Plistoricetl IRevie^w
The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: Joseph Orr's Old Missouri Barn, a 21-inch x 17-inch oil, is one of the paintings on display in the Society's Contemporary Artists Ex hibition. Orr, who now lives with his wife in Eldon, Missouri, has been a full-time artist since 1972. He has exhibited his works in several small shows in Colorado, New Jersey and New York, and in one- man shows in Chicago galleries and in Roseville and Stillwater, Minnesota. Orr's paintings primarily depict country life and rural scenes of the Midwest. He also is interested in wildlife and waterfowls. In addition to the contemporary artwork now on displav in the Corridor Gallery, the Society is exhibiting selected works of George Caleb Bing ham and Thomas Hart Benton in the Art Gallery. The Society's art exhibitions and libraries are open to the public, 8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting holidays. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW
Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI
RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR
MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR
JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR
The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXX Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 2 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1976 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, Chapter 183, as revised 1973.
OFFICERS 1974-1977 ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE* Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian
TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield
Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1976 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton ARVARH STRICKLAND, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield
Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1977 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLIJORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana
Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1978 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-seven Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.
FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Com mittee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE
The business office of the State Historical So ciety of Missouri asks that members of the Society, who are moving or have moved to a new location, please inform the Society of changes of address, as soon as possible.
To remail a returned issue of the REVIEW under new postal rates is very expensive. Due to this rising cost the Society has no recourse but to pass on this remailing expense to those members who have failed to send change of address notifications.
Regretfully this action appears to be the only solution to a perplexing problem. Dues for member ship in the Society are two dollars. To remail the REVIEW, it now costs one dollar, or one-half of the membership dues.
Changes of address should be sent to:
State Historical Society of Missouri Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201
B
111 THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD
The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the second round of competi tion for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $100.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year between junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students in Mis souri. The 1976 award of $100.00 will be presented for the best article written by a junior class student in a Missouri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1976 annual meeting of the State Historical Society. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or personal ities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words and a bibliography must be included. Each university and college must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article by a junior class student. Only one article may be submitted from each school. Each article will be judged against other nomi nations by the Department of History of the Univer sity of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1976. The articles must be sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
[§K[SM[MM§[§[S[S[§[§[g[!rg™ 1
CONTENTS
LOCAL HISTORY AND THE BICENTENNIAL. By James C. Olson 127
SMITHTON, MISSOURI. By Beth Pendergast 134
THE ST. LOUIS FREE CONGREGATION LIBRARY: A Study of German-American Reading Interests. By Don Heinrich Tolzmann 142
THE POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1860 IN MISSOURI. By Doris Davis Wallace 162
SOME ASPECTS OF BLACK EDUCATION IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI: An Address by Richard B. Foster. Edited by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer 184
HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS
Society Holds Annual Meeting 199
Erratum 202
The Mercantile Library's Bingham Sketches 203
Editorial Policy 205
Views from the Past: The Story of a Bridge 206
News in Brief 209
Local Historical Societies 211
Gifts 221
Missouri History in Newspapers 225
Missouri History in Magazines 229
Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 231
In Memoriam 232
BOOK REVIEW 233
BOOK NOTES 235
"OLD" TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH. By Dennis R. Rathert Inside Back Cover
v Chancellor James C Olson, of the University of Missouri-Kansas City, was the featured speaker at the Society's Annual Meeting held on October 4, 1975. Seated to the left of Chancellor Olson is the Society's president, Dr. Elmer Ellis.
Local History and the Bicentennial
BY JAMES C OLSON*
It is a pleasure to be here today. I am honored by this in vitation. I served for a decade as director of the Nebraska State His torical Society. When I became Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in 1968, the UMKC Alumni Association, as a welcoming gift, gave me a life membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. When I was actively engaged in state historical society work,
•James C. Olson, Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City since 1968, was the featured speaker at the Society's 1975 Annual Meeting. Chancellor Olson received the A.B. degree from Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Nebraska- Lincoln. The author of numerous historical books and articles, Chancellor Olson taught in the Department of History at the University of Nebraska and served as chairman of that department from 1956-1962. He served as the dean of the Graduate College and as a vice chancellor of that institution during 1966-1968. From 1946 to 1952 Chancellor Olson was the director of the Nebraska State Historical Society. The Society appreciates Chancellor Olson's permission to print the text of his Annual Meeting address. 127 128 Missouri Historical Review the State Historical Society of Missouri was under the leadership of Floyd Shoemaker. All of us who were younger learned from him and were caught up in his enthusiasm. We also envied his success in building support for the Society and its programs. In recent years as a trustee of the Society, I have had an opportunity to observe the way in which Dick Brownlee has built on the founda tions established by Dr. Shoemaker. The historical society is an important institution in American cultural life—as I need not remind this audience—attracting to greater or lesser degree the interest of hundreds of thousands of American citizens. Almost half a million Americans belong to more than two thousand state, local and regional historical so cieties in this country. Of critical importance in the historical society movement is the state historical society which, in our Western states, is almost always a public tax-supported institution. There are many ways to manage a state historical society, but it has been my observation and experience that the most effective rela tionship in such an organization is close association with the state university. They have that association in Nebraska and, as you all know, we have it in Missouri. Indeed, it always seemed to me that one of the more beneficial results of the reorganization of state government was the Type III Transfer for budgetary pur poses of the State Historical Society of Missouri to the University of Missouri. It would be easy and, for me, pleasant to reminisce and philos ophize about historical society work, but that is not my assign ment. My task this afternoon is to talk for a few minutes about local history and the bicentennial. I assure you that it will be for just a few minutes. Last week I overheard the president of the University state that I would be speaking this afternoon and he assured listeners that the talk would be brief. The president of the University may not have much influence over what or how long professors talk, but he does have influence over his admin istrative staff. To turn to the bicentennial—the bicentennial is much in our thinking these days and despite some earlier uncertainties about the success of the commemoration, I think that most will agree that the bicentennial year is going to be a good and mean ingful one for the American people. We will have problems, of course. Some of you may have read Bill Vaughans "Half Past the Week" last Wednesday in which he Local History and the Bicentennial 129 wondered whether it is not a mistake to be celebrating the bi centennial during an election year. Election years, glorious though they are, feature the overturning of stones to see what will crawl out, the im pugning of motives, the rattling of skeletons either in or out of closets, and a high-decibel count of empty oratory. We all understand, and more or less enjoy, this sort of thing but it's* going to strain our attention span quite a bit to maintain our interest in an election and a bicenten nial celebration at the same time. And how are foreigners going to understand why we are giving ourselves a big birthday bash when, according to our own election speakers, we have so little use for one another? More seriously, the bicentennial is producing its share of cyn ical comment about the prospects for America, about the future of the American way of life. Cynics and those of little faith have always been with us, but one would have to be insensitive to experience in modern life not to be deeply concerned with the future. With the exception of the years of the Civil War, no period in American history has been so filled with traumatic, portentous events as the last ten years. The riots in our cities and on our campuses, the war in Vietnam, the Watergate scandals and un controllable inflation have threatened to overpower us and have created concern bordering upon alarm for the future of our form of government and our way of life. The morning headlines and the nightly news are so traumatic and so overpowering as to threaten to obliterate any efforts at the celebration of the nation's past and the consideration of its future. Without seeking to draw too close a parallel and without sug gesting that times are the same, I am reminded of the fact that news accounts of