DOCSLIB.ORG

Mlu-2016-Compilation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mlu-2016-Compilation - 1 - - 2 - Foreword: This is a collection of blog posts that appeared on mindlevelup in 2016. I’ve gone through them all and made some slight edits for readability. In addition, I’ve added a small annotation [like this] before each essay that either summarizes it or details how I’ve changed my mind on the topic it’s about. The content here is a mixture of introspection, cognitive science, and motivation. Above all, I’m trying to write about human rationality, the art of becoming more right and winning at life. If you want a quick intro to the field, I’d recommend reading Rationality 101 (the last essay) first. As a collection of essays written throughout the year, the writing quality does follow an upward trend. If you just want the “good” essays, I’d recommend starting from Living in the Moment and skipping everything before that. Lastly, I’d recommend not being-reading all of these and instead picking a few that seem interesting at a time and checking them out. I think you get more value if you give the ideas some time to bounce around in your head. I hope you find this helpful! - - 3 - Contents: Foreword: ......................................................................................................... - 2 - 1. Life as a Student: .................................................................................... - 5 - 2. Why Try Hard? ........................................................................................ - 8 - 3. Metacognition and Mindfulness: ....................................................... - 14 - 4. Precommitment: ................................................................................. - 17 - 5. Looking at the Bright Side of Things: ................................................. - 21 - 6. How Your Thoughts Turn Into Words: .............................................. - 23 - 7. Your Strength as a Student *: ............................................................ - 25 - 8. Why Are Things Why They Are?.......................................................... - 30 - 9. What Actually Works? .......................................................................... - 33 - 10. Frames: It’s All a Matter of Perspective: ............................................ - 35 - 11. Wanting to Win: ................................................................................... - 37 - 12. Miracle Barriers: .................................................................................. - 39 - 13. Mark Your Progress:............................................................................ - 40 - 14. Multiple Modes: ................................................................................... - 41 - 15. The Rocks: ............................................................................................ - 43 - 16. Musings: Motivation and Attitude: .................................................... - 45 - 17. Learning: A Better Way *: ................................................................... - 48 - 18. Macro States and Micro Actions: ....................................................... - 56 - 19. Living in the Moment *: ...................................................................... - 57 - 20. Opportunities vs Potentials *: ............................................................ - 62 - 21. Fighting Procrastination *: ................................................................. - 64 - 22. Measuring Students: ........................................................................... - 73 - 23. Akrasia (Sort Of) Explained: ................................................................ - 77 - 24. Is Mindlevelup Even Helpful? ............................................................. - 80 - 25. Predictions and People *: ................................................................... - 82 - - 4 - 26. Realistic Expectations *: ..................................................................... - 88 - 27. Cooperation Across Time: .................................................................. - 92 - 28. Exploring the Thingspace of Thingspace: ......................................... - 94 - 29. Revisiting Motivation: .......................................................................... - 97 - 30. Being Superrational: ........................................................................... - 99 - 31. Prepare for Your Worst: .................................................................... - 102 - 32. Actually Practicing *: ......................................................................... - 103 - 33. Moloch: Briefly Explained: ................................................................ - 107 - 34. IAT and CEV *: .................................................................................... - 109 - 35. Insight Porn *: .................................................................................... - 111 - 36. In Defense of the Obvious *: ............................................................ - 114 - 37. Intent to Overkill: ............................................................................... - 116 - 38. Overriding Defaults *: ....................................................................... - 118 - 39. Categorizing Insight: ......................................................................... - 121 - 40. One Year Review *:............................................................................ - 123 - Bonus: Rationality 101 *: ........................................................................... - 129 - Starred (*) essays are ones that I think offer the most value in terms of insight or practicality. - 5 - 1. Life as a Student: [This was the essay that started things off. I like a good deal of the rhetoric used here, although I haven’t actually thought too much about education reform. Mainly to get people at school thinking a bit more.] Our school system has been under attack for a while now, it seems; especially salient is the stress high schoolers face as they prepare for college. Getting into college is now like an ultra-high stakes game– and everyone is playing to win. Here in the Bay Area especially, many students have their eyes set on those top-tier colleges, which easily come to mind– UC Berkeley, Stanford, MIT, and the like. That in itself is not a bad thing. The problem is these colleges can take only so many students, and they’re also very exclusive. The schools we seem to all want to go to only accept 10% or less of applicants. Which means right off the bat, the other 90% of us aren’t getting in. But this doesn’t seem to faze us. We take those extra classes, cram in those extracurricular and vie to be just “a little more extraordinary” than the person before us, hoping that extra summer lecture we took at Stanford on molecular biology will make all the difference. And this has some startling effects on our surroundings. Tutoring centers are a great example of this. We’ve created a $100 billion dollar industry that profits off this hope. We think that extra boost in grades is what it takes– it’s become more of a norm than ever to take SAT boot camps– and of course the tutoring centers are more than happy to oblige. I’ve seen instructors who say they are happy to work at tutoring centers because it allows them to help students realize their goals and reach their dream schools. That’s great for the student who can afford the help, but getting into college is a zero-sum game– a student who is “pruned” for colleges effectively takes spots away from applicants who don’t have access to those kinds of resources. But equitableness aside, there’s a fundamental issue that I believe is more disruptive– what colleges look for. - 6 - “Academic excellence. Dedication. Genuine Interest.” These are trite descriptions of what colleges look for. And we’ve taken it to the extreme. We’ve taken to shooting for 4.0’s, becoming president of 3 clubs, and hunting for summer internships at universities to rise to the occasion. What does this imply about the type of person colleges look for? Times are changing. In a global society, we’re facing problems that test our commitment to not just our local communities, but to citizens across the world. To create the next generation of leaders, problem solvers, and visionaries, we need feeling, thinking, open-minded humans. We need people able to deal with the rapidly changing world environment, create new ideas, and offer new perspectives. But the current school system is not doing this. We’re saying that success looks like straight A’s and juggling multiple after-school activities. We’re not stressing thinking, life skills, or a broader world view. Being a human is more about doing well in classes. But it seems that job has been relegated elsewhere. Instead, students are led to believe that they can bolster their college application by seeing who can “complete the most objectives”, and the scores from standardized testing only increases this terrible example of gamification. Testing, often, isn’t the most effective way to gauge learning at all. So it’s not just the fact that we have students overworking themselves for a sliver of possibility, but that the entire process isn’t what optimal learning looks like. What can we do? There are all sort of ideas for reforming the system. Hopefully, we can work on those. But in the meantime, it’s worth it to examine how school fits in with your personal value framework. - 7 - What do you care about? Past that 4.0, past the Ivy League education, what are you looking for? If you’re hell-bent on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Generation Based Analysis Model for Non-Cooperative Games
    Generation Based Analysis Model for Non-Cooperative Games Soham Banerjee Department of Computer Engineering International Institute of Information Technology Pune, India Email: [email protected] Abstract—In most real-world games, participating agents are to its optimal solution which forms a good base for comparison all perfectly rational and choose the most optimal set of actions for the model’s performance. possible; but that is not always the case while dealing with complex games. This paper proposes a model for analysing II. PROPOSED MODEL the possible set of moves and their outcome; where not all participating agents are perfectly rational. The model proposed is The proposed model works within the framework of pre- used on three games, Prisoners’ Dilemma, Platonia Dilemma and determined assumptions; but may be altered or expanded to Guess 2 of the Average. All the three games have fundamental 3 other games as well. differences in their action space and outcome payoffs, making them good examples for analysis with the proposed model. • All agents have infinite memory - this means that an agent Index Terms—game theory, analysis model, deterministic remembers all previous iterations of the game along with games, superrationality, prisoners’ dilemma, platonia dilemma the observation as well as the result. • All the games have a well-defined pure strategy Nash Equilibrium. I. INTRODUCTION • The number of participating agents is always known. • All the games are non co-operative - this indicates that the While selecting appropriate actions to perform in a game, agents will only form an alliance if it is self-enforcing. a common assumption made is that, all other participating agents (co-operative or not) will make the most optimal move Each participating agent is said to posses a Generation of possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Villager's Dilemma
