Poll Res-16.Pmd

AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY CHANGES RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER USE IN SISTAN AND BALUCHISTAN MOHAMMAD MOBINI1, HAMED BIGLARI2,*, AMIN ZAREI3, GHOLAMREZA EBRAHIMZADEH4, ALI BIGLARI5, MOHAMMAD REZA NAROOIE6, EHSAN ABOUEE MEHRIZI7 AND MOHAMMAD MEHDI BANESHI8 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. 2 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran. 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. 4 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 6 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran. 7 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical sciences, Bojnurd, Iran. 8 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. (Received 1 February, 2017; accepted 30 July, 2017)

ABSTRACT Soil salinity and its exacerbation resulting from water quality effects decrease product quality and cause specific ion toxicity in plants. The present study examined the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble percentage (SSP) indicators of groundwater resources to indirectly evaluate the water quality effects on the soil of Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran. For this purpose, 655 samples were collected during nine years from groundwater wells with agricultural land use in fixed sites of the province. After measuring the parameters of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate and electrical conductivity of the samples, the SAR and the SSP were determined using Microsoft Excel software, and then their distribution throughout the province was detected by GISV10 software. The results showed that the quality of 98% of groundwater resources with agricultural land use in the province based on the SSP and the SAR, respectively, was dubious to unsustainable and unusable. No doubt, indiscriminate use of these water resources exacerbates soil degradation in the region, especially in the cities of Iranshahr, Saravan and Khash, and will change seriously biodiversity of crop plants in these regions in the future.

KEY WORDS: Aniline, Bio-adsorption, Aqueous solutions, Dried activated sludge

INTRODUCTION agriculture accounts for 70% of all water consumption (Dastorani et al., 2010; Pitman and Water is the most important factor in agricultural Läuchli, 2002; Moradi et al., 2016b; Khosravi et al., development throughout the world. Worldwide, 2013). Groundwater resources are the main sources

Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 482 MOBINI ET AL

of water supply for agriculture in arid climate the amount of products and its quality (Afshar, 2011, regions, including a major part of Iran (Hosseinifard Gholami et al., 2016). Rapid population growth, and Aminiyan, 2015; Narooie et al., 2016; developed agriculture and providing water supplies Ahamadabadi et al., 2016). According to the chemical for the region reveal the intensity of the pressure on nature of the water, this valuable substance is not water resources and severe water crisis in the found in nature in its pure form and always country (Pitman and Läuchli, 2002). Excessive use of dissolves low to high levels of salts, suspended underground water resources leads to increase matters and various gases (Mehrdadi et al., 2009, access to water depth, thus increasing the dissolved Khaksefidi et al., 2016; Shams et al., 2012). This minerals especially sodium ions. Increased unique feature makes the water have different evaporation due to global warming, intensification of qualities in various regions based on the retention