the centennial celebration in Philadelphia 100 years ago were crowded off the front pages by news of the Custer massacre which had just come in from the Little Big Horn. Some how the country survived. Yet a hundred years later as we approach the bicentennial, even the most incorrigible optimist has to concede that there is cause for concern, if not for alarm, over the prospects of the country. This last summer President C. Brice Ratchford, Vice President A. G. Unklesbay [of the University of Missouri], and I were privi- 130 Missouri Historical Review leged to attend a meeting of the International Association of Universities in Moscow. While there we were given an opportunity to learn something of the Soviet system of higher education and to meet a number of Soviet students. The Soviet universities are of high quality and they are turning out young people who not only are well trained in specific fields of endeavor but are dedi cated communists as well. We soon learned that when Soviet educators talked about general education they meant indoctrina tion. When one recognizes that the same thing is occurring in China and in many other countries and indeed in all socialist countries, one wonders what is being done and what can be done to provide American young people with a comparable appreciation for the American way of life. Thinking about it, one is immediately struck by the fact that in some respects our greatest strength— the high degree of freedom we enjoy—is at the same time our greatest weakness. By seeking to indoctrinate as the communist countries do, we would be destroying much of what we had set out to preserve. Yet we were never more in need of the rekindling of the patriotic spirit to hold the social fabric of this country together. A long step in the right direction would be to restore history to its place of centrality in the curriculum of our schools. No society has been able to live for long without pride, and pride in a country cannot be instilled without a knowledge of history. I am not talking about the abuses of history so common in com munist countries, and I am not talking about history taught as an instrument of propaganda rather than as a branch of learning. I am talking about history as the late John F. Kennedy did when he wrote as follows in the introduction to The American Heritage New Illustrated History of the United States: There is little that is more important for an American citizen to know than the history and traditions of his country. Without such knowledge, he stands uncertain and defenseless before the world, knowing neither where he has come from nor where he is going. With such knowl edge, he is no longer alone but draws a strength far greater than his own from the accumulative experience of the past and the accumulative vision of the future. One of the surest avenues towards an understanding of na tional history is local history. The importance of local history has not always been appreciated by professional historians who Local History and the Bicentennial 131 have been preoccupied with what they chose to see as general history. General history was political, military, diplomatic, eco nomic, administrative and ecclesiastical. Anything less is hardly worthy of consideration. Walter Prescott Webb talked about the problem in discussing his own particular field of local history—Western history—in his presidential address before the American Historical Association years ago. Speaking of his field he said: Yes, this was the easy field. No matter how hard I worked, I was still a Western historian. No one under stood the trouble or the fun I was having in relating the many fields to my topic. In commenting one day to a col league in a more scholarly division of history, I said: "Never have I felt so keenly the need of an education. The fact that I didn't get one is most unfortunate." "Yes," he said, "But think how lucky you were in get ting into a field where you don't need it!" This attitude has changed and local history now is highly respectable academically, not only in this country but in Europe as well. Local history is particularly important for the understanding of American history because of the way in which we are or ganized—an organization with which we are all familiar and which provides not only the separation of governmental powers at the federal level, but the division of governmental powers among various governmental units or various levels of government. As James Madison explained in The Federalist Papers, "In the com pound Republic of America, the power surrendered by the peo ple is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion alloted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments." Or, as Roy F. Nichols, distinguished American historian, said when speaking of political history, which remains central to an understanding of the life of a self-governing people, in his in augural lecture as Visiting Professor of American History and Institutions in the University of Cambridge: Political behaviour, in fact, is conditioned primarily by the situations in the localities in which the voters reside. When interest exists in so-called national issues these national situations must still be studied, but so much of the electoral interest is local, so many fundamental politi cal attitudes are formed by local situations, that it is essen- 132 Missouri Historical Review
tial to pay much more attention to the machinery of local political operations. To find what are the real influences moulding political action, it is necessary to know local group tensions, prejudices, enthusiasms. It is likewise necessary to study leadership at its roots, namely, in the relations of local leaders and followers. I am encouraged by the fact that bicentennial activities seem to be recognizing the importance of our communities and par ticularly the importance of our states. The decision to forego great national celebrations in favor of state and local activities, will, I think, prove to have been a sound one. Each state has its bicentennial commission, many communities have established bicentennial commissions or committees. State and local celebrations will include lots of pageantry and hoopla. I haven't seen any bicentennial T-shirts, but there must be some around, and I am sure there will be the other devices to capitalize upon the bicentennial. I find nothing really wrong with this. Indeed, it seems to be in the spirit of the fourth of July, which, afterall, is the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. The bicentennial is also fostering a renewed interest in state and local history. Much that is good will come from this. Per haps the most ambitious project is the bicentennial state history series sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Association for State and Local History. When this series is completed, we will have a history of each of 50 states written by a well-known scholar and relating the state experi ence to the national experience. I know that all of us here are much interested in seeing the volume on Missouri which is being done by Professor Paul Nagel of the history department of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Other publications projects are underway, and it is fairly clear that one of the permanent results of the bicentennial will be a substantial addition to the published history of our states and our communities. This is in the tradition of the centennial celebration of a century ago. Many county histories were written in the 1870s to commemorate the nation's centennial. These cen tennial histories were commercial ventures, the books being sold by subscription in advance. One of the sure-fire ways to increase sales was to increase the number of names in the volume. As a result these centennial histories are compendia of names, dates Local History and the Bicentennial 133 and places, which make them invaluable today, a century later, as sources of the history of many of our communities. I would hope that there would be a general awakening to the importance of preserving family records, local records and state records. We have developed large and effective preservation programs, but there is much more that we can do in this area. Moreover, our historical societies can be much more effective in their work with the public generally and particularly with young people. Over the years we have talked a lot about coopera tion between our historical societies and schools, but all too often I am afraid that talk has been the end of it. There is no question but what it is difficult for the historical society to relate effectively to the school and to school children, but given willingness on the part of both and an understanding on the part of school people of the importance of history in the educational process, the efforts can be successful. The bicentennial is recognizing essentially what the dis tinguished William B. Hesseltine of the University of Wisconsin said at a meeting of the American Association""r"or State and Local History held two decades ago: "American life is a community life. . . . America is a series of regions . . . local history is the funda mental basis of the American story." All of this poses both an opportunity and an obligation for state and local historical societies. The opportunity is in increased membership, increased support, increased interest in the work of the society. The obligation lies in the responsibility to enlarge the society's efforts in the preservation and dissemination of the history of its state or community and increased efforts at assisting constituents in an understanding and appreciation of their history. I am hopeful that the State Historical Society of Missouri will benefit from the opportunity. I know it will be equal to the obliga tion.
Getting a Big Girl Now California Central Missouri Push, September 16, 1899. Miss Ella Ewing, the giantess of Scotland county, Mo., has completed her residence near Gorin. The house was built on a scale proportionate with Miss Ewing's needs. The doors are ten feet high, and the ceilings, windows look like those of fabled giant's castles. She is still growing, and is now eight feet and four inches tall.—Ellsberry Gazette. \$*'AU
Smithton, Missouri
BY BETH PENDERGAST*
Boone County, Missouri, was not in existence at the time Smithton was founded. The area, however, was well known for its numerous salt springs, excellent soil, plentiful water supply and gently sloping hills. To many who chose to live there, it was the "El Dorado of the farmer."1 The earliest known settlers of Boone County, aside from the Indians, were the Boone brothers, Nathan and Daniel M. Boone. The sons of the great Indian fighter Daniel Boone, the two estab lished a salt lick in 1803, directly across the Missouri River from the present Arrow Rock, Missouri. They built up a very profitable trade among the few settlers.2 The Boone's Lick Road derived both its name and route from the success of the lick. As one of the main arteries of westward trails through the Missouri Territory, the road led many new faces to future Boone County.
