ETHENOBOTANICAL STUDY OF VICIA FABA (KECH)

Zakir Ibrahim1

Abstract

Ethnobotany is the new science that deals with the ways how people use plants in their traditional society. The name of Vcia faba is originated by Romans. It is large beans which can be growing in cool weather in warm areas. It is commonly known as habas, broad beans, faba bean, horse bean, English bean, English dwarf bean, Windsor bean, tick bean, cold bean, pigeon bean, bell bean, silkworm bean and vernacular name in Balochi is Bakala. It is one of the oldest crops grown by man and is used as a source of protein in human diet, as fodder and forage crop for animals. In some poor countries, such as Africa, Asia and Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, where there is deficiency of proteins, the V.faba is nutritional, economic and environmental vegetable. There seeds are eaten as a vegetable, which is rich of protein. Protein content (20- 41%) has been reported. V.faba is found in different regions of and it is abundantly grown in Makuran Division, where it is cultivated in the months of December and January. So the research was conduct to enhance the prominent feature of this vegetable but when local people use these plants in large quantity they suffer in the problem of jaundice and constipation which leads to death.

INTRODUCTION

Ethnobotany is the part of ethno ecology, which concern plants. It is the scientific study of the relationships that exist between people and plants. Ethnobotanists aim to describe and explain complex relationships between cultures and (uses of) plants: focusing, primarily, on how plants are used, managed and perceived across human societies (e.g. as foods; as medicines; in divination; in cosmetics; in dyeing; as textiles; in construction; as tools; as currency; as clothing; in literature; in rituals; and in social life (Acharya, at al., 2008). The ethnobotanist should have skill for identifying and preservation of plant specimens. It should have cultural concepts around the perception of plants. Considerable information on the traditional uses of plants is still intact with the tribal‟s (Sood, at al., 2001).

Vicia faba

1 Faculty member of LUAWMS, Uthal. The name of Vcia faba is originated by Romans, and it is a Latin word. It is large beans which can be growing in cool weather in warm areas. Its pods could be ripe within 120 days. It is a leguminous plant which belongs to the family fabaceae (Vetch family). It is commonly known as habas, broad beans, faba bean, horse bean, English bean, English dwarf bean, Windsor bean, tick bean, cold bean, pigeon bean, bell bean, silkworm bean and vernacular name in Balochi is Bakala. It is found both temperate and tropical areas. It is found abundantly in Asia and Europe. It has genetic quality for developing resistance against disease and a biotic stress.

There are four main groups of Vcia faba.

Broad Bean (var. faba or major). Eaten as a vegetable. Grouped into varieties with long pods (up to 8 seeds per pod) and those with short pods ('Windsor') having about 4 seeds per pod.

Horse Bean (var. equina). Grown for animal feed.

Tic Bean (var. minor); and Var. paucijuga. Similar to Tic Bean and grown in Central Asia. Unlike other varieties, it is mainly self-pollinating (Phillips & Rix 1993).

There are two main types, the 'long pod' beans are the more hardy and can be sown in the autumn in cool temperate areas, whilst 'Windsor' beans, which are considered to be finer flavored, are less tolerant of the cold and so are best sown in spring (Bianchini. F, Corbetta.F. and Pistoia. M. 1999).

Vcia faba seeds are usually stored dried and are cooked by soaking them in water overnight and then are cooked for about 1.5 hours (or 40 minutes in pressure cooker). Fresh bean seeds need only be boiled for 10-15 minutes (Brown, 1991). The seedpods are diuretic and lithontripic (Chiej, 1984).It is one of the oldest crops grown by man and is used as a source of protein in human diet, as fodder and forage crop for animals. In some poor countries, such as Africa, Asia and Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, where there is deficiency of proteins, the V.faba is nutritional, economic and environmental vegetable. There seeds are eaten as a vegetable, which is rich of protein. Protein content (20-41%) has been reported (Chaven, et al., 1989). North Africa is one of the top-producing regions of the Vicia faba in the world. In North Africa an annual production is 137000 to 410000 quintals (Maatougui, 1996). The Vicia faba is used as human consumption for gaining protein (Energy). It can grow in full sun. If the conditions are proper, the seed production may reach 4000- 4500 kg/ha (Bond, 1994). Cultivated faba bean is used as human food in developing countries and as animal feed, mainly for pigs, horses, poultry and pigeons in industrialized countries. It can be used as a vegetable, green or dried, fresh or canned. It is a common breakfast food in the Middle East, Mediterranean region, China and Ethiopia (Bond, et al., 1985). According to the Dr. Hessayon Vicia, faba contain vicine, isouramil and convicine, which can induce hemolytic anemia in patients with the hereditary condition glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), (Hessayon. 2003).

