martha V. Wilton, Conn. 203 North Park St. Yearns, Kenneth J. Welch, Aubrey Lee, Jr. Uvalde, Texas % American Embassy Troutman, Harry L. 310 Stone Drive Athens, Greece 609 Goodall Ave. Riverland Terrace Winship, Hon. North Daytona Beach, Fla. Charleston, S. Carolina “Breezy Hill” Yost, Bartley F. Forest Hill Rd. 1660 Wagner St. Tuck, Hon. S. Pinkney Wells, Miss Gladys Macon, Ga. Pasadena 4, Calif. 7 Rue Octave | Winter Lansdown, Laines Rd. Feuillet, Paris, France Steyning, Sussex, England Winslow, Rollin R. Young, W. Lawrence Chateau de Bellerive 849 Kingsley Ave. 316 Harrison St. Collonge-Bellerive near Summer Wheeler, Leslie A. St. Joseph, Mich. Bristol, Pa. Geneva, Switzerland 5310 Dorset Ave. Wolcott, Henry M. Chevy Chase 15, Md. Young, Whitney Turner, Mason Hotel Manatee River ) . . Wln,er 4425 Volta Place, N.W. P. O. Box 505 Bradenton, Fla. J Wheeler, Hon. Post Foxhall Village Norfolk, Conn. % Harvey F. Wheeler 14 Grave St. ) c Summer Washington, D. C. 322 Chews Landing Rd. Woodstock, Vt. J Ulilrich, Miss IJortense Haddonfield, N. J. Route 1. Box 296 Wolf, Franklin W. Zapf, Lacey C. Eureka Farm White, Duncan M. % Tricerri, S.A. The Broadmoor, Apt. 409 Morrison, Colo. 104 E. Noble St. 50 Rue de la Gare 3601 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Louisburg, N. Carolina Lausanne, Switzerland Washington, D. C. Utter, John E. % American Embassy White, Hon. John Campbell Paris, France Chester P. O. Baghdad I from page 36) Queen Anne’s County, Md. Vance, Marshall M. Also in May, the Embassy played host to 39 members of P. O. Box 954 Wilcox, Miss Agnes W. the National War College, which included Iraq as the only Ormond Beach, Fla. 1829 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Arab state in its tour. This group was much impressed Vaughan, Stephen B. Washington, D. C. 10 Washington Park with the pace of economic development in Iraq. Troy, N. Y. Wiley, Hon. John C. Although numerous Embassy personnel changes are in 1501 - 33rd St., N.W. van den Arend, Frederik Washington, D. C. the offing, there have not been many arrivals and departures 506 Georgetown Ave. over the past few months. Among the more recent arrivals San Mateo, Calif. Wiley, Samuel H. % American Embassy have been WARREN G. HALL, General Services Officer; Van Wickel, Jesse F. Lisbon, Portugal CARLTON B. SWIFT, Political Officer; JOHN F. STEINEGER, 4631 Indianola Way Cultural Affairs Assistant; ISABEL JEAN HOWARD, Secretary La Canada, Calif. Wilkinson, Edward C. 2601 Woodley Place, N.W. in the Agriculture Service; MARY E. BAKER, Secretary in the Washington 8, D. C. Vincent, Hon. John Carter Political Section; and BERNICE ORR, Secretary to the DCM. 6 Garden Terrace Cambridge, Mass. Williams, Arthur R. 2311-10th St. Vogenitz, Herman C. Douglas, Arizona MARVIN WILL REMEMBERS: 410 N. Boston Ave. DeLand, Fla. Williams, Frank S. When a newly appointed young officer of the Depart¬ Rt. 2, Box 279 Vyse, W. Clarke Vicksburg, Miss. ment had the novel idea, bom of several existing circum¬ P. O. Box 423 stances—one of which was a not-too-difficult-to-look-at sec¬ Palo Alto, Calif. Williamson, Harold L. Bradlea Farm, W. Patent Rd. retary—of dictating his correspondence from the mezzanine Wadsworth, Craig W. of a then popular nearby beer joint. He was happy in his 81 Center St. Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Genesco, Livingston City, N. Y. Willson, Gilbert R. work, however, for but a short time. He forgot that there Walker, Jay 2146 Horner Ave. \ Wlnt,.r would be other imbibers, some of whom would out-rank Ansonia Apts. Pennsauken, N. J. \ him and would not think too kindly of his idea. Result—an 2205 West 6th Street Los Angeles 57, Calif. Digby, Nova Scotia j Summer ambition stifled—back to the grass-roots.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 57 collection of articles by German and Austrian leaders and Letters to the Editor (from page 60) specialists who visited the United States under the Exchange and economic situation in the country in which he has been program, and which has become a best seller in Austria. stationed for ten months indicated to the board a lack of 1 might add further that the book translation program breadth of interest, a quality which the board regarded as is active not only in Germany, but in all posts where U. S. essential to a good Foreign Service Officer. Information Service offices are functioning. Since 1950, Possibly the board was right. I would certainly be the when the book translation program began, with Agency help last one to suggest that we deliberately lower our standards more than 26 million copies of nearly 2700 foreign editions of admission to the bottom rung of the FSO ladder. The have appeared in forty-six languages. At present, the FSO examination system has proven itself many times over Agency is assisting in the publication of approximately as an excellent way to choose future ambassadors, Assistant 7,000,000 copies of 700 titles yearly. We expect this num¬ Secretaries of State, etc. But can it be used simultaneously ber to rise. as a successful method of selecting middle-level consular L. B. and administrative specialists? Don’t