THE FUTURE OF TEXT Edited by Frode Alexander Hegland First Published 2020. All articles are © Copyright of their respective authors. This collected work is © Copyright ‘Future Text Publishing’ and Frode Alexander Hegland. The PDF edition of this work is made available at no cost and the printed book is available from ‘Future Text Publishing’ (futuretextpublishing.com) a trading name of ‘The Liquid Information Company’. This work is freely available digitally, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. Typeset in Adobe Caslon Pro and Shinglewoode by Timothy Donaldson except for Kindle. ISBN: 9798556866782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48197/fot2020a future text publishing HOW TO READ THIS BOOK IN READER If you are reading this book in the Augmented Text Tool ‘Reader’ on macOS, which was developed to demonstrate some of the editor’s ideas about interactive text, you can interact with the text in experimental ways: • Copy As Citation: Copy and paste text into a visual-meta aware word processor, such as Author (see the ‘Visual-Meta’ section in this book) and it will paste as a full citation. This includes fields for both author and editor. • Find: Select any text and do cmd-f (Find) to see only the sentences which contain the selected text. Any headings above any occurrences will also appear, and in the case of this book that will be the name of the author of the articles so you can quickly see who wrote about the same text. - cmd-f to exit out of this view or ESC. • Glossary: Select any text and do cmd-f (Find), as above, however, if the text is included in the glossary, it will appear at the top of the screen. There are glossary entries for all the contributing author's names. - cmd-f to exit out of this view or ESC. • Fold to Outline: Do cmd- (minus) to fold the document into an outline showing only the headings. Fold more or less levels with cmd-plus and cmd-minus. Note: For a very long document, such as this book, it will take a few seconds to index the contents before this command becomes active. • ‘n’ to see all Names. • ‘h’ on selected text to Highlight. ‘h’ without selecting text to View All Highlights. • ‘s’ on selected text to Speak the text. • Full Screen: Reader works best in full screen: ESC to go into and out of full screen. • Instant Look-Ups: Select and text and launch the free companion application Liquid (installed separately) using the keyboard shortcut you have assigned. You will then get the Liquid bar with the selected text. You can now either mouse through the options or use the keyboard shortcuts, such as ‘r’ for ‘References’ and then ‘w’ for ‘Wikipedia’ or ‘e’ for ‘Etymology’. You can also translate text and convert numbers. Author, Reader and Liquid are available from: http://augmentedtext.info ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the encouragement and support of my friend and mentor Doug Engelbart. I would further like to thank Vint Cerf for supporting the Symposium over the years and to Ted Nelson for continuously opening my mind to how wonderful the Future Of Text can be. I thank my perfect wife Emily Maki Ballard Hegland (and perfect mother to our son Edgar) for her support, encouragement and patience over the years and Edgar himself, who never ceases to make me smile. I would also like to thank my parents Turid and Ole Hegland, and my brother Henning. Sarah Walton helped me to formulate my perspective of ‘liquid information’ and Howard Rheingold helped me understand the roots of our ‘Silicon Valley’ world. Jacob Hazelgrove realized my dream of building a word processor (Author) and reader application (Reader). Roman Solodovnikov and his team built Liquid in many versions over the years and most recently re-invigorated LiSA. The academic community at WAIS at the University of Southampton, including my PhD advisors Dame Wendy Hall and Les Carr, as well as David Millard, Chris Gutteridge, Mark Anderson (particularly for hypertext history) and many others, has been a fertile thinking ground for my personal understanding of what text is and, in particular, what academic text can be. I am further grateful for my friends for their many fantastic perspectives who have helped me see things just a bit differently over the years, including (in a very random order) Harsha DeSilva, Paul Presley, Houria Iderkou, Livia Polanyi, Janine Earl, Stephen Fry, Bjørn Borud, Aspasia Dellaporta, Joe Corneli, David Price, Tom Standage and Bruce Horn, my first computer ‘hero’ who became a friend. Jane, Gian and Termini has also provided me with a heaven of a workspace outside and Paul and Tim