V.faba is found in different regions of Balochistan, the largest province (with respect to area) of and it is abundantly grown in Makuran Division, where it is cultivated in the months of December and January. It is grown in heavy clay soils; Dislikes dry conditions according to some reports (Woodward and Burge, 1982; Huxley, 1992). The germination time takes 7-10 days (personal communication; Khuda Bukhsh, Turbat). It is an annual herb. Vcia faba is an annual herb with coarse and upright stems, unbranched 0.3-2 m tall, with 1 or more hollow stems from the base (Bond, et al., 1985; Duke, 1981; Heath, et al., 1994). The leaves are alternate, pinnate and consist of 2-6 leaflets each up to 8 cm long and unlike most other members of the Genus; it is without tendrils or with rudimentary tendrils (Kay, 1971; Bond et al., 1985). "Flowers are large, white with dark purple markings, borne on short pedicels in clusters of 1-5 on each auxiliary raceme usually between the 5 and 10th node; 1-4 pods develop from each flower cluster, and growth is indeterminate though determinate mutants are available. About 30% of the plants in a population are cross-fertilized and the main insect pollinators are bumble bees. There is a robust tap root with profusely branched secondary roots" (Bond, et al., 1985). Based on seed size, two subspecies were recognized, paucijuga and faba. The latter was subdivided into var. minor with small rounded seeds (1 cm long), var. equina with medium sized seeds (1.5 cm) and var. major with large broad flat seeds (2.5 cm) (Kay, 1971; Bond, et al., 1985). Cubero (1974).Suggested four subspecies, namely: minor, equina, major, and paucijuga. Taxonomically the crop belongs to Section Faba of the Genus Vicia (Bond, et al., 1985; Smart, 1990).

The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. The people of Makuran use the pods as fodder and seeds of Vcia faba as a meal especially in the breakfast. It is the source of revenue generation for the local farmers so it is a source of lively hood for them.

It has some side effects which cause many diseases such as constipation and jaundice (Pendok.). V.faba is the famous vegetable of Makuran Division (Distt Turbat, Kech) and the area is rich of production on large scale.

Besides this the local people are trying to search the remedy to cure this disease; however, this plant is full of nutrients, proteins, minerals etc. So the present researcher is interested in studying the prominent feature of this vegetable and mainly my interest is stressed on the factor which is acting in a different way and is causing a disease in the population of that area and that disease is known as jaundice. The people of Pakistan (Southern Asia) they are living and usually settled (province Balochistan) Makuran divisions are passing their live rough territory, geographically and self isolated place.The local people of Makuran have wealthy culture which as a treasure for the ethnographers and botanist, plant has significant place in that culture.

Literature Review

As the average SO2 concentration usually remain high in areas close to the emission source and sometimes each a level as high as 0.35 ppm 4, the present SO2-exposure experiment was designed to assess the potential effects of this pollutant on the soil system and growth behavior of Vcia faba plants grown under field conditions. However, depending upon the moisture and reaction potential of the atmosphere, large amounts of SO2 usually gets deposited in areas close to the source (Agrawal, et al.,1985).

With faba beans (V.faba) to increase the production of this economically important legume. Since indigenous populations of rhizobia or vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae are absent or low in this soil, the objective of the current study was to determine whether inoculation with several strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum Bv. Viceae and VA mycorrhizae could successfully increase the growth of faba beans. Growth was compared to that in a fertile silt loam soil from the Nile River Valley. The effect of rock phosphate and super phosphate on the faba bean was also examined (Ishac, et al., 1993).