* Beth Pendergast is a student at Hickman High School, Columbia. This paper won the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award, presented at the October 1975 Annual Meeting. i Columbia Daily Tribune, July 2, 1972. 2 Pauline A. Batterson, First Forty Years (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 1. 134 Smithton, Missouri 135
Many of the new settlers came from Kentucky. In fact, the majority of the newcomers were Southern in origin. Of these, almost 30 percent were from a county in central Kentucky, Madison County, whose soil and environment were very similar to that of Boone County.3 Many of the leading citizens of later Columbia had come either from Madison County themselves or had ancestors who had. With them, the settlers brought many of their Kentucky traits, among them frugality and love of pleasure.4 The early settlers lived in semi-isolation and enjoyed "get togethers," such as sewing bees and house raisings.5 The men often outlived their spouses because the women had a hard time raising their children and taking care of their homes. In 1820, there were 21 percent more men than women living in Boone County.6 The pioneer diet was, by no means, bland as painted in some records. Among their meats existed wild turkey, venison, partridges, bear and some domestic meats. They also enjoyed greens, fruit, corn, rye, barley, honey and tobacco. With a natural supply of corn, rye and barley came also the spirits of liquor.7 Their cloth ing was mostly made at home because the nearest town of any establishment was Franklin, close to thirty miles away. Most of the early Columbians also wore moccasins like their Indian coun terparts. The population within Howard County increased greatly with the opening of a United States Land Office in Franklin and redemption of New Madrid Land Grants.8 The immigration to Boone's Lick County was very great as seen in an extract from the Franklin Intelligencer, published in 1819. The immigration to this territory, and particularly to this county, during the present season almost exceeds be lief. . . . Immense numbers of wagons, carriages, carts, etc., with families, have for some time past been daily arriving. During the month of October, it is stated that no less than 271 wagons and four-wheeled carriages and 55 two-wheeled carriages and carts, passed near St. Charles, bound principally for Boone's Lick County. . . . The county
3 Columbia Daily Tribune, September 17, 1972. 4 Batterson, First 40 Years, 18. 5 Ibid., 11. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid., 12. 8 Grants were given to inhabitants of land destroyed in an earthquake in Southern Missouri at the beginning of the 1800s. The grants entitled the bearer to choose land of equal value anywhere in the Missouri Territory as replacement of their own. 136 Missouri Historical Review
Boone Brothers Making Salt
of Howard, already respectable in numbers, will soon possess a vast population; and no section of our country presents a fairer prospect to the emigrants.9 This increase in population brought about the question of a new county, separate from Howard County, and also the loca tion of a new county seat. The eastern and western boundaries were natural, formed by Moniteau and Cedar creeks. The new county seat was to be preferably located in the center of the pro posed county. Some enterprising citizens of the area felt that a new county was imminent and wasted little time before beginning to adopt measures to found a town which hopefully would be chosen as the seat of justice for the new county. On either Novem ber 13, 1818, or November 18, 1818,10 thirty-four speculators purchased 2,720 acres, for four dollars an acre, in the center portion of the proposed county. There is a slight controversy as to the exact date of purchase as it seems the land office in Frank lin, from where the land was bought, was not particularly con cerned with details. The land was purchased and five trustees, Thomas Duley, Gerard Robinson, David Todd, Richard Gentry and Taylor Berry, were appointed to develop the future town.11 They chose the name of both the city and the land company in honor of General Thomas
9 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, November 19, 1819. 10 Columbia Daily Tribune, July 2, 1972. Also History of Boone County, Missouri (Cape Girardeau, Mo., 1970), 144. ii Columbia Daily Tribune, July 2, 1972. Smithton, Missouri 137
A. Smith, receiver at the Franklin Land Office.12 During the winter of 1818-1819, lots were surveyed and prepared for sale. The following spring, 1819, the lots were put up for sale and the new town of Smithton was on its way to existance. The lots were sold for either four or six dollars an acre, de pending upon value, and in sections of eleven or forty acres. Until the fall of 1819, there were no dwellings except for a very small cabin. In an effort to develop the town, the trustees placed an ad in the Franklin Intelligencer on July 23, 1819, for bids to build a cabin. The trustees of Smithton wish immediately to contract for building a double-hewed log house, shingled roof, and stone chimney, one story and a half high in that town. Timber and stone are very convenient. They will also contract for digging and walling a well. The improvements to be furnished by the first of Novem ber next, when payments will be made.13 The house was built and its owner, Colonel Richard Gentry, became proprietor of the Smithton tavern. With this spark, other crude houses were built, although the total population of Smith- ton never exceeded twenty inhabitants.14 Among the prominent citizens of the honorable town of Smithton were two lawyers, Anthony B. Lane and Samuel Wheeler, who vied for the other's clients, one physician, Dr. Daniel P. Wilcox, and a grocery mer chant, Peter Kearney.15 To celebrate Independence Day, a banquet was held at Smith- ton on July 4, 1820. At 2:00, the company sat down to a feast provided for the occasion. After the meal, toasts were drunk, with "great glee and hilarity."36 Among the toasts were the follow ing by Mr. Reuben Cave, "Colonel Daniel Boone, the Pioneer of the West—may his last days be his happiest, and may his posterity prosper,"17 and by Daniel Neale, Esq., "The Fair who have left the places of their nativity—may they prosper and shine with addi tional luster in Missouri."18 The citizens seemed to have thoroughly enjoyed their celebration.
12 History of Boone County, 144. 13 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, July 23, 1819. 14 Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (St. Louis, Mo., 1901), VI, 10. 15 History of Boone County, 146. 16 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, July 29, 1820. IT Ibid. 18 Ibid. 138 Missouri Historical Review
Gen. Thomas A. Smith
In the meanwhile, Boone County was officially established. The county's name was given in honor of Daniel Boone, who died just previously to the establishment of the county.19 Two towns strove for recognition as county seat, Perche and Smithton. Smith- ton was chosen and Perche faded away soon after.20 As the county seat, Smithton was responsible for the county and circuit courts, and so on February 23, 1821, the first county court of Boone County was held in Colonel Richard Gentry's tavern. The first official act of the court was to appoint Warren Woodson as clerk of the court. The two judges, Anderson Woods and Lazarus Wilcox, then proceeded to appoint Michael Woods as the county assessor. The meeting was adjourned and the court went home.21 At the next meeting of the county court, on May 21, 1821, a third judge, Peter Wright, was appointed. The first transaction of business also occurred—the division of Boone County into judicial townships, and Overton Harris was appointed county collector. This was the last assembly of the court until its removal to Co lumbia.22 The first circuit court was held on April 2, 1821, with Judge David Todd presiding. As there was no public building available for use other than Richard Gentry's tavern, the court was held
19 Batterson, First 40 Years, 4. 20 Ibid. 21 History of Boone County, 160. 22 ibid. Smithton, Missouri 139 outdoors under the spreading branches of a sugar maple.23 The first order of business was the appointment of several circuit court servants, among these, Overton Harris as sheriff, Hamilton R. Gamble as circuit attorney, and Peter Bass as foreman of the grand jury. The grand jury was then appointed with twenty-three Boone County citizens serving on its panel.24 Judge Todd's first case was that of a farmer who had attempted to defraud the state by dividing a wolf's scalp in half and selling each half for two dollars apiece. The farmer was found guilty and charged five dollars and court costs. So ended Boone County's first circuit court.25 Smithton might have continued on in its success as a county seat if it had not been for a minor flaw in the developers' plan. There was no plentiful water supply.26 Attempts at digging wells had failed and there was nothing more the inhabitants could do, except either transport water or move to a supply. They chose the latter. Had cisterns been discovered, the citizens of Columbia might have been living in Smithton instead. Although attempts at finding water through wells had failed, there was water available. Smith-
23 N. T. Gentry, The Bench and Bar of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1916) , 62. 24 ibid., 282. 25 Batterson, First 40 Years, 5. 26 Columbia Daily Tribune, October 29, 1972.