inside– thank you, environments make a difference, whether physical or digital, as the genius of environment design Therese always reminded me. I thank Valentina Moressa for helping communicate and promote the book to a wider audience than I could ever have managed on my own, with valuable assistance from Julia Wright, Keith Martin for help with design/Adobe InDesign and Tim Donaldson for font choices, including his personal designed ‘Shinglewoode’ which is used for blockquotes. Finally, and most of all, a huge thank you to all the contributors who truly ‘made’ this book! Dedicated to my son Edgar and my father Ole. This book is a ‘Future Text Initiative’: thefutureoftext.org/initiative.html Frode Alexander Hegland UK 2020 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS F O R E W O R D Vinton G. Cerf Internet Co-Inventor & Pioneer Bernard Vatant Former consultant at Mondeca and Linked Data Evangelist Bob Frankston Co-creator of VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet for personal computers I N T R O D U C T I O N Bob Horn Senior Researcher, Human Science and Technology Advanced Frode Alexander Hegland Developer of Author, Reader & Liquid, and host of the Future Of Text Research Institute (H-STAR) Stanford University and Fellow, Symposium World Academy of Art and Science Bob Stein Founder of Criterion, Voyager and the Institute for the Future of the Book A R T I C L E S Catherine C. Marshall Texas A&M University and Hypertext developer Adam Cheyer Co-Founder of Siri and Viv Labs Charles Bernstein Poet, essayist, editor, and literary Scholar Adam Kampff Neuroscientist at the Sainsbury-Wellcome Centre and Founder of Voight-Kampff Chris Gebhardt Software engineer and researcher, The InfoCentral Project Alan Kay One of the earliest Pioneers of object-oriented programming, personal Chris Messina Hashtag inventor, product designer, technologist computing, graphical user interfaces (inventor of the overlapping window Christian Bök Associate Professor, Charles Darwin University and icon “Parc GUI”), and computing for children Christopher Gutteridge University of Southampton and Developer of academic repositories Alessio Antonini Research Associate at Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University Claus Atzenbeck Hof University & General Co-Chair of the 2019 ACM Conference Alex Holcombe School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney on Hypertext & Social Media Amaranth Borsuk Poet, Scholar, and Book Artist, Associate Professor, University of Daniel M. Russell Senior Research Scientist for Search Quality and User Happiness at Washington, Bothell, and Author of The Book Google Amira Hanafi Writer and Artist Danila Medvedev Leading Russian futurologist and architect of NeyroKod Amos Paul Kennedy Jr Artist Printer Danny Snelson Assistant Professor of English, UCLA, Editor, Archivist and Author Anastasia Salter Associate Professor, University of Central Florida. Author of Jane Jensen. of EXE TXT Co-author of A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy, Adventure Games Daveed Benjamin CEO Bridgit.io Author of first-of-its-kind augmented reality book, Andy Matuschak & Michael Nielsen Software Engineer, Designer and Researcher. Quantum computing and Pacha’s Pajamas: A Story Written By Nature that features Mos Def, modern open science movement Pioneer Talib Kweli, and Cheech Marin Ann Bessemans & María Pérez Mena Professor and post doctoral researcher at PXL-MAD School of Arts / Dave King Founder of Exaptive Inc. Hasselt University, research group READSEARCH. Typography and Dave Winer On the net since mid-70s. Started two Silicon Valley companies. type design teachers BA graphic design and MA Reading Type and Wrote for Wired. Fellow at Harvard and NYU. Founder of Typography podcasting, blogging, RSS and Open Web. Andries (Andy) van Dam Co-founder of Brown University’s CS department and its first chairman, David De Roure Professor of e-Research, Oxford e-Research Centre Brown’s first VP of Research, Co-designer of Hypertext Editing System and many hypermedia systems, Co-author of Fundamentals of Interactive David M. Durant Associate Professor/Federal Documents and Social Sciences Computer Graphics and of Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice Librarian, and author of Reading in a Digital Age Anne-Laure Le Cunff Founder of Ness Labs David Jablonowski Artist Anthon P. Botha Director of TechnoScene Ltd David Johnson Co-author of Law and Borders, The Rise of Law in Cyberspace Azlen Elza Designer, researcher and software experimentalist David G. Lebow CEO & Chief Learning Scientist