desertification processes and adverse effects time of the aquifer, climatic conditions and type of resulting from inappropriate use of water resources geological formations, so that the chemical properties especially the transmission of salt into the soil led to of natural waters can be understood as a reflection doubt the quality and quantity of crops, in addition and function of mineralogy, kinetic energy of to the loss of water as a precious asset (Absalan et al., solution and flow patterns (El Mandour et al., 2008; 2011). By studying the quality of water resources, Biglari et al., 2016c; Sohrabi et al., 2017, Biglari et al., capability and utilization rate of water are 2017). Pollution leakage, penetration of pollutants determined for agricultural purposes (Kløve et al., resulting from human industrial activities, mixing 2014). Chemical composition of irrigation water can saline waters into the groundwater (Marsh and Lees, be useful to predict the effects of excess salts from 2003; Khaksefidi et al., 2017, Saeidi et al., 2017), water irrigation water affecting the chemical and physical passing through the soil saline bed, high properties of soil and plants (Suarez, 1981; Israeli et evaporation, using agricultural fertilizers, effects of al., 1986). The water dissolves anions and cations by return flow and continuous irrigation expose heavily passing from soil vertical substrate, brings them to the agricultural soils to pollution from the effects of the surface of irrigated farms and causes changes in water use, and exacerbate soil salinity gradually in the chemical and physical properties of soil in the most areas due to the transfer of salt from the water region and even in adjacent areas due to the into the soil (Ben-Hur et al., 1985; Absalan et al., 2011; horizontal movement of groundwater from one place Alipour et al., 2017). Currently, over 40 percent of to another (Biglari et al., 2016d; Mehrizi et al., 2011). irrigated lands in Iran are at risk of secondary The famous agricultural indicators such as sodium salinization (Ben-Hur et al., 1985). The soil salinity adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble can lead to undesirable effects, such as increased percentage (SSP) are strategies for monitoring the plant water requirement (Absalan et al., 2011; Shams severity of soil salinity caused by the effects of water et al., 2016), reduced soil hydraulic conductivity, use (Burn et al., 2015; Shaffer et al., 2012). Therefore, destruction of soil pore size and arrangement, low given the trace amounts of atmospheric precipi- soil moisture and fertility (Bauder and Brock, 2001, tations, the inappropriate spatial and temporal Baneshi et al., 2016), specific ion toxicity, variation of distribution, hot and dry climate, dry winds of 120 soil osmotic potential, disruption of the nutritional days, increased solute concentrations in balance, failure to absorption of nutrients from the groundwater caused by the recent drought in Sistan soil by plants, adverse effects on the enzyme activity and Baluchistan province, the importance of and nucleic acid and protein synthesis in plants maintaining or improving the quality and quantity (Khoyerdi et al., 2016; Sohrabi et al., 2016), reduced of commercial and strategic crops of region germination and cell development of leaves, decrease especially palm, the current study was conducted in leaf growth, effect of leaf surface salinity and total with the aim of indirect estimation of soil quality dry matter on plant relative growth as well as low changes resulting from groundwater use in Sistan