Col. Richard Gentry 140 Missouri Historical Review ton was located on a plateau about one-half mile westward from the present court house in the approximate vicinity of Garth and Walnut streets. Under this plateau, existed a layer of rock which hid the water and defied picks and shovels. On the eastern slope of this elevated land, the rock was fragmented which made digging easier and brought underground streams to the surface. For the location of a new town, the Smithton Land Company chose a sight one-half mile east of Smithton by the Flat Branch Creek, a tributary of Hinkson Creek. The location is approximately where Fifth and Broadway streets meet. The Flat Branch is now covered by Broadway, but it once ran between Broadway and the Co lumbia Ice and Storage Building.27 In 1821, the land was surveyed by Peter Wright and the sale of land was held. Families who had owned land in Smithton were entitled to choose land in the new town. The town was platted around Thomas Duley's cabin on the southeast corner of the present day Broadway and Fifth. Smithton was finally abandoned in May 1821, and the whole town, with a population of twenty, picked up everything and removed themselves to the new town.28 Columbia's name is a matter of controversy among some. At the time of Columbia's organization, it was a popular belief that to name a town Columbia was to show excessive patriotism. It had an appealing, poetic sound and was often used as a synonym for America, This had a romantic appeal, but in reality, it was probably that Columbia was named for the county seat of Adair County, Kentucky, from whence many Boone County citizens had originated.29 At any rate, the Estill family claimed credit for naming Columbia.30 With an abundance of water, a central location and public sentiment, it seemed that Columbia was a perfect sight for the new county seat. To have maintained Smithton as a county seat would have been folly, for no one lived there anymore. The trustees of Columbia offered a donation of fifty acres, two public squares and two thousand dollars as offering. The State Commission chose Columbia as the new seat of justice for Boone County, and on August 6, 1821, Smithton was officially no longer in existence. There is nothing left of Smithton now. There is only a marker
27 Frank Tull, "Early History of Columbia," speech, 1952. copy in State Historical Society of Missouri Library, Columbia. 28 Batterson, First 40 Years, 5. 29 Ibid., 6. 30 Tull, "Early History of Columbia." Smithton, Missouri 141
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sj$ y^ ^gp « Boone Co. Abstract Co. This early map of Columbia shows Broadway Street running east and west, the public square one block north and market square, one block south. The shaded lots were donated by the County Commis sioners, the black by the County Court, and the rest were sold by the trustees of Smithton Co. donated by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the State of Missouri to mark the location of the forgotten town. The marker was originally placed at McBaine and Broadway in 1913, but later, as a result of progress, the marker was moved to Broad way and East Parkway. The simple marker befitting the ephemeral town is stated as follows: Boone's Lick Road Smithton, 1818 Marked by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the State of Missouri, 1913. Removing Ink Stains Canton Press, October 5, 1871. Ink stains may be removed from mahogany by touching them with a feather dipped in a mixture composed of a few drops of nitre and a tea- spoonful of water. To prevent a white mark being left, the spot must be rubbed with a cloth wet in cold water, the moment the ink has disappeared. Courtesy Walter Hoops Free Congregation Hall, St. Louis, 1904 The St. Louis Free Congregation Library: A Study of German-American Reading Interests BY DON HEINRICH TOLZMANN* To meet the demand for German reading material during the nineteenth century, German-American libraries were established throughout the United States. Reading societies also sprouted in many communities with the goal of making available German books and periodicals. The Reading, Pennsylvania, German Read ing Society, one of the earliest of its type, was established in 1804.1 Some of these societies had amazing longevity. The Carver County German Reading Society in Waconia, Minnesota, for example, had been established in 1869 and it lasted until 1935.2 Despite the popularity of German-American libraries and *Don Henrich Tolzmann is a reference librarian/bibliographer at the Uni versity of Cincinnati, Ohio, and an associate editor of German-American Studies. He has a B.A. degree from the University of Minnesota and an M.A. degree from the University of Kentucky. i For an excellent study of early German-American reading interests see Robert E. Cazden, "The Provision Of German Books in America During The Eighteenth Century," Libri, XXIII (1973) , 81-108. 2 The library of the Carver County German Reading Society is now in the Carver County Historical Society. It contains five hundred German books, the society's constitution, catalog and minutes, but no circulation records. 142 The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 143 reading societies, little has been written about the reading in terests of German-Americans during the nineteenth century. Al though various aspects of German-American cultural life have been explored, German-American libraries have not been fully in vestigated, even though the libraries shed light on the quality of that hyphenated culture. Such questions as what types of books were read, did German-Americans have similar reading interests as their European counterparts, and did they read American lit erature, can be answered partially by the examination of the cir culation records of German-American libraries. Unfortunately, such records are not extant for more than a few libraries. However, the circulation records of the St. Louis Free Congregation have sur vived. Probably the only circulation records of this type, they offer an opportunity to examine the reading interests and habits of a distinct group of nineteenth-century German-Americans.3 The Freie Gemeinden independent congregations of free thinkers rejected the state churches of Europe because of their al liance with the state.4 They desired a free society without church and state interference. During the 1848 revolution in Germany, the church had sided with the Prussian and Austrian monarchies, sending thousands of immigrants to America. Many renounced all associations with churches. These freethinkers viewed themselves as heirs of the Enlightenment. The search for truth, virtue and happiness was their main goal in life. They stressed mans nobility and considered man's reason as the best tool for the search for truth. Any member of a Free Congregation could become the preacher since no theological seminaries were established. The preacher would give a lecture rather than a sermon on a variety of topics that included evolution, ethics, science, religion and morality. All freethinkers were seriously interested in religion; de bates on minute theological questions lasted hours.5 Many Free Congregations established schools, singing societies and insurance companies in connection with their activities.6 Al ready by 1840 congregations had spread to Pennsylvania, New 3 The circulation records of the Free Congregation Library are at the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis. The author used microfilm copies of Dr. Robert E. Cazden, University of Kentucky. 4 For a history of German-American freethinkers see Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (Philadelphia, 1952) . 5 See A. E. Zucker, The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848 (New York, 1950) . 6 Freethinkers were very interested in educational affairs. Two textbooks were published in the 1850s for children. The Milwaukee Free Congregation still sponsors a German essay contest. See the Milwaukee Herald, May 17, 1973. 144 Missouri Historical Review York, Wisconsin and Missouri. The movement received further impetus in the 1850s from the flamboyant Friedrich Hassaurek of Cincinnati.7 So strong was the movement in 1854 that several states held conventions and in 1876 a national convention of German-American rationalists, Turners and socialists met in Phila delphia in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition.8 At such meetings delegates passed resolutions against prayer and Bible readings in public schools and the observance of Thanksgiving. They espoused programs of reform which included revisions of the United States Constitution, progressive economics, free schools, free trade, free land and new political methods. Freethinkers had eloquent spokesmen: Karl Heinzen, Friedrich Muench and Edward Muehl.9 All outspoken journalists, they wrote voluminously in the German language press. Robert Reitzel, an ex-German theological student, became the leading spokesman in the latter decades of the nineteenth century.10 The movement, how ever, had reached its zenith during the Civil War era. Freethinkers held views similar to those of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jeffer son and George Washington, but many German-Americans considered them too radical.11 In St. Louis, Father Martin Seidel published a paper, The Catholic Sunday Paper, to repudiate the phi losophy of the Informer of the West. In 1855, Franz Saler founded the Catholic publication, The Limping Messenger, to counter the advances of the anti-Catholic The Teachers Limping Messenger. Freethinkers could be intolerant, bigoted and pompous. Dr. Philipp Schaff, a leading theologian in Pennsylvania, called them "This godless German-American pest."12 Others condemned them for their lack of interest in politics while Karl Heinzen attacked them as indifferent to the questions of slavery and revolution.13 The German School Society and Free Congregation of St. Louis were founded on November 6, 1850, two years after the 7 Hassaurek's poems were published in Cincinnati in 1877. He was one of the youngest Forty-Eighters, brilliant, prolific and violently anticlerical. 8 Carl Wittke, Against the Current: The Life of Karl Heinzen (Chicago, 1945), 225. 9 See Karl Heinzen, German Radicalism in America, (Milwaukee, 1890) . All German titles have been Anglicized for convenience of the reader. 10 Erwin Ritter, "Robert Reitzel, A.T. (1849-1898) ," German-American Studies, V (1972), 12-26. ii The Rev. Carl F. W. Walther of the Missouri Synod was strongly opposed to the St. Louis freethought movement. For further materials on the German Lutheran point of view consult Don Heinrich Tolzmann, German-Americana: A Bibliography (Metuchen, N.J., 1975) . 