    Villager's dilemma Beihang He Advertisement 0702,Department of Arts and Communication, Zhejiang University City College No.51 Huzhou Street Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310015 Tel: 13906539819 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract:With deeper study of the Game Theory, some conditions of Prisoner’s Dilemma is no longer suitable of games in real life. So we try to develop a new model-Villager’s Dilemma which has more realistic conditions to stimulate the process of game. It is emphasize that Prisoner’s Dilemma is an exception which is lack of universality and the importance of rules in the game. And it puts forward that to let the rule maker take part in the game and specifies game players can stop the game as they like. This essay describes the basic model, the villager’s dilemma (VD) and put some extended use of it, and points out the importance of rules and the effect it has on the result of the game. It briefly describes the disadvantage of Prisoner’s Dilemma and advantage Villager’s Dilemma has. It summarizes the premise and scope of application of Villager’s Dilemma, and provides theory foundation for making rules for game and forecast of the future of the game. 2 1. Basic Model In the basic model, the villager’s dilemma (VD) is presented as follows: Three villagers who have the same physical strength and a robber who has two and a half times physical strength as three villagers are living in the same village. In other words, three villagers has to act together to defeat the robber who is stronger than anyone of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Eszter Babarczy: Community Based Trust on the Internet
    PTE BTK Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Kommunikáció Doktori Program Babarczy Eszter: Community Based Trust on the Internet Doktori értekezés Témavezető: Horányi Özséb egyetemi tanár 2011. 1 Community-based trust on the internet Tartalom Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 II. A very brief history of the internet ........................................................................................................... 9 Early Days ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Mainstream internet .............................................................................................................................. 12 The internet of social software .............................................................................................................. 15 III Early trust related problems and solutions ............................................................................................ 20 Trading .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Risks of and trust in content ....................................................................................................................... 22 UGC and its discontents: Wikipedia ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1802.06888V1 [Cs.AI] 5 Jan 2018 Superrational Types
    Superrational types Fernando A. Tohm´e 1,2 and Ignacio D. Viglizzo2,3 1Departmento de Econom´ıa, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bah´ıa Blanca, Argentina 2Instituto de Matem´atica de Bah´ıa Blanca (INMABB), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bah´ıa Blanca, Argentina 3Departmento de Matem´atica, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bah´ıa Blanca, Argentina July 2, 2018 Abstract We present a formal analysis of Douglas Hofstadter’s concept of superrationality. We start by defining superrationally justifiable ac- tions, and study them in symmetric games. We then model the beliefs of the players, in a way that leads them to different choices than the usual assumption of rationality by restricting the range of conceivable choices. These beliefs are captured in the formal notion of type drawn from epistemic game theory. The theory of coalgebras is used to frame type spaces and to account for the existence of some of them. We find conditions that guarantee superrational outcomes. arXiv:1802.06888v1 [cs.AI] 5 Jan 2018 1 Introduction Game Theory has, traditionally assumed that agents make decisions accord- ing to the criterion of full rationality [7]. In contrast to the case of bounded rationality ([24], [21]), agents choose the best actions to achieve their goals without limitations to their ability to do so. The research on behavioral fac- tors in decision-making, initiated by Kahneman and Tversky ([13]) lead to a dearth of results under weaker rationality assumptions. On the other hand, 1 the interest in overcoming “undesirable” results such as inefficient equilibria in social dilemmas lead to alternative concepts, diverging from the rationality assumption [12], [19].
