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L.The External Jugular Vein

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L.The External Jugular Vein & Technology Medical Radiological Sciences iagnostic Department INIS-SD-141 HIP SD0000066 this Thesis for the ofB.S.C Supervised By: UST.\ Abdel Samad Mo PAGES ARE MISSING IN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT Table of Contents Page Introduction A Dedication B Acknowledgment C Common Abbreviations D Chapter one: 1 - Introduction - The Significant of the study - Research problems - The rational^ of the study - The objectives of the study - The Hypotheses - Research Termonologies - Methodology of research sample - Obstacles Chapter Two: Anatomy of the Skull 4 Chapter Three : Research Procedure 22 Chapter Four : Results, Conclusion & Recommendations 53 Bibliography 54 Appendices introduction Patterns recognition leading to differential diagnosis is the essence of imaging when face with specific finding on plain radiograph CT, MR. N.M and ultra sound and this research offer imaging of skulls related to the disease. Added to this lists are description of specific imaging finding to be expected for each diagnostic entity and help the technologist to choose the most suitable position when certain disease is suspected. (A) Dedication Our families Our Friends Our Colleagues... (B) Acknowledgment We would like to express our thanks to Dr Abdei Samad Mohammed Salih for his uniimited help in the completion of this work. Thanks are also extended to the New X- Ray section in Khartoum Hospital. Thanks are also to those who help directly or indirectly hi this research. (C) Common Abbreviations CJ.N.S Central Nervous System. C.S.O.M Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media C.T. Coronary thrombosis or Cerebral thrombosis or Computerize topography. C.V.A Cerebro Vascular Accident D.S. A Digital Subtraction Angiography F.O. Fronto Occipital I.A.M. Internal Auditory Meatus O.F. Occipito Frontal O.M. occipito Mental P.N.S. Post Nasal Space R.T.A. Road Traffic Accident S.A.H. Sub Arachnoid Hemorrhage S.IYLV. Sub Mento Vertical S.G.L. Space Occupying Lesion T.M.J. Tempro mandibular Joint (D) Chapter One Introduction: - This study stems from the primes that the skull is one of the most complicated for diagnostic faults. So, this study focuses on the technique of skull related to pathology. The aims behind this study is to achieve the.best way for the technique of skull by studying and searching reality analyzing the situations used. Not only for avoiding mistakes, problems and causes techniques, but also, to achieve the best way for patient safety and the accurate diagnosis in both the early and the lately diagnosis. The Significant of the Study The significant of this study is to: - 1. Achieve the best way for the technique of skull to help in diagnosis diseases and its minor and negative effects bearing in mind the accurate anatomical parts, which build up this vital part. The Objectives of the Study: The objectives of this study are to :- 1 .Achieve accepted temporary bases for the various techniques to diagnosis various skull diseases. 2. A special aim of this study is to be a rich reference for the trainees, moreover to improve the performance of the technicians in carrying out their duties. The Rational^ of the study )a$6 diagnosis te the skull is very dangerous because it contains sensitive and effective parts like the brain, which is the central processing unit for the body. Any defect in the brain affects the function of other parts in the body. Research Hypotheses: l.The additional pr4vatertechniques help in clarifying the skull independently and permit diagnosing the pathological situation. 2. The importance of the existence of accessory devices for skull diagnosis to confirm Angulation Rotation. 3. The importance of the existence of skull unit in any X-Ray department. Methodology of Research In this research, the researcher follows the experimental method.. Data Collection Data for this research was collected from 1. References. 2. Interviews and Observations with patients. Time Duration Five months. Place:- Faculty of Radiological science, Khartoum, Sudan. Reseach sample:- Hospital Patients. Obstacles:- There is a lack of references and literature. CHAPTER TWO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CRANIUM Anatomy of the Skull The skull is the name given to the bones, which make up the skeleton of the head. The only bone of the skull, which is the moveable, is the mandible, or lower jaw. The skull is divided into an upper box -like portion called the calvarium, and lower irregular portion which constitute the skeleton of the face. The calvarium contains the brains. Its made up of eight bones, one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone and ethmoid bone. The facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, two zygomatic bones, two maxillae, two nasal bones, two lagrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae and one mandible. The skull viewed from the above Three important sutures can be seen:- 1. The coronal sutures. Anterioly which unites the frontal bone with right and left parietal bone. 2. The sagittal suture. In the midline which unites to to two parietal bones. 