12 Wittke, Refugees of Revolution, 137. 13 Wittke, Against the Current, 164-165. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 145 Speaking to the Congregation failure of the 1848 German revolution. Many Free Congregation members in St. Louis immigrated to America because of this. The establishment of a school society in conjunction with the congregation indicated a concern for the education of the youth. The first preacher, Carl Luedeking, a Forty-Eighter student of theology, had dared to attack the German state church for its complicity in suppressing the revolution. Luedeking came to America and was appointed preacher of the St. Louis Free Congre gation in 1852.14 He conducted a progressive school, wrote exten sively for Turner publications and fought for women's liberation. In 1869 Luedeking represented the St. Louis congregation at the international congress of freethinkers at Naples, Italy. The next preacher, Max Hempel, immigrated in 1881 to America.15 In 1893 he became preacher of the St. Louis Free Congregation after directing several German-American schools in Omaha and St. Louis. Besides composing two volumes of German poetry, Hempel wrote the history of the St. Louis Free Congregation in 1900 to com memorate its fiftieth anniversary.16 Karl Heinzen referred to St. Louis as the bosom of German- America. Carl Schurz moved to the city from Wisconsin because 14 See Zucker, Forty-Eighters, 45, 65, 517. is For examples of Hempel's poetry see Robert E. Ward, German Lyric Poetry from America (New York, 1969). 16 Hempel's history was The German School Society and the Free Congre gation of St. Louis, 1850-1900 (St. Louis, 1900). 146 Missouri Historical Review he considered St. Louis to be "the center of German influence in the Middle West."17 Gottfried Duden's glowing account of Mis souri attracted thousands of Germans to the state.18 A large influx also resulted from the efforts of the Giessen Society which aimed to make Missouri a New Germany. The immigration of Saxon Lutherans in 1838 made St. Louis the center of German-American Lutheranism. The city also became a center for Catholics and Jesuits founded a seminary there. One of the best-known German- Catholic papers, The America, was published from 1875 to 1925 in St. Louis. The Catholic Central Association located its library in St. Louis. German-American Jews established a new congrega tion in the 1840s in this religious center. The U.S. Census of 1870 recorded 113,618 Germans and 6,597 Swiss-Germans in the state and estimated the German-speaking element at 250,000. Certain institutions maintained and fostered the German heritage of the immigrants. In 1870 there were at least one hundred German language schools, one hundred and fifty German language congregations, many of which were Free Congregations. At the time of the fiftieth anniversary of the St. Louis Free Congregation, Missouri had 264 German-American organizations.19 At least 241 German-American newspapers have been pub lished in St. Louis. At the turn of the century, Missouri had 25 weeklies, 12 monthlies and 3 dailies. Several freethought news papers were published in St. Louis from 1845 to 1935, among them the Anarchist, the Communist, the Radical, the Reformer and the Freethinker.20 The ninety-year publication span apparently illustrates a strong rationalist tradition in St. Louis. German-American literature and theater flourished in St. Louis. Ernst Anton Zuendt, a Forty-Eighter and translator for the city tax department, was crowned with laurels as the German-American poet of St. Louis. The local Germania Theater performed his play in 1894. His Lincoln-Hymn became so popular that O. Schmal set it to music and Turner choirs sang it in Illinois and St. Louis.21 17 See J. Schafer, Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 1841-1869 (Madison, Wise, 1928). 18 See John A. Hawgood, The Tragedy of German-America: The Germans in the United States during the Nineteenth Century and After (New York, 1940), 109-136. 19 Karl Arndt, German-American Newspapers and Periodicals, 1132-195') (New York, 1965), 247. 20 For a bibliography of the Missouri German press see ibid., 247-277. 21 Robert E. Ward, "Ernst Anton Zuendt: Profile of a German Writer in the Midwest," Grand Prairie Historical Bulletin, XIV (1971), 1-8. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 147 Charles Alvin Ziegler, a Harvard graduate and one of the "best poets in the Pennsylvania German language" lived in St. Louis. Other well-known German-American authors were Hermann Lange, Carl Walther, Franz Boehm, Friedrich Holweck, Georg Koob and John Rothensteiner.22 The book trade was lively in the city. Joseph Pulitzer, Carl Schurz and others frequented Fritz Roesleins German Bookstore at 22 Fourth Street. Some of the books in the Free Congregation's library probably came from Roesleins store. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library thus occupied a rich cultural setting in German-America. The Free Congregation Library was probably larger than most congregational libraries in Missouri. In 1870 Missouri had 243 such libraries with 96,845 volumes, or about 353 volumes per library.23 A subject breakdown of the library indicates some of the reading interests of the library's patrons. First, the fiction materials obviously were in greater demand than nonfiction. Second, the fiction materials were mainly by German and German- American authors. This chart reflects the areas of interest to the readers of the librarv from 1894 to 1899: Subclass Number of Titles German literature 121 German-American literature 66 German-American newspapers 22 German newspapers 12 German translations 128 English language literature 10 Anthologies 6 NONFICTION 365 Subclass Number of Titles Social Science 54 Religion 46 Political 15 Science 14 Grammars 10 Encyclopedias 3 142 TOTAL: 507 22 See Mary Edmund, The Letters of Heinrich Armin Rattermann to the German-American Poet-Priest, John E. Rothensteiner (Joliet, 111., 1938) . 23 Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements (Chicago, 1943) , 1002. 148 Missouri Historical Review German literature composed the second largest subclass and naturally would inter est German-Americans. Books in the collection span the course of German literature from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth cen tury. The earliest work, the Song of the Nibe- lungs, a national epic of the Middle Ages, Library and Reading Room reflected the Teutonic concepts of loyalty, no bility and virtue. The next two oldest works, History of Dr. Johann Faust and Tasso, both became the basis for plays by Johann Wolf gang Goethe. The rest of the books fit into five literary movements of the nineteenth century. For Germans, early decades of the century are called the Age of Goethe, or the Classic Period. In the circulation records of the library, however, there is not one reference to a work by Goethe. According to a study of the St. Louis German press, Goethe was the most popular author of the St. Louis German- Americans.24 Most German-Americans probably owned copies of Goethe's works. German-Americans also had access to Goethe in the press. In addition readers collected dramas and poetry by Goethe's compatriot, Friedrich Schiller. Four other authors of the period found in the library were Johann Peter Hebel, Karl Arnold Kortum, August von Kotzebue and August Landbein. The library contained works by several Romantic authors: Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Clemens Brentano, Joseph von Eichen- dorff, Ludwig Uhland, Heinrich von Kleist, Karl Immermann, Heinrich Zschokke, Wilhelm Hauff, Theodor Koerner and others. The collection had a number of books by Young German authors who repudiated Romanticism and ridiculed the starry-eyed search for the "blue flower." The socially and politically activist Young 24 Erich Hofacker, German Literature As Reflected in the German Language Press of St. Louis Prior to 1898 (St. Louis, 1946) , 16. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 149 German movement protested the repressive measures of the Met- ternich system in Europe. This movement helped to shape the ideas of the original founders of the Free Congregation and made an impact on German-American literature. The movement culmi nated in the 1848 revolution which exiled idealists and intellectuals to America. The library held the works of Karl Gutzkow, Hein rich Heine, Georg Herwegh, Levin Schuecking, Ludwig Rellstab and F. Spielhagen. The latter three authors fell into obscurity, although their work remains readable. In the area of regional literature the library had the works of Berthold Auerbach and Fritz Reuter. On the shelves appeared the fourteen volumes of Renter's collected works in the North German dialect. His prolific output earned him the title of a German Charles Dickens. Auerbach wrote about anemic intel lectuals rejuvenated by simple village life. Some of the authors found in the collection are difficult to classify. Three examples are Franz Schubert, Friedrich Hacklaender and Ernst von Wohl- zogen. Schubert, the first master of German song writing, composed countless songs. Hacklaender, editor of a family paper, wrote numerous novels of ephemeral value. Nevertheless he proved im mensely popular in the nineteenth century. Wohlzogen wrote a number of comedies in the period called Impressionism. The popularity of Romantic and Young German authors with the readers of the Free Congregation Library is understandable. Many of the Congregation's founders grew up when these two literary movements were in vogue. Closely related, but not identical, to German literature was the literature written by, for and about German-Americans. This literature occupies the third largest subclass in the library. German- American authors and their works are not immediately recognizable as authors of other literatures. The literature of the German-Americans somewhat resembled the Young German literature which had enlightened the Forty- Eighters and those of similar beliefs in Germany's 1880-1910 period. German-American literature, however, acquired its own unique style and form from the American environment. In these writings a longing for the old country intertwined with a genuine attempt to express German-American thought.25 25 For an excellent introduction to German-American literature and cul ture consult the journal, German-American Studies, published in Cleveland by the Society for German-American Studies. 