net CO2 assimilation rate (Römheld and Kirkby, and Baluchistan. 2010; Ravikovitch and Yoles, 1971), resulting in changes in the variety of crops or product quality in MATERIALS AND METHODS the region. Palm trees grow in well-drained soils, In order to perform the present descriptive-analytical and proper ventilated soil is a key measure of study, 655 samples over a period of 9 years, since growth. The palm trees are somewhat resistant to spring 2008, were collected from wells with soil salinity, but excessive salinity affects intensely agricultural purposes scattered throughout the AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY CHANGES RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER 483

Sistan and Baluchistan province from possible fixed Figure 1, the SAR values of groundwater for different sites with regard to regional security issues and cities were in various ranges, including 7.68 to 10.29 according to the authors’ previous study and with an average of 8.74 ± 0.91 in Zahedan (unusable standard methods (Sajadi et al., 2015; Mirzabeygi et for sensitive agricultural products and highly al., 2016). Then, the parameters including sodium, damaging to crops), 2.54 to 5.34 with an average of calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, 4.39 ± 1 in Khash (at the level of caution for sensitive phosphate and electrical conductivity were products), 6.19 to 8.62 with an average of 7.12 ± 0.87 determined using the method set forth in reference in Konarak- Chabahar (unusable for sensitive books. Finally, data were analyzed using the products), 2.66 to 4.47 with an average of 3.21 ± 0.58 Microsoft Excel 2016 software. The indicators of in Sarbaz (in the border without limitation on use sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble cautiously), 3.08 to 5 with an average of 3.94 ± 0.59 in percentage (SSP) were calculated according to the Nikshahr (usable with caution for sensitive following equations and their distribution was products), 5.33 to 8.87 with an average of 6.80 ± 1.03 plotted at the provincial level by the GISV10 software. in Saravan (unusable for sensitive products), 3.60 to 6.48 with an average of 5 ± 1 in Zabol-Zehak (usable with caution for sensitive products), 7 to 10.66 with an average of 8.57 ± 1.09 in Iranshahr (unusable for sensitive crops such as beans, rice, corn, alfalfa, sunflower and onion). Since the most index values of samples were frequently at the level of usable with caution and unsustainable, so continuesuse of the In the above equations, the ion concentrations of water resources can change the soil texture and the calcium, magnesium and sodium are based on meq/ resulting product will be in low quality. Certainly, L. The SAR index values are interpreted as follows: the diversity of crops in the regions especially less than 3, water resources can be used to irrigate sensitive and semi-sensitive products will be altered crops without limitation; between 3 and 6, water and limited in the future. resources must be used cautiously for sensitive Figure 2 shows the changes of SSP values of products; between 6 and 9, water resources are unusable for agricultural products and lime should be added to them for stabilization if necessary; and more than 9, water resources are highly unsustainable and harmful (Salama et al., 1999). The SSP index values are interpreted as follows: Less than 20, water resources with high quality water for agricultural purposes; between 20 and 40, water resources with good quality; between 40 and 60, water resources with acceptable quality; between 60 and 80, water resources dubious quality; and more than 80, water resources with bad quality (Khoyerdi et al., 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, the changes in the chemical quality of groundwater resources in Sistan and Baluchistan province were monitored during nine years.Because of the multitude of experiments and variables measured and the impossibility of presenting them all, only the main and expressible results have been shown in Figures 1 to 4. Figure 1 indicates the values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) based on the mean data of Fig. 1. The statue of SAR index in Sistan and Baluchistan the resources in each city. In accordance with the during different years. 484 MOBINI ET AL groundwater for different cities of Sistan and rural district in Khash, magnesium (122 and 136, Baluchistan province from 2008 to 2016 in various respectively) in Zahedan and Chabahar, phosphate ranges, including 58.22 to 69.43 with an average of (between 0.148 and 1.48) in northern counties of 63.40 ± 3.23 in Zahedan (dubious), 43.33 to 54.11 Khash, Saravan, Iranshahr and Zahedan as well as with an average of 49.55 ± 4.02 in Khash southern counties of Zabol, sulfate (1458) in (acceptable), 52.78 to 62.76 with an average of 57.61 Zahedan and sodium (1139) in Zahan. The electrical ± 3.28 in Konarak-Chabahar (on the border between conductivity was 6517 mS/cm. acceptable and dubious), 40.18 to 49.89 with an Figure 4 (A) shows the distribution of SSP index average of 45.54 ± 2.75 in Sarbaz (acceptable), 47.11 and Figure 4 (B) specifies the distribution of SAR to 57.15 with an average of 53.26±3.53 in Nikshahr index in the areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province (acceptable), 57.22 to 68.55 with an average of 62.55 that were plotted based on the average 9 years point ± 3.93 in Saravan (dubious), 47.30 to 63.20 with an to point data. Evaluation of Figures 4 (A and B) average of 55.34±6.26 in Zabol-Zehak (on the border demonstrated that the major groundwater resources between acceptable and dubious) and 62.81 to 73.82 of Sistan and Baluchistan province are in the range with an average of 68.73 ± 3.44 in Iranshahr of very unsustainable and damaging quality. In (dubious). addition, we can say that in near future, the soil Figure 3 indicate distribution of concentration of anions including sulfate, chloride, phosphate and bicarbonate and cations of sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium obtained from the average 9 years point to point data in the sampling sites. The highest concentrations of cations and anions (ppm) in the resources of groundwater (Fig. 3) were related to calcium (22.40 and 40.40, respectively) in Zahedan and Saravan, potassium (Moradi et al., 2016a), in Dalgan county in Iranshahr, chloride (1231) in Zahedan, bicarbonate (719) in Karvandar

Fig. 3. The scatter of anions and cations in Sistan and Baluchistan ground water resources.

