Napoleonic Europe 1800-1815

1 Goals

• Understand the origins and spread of the luxurious and decorative style known as Rococo. • Understand the main styles of Neoclassicism and Romanticism in the early 19th century Europe and America. • Examine reasons for the broad range of subject matter, from portraits and landscape to mythology and history. • Discuss initial reaction by artists and the public to the new art medium known as photography

2 28.1 Rococo: The French Taste

• Examine the luxurious artistic expressions of salon culture which culminated in the style known as Rococo. • Understand the completeness of the style, in decorations, accessories, paintings and sculpture, interiors, and architecture. • Examine the extreme development of the Rococo style in Germany. • Examine the development of the Rococo style, its materials, colors, and design elements.

3 GERMAIN BOFFRAND, Salon de la Princesse, with painting by CHARLES-JOSEPH NATOIRE and sculpture by J. B. LEMOINE, Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, France, 1737–1740. 4 Mansart and LeBrun, Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, c 1680 Johann Balthasar Neumann, Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall), Residenz, Wurzburg, Bavaria, Germany, 1719-1744 Tiepolo

The Marriage of the Emperor Frederick and Beatrice of Burgandy, 1751-52

FRANÇOIS DE CUVILLIÉS, Hall of Mirrors, the Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace park, Munich, Germany, early 18th century.9 Art of the French Salons

• Examine the artistic expressions of salon cultural style known as Rococo.

10 ANTOINE WATTEAU, L’Indifférent, ca. 1716. Oil on canvas, approx. 10” x 7”. Louvre, Paris.

11 Louis XIV, 1701, English Baroque, 9’ x 6’

French Rococo, 10” x 7”

12 ANTOINE WATTEAU, Return from Cythera, 1717–1719. Oil on canvas, approx. 4’ 3” x 6’ 4”. Louvre, Paris. 13 Rubens, The Garden of Love, Flemish Baroque 1633

FRANÇOIS BOUCHER, Triumph of Venus, 1740 FRANÇOIS BOUCHER, Cupid a Captive, 1754. Oil on canvas, approx. 5’ 6” x 2’ 10”. The Wallace Collection, London.

17 JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD, The Swing, 1766. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 11” x 2’ 8”. The Wallace Collection, London. 18 JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD The Meeting, 1771-73 CLODION

Satyr Crowning a Bacchante, 1770

20

Bernini, Rape of Persephone Italian Baroque

Giovanni da Bologna(Giambologna), Rape of the Sabine Women Scientific Art of the Enlightenment

• Understand the motivation of the Enlightenment and the interest in science and the natural world and its effect on artistic expression. • Understand the philosophical concepts of Voltaire as they relate to artistic expression. • Examine the early applications of technology and scientific advancements to art. • Understand the expression of scientific ideas in art and art as recording observations in the natural world.

23 WILLIAM HUNTER, Child in Womb, drawing from dissection of a woman who died in the ninth month of pregnancy, from Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus, 1774.

24 JOSEPH WRIGHT OF DERBY, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery (in which a lamp is put in place of the sun), ca. 1763–1765. Oil on canvas, 4’ 10” x 6’ 8”. Derby, Derbyshire. 25

ABRAHAM DARBY III and THOMAS F. PRITCHARD, iron bridge at Coalbrookdale, England (first cast-iron bridge over the Severn River), 27 1776–1779. 100’ span. The Taste for the Natural

• Examine the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in contrast to Voltaire, his interest in the ‘natural’ as opposed to the ‘artificial,’ and artistic expression of these ideas. • Understand the different styles of the “natural” in France, England, the United States, and in Italy. • Examine choices of ‘ordinary’ life, the natural world, and sentimentality as subjects in art.

28 The Natural Taste in France

• Examine the subject matter and formal elements in the “natural taste” in France.