150 Missouri Historical Review The library contained seven volumes of German-American poetry. A book, American Sketch Book, by Georg Asmus included poetry on American life. Julius Brack's Ahasver: New Poems of an Old Legend (New York, 1880) typified German-American poetry. The collection included volumes of two St. Louis poets. Hermann Lange's Field And Meadow Flowers (St. Louis, 1893) became so popular that it went through two editions in the same year. The reader also found poetry of the Turner poet, Ernst Anton Zuendt, who wrote of the need for social revolution. Other works included Edmund Baehr's The Poems of Herodotus and Poems by Friedrich Lexow, a noted Forty-Eighter. One of the first poetry anthologies, Sleeping Beauties: First Leaves of German Poetry in America (New York, 1871), also was available. The reader could select from 35 German-American fiction titles, which included works by two of the best novelists, Friedrich Gerstaecker and Karl Anton Postl. Gerstaecker traveled widely across America and visited St. Louis in the 1830s. Ten of his novels were on the shelves, such as Gold (1854) and To America (1855).26 Ger staecker produced suspenseful accounts with detailed commentary on social conditions in America for the German immigrant. Though more a journalist than an imaginative author, he served as a source of information for many German readers interested in America. Karl Postl, known as Charles Sealsfield, escaped from an Aus trian monastery in 1823 and came to America. He became the first true representative of German- American literature, according to scholars.27 His novels, not the hastily conceived reports of a journalist, related the observa tions and reflections of a citizen of the new world. The library included several noteworthy novels, Joseph Frei- 26 See H. Schultz, "Friedrich Ger- staecker's Image of the German Immi grant in America," German-American Studies, V (1972), 98-116. 27 This view of Sealsfield is set fourth in Hermann Boeschenstein, Ger man Literature of the Nineteenth Cen tury (New York, 1969), 20. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 151 feld: A Social Novel from German-America (Milwaukee, 1887), by Max Arlberg, presented the story of a freethinker and his struggle for intellectual freedom as a school teacher in a conserva tive community. Adolf Douai, a Forty-Eighter teacher and news paper editor, wrote Fata Morgana, a novel about the German colony in Mexico, banditry and the rescue of a damsel in distress. Fata Morgana won first prize in a contest sponsored by the St. Louis Informer of the West for the best novel of the year.28 Also located on the shelves were the works of Harro Harring, another Forty-Eighter, whose strange and romantic career ended in suicide in London. Otto Ruppius, a St. Louis author, who ranked with Gerstaecker and Postl, had three works in the col lection, The German (1862), The Pedlar (1857) and a volume of his short stories. Another popular item was Anton in America: Stories out of German-American Life (New York, 1872), by Rein- hold Solger, perhaps the most gifted Forty-Eighter author. This work won first prize as the best German-American novel in a contest sponsored by the New York Criminal and Literary Jour- nal.29 Heinrich Boernstein's fascinating novel, The Mysteries of St. Louis, dealt in adventurous fashion with a gang of counter feiters, buried treasure and German immigrants in St. Louis. The Free Congregation subscribed to twelve family-oriented German newspapers that appealed to all classes, ages and sexes. Produced on a mass scale to satisfy public tastes, the forerunner of this type of publication was the Arbour. First published in Germany during 1853, this newspaper included illustrated serialized novels and stories. The Arbour also printed articles on social and political topics by such authors as Berthold Auerbach, F. Spiel- hagen, Theodore Storm and Theodore Fontane. Although the Arbour did not appear in the library's holdings, many of its suc cessors were included. At the Good Hour, a Berlin bimonthly, contained numerous art sections, unfortunately noted for their poor reproductions. Despite this problem, a number of the articles that appeared in the Good Hour exhibited quality literary content. Typical of this type of newspaper, the Good Hours circulation averaged sixty thousand. Another newspaper rich in pictorial matter, The Illustrated World, published in Stuttgart, emphasized popular reading ma- 28 For a summary of the novel see George E. Condoyannis, "German- American Prose Fiction: Synopses of 38 Works," German-American Studies, IV (1972), 26-28. 29 ibid., 29-33. 152 Missouri Historical Review Offices of the St. Louis German Newspaper, Anzeiger des Westen* (Informer of the West) terial and informative essays on history, science and ethnology. The Book for Everyone, a biweekly also Stuttgart-based, featured a profusely illustrated format aimed at the family.30 Friedrich Hacklaender, author of several books found in the library, published Over Land and Sea in Stuttgart from 1858 to 1878. Excellent pictures highlighted its geographical and historical articles. A similar publication from Leipzig, the weekly Illustrated Family Journal carried news from all countries, as well as cultural and business articles. This newspaper also included serialized novels, short stories, crime reports and adventure stories. The Universe, a biweekly family paper published in Leipzig, contained reading material by popular authors, among them, Lud- wig Ganghofer. The Stuttgart monthly entitled The Library of Entertainment and Knowledge proved to be the most popular item in the library. It appeared in pocket-book size bound in linen covers at a low price. This contained many items of interest to German-Americans. Volume one, published in 1897, featured a novel by the so-called German-American James Fenimore Cooper, Balduin Moellhausen; an article on Nikolaus Lenau who had lived 30 For a study of the German press of Europe see Hans-Martin Kirchner, German Periodicals: Their History and Problems (Wiesbaden, Germany, 1962) . The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 153 in Ohio; and the history of the Milwaukee Germans. Each little volume presented about seventy pages of a serialized novel fol lowed by sketches, stories, news and anecdotes. German-American newspapers, basically the same as their German counterparts, as a result of the Forty-Eighter tradition differed in the amount of published radical and freethought ma terial. Robert Reitzel, a brilliant master of prose, issued The Poor Devil from Detroit. This weekly advocated socialist, anti clerical and anarchist views in the Robber Baron era. Besides original German poetry, Reitzel published some two hundred poems by contemporary Germans in the 1880-1890s. One historian noted that never "before nor since has there been such a repre sentative German-American belletristic and aesthetic journal."31 Another freethought publication found in the library, The Devil, printed in Milwaukee, expressed harsh anticlerical and anti- Catholic views.32 A Catholic newspaper published in St. Paul, Minnesota, and entitled The German Emigrant naturally expressed opposite views. The library also housed the Cincinnati House and Heart, a family paper and organ of the German Methodist church. Despite its religious affiliation, this newspaper devoted more space to family matters than to religion. Friedrich Gerhard's German-American Arbour and the New York-based From the 31 See Robert Reitzel, Collected Works of the Poor Devil (Detroit, 1913), 24. 32 The Devil was banned from Austria because of its name so the editor, Michael Biron, changed the title to Arminia so that Austrian postmasters would not destroy the paper. The St. Louis German news paper, Westliche Post (West ern Post), was printed in this building. 154 Missouri Historical Review Carl Schurz lAb. of Cong. Illustrated World included within their pages novels, crime stories and news of a general nature. The highly successful New York publisher, Salomon Zickel, issued two newspapers, The Family Pages and the German-Ameri can Folk Library. Both could be read at the library. A comical periodical from Chicago, Shick's Humorous Library, was published from 1886 to 1889, in separate numbers, paged continuously and later reissued in bound volumes. By issuing the newspaper with dates and numbers, the publisher could send it through the mails at cheaper magazine rates. Another publication similar to those of Zickel and Shick's was The German Library. Published by George Munro, this newspaper carried out a questionable policy when it printed pirated German novels and articles.33 During the 1880s~1890s the library received The Family Friend, the Sunday edition of a German-American newspaper published in Columbus, Ohio. These Sunday editions contained many stories, reviews, poems and articles with a popular slant. The only St. Louis paper in the library was the New World, a nonpartisan daily. Members probably personally subscribed or purchased local 33 See Raymond Shove, Cheap Book Production in the U.S., 1870-1891 (Urbana, 111., 1937), 61. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 155 papers while the library acted as a repository for items unobtainable or difficult to locate in the community. The German-American press also produced some quality literary publications that could be enjoyed by the library's patrons. The German-American Monthly, issued by Caspar Butz from Chi cago during the 1860s, contained contributions by outstanding German-Americans, such as Johann Stallo, Friedrich Kapp, Emil Preetorius, Franz Sigel and Carl Schurz. The content ranged from articles on immigration, labor, art, politics and culture to reviews. The Omnibus, a literary periodical issued from Louisville in the 1860s, contained many contributions by Otto Ruppius, a St. Louis author. These publications stemmed from the 1860s and were Forty-Eighter creations. A quarterly from Cincinnati, published in the 1880s, Heinrich A. Rattermann's German-American Magazine, contained the finest poetry, literature and reviews that could be found in German-America.34 The library owned four sets containing collections of the works of various German authors. One German-American set, Schick's Collection, was issued in Chicago. It contained a selection of popular nineteenth-century novels. Published in 1885, Shick's Collection illustrated the demand for current German literature by German-Americans. The ten-volume set, German Short Story Treasury, edited by Paul Heyse, contained the greatest German short stories of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Similar sets were the twelve-volume Family Treasury and the ten-volume Illustrated Novels. Sir Walter Scott's twenty-seven volumes totaled one-fifth of the works of foreign literature in German translation. Scott's historical novels based on the religious dissension and the clash of two nationalities (Scottish and English) appealed quite strongly to readers of the library. The seventeen titles by James Fenimore Cooper compared in style and content to Otto Ruppius, Friedrich Gerstaecker and Karl Postl. Popular titles included The Spy, The Last of the Mohicans and the North Americans. Novels depicting frontier life attracted German-Americans. The library records list some English authors such as Charles Dickens and Henry James. An American author, Edward Bellamy, achieved immense popu larity with his Utopian romance, A Look Back (1888). Adolf Strodt- mann's translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin for German readers was listed. French literature, well represented 34 See Fred K. Scheibe, "Heinrich A. Rattermann: German-American Poet, 1832-1923," German-American Studies, I (1969), 3-7. 