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Spatial Patterns of Institutional Innovations Within a Modernizing Society

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Spatial Patterns of Institutional Innovations Within a Modernizing Society a . , .. - - - * ■ *• — — - I 72-4595. ' NWALA, Eze Ogbueri Ajoku, 1940- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS WITHIN A MODERNIZING SOCIETY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Geography University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan <0, Copyr i ght by Eze Ogbueri Ajoku Nwala 1971 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED SPATIAL PATTERNS OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS WITHIN A MODERNIZING SOCIETY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Eise Ogbueri Ajoku Nwala, B.A. (Hons), M.A« The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Advj. sor Department of Geography PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many persons have helped me by their interest, encour­ agement, criticisms and comments during the preparation of this study. They certainly merit my warm appreciation and thanks. I wish to thank Dr. L. A. Brown, my adviser, for the stimulus, comments and direction that made the logical presentation of this research possible. My thanks are extended to Dr. G. J. Demko for his keen interest, help and comments. Dr. H. L. Gauthier, Dr. K. R. Cox and Dr. R. K. Serople are thanked for encouragement and comments that helped elucidate some ideas that were hazy to the author during the study. Dr. E. J. Taaffe, Chairman, Department of Geography and the Graduate School, The Ohio State University, are deeply thanked for providing the con­ ducive working time and an award of a teaching assistant- ship that made this task a reality. The staff of the Inter-Library Loan of The Ohio State University Library are remembered. My thanks also are for Eastern Nigerians at Ohio State for their encouragement. In particular, I wish to thank Dr. E. Okechukwu Odita, Division of the History of To Late Chief Nwokogba Amadi Nwala c VITA August 5, 1940 • . Born - Egwi-Etche, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 1967 ......... B.A. (Hons), University of Durham, England 1967-1968. ........... Research Assistant, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Canada 1969 ......... M.A., University of Ottawa, Canada 1968-197 1 ............. Teaching Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus, Ohio. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geography Urban Geography. Professors L. A. Brown, R. G. Golledge and L. J. King Social/Population Geography. Professors L. A. Brown, G. J. Demko and K. R. Cox Development Geography, professors H. L. Gauthier, G. J. DemRo and R. K. Semple ( v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ............. ................ i:Li VITA ..................... .............................. v LIST OF TABLES ....................... viii LIST OF FIGURES.........................xi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION..................... 1 II. DIFFUSION STUDIES IN GEOGRAPHY.......... 7 Introduction ............................. 7 Spatial Diffusion Patterns ............. 7 Spatial Diffusion Processes. ........... Innovation Types ................ ■j’® Methodological Notes . ............. ** Overview of the Research Design..... 24 III. SETTING, DATA, VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESES . 26 Introduction ......................... 26 Setting. ................................26 Data Sources ............................34 Nature of Variables. ..............38 Urban Place Variables. 39 Administrative District Variables. .. 40 Hypotheses ......................... 41 IV. EMPIRICAL TESTS - ORIGIN TIMES OF ADOPTION.....................................45 Introduction ................... ... 45 Origin Times Adoption Test Results - Individual Central Places...... 48 vi CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page IV. (continued) Origin Time Adoption Test Results - Administrative Districts........... 57 Summary............................... 67 V. EMPIRICAL TESTS - RATES OF ADOPTION TEST. 71 Introduction ................... 71 Rates of Adoption Results - Individual Central Places. «.............. 71 Rates of Adoption Test Results - Administrative Districts. • • • • • 79 VI. SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION PATTERNS IN EASTERN NIGERIA. 88 Introduction ................ ••••• 88 Principal Components Results - Summary ............. 90 Secondary School Diffusion Patterns - Basic Structural Dimensions. • ... 91 Hospital Diffusion Patterns - Basic Structural Dimensions .....•• 101 Summary............. 107 VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . H I Summary and Conclusions. ........... Ill Implications for Future Research . 114 APPENDIX A. DATA SOURCES................................ 118 B. SECONDARY SCHOOL DIFFUSION IN EASTERN NIGERIA .................... H 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 123 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. CITY SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS IN EASTERN NIGERIA. 35 2. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BET I VEEN ADOPTION TIMES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND EIGHT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) ................................ 3. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN ADOPTION TIMES OF HOSPITALS AND EIGHT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ........................ 50 4. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - ADOPTION TIMES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) ................... 52 5. •MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - ADOPTION TIMES OF HOSPITALS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) ................................ 54 6. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN ADOPTION TIMES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND 17 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (DISTRICT LEVEL) . 58 7. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - ADOPTION TIMES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS (ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT LEVEL) ............. 6* 8. COMPUTED REGRESSION RESULTS AT THE SEVENTH ORDER OF VARIABLE ENTRY ........................ 63 9. COMPUTED REGRESSION RESULTS AT THE FIFTEENTH ORDER OF VARIABLE ENTRY 65 10. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN RATES OF DIFFUSION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND EIGHT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) .............................. v• m• » TABLES (continued) TABLE Page 11. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - RATES OF ADOPTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS (INDIVIDUAL CENTERS) ........................ 74 12. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS OF RATES OF ADOPTION OF HOSPITALS AND EIGHT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL)......... 76 13. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - RATES OF ADOPTION OF HOSPITALS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL)................................. 77 14. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN RATES OF ADOPTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND SIXTEEN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (ADMINIS­ TRATIVE DISTRICT LEVEL) ..................... 80 15. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN RATES OF ADOPTION OF HOSPITALS AND SIXTEEN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT LEVEL).................................. 81 16. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - RATES OF ADOPTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS (ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT LEVEL)................ 82 17. MULTIPLE STEPWISE REGRESSION RESULTS - RATES OF ADOPTION OF HOSPITALS (ADMINIS­ TRATIVE DISTRICT LEVEL)......................... 84 18. LIST OF HIGH INTERCORRELATION COEFFICIENTS AMONGST INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. , ........... 86 19. COMPONENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) - POPULATION- WEALTH DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR ONE .... 92 20. COMPONENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) - HIERARCHICAL DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR TWO ............... 96 21. COMPONENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) - NEIGHBORKOOD- ACCESSIBILITY DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR THREE............. * 98 ix TABLES (continued) TABLE Page 22. COMPONENTS OF HOSPITAL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) - POPULATION- WEALTH DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR ONE . 102 23. COMPONENTS OF HOSPITAL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL - NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECT DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR TWO . 103 24. COMPONENTS OF HOSPITAL ADOPTIONS (INDIVIDUAL CENTER LEVEL) - HIERARCHICAL DIMENSION, ROTATED FACTOR THREE........... 104 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1. Eastern Nigeria Traditional Marketing Network................................. 27 2. Eastern Nigeria - Administrative Organisa­ tion 1900-1954 ........... * ............. 30 3. Eastern Nigeria - Administrative Provinces and Divisions 1955-1965.................. 31 4. Eastern Nigeria - Highway Transportation System 1914-1965 ......................... 33 5. Eastern Nigeria - Urban Places 1953 . • • • 36 6. Eastern Nigeria - Urban Places 1963 • • • • 37 7. Eastern Nigeria - Temporal Phases of Secondary School Adoptions ...•••• 46 8. Location of Study Centers • •••#.#•• 47 9* Residuals from Regression .................. 69 10# Rotated Factor One Scores - Economic Wealth Development Dimension ........... ®3 11# Rotated Factor Two Scores - Hierarchical Effect Dimension ........... ............. 12# Rotated Factor Three Scores - Accessibility Effect Dimension •••*•• ........... *00 13# Rotated Factor One Scores - Hospitals Economic Wealth Development Dimension • 105 xi (' CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Diffusion studies focusing on processes and patterns have long been recognized as a major concern for research amongst the social sciences, /nthropologists, rural sociologists, economists and geographers have shown deep- seated interest in diffusion research. The result of this interdisciplinary interest has been an accumulation of an extensive literature relating to diffusion problems. Although such a massive build up of literature in diffusion studies abounds, it is, nevertheless, true to note that majority of these papers have concentrated heavily on diffusion of innovations within the highly urbanized and developed
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