we need for these Washington jobs the type of individual whose horizons may be some¬ what limited but who has, over the years, mastered his “THE BACKBONE OF OUR SERVICE” specialty to the point where his accumulated experience is To the editors invaluable? We are preserving our human resources of this FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: type now by integrating the individuals into the FSO Corps. When, early this year, Walter Fabien Boyle died at his But if we are to insist that the Staff employees who formerly home in McLean, Virginia, our country lost a retired, ef¬ developed into valuable middle-level specialists must first fective officer of “the old school.” Mr. Boyle entered our pass an examination designed to produce future ambassa¬ consular service in 1913 and served for twenty seven years, dors before they may be given the opportunity to develop, until his retirement in 1940. His tours of duty were in who will be filling these essential jobs ten or fifteen years Honduras, Mexico, New Zealand and Guatemala. He com¬ from now? Under the Wriston program, it looks as though pleted his career as Consul General in Guatemala City. they will be filled by unhappy, would-be political reporting In each tour of duty, Mr. Boyle served with the con¬ officers while those who should fill them have been driven scientiousness and charm so much needed in international out of the Service because they were judged not to be relations, and left behind him at each post not only warm potential ambassadors. personal friends but warm friends of his country as well. Kingdon W. Swayne In these days of crowded reporting schedules and pressing Sapporo, Japan administrative detail, we may tend to overlook one of the more basic functions of a Foreign Service officer—to be so ANTICIPATION genuine and sincere a friend oneself as to generate for our To the Editors, country genuine and sincere friends abroad and sympathy FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: for our policies. This letter is in appreciation for the fine magazine that the When Walter Boyle departed Auckland, he was paid a American Foreign Service Association publishes each month. civic farewell, presided over by the Mayor, who presented For a long time it has been my great desire to enter the him with an illuminated scroll. On Mr. Boyle’s death, the Foreign Service. Although that day is still far off, with the present mayor of Auckland, remembering the tour of this Army to cope with and the prospects of college, my interest quietly efficient Foreign Service officer twenty years earlier, and admiration of the Foreign Service has been increasing wrote his daughter a warm tribute—a fitting sequel to the as time goes by. 1 find that the Foreign Service journal scroll. is an expression of my enthusiasm for the Foreign Service. Any Foreign Service officer could well be proud of such Each month I await my next copy with great anticipation, remembrance. Walter Boyle earned it by quiet, unostenta¬ and hope some day to contribute to it. tious, solid work—the kind that often goes unnoticed but Thomas Graham, Jr. which is the backbone of our Service. Verdun (Meuse), France. R. Smith Simpson Lourenco Marques, Mozambique “AS THEY SEE US” To the Editors, EFFICIENCY REPORTS FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: To the Editors, It should be noted in conjunction with Mr. Straus’ per¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: ceptive article on recent German publications, that the I am surprised to read the letter from FSO-1 published United States Information Agency, through its book trans¬ in the April issue of the Foreign Service Journal criticizing lation program, has been particularly active in combating the new procedure which makes all documents becoming a those negative influences of which Mr. Straus writes. part of a Foreign Service employee’s performance record Since 1950, the United States Information Agency has available for the employee’s complete examination when assisted in the publication of almost 400 German language he is in Washington. books. Included in this list is Peter von Zahn’s “Fremde Principles of sound personnel training and career develop¬ Freunde,” of which Mr. Straus writes with such praise. ment require that a supervisor indicate to his subordinate Other locally written and produced books which should be areas in the latter’s performance which need improvement. noted are “Vom Geist Amerikas” by Golo Mann, “Amis To criticize an employee to a third person while withholding Unter Sich” by Gleichen, and “Ich und Uncle Sam,” a (Continued on page 59)

