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Pedological and Ecological Variations in Soil Fertility Dispensed by Ground Dwelling Genera of Ants

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Pedological and Ecological Variations in Soil Fertility Dispensed by Ground Dwelling Genera of Ants Pedological and Ecological Variations in Soil Fertility Dispensed By Ground Dwelling Genera of Ants SEEMA G. KADU S.S.E.S.Amt’s, Science College, Congress Nagar, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur,MS [email protected] Abstract Soil scientist have raised concerns about how to preserve soil and arable land all over the world with a growing population possible future water crisis increasing per capita food consumption and land degradation. The ants represent a unique focal group having the potential to be used as biological indicators. Different ant species navigate across all the trophic levels in search of architecture of vegetation, dead twigs on soil for nesting. Different ant species navigate across all the trophic levels in search of architecture of vegetation, dead twigs on soil for nesting. Soil homogenization and mounding are mainly influence the vegetation with below ground plant parameters. The maximum population of ant species effects on the physical and biological properties of soil greatly. Also, the movement of particles from lower horizons to the surface area by ant aids affects the mixing of organic and mineral fractions of the soil to increase the fertility. The faeces of ants are the basis for the formation of soil aggregates and humus, which physically stabilize the soil and increase its porosity to store nutrients. Even the nutrient content was higher in ant nest soils which shows fertilizer effect of ant nests was also higher in dry habitat the at grassland ecosystem. In Nagpur city ant species biodiversity is incredibly high also most frequently observed ground dwelling ant genus, Crematogaster under the Subfamily Myrmicinae. Present study analysed the physicochemical characteristics of ant mounds soil of these ant genera related to soil fertility and plant growth. Keywords: Pedology, Porosity, Nutrients, Fertility, Crematogaster. Introduction An ant represents a unique focal group having the potential to be used as biological indicators. As plants grow, they consume nutrients in the soil. As the mineral content depletes in the soil, they need to be replenished. This is where the organisms living in the soil play their part by helping in the decomposition and transportation of nutrients to be used by plants. Some ants like weaver ants, pharaoh ants, wood cutter ant and carpenter ant species construct their nest in the soil to deposit their food and egg laying playing an important role in the basic nutrient cycle of the soil. As some wood ants are keystone species in woodland ecosystems, with effects on the community structure of local invertebrates as well as providing a food source for predators (Hughes and Broome, 2007). Nest construction results in modification of soil structure, increasing porosity (Frouz and Jilková, 2008) and accumulation of food and detritus makes nests hotspots of nutrient exchange (Domisch et al., 2009). 10 | P a g e The nests constructed by these ants support high levels of biodiversity, including many species that are dependent on the nests as habitat (Wagner and Jones 2005). There are different ant species shows burrowing activity among these the ants species under subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Pseudomyrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, are the importantin soil tilting during nest building. These ants genera plays important role to create porous soil, provide better aeration, improves the moisture content and helps in the transfer of organic materials into the soil. Among these species some genera, Iridomyrmex, Tapinoma, Camponotus, Oecophylla, Paratrechina, Aphaenogaster, Crematogaster Solenopsis, Pachycondyla, are the polymorphic hymenopterans utilizes the plant residues, animal manure or other organic materials to build up their nest colony (Frouz et al., 2003). This organic material decomposed by bacteria, fungi and converts the complex organic matter into simple components (Eldridge and Pickard, 1994). The reduced simple organic components are again carried by the ants in to excavated nest underground the soil where they are further being absorbed by the plants roots as growth nutrients (Cammeraat et al, 2002). The population of these ants genera are directly effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil through the modification of soil profile, aeration, drainage and density and are therefore able to influence the energy and nutrient cycles and to act as ecological engineers (Folgarait, 1998; Frouz and Jilkova, 2008). Material and Method This experiment was conducted to find out whether the fauna inhabiting the soil will help with soil fertility and plant growth. The experiment was carried out in different vegetation areas of Nagpur city(MS). The East, West, South and North Nagpur region were studied as different experimental areas where