texture and subsequent agricultural capacity will alter in the regions as well as 98 percent of the Fig. 2. The statue of SSP index in Sistan and Baluchistan groundwater resources in the province has potential during different years. negative changes and exacerbation. Figure 4 also AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY CHANGES RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER 485 revealed that groundwater resources in the northern the region, in addition to the effects of wind erosion region of the province (Sistan) are at the acceptable and high temperature, thereby reducing current soil level of SSP for agricultural purposes, and at the fertility capacity covering major agricultural usable with caution level of SAR for sensitive industry in the province (Afshar, 2011). In some products. Some studies have reported that the soil desert areas, especially in Zahedan, Khash and surface features partly in all parts of Sistan can be Saravan, the structure of surface soils and even seen as salty and joint (Fig. 1) and varied based on lower layers is as desert and sierozem with high intermittent layers of soft and light sand and clay salinity. In addition to the poor quality of the soil in soil mixed with uneven sand in depth (Afrakhteh, these regions, the groundwater quality in these areas 2006; Sadani et al., 2011). Therefore, it is expected focuses on the prohibition on the use. Some previous that flowing water is initially very salty and the studies reported that the soils in most areas of Sistan degree of salinity decreases slightly by passing and Baluchistan province are rich in potassium and through the lower substrate layers of soil according variable in nitrogen so that the concentration of to the process of replacement and filtration. This is potassium (potash) in most parts of the territory is clearly visible in the index values obtained (Fig. 4). more than enough about 900 to 1210 kg/ha (Afshar, As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the SAR and the 2011). Figure 3 shows the average concentration of SSP of groundwater resources in areas of Hamoun potassium ions in groundwater resources with Lake (Sistan) have changed toward the areas of maximum concentration of 29 ppm in Dalgan Baluchistan, respectively, from the usable with County. The potassium ions partially reduce the caution level to unusable and unsustainable levels impact of soil salinity; but due to the low and from the acceptable level to the dubious level. concentration of these ions in water, it cannot be This seems to be related to the fact that the soil texture compared with quality effects of mean sodium is heavy and hard around the Hamoun Lake and that concentration of 9-year (at least 30 ppm) on soil hard and heavy soil becomes soft away from the lake (Khoyerdi et al., 2016). Several studies suggest that (Afshar, 2011). Poor groundwater quality in parts of the passive absorption of potassium is reduced due the cities of Iranshahr, Chabahar, Saravan and to the high concentration of sodium in saline soils Sarbaz according to the context of fine alluvial soil and its dominant competition with potassium ions and a dense layer of organic matter on the surface (Römheld and Kirkby, 2010; Marsh and Lees, 2003). (Fig. 2) suggest transitional flow of groundwater Because salinity of irrigation water leads to from the other area or high-salt bedrock in the lower increased accumulation of salt in soil, thus proper layers. According to the results of the two SAR and irrigation management and implementation of SSP indexes, the continuous use of groundwater leaching can reduce the soil salinity during the resources in these areas for irrigation of farm fields cropping season (Boyd and Tucker, 1992, seems to accelerate the deterioration of soil texture in Mohammadi et al., 2015; Moradi et al., 2016a; Sajjadi et al., 2016). Considering that the quality of groundwater resources used in irrigation is close to become inappropriate, unsustainable and highly damaging, so dealing with issues surrounding the economy obtained from agriculture or eternal destruction of soil texture is important and urgent in the study regions.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the two sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble percentage (SSP) indicators were investigated in the groundwater resources of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. The results showed that 98% of groundwater resources of Sistan and Baluchistan province are dubious and unusable Fig 4. (A) The Scatter of SSP index; (B) the scatter of for irrigation purposes based on SSP and SAR, SAR index. respectively. Since poor organic matters, insufficient 486 MOBINI ET AL soil quality, inadequate precipitations and sometimes Saeidi, M., Ahamadabadi, M., Narooie, M. R., floods are obvious characteristics of Sistan and Salimi, A., Khaksefidi, R. and Alipour, V. 2016. Baluchistan province, so irrigation with the current Removal of remazol black B dye from aqueous groundwater resources seems to be nothing except solution by electrocoagulation equipped with iron and aluminium electrodes. Journal of Dispersion lack of agricultural extension, degradation of soil Science and Technology. 7 : 529-535. texture and consequently the changes in the type of Bauder, J. and Brock, T. 2001. Irrigation water quality, soil products and reducing their quality. Certainly in the amendment, and crop effects on sodium leaching. near future due to changes in soil quality, Arid Land Research and Management. 15 : 101- biodiversity of crop plants will be altered in Sistan 113. and Baluchistan province, especially in the cities of Ben-hur, M., Shainberg, I., Bakker, D. and Keren, R. Iranshahr, Saravan and Khash. 1985. Effect of soil texture and CaCO3 content on water infiltration in crusted soil as related to water ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS salinity. Irrigation Science. 6 : 281-294. Biglari, H., Afsharnia, M., Alipour, V., Khosravi, R., Sharafi, K. and Mahvi, A. H. 2017. 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