    [Show full text]
  • How Much Is Convenient to Defect? a Method to Estimate the Cooperation
    How much is convenient to defect ? A method to estimate the cooperation probability in Prisoner’s Dilemma and other games Cesco Reale ∗ 1st version: 28.8.2010, last update: 19.1.2014 Sommario In many cases the Nash equilibria are not predictive of the ex- perimental players’ behaviour. For some games of Game Theory it is proposed here a method to estimate the probabilities with which the different options will be actually chosen by balanced players, i.e. players that are neither too competitive, nor too cooperative. This will allow to measure the intrinsec cooperativeness degree of a game, only in function of its payoffs. The method is shaped on the Priso- ner’s Dilemma, then generalized for asymmetric tables, N players and N options. It is adapted to other conditions like Chicken Game, Battle of the Sexes, Stag Hunt and Translators (a new name proposed for a particular condition). Then the method is applied to other games like Diner’s Dilemma, Public Goods Game, Traveler’s Dilemma and War of Attrition. These games are so analyzed in a probabilistic way that is consistent to what we could expect intuitively, overcoming some arXiv:1404.2306v1 [math.OC] 17 Feb 2014 known paradoxes of the Game Theory. En multaj kazoj la Nash ekvilibroj ne anta˘udiras la eksperimentan konduton de la ludantoj. Por iuj ludoj de Ludteorio estas proponata ˆci-tie metodo por taksi la probablojn la˘ukiuj la malsamaj opcioj estos fakte elektataj far ekvilibraj ludantoj, t.e. ludantoj kiuj estas nek tro konkuremaj, nek tro kunlaboremaj. Tio permesos anka˘umezuri ∗Italian Festival of Mathematical Games.
    [Show full text]
  • Similarity As an Extension of Symmetry and Its Application to Superrationality
    Similarity as an Extension of Symmetry and its Application to Superrationality 1 Carlos Maximiliano Senci http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-3843 1IIESS-Conicet and Departamento de Humanidades-UNS Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires Argentina [email protected] 2 Fernando Abel Tohmé https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-4519 2IMABB-Conicet and Dept. of Economics-UNS Bahía Blanca , Buenos Aires Argentina [email protected] Article Info CDD: 501 Received:05.11.2020; Revised: 01.02.2021; Accepted: 05.03.2021 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-6045.2021.V44N2.CF Keywords: Game theory Symmetry Similarity Superrationality Abstract: In this paper we present a concept of similarity in games, on which to ground alternative solution concepts, some of which differ from the classical notions in the field. Manuscrito – Rev. Int. Fil. Campinas, v. 44, n. 2, pp. 128-156, Apr.-Jun. 2021. Similarity as an Extension of Symmetry and its... 129 In order to do this we impose a constraint on players’ be- liefs that amounts to a variant of the well-known symmetry principle in classical bargaining theory. We show how this similarity relation helps to identify different Nash equilibria in games, and how these “similar Nash equilibria” can be extended to non-symmetric games. While the notion is nor- mative, it is nonetheless inspired by phenomena in which similarities between players lead to outcomes detected in behavioral studies. We study the strategic properties of the concept of similarity and discuss its relationships with Hofstadter’ notion of superrationality. 1 Introduction As we know, Game Theory studies situations of inter- action between intentional agents.
    [Show full text]
  • 108 Perspectives on Bounded Rationality By: Robert Aumann The
    108 Perspectives on Bounded Rationality by: Robert Aumann The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Research supported by the National Science Foundation under grant IRI- 8814953. Previous versions of this work were presented as the Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lecture at Northwestern University in 1986, and at a workshop on Bounded Rationality at the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (Economics), Stanford University, July, 1989. Contents 0. Introduction 1. Evolution 2. Perturbations and Rationality 3. Automata, Computers, Turing Machines 4. Relaxation of Rationality Postulates 5. An Open Problem 1. Introduction Economists have for long expressed dissatisfaction with the complex models of strict rationality that are so pervasive in economic theory. There are several ob- jections to such models. First~ casual empiricism or even just simple introspection lead to the conclusion that even in quite simple decision problems, most economic agents are not in fact maximizers, in the sense that they do not scan the choice set and consciously pick a maximal element from it. Second, such maximizations are often quite difficult, and even if they wanted to, most people (including economist- s and even computer scientists) would be unable to carry them out in practice. Third, polls and laboratory experiments indicate that people often fail to conform to some of the basic assumptions of rational decision theory. Fourth, laboratory experiments indicate that the conclusions of rational analysis (as distinguished from the assumptions) sometimes fail to conform to "reality." And finally, the conclusions of rational analysis sometimes seem unreasonable even on the basis of simple introspection. From my point of view, the last two of the above objections are more corn- Perspectives on Bounded Rationality 109 pelling than the first three.