maximum population of different ant species of genera Crematogaster, observed under the subfamily Myrmicinae. The soil sample collected from roof of the plant and ant mound soil of each species of Crematogaster and tested under optimum conditions. The experimental areas of mound soil, collected as a soil sample from four experimental areas, denoted as E-1, W-2, S-3 and N-4 according to different directional areas of Nagpur city. The undisturbed area lacking ant mounds vegetation were studied as comparative check or control sample as C. The concentration of N, P(PO4,), S, Mg2+, K+ and C (organic) analysed in ppm while the pH shows fertility status of soil. Results and Discussion In the present study the subfamily Myrmicinae showed mound forming maximum population of three ground dwelling ant species such as,Crematogaster wroughtonii, Crematogaster rothneyi and Crematogaster aberrans. The ant mound soil collected from the nest of all these species shows increasing concentrations of soil nutrients (Table-I and Figure-1) as compared to control areas. Under the subfamily Dolichoderinae shows maximummound forming activity observed in the colony of ant species with inclined vegetation of herbs and shrubs. Also thesoil nutrients are also increased in 11 | P a g e concentration in the these ant mound soil sample. These ground dwelling ant species shows burrowing activity among different genera under subfamilies Myrmicinae play very importantrole in pedological processes of soil during nest building. These ant species play an important role in porosity soil, provide better aeration, improves the moisture content and transform organic materials into the soil. It was also observed that the soil collected from areas, E-1, W-2, S-3 and N-4 indicated taller vegetation than the control area representedas C. However, it was found that the standard quantitative analysis of ant mound soil micronutrients recommended favourable, ascending concentrations of P(PO4), S(SO42)and K+ (organic) and soil pH in ant mound soil collected from the sustainable nest of different ant species from the experimental plots as compared to the control soil sample. Table-1. Concentrations of Soil Micronutrients in Ant Mound Soil of Species under the Subfamily- Myrmicinae collected from occupied Nest at different Experimental Plots and Control. pH and Control Subfamily Genera Conc. in E-1 W-2 S-3 N-4 soil C Soil(ppm) Crematogaster pH (H20) 3.3 5.5 6.8 5.5 6.8 rothneyi P(PO4)* 11.8 7.8 6.8 7.8 6.8 2 S(SO4 )* 18 18.45 14.5 18.45 14.5 + K 190 355 252 355 252 Subfamily- pH (H20) 2.4 6.2 8.8 6.2 8.8 Myrmicinae Crematogaster P(PO4)* 10.8 8.8 3.8 8.8 3.8 wroughtonii S(SO42)** 21 15.45 11.5 15.45 11.5 K+ 150 165 125 165 125 pH (H20) 2.3 6.8 7.8 6.8 7.8 Crematogaster P(PO4)* 9.1 6.8 3.1 6.8 3.1 aberrans S(SO42)* 11.5 14.5 9.5 14.5 9.5 K+ 153 192 105 192 105 *** P<0.001. ** P<0.05, * P<0.01 + [Abbreviation:E= East Nagpur, W= West, S=South, N= North, C=Control; [P(PO4,)=Total Phosphate, S(SO4)=Sulphur, K =Potassium] 12 | P a g e 120% 100% Control soil C 80% N-4 60% 40% S-3 20% 0% W-2 K+ K+ K+ K+ -20% K+ E-1 P(PO4)* P(PO4)* P(PO4)* pH (H20) pH (H20) pH (H20) pH S(SO42)* S(SO42)* S(SO42)* S(SO42)* Crematogaster rothneyi Crematogaster Crematogaster aberrans wroughtonii Subfamily- Myrmicinae Figure 1. Quantitative Analysis of Micronutrients in Ant Mound Soil of three ant species of Crematogaster genera under the Subfamily- Myrmicinae. Conclusion The ground dwelling ant species such as Crematogaster helps in the recycling of decomposed materials which increase soil porosity and may cause separation of soil particles according to their size. Likewise some of the ants species eat other insects and caterpillars that are destructive to the plants and will help sustain the soil with their treated food(Kadu, 2020). Effects on biological soil properties may be associated with improved or declined microbial activity, which is affected by accumulation of organic matter and interior nest temperature especially moisture (Eldridge and Myers1998).Effects on the soil diverge between ant species where substantial variation can be found in the same species existing in different conditions. Such intensification in concentration of Potassium and phosphorus, Sulphate and neutral pH represents an ideal indicator for experiments directing the vigorous Ecological variations soil ecosystems (Lafleur, 2005). The current study shows digging habitat and mining commotion among some ant genera under subfamilies Myrmicinaewhich arevitalto play important role to producespongyporous soil, provide better aeration, improves the moisture content and helps in the transfer of organic materials into the soil to fertilize the soil in many ways(Frouz, etal., 2003). The scrabbling activity of the ant genera helps to penetrates water up to the plant roots (Domisch, 2006). The ants also servicing in spreading the plants seeds during these soil mining. These properties correspond with accretion of food in the nests and the effect on biological progressions, such as hastening of decomposition rate(Kadu, 2010, 2014 and 2020).
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