Several chemicals are known to attack the four different nitrogenous bases of the Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) molecule specifically and utilizing the mutations induced by such chemicals, a model of molecular mutagenesis has been proposed in bacteriophages and bacteria. In higher organisms, however, such precise study with these mutagens is difficult in view of the complex nature of the genetic and chromosomal organisation. Thus many of the mutagens, which have been found to be highly effective in microorganisms, like 5-bromouracil and 2-amino-purine, are not mutagenie in higher organisms, though they induce chromosome breakage. (Natrajan, et al., 1963).They worked on the pH of Vcia faba. They observed that the Vcia faba seedlings was investigated in short-term experiments at constant pH. Broad bean was more sensitivetolow pH than corn: the critical values (pH values below which net H+ release and root growth ceased) Were pH 4.00 (broad bean) and pH 3.50 (Feng, et al,. 1992).

Depending on sowing date and pre-winter temperatures, autumn sown Vciafaba may or may not produce fully differentiated nodules before the spring z. However, even if functional nodules are formed, rates of N fixation are very low at temperature as below 10~ 3 and there is the possibility, that between autumn and spring, plant growth is N limited. At 6~ in the laboratory, a range of un inoculated Vcia faba cultivars show progressively improved growth as applied nitrate or urea concentration is increased from 1 to 20 molm. Urea often gives substantially greater growth than nitrate t. Plants show poorer growth with ammonium than with nitrate or urea and, at concentrations of 4molm -3 or greater, display symptoms of ammonium toxicity and no benefits are obtained with increased concentration (Andrews, et al.,1986).

The various root meristems respond to colchicine in different ways; large primordia, for example, are less sensitive to colchicine than small primordia and the apical meristems of lateral and primary. The apical meristems of lateral roots appear to be more sensitive to eolchicine than those of primary roots. For example, 70% of primary roots resumed growth within 6-8 days of a

1 hour eolehieine treatment while only 3.7% of lateral roots had begun to regenerate at this time The various root meristems respond to colchicine in different ways; large primordia, for example, are less sensitive to colchicine than small primordia and the apical meristems of lateral and primary roots). The apical meristems of lateral roots appear to be more sensitive to eolchicine than those of primary roots. For example, 70% of primary roots resumed growth within 6-8 days of a 1 hour eolehieine treatment while only 3.7% of lateral roots had begun to regenerate at this time (Macleod, 1971). hlrinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been an interesting subject of investigation with respect to its effects on soil microorganisms as well as on crop plants. Varying results have been obtained by many authors studying the effect of such compounds on the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and on legume plants (Selim, et al., 1971).

The development of symbiotic nodules formed in symbiosis between nodule bacteria (rhizobia) and their host plants from the legume family (Fabaceae) is a complex differentiation process involving both the host and the microsymbiont. Nodule development starts upon the action of soluble Nod factors – substituted lipochitooligosaccharides that can induce dedifferentiation and mitotic divisions in the root primary cortex themselves. Subsequently, nodule meristems are formed in nodule primordial. In legumes bearing indeterminate-type nodules, the meristem is located apically thus enabling oriented nodule growth (Chovanec, et al., 2008).

Deepak and Anshu (2008) worked on Ethnobotanical study of vicia faba, which is the new science that deals with the ways how people use plants in their traditional society; they also study the scientific study of the relationship between people and plant. They also described the aims of Ethnobotanists and explain complex relationships between cultures and (uses of) plants, focusing, primarily, on how plants are used, managed and perceived across human societies (Acharya, et al., 2008).

In 1985Bond, D.A., Lawes he worked on the taxonomy of Vcia faba and he described the flowers parts and said that the flowers of Vcia faba are large, white with dark purple markings, borne on short pedicels in clusters of 1-5 on each auxiliary raceme usually between the 5 and 10th node; 1-4 pods develop from each flower cluster, and growth is indeterminate though determinate mutants are available. About 30% of the plants in a population are cross-fertilized and the main insect pollinators are bumblebees. There is a robust taproot with profusely branched secondary roots (Bond, et al., 1985).