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ities cannot be overemphasized and it is heartening to know Letters to the Editor (from page 58) that, in the end, the rewards outweigh the sanguinary and that criticism from the employee is both morally indefen¬ lachrymose aspects of such efforts. sible and operationally shortsighted. Having been a Den Mother, though briefly, and being Of course, it is not enough simply to tell a subordinate only 5' 3" tall, I feel that managing the organization of such that he is found lacking and must mend his ways. If he is an international character on such a large scale, even if Mr. to improve he must be made aware, as tactfully as possible, Churchill is 6’ 5", is to be commended most highly. of the effect his weaknesses have on others and the damage (Mrs.) Kitty Jones they will cause him if left uncorrected. If called upon to Washington do so, the supervisor must be ready to offer suggestions as FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN to how that improvement may be brought about. To the Editors, FSO-1 seems to dwell on the frailities of human nature to the exclusion of strength of character—a quality of essence FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: While I was very happy to read of the immediacy of in every Foreign Service Officer. If officers seek the easy the plans for the extension to State, in your August issue, way out of difficult situations they surely will fail in their I could not stifle my surprise at the liberties taken with the task and the Foreign Service will suffer; for its worth, in decimal point! The amount put aside for fiscal 1956 for the final analysis, rests on the integrity and the strength of planning and design was, of course, $1,800,000 instead of character of its officers. It is no more easy for an officer the printed $108,000,000. in the Foreign Service to present his Government’s position P. B. on a controversial question than it is for him to write a Washington forthright and accurate appraisal of an employee whose performance has demonstrated weaknesses. In both in¬ “ON BEING PLUGGED IN” stances the officer’s effectiveness rests on his ability to To the Editors, explain and, if need be, to defend his position, and in each FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: instance courage is required. James Blake of the “E” area of the Department is to be Rather than an “uncourageous capitulation to well-inten¬ congratulated on having broken the “television harrier” tioned but misinformed opinion,” I see the Department’s with his article in the June Journal entitled “On Being new policy as a wise course which, if there is any spine in Plugged In.” us at all, will develop our finer qualities rather than sub¬ In a television broadcast of June 17, reviewing significant merge them. A merit system in which criticisms are cloaked news developments of the week at 11 p.m. (Channel 9 in with anonymity and become apparent only after repeated Washington), the announcer commented on Jim’s article in rejections by promotion boards has little merit. very favorable terms. He “tried on for size” a few of the David L. Gamon words and phrases contained in Blake’s “Compendium of Palermo State Department Jargon,” and was obviously impressed with the fact that political commentators now appearing FRIENDS OF ROBERT J. McCLURKIN on television and radio would be in position to grasp more To the Editors, fully the real meaning of State Department language. (Inci¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: dentally, at the conclusion of the broadcast the announcer Friends of Robert J. G. McClurkin, who died suddenly in evidently “shot from the hip” and “fuzzed up” the weather London where he was attending the Imperial Defence Col¬ forecast.) lege, in order to express their sense of loss in a tangible way Jim Blake is to be commended for his contribution to have established the McClurkin Memorial Fund in his modern diplomacy by compiling a guide on the proper usage memory. The fund will be presented to Mrs. McClurkin to of State Department language. Living in an age of scram¬ assist in the education of their children. bled (and not always understandable) semantics, Jim’s Checks may be made payable to Noel Hemmendinger as observations on diplomatic philology are bound to benefit Treasurer, and sent to him at the Office of Northeast Asian not only returning Foreign Service officials but also the Affairs, Department of State. American public at large. Russell B. Adams William S. Krason Reverend John Baker Washington Noel Hemmendinger Washington WHILE LIGHTLY TURNING THE PAGES To the Editors FROM A DEN MOTHER FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: To the Editors I was very pleased in reading your recent issue to find FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: that your Letters to the Editor column reads backward, Mr. Churchill’s inspired account in the August JOURNAL because I always look at a magazine backward, and this is of his endeavors with “Cub Scouts International: Pack 236” a great convenience to me. at Rome was diverting as well as informative. To say that (Mrs.) D. P. all the world loves a scout Cub or a Cubmaster might be Washington stretching credulity, but nearly everybody loves little boys, through even the most distracting stages, right up to and EDITOR’S NOTE:—We are happy to facilitate the read¬ through the period when they graduate to theoretically ing of our columns by such a simple device. In this issue, “mastering” their own Cubs. moreover, our readers can go backward and forward in the The difficulties of organizing boys of all ages and national¬ letter column.