156 Missouri Historical Review in German translation, included 14 books written by Eugene Sue, 10 books written by Alexander Dumas, 9 books written by Paul de Kock and one book by Honore Balzac. The only identifiable works in the English language were Gullivers Travels, Vanity Fair, Aesops Fables and Anecdotes for the Family. Six German language anthologies contained primarily representative poetry from world literature, but German Humor in Poetry proved to be the most popular anthology of poetry. Of the 507 titles in the library only 142 can be classified as nonfiction. This indicates that the main function of the collection was to provide entertaining reading matter. However, the non- fiction books indicate a lively interest in several areas. Ten books dealt with grammar, English for German immi grants and also several dictionaries. The presence of a French dictionary and two French grammars, one by L. Pasquelle and the other by F. Lochner, denoted an interest in French. Records also listed three German grammars for German-American children. Readers had excellent reference books. Encyclopedias proved popular, including the Brockhaus Conversation-Lexicon, the stand ard German reference book characterized by short articles and numerous illustrations. Meyers Universum. published in Leipzig in 1840, carried longer, scholarly articles. The major German- American reference work was the eleven-volume German-American Conversation Lexicon by Alexander Schem. Of the fifty-four titles classified as social science works, the majority related to United States, German, French and German- American history. The shelves held two histories of the United States, a history of Missouri, a history of the Pilgrims, the 1880 United States Census and the United States Constitution in German. In the area of German history the readers found books on the Peasant's War, Frederick the Great, the Franco-Prussian War, memoirs of German politicians, histories of wars and two histories of Germany—all in German. Readers could study the history of the French Revolution in six different books. They could select two works on Louis XIV, one on Napolean and one on Louis XVIII, or they could peruse two world histories. They also might enjoy an interesting memoir, The History of Our Time, by Arnold Ruge, a radical Forty-Eighter and former professor at the University of Halle. Other social science works included books on mythology, architecture, cultural history, sketchbooks and some German- American histories. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 157 A German Orator of the 1850s Of course the library records revealed Heinrich Boernstein's Memoirs and The Germans in North America and the Battle for Freedom by Missouri German Daniel Hertle, editor of the Western Post. Another St. Louis work, Ernst E. Kargan's St. Louis in Earlier Years: A Souvenir Book for German-Americans, told about the first Germans in St. Louis. Other works included Gustav Koerner's The German Element in the U.S. of North America, 1818-1848 and a biography of Henry Clay by St. Louis German-American Carl Schurz. German-American historical study reached its zenith with Gustav Struve's nine-volume General History. This Forty-Eighter scholar came to America in 1851 on the invitation of a wealthy Staten Island brewer. Another work, Struve's five-volume World History, expressed the central thesis that tyranny is detrimental to economic and cultural progress. German-American papers called the work the first flower of German-American scholarship.35 The library owned many works written by Forty-Eighters. The records list the dynamic and controversial Debates of the Cincinnati German Friedrich Hassaurek who in 1852 debated eight hours with Wil helm Nast, founder of German Methodism in America. The records also include another forceful orator, Friedrich Hecker, an influ ential Turner and Republican residing in Belleville, Illinois, whose Speeches and Lectures were published in St. Louis in 1872. The third item by a radical Forty-Eighter was Six Letters by Karl 35 For further discussion of German-American publications see Carl Wittke, The German Language Press in America (Lexington, Ky., 1957) . 158 Missouri Historical Review Heinzen, infamous editor of the Pioneer. This journal became known for its mastery of brutal invective and intolerance. Johann Most wrote another interesting work in the collection. A German- American anarchist, Most was tried after the assassination of Presi dent William McKinley for publishing articles advocating the elimination of rulers.36 To German-American freethinkers, Alexander von Humboldt had great importance and many regarded him as "the high priest of German science and learning."37 Those interested could read his collected letters and his famous Cosmos which "penetrated heaven, broke the bonds of superstition and flexed our eyes on the true destiny of man."38 Another major scientific work by Ludwig Buechner popularized the materialistic achievements of modern science. The library contained two other books by him and subscribed to the journal, The Scientific American. There were other works on the natural sciences, for example, Ernst Haeckel's Darwinian book on creation. Less than 10 percent of the books in the collection dealt specifically with religion. A large number of these were quite anti-Catholic, as the freethinkers opposed the alliance between church and state in Europe. Some book titles indicated this anti-Catholic feeling: The Devil's Pulpit, Against Rome, The Golden Throne, Indolatry in the Papacy and Mysteries of the Inquisition. Also in the library were Thomas Paine's theological works in German, Voltaire's writings on religion, David Friedrich Strauss's history of Jesus Christ and Ludwig Feuerbach's On the Essence of Christianity. There were other books on the Bible, Jesus, im mortality, baptism, the confession, monks, the papacy and various antireligion treatises. Five titles aimed directly at the freethinker were The Freethinker's Magazine, Freethinker's Pictorial, 400 Years of Freethought and two German-American annuals, The Free thinker's Almanac and the Freethinkers Calendar. A list of the most popular items in the collection can be established from a statistical analysis of the circulation records. One hundred and twenty-one members of the Free Congregation patronized the library. Three were women, one a non-German and two authors. Most were probably staunch members of the middle class. The forty-six most popular items in the collection 36 Most was sentenced to one year in the jail on Blackwell's Island for approving the policy of tyrannicide. 37 Wittke, Refugees of Revolution, 313. 38 ibid., 314. The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 159 revealed certain subclasses of the greatest interest. In the fiction category thirteen items were from German literature, ten from German-American literature and five from German translations. The family paper proved to be most popular, nine German and five German-American newspapers. In the nonfiction area, readers preferred two encyclopedias and one English language freethought publication. Publications written for freethinkers were not ex tremely popular, although this library was for freethinkers. In 1894-1899, 121 patrons circulated 2,195 items. In this time period each patron checked out an average of eighteen items, or about three items per year. Jacob Diesing proved, without a doubt, the bookworm par excellence of the library. In six years he read over 325 volumes. He enjoyed the frontier adventure stories of James Fenimore Cooper, the romantic novels of Sir Walter Scott and Alexander Dumas, Friedrich Gerstaecker's immi grant novels and the Byronic novels by Eugene Sue. Diesing also read the St. Louis works of Otto Ruppius and volumes by Ernst Kargan and Heinrich Boernstein. He had some interest in more serious reading matter. He read several volumes on the French Revolution and one about the Peasant's Revolt. He never checked out English language books nor materials on religion or politics. A voracious reader, Diesing accounted for almost one- eighth of the library's total circulation. Although no circulation records are extant for comparison, Erich Hofaker's German Literature as Reflected in the German Lan- gauge Press of St. Louis Prior to I89839 provides an adequate test of the reading interests of the Free Congregationalists in re lation to the subscribers to the St. Louis German press. Most readers of the press came from the ranks of middle and lower class and probably represent the best source of information on German- American reading interests. Hof- acker found certain authors quite 39 Hofacker, German Language Press of St. Louis. 