The physical separation of the maternal and filial cytoplasm of developing seed dictates that assimilates en route to the filial tissues are exchanged to and from the seed apoplasm . In this respect, developing seed of cereals and legumes provide useful experimental models to examine the nature of short distance transport of assimilates from the phloem termini to the final sites of accumulation in the storage tissues of developing seed . While the physiology of assimilate accumulation bythe filial tissues has been explored for both cereals and legumes, less attention has been given to thecellular pathway followed by these assimilates (McDonald, et al., 1994).

Autotrophic ammonia oxidizers carry out the first and rate limiting step of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Previously, it was believed that only bacteria were involved in autotrophic ammonia oxidation. Recently showed that ammonia oxidizers may also belong to the Archaea. Ammoniaoxidizing bacteria belong to two phylogenetic groups, one within the γ-proteobacteria and another within the β- proteobacteria (Song, et al., 2007).

There is evidence that carbon partitioning is con-trolled in response to nitrogen availability and that PEPCase is a key regulatory enzyme in the interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism the addition of nitrogen induces PEPCase transcripts and activates the enzyme in maize leaves. a high nitrogen level shifts carbon ux in wheat leaves from sucrose to amino acids by simultaneously activating PEP Case and inactivating sucrose-phosphate synthase, thereby increasing the Lux through the anaplerotic pathway. Both enzymes have been shown to be regulated by protein phosphorylation. (Golombek, et al., 1998).

They worked on the Growing techniques of V.faba. Some of the home garden areas are used jointly by several families. There are neither hedges nor fences between these separate gardens, or paths between the „beds‟. To get the maximum yield from as many plant species as possible, the gardeners apply a system of intercropping and crop rotation throughout the year. There is scarcely ever open soil except some weeks during wintertime. Depending on the size and position of the gardens, the people dig manually or plough with larger machines. As early as possible, broad beans (Vcia faba) are sown, and between the rows other crops are later sown, e.g. potatoes. Squash and pumpkin cover the same ground at the end of the growing season. This enables the people to have up to three harvests per year from one piece of land (Watson, et al., 2001).

The enzymes occurring in pollen diffusates is esterase. Light microscope studies haverevealed that in pollen grains esterase occurs in the spherosomes. In the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm, and in the intine and exine of the sporoderm. It has beenbiochemically demonstrated that pollen exterase is polymorphic in nature. The role of pollen esterase is not clear. Its activity has been detected at the place of erosion of stigmal cuticle, which suggests that among the esterase isoenzymes there is cutinase (Bednarska, at al., 1992).

The faba bean (Vcia faba ) is an Old World grain legume with high yield potential and very favourable impact on cereal-dominated crop rotations (highly effective N- symbiosis, weed suppression, break crop); it is especially appreciated and esteemed in organic systems of agriculture. Faba bean is a partially allogamous crop and cross- pollination is effected mainly by bumble-bees, honey bees, and solitary bees. Further crops known for propagating via mixed selfing and outcrossing are rapeseed, cotton, and sorghum. One of the basic needs when embarking into breeding a given crop is information about its reproductive mode (Gasim, et al., 2004).

The nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells contains nuclear pore complexes which are thought to regulate the movement of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm and may also provide attachment sites for chromosomes Considerable effort has been made to correlate nuclear pore numbers with specific events in cell growth (Engelhardt and Pusa, 1972; Maul, et al., 1973) and further work has studied the relationship of pore distribution patterns with changes in cell function. A generalized view of a dynamic existence and character of plant cell nuclear pores was proposed by Abelson and Smith (1970) and supported by others (Harris, et al., 1978).