SEPTEMBER, 1956 59 of the Consular section at a large mission, who often ap¬ propriately also appears on the list with a Diplomatic title). Descriptive titles which are generally accepted in present- oJLXm-v^x -W day practice should be used to the greatest extent possible. In each case where any doubt exists as to appropriateness Pseudonyms may be used only if your letter includes your correct name of title, the post should be consulted before an “external” and address. All letters to the Editors are subject to condensation. title is given to a newly-assigned officer. QUILL DRIVING Supplementing a new “title policy,” diplomatic passports To the Editors should normally be issued only to those officers having full FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: diplomatic status or commissioned consular status. This Your readers may be interested in the following letter would mean that some FSOs would hold diplomatic pass¬ from General Wellsley (later the Duke of Wellington) who ports and some special, and occasionally even, that a diplo¬ was in command of the British armies in the Penninsula to matic passport holder would be transferred to a position Lord Bradford, Under-Secretary of State for War: entitling him only to a special passport. My Lord, if I attempted to answer the mass of At the individual posts a maximum number to which the futile correspondence that surrounds me, I should American names on the list are limited can be fixed. This be debarred from all serious business of campaign¬ number will, of course, be influenced by the size of other ing. I must remind your Lordship—for the last missions at the same capital, but it must essentially be a time—that so long as I retain an independent posi¬ political judgment based on local conditions. The quota tion, I shall see to it that no officer under my com¬ can then be filled, using the usual criteria, the character of an officer’s functions, his agency connections, his rank, the mand is debarred, by attending to the futile importance of diplomatic listing to the effective perform¬ drivelling of mere quill-driving in your Lordship’s office, from attending to his first duty—which is, ance of his duties, the desirability of maintaining an ap¬ propriate balance of rank within the list itself, etc. as always, to train the private men under his com¬ I hope we may soon hear more on this subject, both from mand that they may without question beat any the Department and from the Service. forces opposed to them in the field. James K. Penfield So far as I know, no Ambassador has ever written any¬ Vienna thing like this to the Department, but I suspect that some have wanted to. WRISTONIZATION and the F.S.S. Gordon Tulloch To the Editors Washington FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: WHO GOES ON THE LIST The discussion of the impact of Wristonization on the To the Editors Foreign Service Staff Corps has up to the present been FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: largely directed toward the problem of the staff officer who Even before the Wriston program began to take effect, is eligible for integration but who feels that his background the number of American FSOs on Diplomatic Lists in many and experience, while adequate for his specialty, have not capitals was embarrassingly large, sometimes running to equipped him to compete with Foreign Service Officers with several times the number of any other accredited mission, broader backgrounds and a wider range of interest. I would and occasionally inspiring host country pressure for reduc¬ like to carry the discussion one step further by exploring the tion. It is no longer practical to consider the status of FSO question of finding replacements ten or fifteen years from as the sole criterion for inclusion on the Diplomatic List. now for this kind of staff officer, a man who is probably a It is true that the prestige value of being on the Diplo¬ consular or administrative specialist and has recently been matic List has greatly diminished in recent years. In many integrated at about Class IV. The present group are, by posts, however, there are customs’ and other financially and large, officers with ten to twenty years experience in significant privileges attached to Diplomatic listing. Some the Service who have “worked their way up from the ranks.” governments grant compensatory allowances to their lion- According to the Wriston program, as I understand it, these diplomatic personnel, and I would think that writh some jobs are now to be filled by people recruited through the ingenuity the Department could, within its existing adminis¬ FSO examination. It is also my understanding that there trative authority, make appropriate revisions of the post¬ will no longer be a significant number of promotions from allowance regulations to offset the financial disadvantages the Staff Corps to the Vice Consul level and beyond for of the non-diplomatic personnel at posts where we have those who are unable to meet the stiff requirements of the not been successful in our policy of seeking equal privileges FSO examination. for all personnel. This situation has been brought into sharp focus for me The Department, of course, must also take the lead in by the recent experience of a member of my staff. The solving the problem of who goes on the list. Perhaps the individual concerned is a Staff Vice Consul, age 28, with most helpful thing the Department could do would be to six years of experience in the Foreign Service. He success¬ instruct each post to regularize its Diplomatic List pro¬ fully passed the written part of the FSO examination, but cedure the next time it is inspected, thus ensuring, through recently failed to pass the oral. This came as a great shock consultation with the Inspectors, the widest possible uni¬ to those of us who know him well, for we all feel that he is formity of approach. a fine young officer and a credit to the Service. I have The Department could also be helpful by assigning officers learned privately from a member of the examining board to the field with “legitimate” titles. Dual commissions that he failed because his lack of knowledge of the political should be avoided except in special cases (such as the chief (Continued on page 58)

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