    [Show full text]
  • Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics Gary L
    Drescher_jkt.qxd 4/6/06 9:18 AM Page 1 PHILOSOPHY/COGNITIVE SCIENCE Drescher Gary L. Drescher good and real good and real Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics Gary L. Drescher “A breathtakingly original assault on all the Big Issues! When philosophers get stuck in ruts, it often takes a brilliant out- Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics sider to jolt them onto new ground, and Gary Drescher, coming to philosophy from AI, offers a startling feast of new In Good and Real, Gary Drescher examines a series of provocative ideas. I’m sure some of them are right, but I can’t tell which! Can you?” and real good paradoxes about consciousness, choice, ethics, quantum mechanics, —Daniel Dennett, author of Brainchildren, Sweet Dreams, and Breaking the Spell and other topics, in an effort to reconcile a purely mechanical view “Gary Drescher thinks that attempts to solve the deep problems that have stumped philosophers since time immemorial— of the universe with key aspects of our subjective impressions of or have caused them to resort to silly answers—have been thwarted largely by a set of relatively simple yet significant our own existence. misunderstandings in logic and physics. He is right about that, and his careful debunkings and explanations are clear and Many scientists suspect that the universe can ultimately be compelling. He also believes that by avoiding those errors, he has found solutions to the weightiest of those problems— described by a simple (perhaps even deterministic) formalism; in particular, the true nature of right and wrong and the true nature of subjective sensation and consciousness.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Decision Algorithms on Newcomblike Problems
    MIRI MACHINE INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE A Comparison of Decision Algorithms on Newcomblike Problems Alex Altair MIRI Research Fellow Abstract When formulated using Bayesian networks, two standard decision algorithms (Eviden- tial Decision Theory and Causal Decision Theory) can be shown to fail systematically when faced with aspects of the prisoner’s dilemma and so-called “Newcomblike” prob- lems. We describe a new form of decision algorithm, called Timeless Decision Theory, which consistently wins on these problems. Altair, Alex. 2013. A Comparison of Decision Algorithms on Newcomblike Problems. Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Berkeley, CA. Alex Altair 1. Three Decision Algorithms Decision theory typically analyzes two main decision algorithms known as Evidential Decision Theory (EDT) and Causal Decision Theory (CDT).1 When formalized using Bayesian networks, CDT and EDT can both be shown to return the wrong results on certain types of decision problems known as Newcomblike problems (named after the original “Newcomb’s problem”). Systematically achieving the correct results when faced with these problems is essential for decision-theoretic qualities like dynamic consistency and the ability to model the self.2 Much work is dedicated to finding algorithms that maximize expected utility on these problems (for example, Wedgwood [2011]). In this paper we will consider such an alternative algorithm proposed by Yudkowsky (2010), called Timeless Decision Theory (TDT), which was inspired by Douglas Hofstadter’s notion of “superrationality” (Hofstadter 1985). All decision algorithms described in this paper can be formalized to use Bayesian networks (after Pearl [2009]) introduced in section 2. Using these, we demonstrate the undesirable results returned by EDT on a version of the so-called medical Newcomb’s problem (section 3) and by CDT on the prisoner’s dilemma (section 4).
