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Poll Res-16.Pmd Poll Res. 36 (3) : 481-488 (2017) Copyright © EM International ISSN 0257–8050 AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY CHANGES RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER USE IN SISTAN AND BALUCHISTAN MOHAMMAD MOBINI1, HAMED BIGLARI2,*, AMIN ZAREI3, GHOLAMREZA EBRAHIMZADEH4, ALI BIGLARI5, MOHAMMAD REZA NAROOIE6, EHSAN ABOUEE MEHRIZI7 AND MOHAMMAD MEHDI BANESHI8 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. 2 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran. 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. 4 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 6 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran. 7 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical sciences, Bojnurd, Iran. 8 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. (Received 1 February, 2017; accepted 30 July, 2017) ABSTRACT Soil salinity and its exacerbation resulting from water quality effects decrease product quality and cause specific ion toxicity in plants. The present study examined the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble percentage (SSP) indicators of groundwater resources to indirectly evaluate the water quality effects on the soil of Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran. For this purpose, 655 samples were collected during nine years from groundwater wells with agricultural land use in fixed sites of the province. After measuring the parameters of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate and electrical conductivity of the samples, the SAR and the SSP were determined using Microsoft Excel software, and then their distribution throughout the province was detected by GISV10 software. The results showed that the quality of 98% of groundwater resources with agricultural land use in the province based on the SSP and the SAR, respectively, was dubious to unsustainable and unusable. No doubt, indiscriminate use of these water resources exacerbates soil degradation in the region, especially in the cities of Iranshahr, Saravan and Khash, and will change seriously biodiversity of crop plants in these regions in the future. KEY WORDS: Aniline, Bio-adsorption, Aqueous solutions, Dried activated sludge INTRODUCTION agriculture accounts for 70% of all water consumption (Dastorani et al., 2010; Pitman and Water is the most important factor in agricultural Läuchli, 2002; Moradi et al., 2016b; Khosravi et al., development throughout the world. Worldwide, 2013). Groundwater resources are the main sources Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 482 MOBINI ET AL of water supply for agriculture in arid climate the amount of products and its quality (Afshar, 2011, regions, including a major part of Iran (Hosseinifard Gholami et al., 2016). Rapid population growth, and Aminiyan, 2015; Narooie et al., 2016; developed agriculture and providing water supplies Ahamadabadi et al., 2016). According to the chemical for the region reveal the intensity of the pressure on nature of the water, this valuable substance is not water resources and severe water crisis in the found in nature in its pure form and always country (Pitman and Läuchli, 2002). Excessive use of dissolves low to high levels of salts, suspended underground water resources leads to increase matters and various gases (Mehrdadi et al., 2009, access to water depth, thus increasing the dissolved Khaksefidi et al., 2016; Shams et al., 2012). This minerals especially sodium ions. Increased unique feature makes the water have different evaporation due to global warming, intensification of qualities in various regions based on the retention desertification processes and adverse effects time of the aquifer, climatic conditions and type of resulting from inappropriate use of water resources geological formations, so that the chemical properties especially the transmission of salt into the soil led to of natural waters can be understood as a reflection doubt the quality and quantity of crops, in addition and function of mineralogy, kinetic energy of to the loss of water as a precious asset (Absalan et al., solution and flow patterns (El Mandour et al., 2008; 2011). By studying the quality of water resources, Biglari et al., 2016c; Sohrabi et al., 2017, Biglari et al., capability and utilization rate of water are 2017). Pollution leakage, penetration of pollutants determined for agricultural purposes (Kløve et al., resulting from human industrial activities, mixing 2014). Chemical composition of irrigation water can saline waters into the groundwater (Marsh and Lees, be useful to predict the effects of excess salts from 2003; Khaksefidi et al., 2017, Saeidi et al., 2017), water irrigation water affecting the chemical and physical passing through the soil saline bed, high properties of soil and plants (Suarez, 1981; Israeli et evaporation, using agricultural fertilizers, effects of al., 1986). The water dissolves anions and cations by return flow and continuous irrigation expose heavily passing from soil vertical substrate, brings them to the agricultural soils to pollution from the effects of the surface of irrigated farms and causes changes in water use, and exacerbate soil salinity gradually in the chemical and physical properties of soil in the most areas due to the transfer of salt from the water region and even in adjacent areas due to the into the soil (Ben-Hur et al., 1985; Absalan et al., 2011; horizontal movement of groundwater from one place Alipour et al., 2017). Currently, over 40 percent of to another (Biglari et al., 2016d; Mehrizi et al., 2011). irrigated lands in Iran are at risk of secondary The famous agricultural indicators such as sodium salinization (Ben-Hur et al., 1985). The soil salinity adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble can lead to undesirable effects, such as increased percentage (SSP) are strategies for monitoring the plant water requirement (Absalan et al., 2011; Shams severity of soil salinity caused by the effects of water et al., 2016), reduced soil hydraulic conductivity, use (Burn et al., 2015; Shaffer et al., 2012). Therefore, destruction of soil pore size and arrangement, low given the trace amounts of atmospheric precipi- soil moisture and fertility (Bauder and Brock, 2001, tations, the inappropriate spatial and temporal Baneshi et al., 2016), specific ion toxicity, variation of distribution, hot and dry climate, dry winds of 120 soil osmotic potential, disruption of the nutritional days, increased solute concentrations in balance, failure to absorption of nutrients from the groundwater caused by the recent drought in Sistan soil by plants, adverse effects on the enzyme activity and Baluchistan province, the importance of and nucleic acid and protein synthesis in plants maintaining or improving the quality and quantity (Khoyerdi et al., 2016; Sohrabi et al., 2016), reduced of commercial and strategic crops of region germination and cell development of leaves, decrease especially palm, the current study was conducted in leaf growth, effect of leaf surface salinity and total with the aim of indirect estimation of soil quality dry matter on plant relative growth as well as low changes resulting from groundwater use in Sistan net CO2 assimilation rate (Römheld and Kirkby, and Baluchistan. 2010; Ravikovitch and Yoles, 1971), resulting in changes in the variety of crops or product quality in MATERIALS AND METHODS the region. Palm trees grow in well-drained soils, In order to perform the present descriptive-analytical and proper ventilated soil is a key measure of study, 655 samples over a period of 9 years, since growth. The palm trees are somewhat resistant to spring 2008, were collected from wells with soil salinity, but excessive salinity affects intensely agricultural purposes scattered throughout the AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY CHANGES RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER 483 Sistan and Baluchistan province from possible fixed Figure 1, the SAR values of groundwater for different sites with regard to regional security issues and cities were in various ranges, including 7.68 to 10.29 according to the authors’ previous study and with an average of 8.74 ± 0.91 in Zahedan (unusable standard methods (Sajadi et al., 2015; Mirzabeygi et for sensitive agricultural products and highly al., 2016). Then, the parameters including sodium, damaging to crops), 2.54 to 5.34 with an average of calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, 4.39 ± 1 in Khash (at the level of caution for sensitive phosphate and electrical conductivity were products), 6.19 to 8.62 with an average of 7.12 ± 0.87 determined using the method set forth in reference in Konarak- Chabahar (unusable for sensitive books. Finally, data were analyzed using the products), 2.66 to 4.47 with an average of 3.21 ± 0.58 Microsoft Excel 2016 software. The indicators of in Sarbaz (in the border without limitation on use sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium soluble cautiously), 3.08 to 5 with an average of 3.94 ± 0.59 in percentage (SSP) were calculated according
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