Figure 1: Flower of Vicia faba

Figure 2: Pods of Vicia faba

Results District Kech or Turbat district is in the south west of Balochistan, province of Pakistan. Kech was notified as a district, with its name as Turbat, on July 1, 1977, when district was given the status of a division and was divided into three districts. Previously it was one of the 3 tehsils of Makran District. In 1995, the name of the district was changed from Turbat to Kech, the old name for the area, when even Awaran was part of it. For administrative purposes, is divided into 4 sub-divisions, i.e., Turbat, , Dasht, and Tump. Turbat sub-division is further divided into Turbat tehsil and Hoshab. Buleda sub-division comprises 2 sub-tehsils Bit Buleda and Niwano. Sub-division Dasht comprises Dasht Kuddan and Balnigore sub-tehsils and Tump sub- division has two tehsils, Tump and Mand. Kech, the land of a romance legend, has always been a place of importance for its geographical location. The climate of this area is so warm that it sometime emerges above 50%, as the climate and environment are the most influence factors in the agricultural growth of an area. District kech produces many of the vegetative products suitable in that warm climate. The population of Kech was estimated to be over 750,000 in 2005 over 99% of the people of the area are Muslims. The whole population has always been rural. The main Baloch tribes in the district are the Gichki, Pogh, Naushervani, Buledai Mir, Hoth, Rais, Rind, Sangur, Lundi, Kattawar, Kauda, Bizanjo and Darzada.

Vicia faba locally known as “Bakalink” is one of the major grown vegetable. People in this part of the country use it as a food throughout its season. It is cooked and served in the restaurant as good source pf nutrition. Most of the people living in Turbat eat “Bakalink” (vicia faba)as the most delicious food when it is season. People living in Makuran eat “Bakalink” (Vcia faba )in the dry as well as green formation.

Kech (Turbat)

Figure 3: Kech Balochistan

Researcher went to people and interviewed them generally about the cultivation and usage of the “Bakalink” (V. Faba) the main reason I got why they cultivate V. faba, was that it become their traditional plant, they themselves don‟t know, their ancestor had been sowing it for how long. I visited most of the areas of the Kech ad asked people about the cultivation and production of the V. Faba about the wealth and other measurement of this vegetable people know nothing about the scientific concept of Vcia faba.They didn‟t know that it is the main cause of jaundice and constipation.

Figure 4: beans of Vicia faba

Table 1: List of Resource persons

S.No. Name Occupation locality District

1 Wahid Buksh Farmer Shahrak Distt: Kech

2 Kareem Buksh Farmer Shahrak Distt: Kech

3 Mula Nazir Teacher Shahpuk Distt: Kech

4 Waja kamalan Former Shahpuk Distt: Kech

5 Lala ismail contractor Churbuk Distt: Kech

6 Samad Baloch Lecturer Dannay sar Distt: Kech

7 Hudadad peon Shahpuk Distt: Kech 8 Mukthar Engineer Heronk Distt: Kech

9 Tariq Bank Manager Pedrak Distt: Kech

10 Bahadin Student Shahpuk Distt: Kech

11 Shay Mehrab foreman churbuk Distt: Kech

12 Dr. Mubarak Doctor Absor Distt: Kech

13 Dr. Saba Doctor Distt: Kech

14 Myan sabzal businessman Shahrak Distt: Kech

15 Ibrahim Executive Gowaniky Distt: Kech director ptcl

16 Dr. Naseem Surgen Gowaniky Distt: Kech

17 Dr. Arshad MBBS Danddal Distt: Kech

18 Dr. Mohd Ali Dsp Sami Distt: Kech

19 Hafeez Baloch SHO Shahpuk Distt: Kech

20 Dr. Ameer Buksh Regional Shahpuk Distt: Kech director HEDlINK

21 Hassan Farmer Gowaniky Distt: Kech

22 Badal teacher Gowaniky Distt: Kech

23 Sir Illahe Buksh Lecturer Buleda Distt: Kech

24 Nisar Shopkeeper Shahpuk Distt: Kech

25 Waqar Baloch Medical officer Absor Distt: Kech 26 Aftekar Baloch wapada Absor Distt: Kech

27 Mulla Saleh Farmer Zangy Bazar Distt: Kech

28 Washal farmer Dasht Distt: Kech

29 Dr. Bukshi Balnigwar Distt: Kech

30 Ayaz phul Student Kolwahi bazar Distt: Kech

They of course had no idea about the chemical composition of vicia faba (Bakalink). I visited the following people in Turbat. I asked all of the above people about the merits and demerits about the vicia faba, I came to know that they have no scientific measurement, due to the lack of scientific culture.