3. The lambdoid suture. Posterialy, which unites the right and the left paterial bones which the occipital bone. The junction of the coronal suture and the sagittal suture is called the bregma. The junction of the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture is called the lambda. The skull — Frontal bone Coronal suture il^-%^^ ^i-^M\ T "•••"" " 1 Left parietal bone 1 > v . , l-- •- - • •- — Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture I'ig: 6.1. 'I'IIL' skull, seen from above. The Skull Viewed from the Front When the skull is viewed from the front is wide above than t>elow. The upper portion is smooth and is made up of the frontal bone, the lower portion is irregular. The orbital openings one roughly quadri lateral. This margin bears on its midial third a notch called the supro orbital notch. The lateral side of the orbit the zygomatic process of the frontal bone project down words for a short distance to unite with the frontal process of zygomatic bone. The anterior opening of the nasal cavities is a roughly triangular. Below the orbits the two maillaes form a large of skeleton of the face. bone Supraorbital nolch - - Zytjomalic process of frontal bone Frontal process of maxilla led nasaf bone Oight zygomalic bone Inftaorhital foramom Anterior nasal I.elt maxilla spine Mandible Fig. 6.2. The skull si-cn from the (Vont. Infra orbital frame opening, which transmit vessels and nerves. The lower part of the facial skeleton consists r of the mandible which carrels the lower teeth. The Skull Viewed from the Side When the skull is viewed from the side five of the bones, which make up the calvarium can be distinguished. Anterioly the frontal bone, which articulates posteriorly with the parietal bone at the coronal suture. The parietal bone articulates posteriorly with the 'occipital bone at the lambdoid suture, and inferiorly for most at its length with the temporal bone. Anteriorly vyith the temporal bone is form by the greater Wing of the sphenoid, the portion of the temporal bone is called the squamous part of the temporal bone. Extending forward from posterior part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone is the zygomatic process, which unites with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch. , Coronal suture • Loll parietal hone Frontal bone — • Tempoial line Supraciliary arch Great wing of Lanilnlun) suture sphenoid _ . Occipital hone Nasal bone I Squamous pait of tempotalbone Zygomatic process of ~ External acoustic temporal bone meatus Anterior nasal' Tympanic plate spine i - Mastoid process Left maxilla Slyloid process, Fig. 6.4. The skull seen from the kit side. Just posterior to the root of the zygomatic process is -the external acoustic meatus. The anterior and inferior margins, of ;the meatus are form by a plate of bone called the rynipanie plate. Behind the external acoustic meatus is the'mastoid part of the temporal bone, and this project downward to form the mastoid process. In between the external acoustic meatus and the mastoid process is the styloid process, a slender process is attached to the hyoid' bone by the stylo-|iyoid ligament. The posterior border of the masoid temporal bone articulates with the occipital bone. The skull viewed from Below ^—•••M^^^^^™^^^^^^^*™— I 1 1 1111 1 lima HIII ~m—mm q The bas of the skull is irregular and for convenient of description is divided into three areas: . .1. An interior parts which extents from the front teeth to the, Dosienor margin to the hard palate. 2. A middle part from the posterior,margin of the hard palate and anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 3. A posterior part behind the anterior margin of the foramen margin. Incisive fossa Palatine process of maxiila Palatine bone —' -• Inferior orljit.il Pterycjoid hamulus —/ fissure Posterior nasal Zyyornatic: arch spine - Foramen ovale Lateral pterygoid - Foramen plate spinosuirr Styloid process Foramen laceruiTi Occipital condyle -—• •— Carotid canal Mastoid process \-—/-' I ( Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen magnum External occipital - crest Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital •-• protuberance Fig..6.5. Tin- Iwsr iil'-llu- skull The Accessory Nasal Sinuses. The accessory nasal sinuses are cavities contained within certain of the bones of the'skull. These cavities communicate with nasal cavity and are lined with mucous membrane. The mucous secreted by this membrane is swept into the nose by cilia on its surface. The sinuses are found in the frontal bone, the maxillae, the ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone. The are virtually absent at birth but gradually enlarge during childhood and puberty. Even so their size varies considerably in different*adult individuals. The Nasal Cavity The nasal cavity is an irregularly- shaped cavity, which lies above the floor of the mouth and below the anterior cranial fossa.
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