    [Show full text]
  • A Game-Theoretic Explanation for the Emergence of the Second-Order Rule of Justice Pacta Sunt Servanda
    Jakub Puciato1, Magdalena Danek2 A Game-theoretic Explanation for the Emergence of the Second-order Rule of Justice Pacta Sunt Servanda Streszczenie W niniejszym artykule badaniu poddano warunki wykształcenia się reguły drugiego po- ziomu pacta sunt servanda na gruncie teorii gier. Gra dylemat więźnia może być skutecznie wykorzystywana do analizy zachowań uczestników grupy w celu badania warunków ich kooperacji i regularności w tym względzie. Reguła pacta sunt servanda jest przyjmo- wana spontanicznie przez członków tych grup, które charakteryzują się określonymi cechami. Po pierwsze, muszą zachodzić ciągłe (a nie sporadyczne) interakcje między członkami grupy. Po drugie, członkowie grupy wybierają strategie typu TFT (Tit-For-Tat), jako że są one najbardziej efektywne w przypadku powtarzalnych interakcji. Po trzecie, można wyróżnić sankcję wymierzaną za uchybienia normie pacta sunt servanda. Norma ta jest internalizowana przez członków grupy jako konwencja, która służy ulepszeniu suboptymalnego equilibrium Nasha do sytuacji optymalnej w sensie Pareto. Odpowied- nikiem sankcji w dylemacie więźnia będzie odwet gracza za nawet incydentalną zdradę oponenta. Po czwarte, wymaganie powtarzalności dylematu więźnia podkreśla potrzebę wykształcenia się zaufania między uczestnikami. Warunki takie, odpowiednie dla wy- kształcenia się reguły pacta sunt servanda, będą występować w grupach małych i spój- nych, o stałym członkostwie, cechujących się występowaniem wzajemnych zależności między uczestnikami. 1 Student V roku prawa na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. 2 Absolwentka Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Jakub Puciato, Magdalena Danek A game-theoretic explanation for the emergence of the second-order rule of justice pacta sunt servanda Summary The herein research investigates the conditions for emergence of the second-order rule of justice pacta sunt servanda in a game theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2012.09759V2 [Cs.GT] 5 Apr 2021 Xmlfidb H Ocp Fns Qiira R O Realis As Not Such Are Se Concepts Equilibria, the Nash on Interactions
    Game-Theoretic Models of Moral and Other-Regarding Agents Gabriel Istrate West University of Timi¸soara [email protected] We investigate Kantian equilibria in finite normal form games, a class of non-Nashian, morally moti- vated courses of action that was recently proposedin the economics literature. We highlight a number of problems with such equilibria, including computational intractability, a high price of miscoordi- nation, and problematic extension to general normal form games. We give such a generalization based on concept of program equilibria, and point out that that a practically relevant generalization may not exist. To remedy this we propose some general, intuitive, computationally tractable, other- regarding equilibria that are special cases Kantian equilibria, as well as a class of courses of action that interpolates between purely self-regarding and Kantian behavior. 1 Introduction Game Theory is widely regarded as the main conceptual foundation of strategic behavior. The promise behind its explosive development (at the crossroads of Economics and Computer Science) is that of understanding the dynamics of human agents and societies and, equally importantly, of guiding the engi- neering of artificial agents, ultimately capable of realistic, human-like, courses of action. Yet, it is clear that the main models of Game Theory, primarily based on the self-interested, rational actor model, and exemplified by the concept of Nash equilibria, are not realistic representations of the richness of human interactions. Concepts such
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Excerpts from Douglas Hofstadter's Metamagical Themas (A Collection
    1 Excerpts from Douglas Hofstadter’s Metamagical Themas (a collection mostly of articles he wrote for Scientific American.) The Prisoner’s Dilemma, Computer Tournaments and the Evolution of Cooperation May, 1983 LIFE is filled with paradoxes and dilemmas. Sometimes it even feels as if the essence of living is the sensing—indeed, the savoring—of paradox. Although all paradoxes seem somehow related, some paradoxes seem abstract and philosophical, while others touch on life very directly. A very lifelike paradox is the so-called “Prisoner’s Dilemma”, discovered in 1950 by Melvin Dresher and Merrill Flood of the RAND Corporation. Albert W. Tucker wrote the first article on it, and in that article he gave it its now-famous name. I shall here present the Prisoner’s Dilemma—first as a metaphor, then as a formal problem. The original formulation in terms of prisoners is a little less clear to the uninitiated, in my experience, than the following one. Assume you possess copious quantities of some item (money, for example), and wish to obtain some amount of another item (perhaps stamps, groceries, diamonds). You arrange a mutually agreeable trade with the only dealer of that item known to you. You are both satisfied with the amounts you will be giving and getting. For some reason, though, your trade must take place in secret. Each of you agrees to leave a bag at a designated place in the forest, and to pick up the other’s bag at the other’s designated place. Suppose it is clear to both of you that the two of you will never meet or have further dealings with each other again.
    [Show full text]