Researcher is personally visited the District Panjgur. Panjgur is a district in the west of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Panjgur was one of the three tehsils of Makuran District until 1 July 1977 when that district became Makuran Division and Panjgur became a district. Some of the towns that are within are Tasp,, Washbood, Gramkhan, Kudabadan, Surdoo, Chitkan, Taroffice, Sarikoran, Bonistan, Ihrap, Sarekalat, Isaai and Surdhoo. Tar office is the main town of Panjgur, where most of the offices are situated. Panjgur is famous for production of dates, and the quality is more delicious than other areas of province.

The district is part of the route used to smuggle Iranian products into Pakistan, including oil, plastic goods and food products. The majority of non-Muslims are. In Panjgur there are 6 high schools, 40 primary schools for girls, 8 primary schools for boys, 18 middle schools of which 3 schools are for girls, some private schools, 1 teacher training school and one inter college. In Panjgur, there is also the historical castle of Nawab Faran. Panjgur

Figure 5: district Panjgur Balochistan

The population of Panjgur district is about 380,001. Over 99% of the people of the area are Sunni Muslims. Balochi is spoken in Panjgur as a local language. Majority of the population earns a living from agricultural activities revolving around dates, or other small businesses. Some of the young students earn a small amount of income by teaching in tuition centers and a few people are government employees. The main Baloch tribes in Panjgur are Gichki, Naushervani, Mallokzai, Tolag Gichki, Kenagzai, Mullazai, Mohammedzai, Rais, Barr, Kashani, Rakshani, Shambezai, Sajdi, Gurgunari, Umarzai, Mangal, Rodini, Badini, Khudadadzai, and Hallazi.

Panjgur has a warm climate in the summer season, although it is cold in winter but in winter, season vicia faba is sown normally and eaten as a delicious food.

The researcher stayed in Panjgur for three days and also visited to 15 people of Panjgur, many of them are agriculturist and highly educated .they have no ideas about chemical composition of the vicia faba and it is just because the scientific society of Pakistan had ignored these areas and their education . Anyone to whom I met, I tried to convince them eat vicia faba normally not more than thrice in a week. I met the given below names in Panjgur.

Table 2: concerned Resource persons of District Panjgur

S.No Name Occupation locality Distt: Panjgur

1 Pendok Farmer Kahn-e-zangi Same

2 Aishrak Farmer Shao-e-kan Same

3 Rashid Teacher Chitkan Same

4 Dr. Hashim MBBS Duznap Same

5 Hasel Khan Shopkeeper Tasp Same

6 Noor Mohd Agricultural Chitkhan Same officer

7 Murad Buksh Teacher Sordo Same

8 Mulla dad Student Sordo Same

9 Shokat Ali Student Parom Same

10 Sher Ahmad Farmer Parom Same

11 Dr.Suleman MBBS Parom Same

12 Gulam jan Student Gwargo Same

13 Rinzo khan Farmer Gwargo Same 14 Ghazeen Student Gwargo Same baloch

15 Solok mullzai Agricultural Gwargo Same officer

Despite of the factthat the V. Faba is an very important agriculture product of the Balochistan,but agriculturist and research scholar living in the sides other than Makuran will have no idea about V. Faba. The genomic sequences a fully scientific research may also provide a great deal to achieve what have never achieved before conclusively. Vcia faba as an important vegetable, which can sally, be used as a vegetable and can feed a cheaper nutrition of the massive population. It is also visible that scientific social studies are also very important for the best production of Vcia faba. This work may be a road map for scholarly thinking individually to work further upon Vcia faba.

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