29 JEAN-BAPTISTE-SIMÉON CHARDIN, Grace at Table, 1740

The Governess, 1739 30

JEAN-BAPTISTE GREUZE, The Village Bride, 1761. 31 Oil on canvas, 3’ x 3’ 10 1/2”. Louvre, Paris. JEAN-BAPTISTE GREUZE, The Drunken Cobbler, 1780-85 ÉLISABETH LOUISE VIGÉE-LEBRUN

Self-Portrait, 1790 Portrait of Marie Antoinette with 33 Her Children, 1788

The Natural Taste in England

• Examine the issues of morality, satire, and narration in visual art in England.

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WILLIAM HOGARTH, Breakfast Scene, from Marriage à la Mode, ca. 37 1745. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 4” x 3’. National Gallery, London. The English Grand Manner Portrait

• Examine the English Grand Manner portrait as an expression of the natural taste in Rococo form.

38 THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1787. Oil on canvas, approx. 7’ 2 5/8” x 5’ 5/8”. National Gallery of Art, Washington

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Lord Heathfield, 1787. 40

Natural Taste in the United States

• Examine the American taste for “downrightness” and plainness in art.

41 BENJAMIN WEST, The Death of General Wolfe, 1771. Oil on canvas, approx. 5’ x 7’ National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa42 JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, Portrait of Paul Revere, ca. 1768–1770. Oil on canvas, 2’ 11 1/8” x 2’ 4”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

43

Italian Natural Taste and Tourism

• Understand the concept of the “Grand Tour” and the expression of the “picturesque” in art.

45 ANTONIO CANALETTO, Riva degli Schiavoni, Venice, ca. 1735-40. 46

Revival of Classicism

• Understand how the discovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii create an interest in classical art. • Understand the formal elements of classical art and their revival in 19th century art and architecture. • Examine Neoclassical art and architecture in France, England, and in the United States. • Examine the adaptation of classical and mythological subject matter in Neoclassical art.

48 Neoclassical Art in France

• Understand the formal elements of classical art and their revival in 19th century. • Examine the adaptation of classical and mythological subject matter.

49 Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, or Mother of the Gracchi, ca. 1785. Oil on canvas, 3’ 4” x 4’ 2”. 50

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, Oath of the Horatii, 1784. Oil on canvas, 51 approx. 11’ x 14’. Louvre, Paris. JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Death of Marat, 1793. Oil on canvas, approx. 5’ 3” x 4’ 1”.

52

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Coronation of Napoleon, 1805–1808.

Oil on canvas, 20’ 4 1/2” x 32’ 1 3/4”. Louvre, Paris. 54 French Neoclassical Architecture

• Examine classical revival in architecture as an expression of French power and glory.

55 JACQUES-GERMAIN SOUFFLOT, the Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève), Paris, France, 1755–1792.

56 PIERRE VIGNON, La Madeleine, Paris, France, 1807–1842.

57 Neoclassical Art in Italy ANTONIO CANOVA, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1808. Marble, life-size. Galleria Borghese, Rome. 59

Neoclassical Art and Architecture in England • Understand classical elements of art and architecture, Palladian influence, and their revival in 19th century England.

61 RICHARD BOYLE (earl of Burlington) and WILLIAM KENT, Chiswick House, near London, England, begun 1725. 62 Alternate View Principal Facade with entrance gate

© 2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd.

63 JOHN WOOD THE YOUNGER, the Royal Crescent, Bath, England, 1769–1775.

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JAMES STUART, Doric portico, Hagley Park, Worcestershire, England, 1758.

66 Etruscan Room, Osterley Park House, Middlesex, England, begun 1761. 67 The Neoclassical in the United States

• Examine Neoclassical as the national style in art and architecture in the United States in the early 19th century.

68 THOMAS JEFFERSON, Monticello, Charlottesville, United States, 1770–1806.

69 Drawing of view of Washington, 1852, showing BENJAMIN LATROBE’S Capitol (1803–1807) and MAJOR L’ENFANT’S plan (created in 1791) of the city. 70