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Sten Hagberg Uppsala Papers in Africa Studies 2 Editor: Sten Hagberg Transformations sociopolitiques burkinabè de 2014 à 2016 Perspectives anthropologiques des pratiques politiques et de la culture démocratique dans « un Burkina Faso nouveau » Sten Hagberg, Ludovic Kibora, Sidi Barry, Siaka Gnessi et Adjara Konkobo Uppsala 2017 Ouagadougou © The authors and Uppsala University 2017 ISBN 978-91-506-2643-8 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324361 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324361) Distribution: Forum for Africa Studies, Dept. of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Uppsala University, Box 631, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden Cover photo: Sten Hagberg Production: Graphic Services, Uppsala University Printed in Sweden by DanagårdLiTHO AB, 2017 Table des matières Sigles et abréviations ............................................................................................. 7 Préface ......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapitre 1 : Introduction .................................................................................. 11 Objectifs et méthodologie .................................................................................. 12 Remarques conceptuelles .................................................................................... 14 Limites ................................................................................................................... 16 Organisation de l’étude ........................................................................................ 17 Chapitre 2 : Deux années mouvementées : chronique d’une recherche anthropologique ......................................................................... 19 La situation pré-insurrectionnelle ..................................................................... 19 Insurrection et début de la Transition ............................................................. 22 Récits de la révolution ........................................................................................ 27 Coup d’État et la résistance ................................................................................ 31 Récits de la résistance .......................................................................................... 32 Élections et retour à l’ordre constitutionnel .................................................... 33 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 36 Chapitre 3 : Les catégories sociales face à la crise ................................. 37 Femmes et politique ............................................................................................. 37 La jeunesse ............................................................................................................ 40 Autorités traditionnelles et religieuses .............................................................. 41 Organisations de la société civile ....................................................................... 43 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 44 4. « À tout prix les élections » : la communauté internationale dans la politique burkinabè ........................................................................ 47 Élections apaisées et consolidation démocratique .......................................... 47 Vote ethnique et religieux .................................................................................. 50 La communauté internationale .......................................................................... 53 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 55 Chapitre 5 : Les institutions d’un État fragilisé ...................................... 57 Sécurité et démocratie ......................................................................................... 57 La justice ................................................................................................................ 61 Gestion communale ............................................................................................. 63 Défis économiques ............................................................................................... 65 Mal gouvernance : corruption, détournement et népotisme ........................ 68 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 69 Chapitre 6 : Lutte populaire et gouvernance politique ....................... 71 Luttes populaires entre régimes d’exception et républiques ......................... 71 Ancrage local de la politique partisane et enjeux de développement .......... 74 Culture démocratique et consolidation des acquis ......................................... 76 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 79 Chapitre 7 : Pistes de recherche ..................................................................... 81 Armée et politique ................................................................................................ 81 Impunité, réparation et réconciliation ............................................................. 82 Femmes, pouvoir et instances décisionnelles ................................................. 83 Mouvements et acteurs religieux en politique ................................................ 83 OSC, syndicats et partis dans un nouveau paysage politique ...................... 84 Mobilisation sociale et pouvoir de la rue .......................................................... 85 Chapitre 8 : Conclusion .................................................................................... 87 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................... 91 Sigles et abréviations ADF/RDA : Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Fédération/Rassemblement Démocratique Africain AEVF : Association des Étudiants Voltaïques en France ANEB : Association Nationale des Étudiants Burkinabè APDC : Association pour la Promotion de la Démocratie et de la participation Citoyenne ASCE/LC : Autorité Supérieure de Contrôle d’État et de Lutte contre la Corruption Asdi : Agence suédoise de coopération internationale au développement CDEC : Collectif Devenons Citoyens CAR : Collectif Anti Référendum, devenu Citoyens Africains pour la Renaissance CCRP : Conseil Consultatif sur les Réformes Politiques CCVC : Coalition Contre la Vie Chère, devenue Coalition nationale de lutte contre la vie chère, la corruption, la fraude, l’impunité et pour les libertés CEDEAO : Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CDP : Congrès pour la Démocratie et le Progrès CDR : Comité de Défense de la Révolution CENI : Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante CGCT : Code Général des Collectivités Territoriales CGD : Centre pour la Gouvernance Démocratique CGT-B : Confédération Générale du Travail du Burkina CMRPN : Comité Militaire de Redressement pour le Progrès National CNR : Conseil National de la Révolution. CNRST : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique CNT : Conseil National de la Transition CNTB : Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Burkina CODEL : Convention des Organisations de la Société Civile pour l’Observation Domestique des Élections CODER : Coalition pour la Démocratie et la Réconciliation Nationale COFEDEC : Coalition des Femmes pour la Défense de la Constitution CODMPP : Collectif des Organisations Démocratiques de Masse et des Partis Politiques CSB : Confédération Syndicale Burkinabè CSV : Confédération Syndicale Voltaïque FEDA P/BC : Fédération Associative pour la Paix et le progrès avec Blaise Compaoré FO/UNSL : Force Ouvrière/Union Nationale des Syndicats Libres FOCAL : Forum des Citoyens pour l’Alternance FRC : Front de Résistance Citoyenne F-SYNTER : Fédération des Syndicats Nationaux des Travailleurs de l’Éducation et de la Recherche 7 HCRUN : Haut Conseil pour la Réconciliation et l’Unité Nationale INSS : Institut des Sciences des Sociétés LIDEJEL : Ligue pour la Défense de la Liberté et de la Justice LIPAD/PAI : Ligue Patriotique Africaine pour le Développement/Parti Africain de l’Indépendance MBDHP : Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples MDA : Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Afrique MNL : Mouvement National de Libération MPP : Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès NAFA : Nouvelle Alliance du Faso NTD : Nouveau Temps pour la Démocratie OCI : Organisation de la Coopération Islamique ODJ : Organisation Démocratique de la Jeunesse ODP/MT : Organisation pour la Démocratie Populaire/Mouvement du Travail ODT : Organisation pour la Démocratie et le Travail, ONSL : Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres OSC : Organisation de la Société Civile PCRV : Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire Voltaïque PDC : Parti pour le Développement et le Changement PDS/Metba : Parti pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme/Parti des Bâtisseurs PNDES : Plan National du Développement Économique et Social PPRD : Parti Pour le Rassemblement et la Démocratie PTF : Partenaire Technique et Financier RADDHO : Rencontre Africaine des Droits de l’Homme RDS : Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme RSP : Régiment de Sécurité Présidentielle RSS : Roch Salif Simon SCAAD : Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée pour le Développement Durable SNEAHV : Syndicat National des Enseignants Africains
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