160 Missouri Historical Review popular in the St. Louis German press. Readers demanded certain novels, stories and poems by writers who would today be classi fied as "best-seller" authors. Such work was not of the highest standard, but represented the preference of most German-Ameri cans. In comparison with the preference of Free Congregation readers a clear correlation exists. The family type of reading material characterized by his torical adventures and romance proved most popular. Hofacker noted four trends in the area of German poetry. Lyrics of con temporary German poets were rare and of low quality in the press. The best-liked poetry included old favorites, political satire and comic versions of well-known ballads. The Free Congregation records corroborated this. Hofacker does not mention German- American poetry in his study, but it was read by some members of the Free Congregation. In Missouri, few poets enjoyed the popu larity of St. Louisan Ernst Anton Zuendt. Readers signed out his works a number of times. Ernst Steiger's Greetings from America to the Fatherland proclaimed the joy of German-Americans towards the unification of Germany in 1871. The popularity of these works indicate a continuing emotional attachment to the old country. And H. Lange's nature poetry about Missouri landscapes appealed directly to Missouri German readers. German-Americans in the Free Congregation appeared fond of the writings of German Romantics. The St. Louis press did not publish a large amount of Romantic literature and devoted much space to current publications. Readers of the press and those in the Free Congregation showed similar interests in the popular historical novels and foreign literature. The Free Congregation library records provide, therefore, a reliable guide for an under standing of German-American reading interests in the nineteenth century. Although a small sample of German-American reading habits, the library does offer the only accurate record of what German-Americans actually read. Further studies of the German- American press and the book collections of German-American churches and societies may yield more information. The favorite books and authors with the St. Louis German members of the Free Congregation also proved popular with German readers in Europe.40 40 For a study of the reading interests of Germans in Europe see Rudolf Schenda, People with Literature: Studies on the Social History of Popular Reading Matter, 1770-1910 (Frankfurt, Germany, 1970). For more information on the St. Louis German community consult Sister Audrey Olson, "The Nature The St. Louis Free Congregation Library 161 A study of the Free Congregation Library helps to reveal the cultural life of the German-Americans in the last century and refutes the notion that a cultural lag existed between the Germans in America and Europe. of an Immigrant Community; St. Louis Germans, 1850-1920," MISSOURI HIS TORICAL REVIEW, LXVI (April, 1972), 342-359. Shooting Craps Oak Grove Banner, April 3, 1975, reprinted from the Banner, November 10, 1900. Over in Fort Osage township this county, there is a school district which is having barrels of trouble. The district is located east of Twyman (formerly Blue Mills). Wednesday G. E. Houser, a school teacher, began suit against Lee Twy man, Rev. Daniel Mas and Thomas White, three school directors of that district. The charge is unlawful detainer and forcible entry and $250 is asked for. Houser began his school near Twyman in September. The boys got to shooting craps, so it is alleged, and the teacher tried to break up the game. When discovered the boys would go in and out of the windows of the school house and run things pretty much their own way. Finally the school master could not stand it any longer. The school directors were told about it, but it turned out, so the story goes, that some of the boys reported on, belonged to the director's families. This caused things to reach a feverheat in the school district and the teacher received the brunt of the bad opinion of the directors. They notified him he must go. He refused. They demanded and locked the school house door. The teacher crawled through the window and held the fort. Then the directors, it is alleged, summoned County Marshall Sam Chiles, who with the directors, went to the school building. According to the teacher's tale, the directors entered and laid forcible hands on him. One took him by the arm, he says, and the others by the back of the neck and shoved him out of the door. A meeting of the directors was then held and Walter Twyman, nephew of one of the directors was appointed teacher. So Mr. Houser, the ejected teacher, is suing for his place and salary for the school term. The case will come to trial in Independence next Wednesday. Many of the citizens of the district are taking sides with the teacher and a merry time is promised. The Political Campaign of 1860 In Missouri BY DORIS DAVIS WALLACE* The political campaign of 1860 in Missouri contained some unusual and volatile aspects. Slavery, a primary issue on the na tional level, caused a controversy which split one political party, encouraged the formation of another and increased the importance of a third. The controversy concerned who had the right to regu late slavery—individual citizens, state and territorial governments or the federal government. The Missouri members of each of the four national parties conducted vigorous campaigns to promote their beliefs. Naturally they devoted some of their time to party business, but they spent most of it in campaigning. Some of the results of the 1860 elections in the state were unexpected and. in part, may be attributed to the campaigning. Missouri was surrounded by free states, and for the first time in the state's history, northern and foreign-born citizens out- *Doris Davis Wallace has a B.S. in Education from Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville; an M.A. in speech from the University of Missouri- Columbia; and a Ph.D. in speech education from New York University. 162 The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 163 numbered southern-born.1 Conflicting views and philosophies con cerning the slavery issue and states' rights understandably divided Missourians. Many citizens in 1860 were politically minded and sensed the importance of the coming election—often called the nation's most crucial in the nineteenth century. The writer of a letter to a Mis souri newspaper editor in 1860 observed that: At this time here, it is just as it is all over the Union. Politics seem to be the all absorbing topic with people of all classes, all ages and all conditions. . . . The contest is fierce between the little boys—they listen attentively to what their fathers say, then when they meet in groups to join in play, the passer-by can hear loud and angry discus sions on the merits of their respective favorites for the Presidential chair.2 The slavery issue split the Democratic party. Breckinridge Democrats, named for their presidential candidate John C. Breck inridge, believed that slavery should be extended into the territories and protected by the federal government. Douglas Democrats and their candidate, Stephen A. Douglas, favored "squatter sovereignty," a doctrine that allowed settlers of a territory to decide by ballot whether or not they could own slaves. The Constitutional Union party, a newly formed organization composed of former Whigs, a few Democrats and former Native Americans,3 believed that the country should remain united in spite of the slavery issue. Candidate John C. Bell represented this party. The Republicans and their candidate, Abraham Lincoln, favored the suppression of slavery. Members of each political party held township, county, dis trict and state conventions to elect delegates, nominate candidates, ratify nominations and party actions and increase unity. They also organized political clubs in many towns and cities. The clubs met frequently and sponsored numerous celebrations to increase their party's influence. Citizens of all ages attended both the planned and impromptu meetings where they heard innumerable addresses given by can didates for local, state and national office. The occasions provided i William E. Parrish, A History of Missouri, 1860 to 1875, Vol. Ill (Co lumbia, Mo., 1973), 7. 2 Columbia Missouri Statesman, September 14, 1860. 3 B. B. Lightfoot, "Nobody's Nominee: Sample Orr and the Election of 1860," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LX (January, 1966), 128. 164 Missouri Historical Review not only social events but the audiences also expected candidates to clarify issues, state their positions and tell why the party sup ported those positions. Many members of the audience believed that they could evaluate candidates' characters and abilities by their manner of speaking as well as by the contents of the speeches. The reputations of the speakers also influenced the voters. In their speeches, members of each of the four political parties in Missouri in 1860 used three types of proof (logical, emotional and ethical) to attempt to persuade citizens to vote for their can didates. Members of a particular party, however, stressed certain types of reasoning, evidence and appeal more than others. Breckinridge Democrats, who advocated the extension of slavery into all territories, held a more extreme position than the status quo. Many of their candidates and spokesmen were experi enced politicians as well as forcible and gifted orators. They fre quently used deductive reasoning, presented evidence from history, gave explanations and used comparisons to convince audiences. They also asked questions and labeled themselves and their opponents. For example, at Huntsville, in March, A. J. Herndon addressed a Breckinridge county convention in a forcible manner and de nounced the Black Republicans.4 In June, two members of the party spoke at a picnic on the Antioch Church grounds near Columbia. They gave discourses on southern history and on the present in fringement of southern rights.5 That same month in St. Louis, Breckinridge Democrats held an impromptu meeting to honor the United States minister to Spain, William Preston. They started several bonfires on Locust Street and fired many rockets. A procession accompanied by a band marched to the Planters' House. The chairman of the event intro duced Charles Shaler, a noted judge from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but Douglas men in the crowd yelled and hooted for their leader. The judge, not easily intimidated, calmly folded his arms and, ac cording to one report, waited until "the blood hounds had stopped their yelping, then he gave one of the most scathing, cutting and truth-telling speeches. . . ." The judge compared Stephen A. Douglas with John C. Breckinridge and declared Breckinridge's principles truly democratic. Another speaker accused the squatter sovereignty 4 Huntsville Randolph Citizen, March 23, 1860. 5 Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 8, 1860. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 165 men of being former Whigs. When a dispatch came from Breck inridge saying he had accepted his party's nomination in the Charleston, South Carolina, convention, 105 guns were fired.6 According to a biographer, John C. Breckinridge was a large man. A great orator, congressman at the age of thirty and a leader of his party in Kentucky, he had been vice president of the United States at the age of thirty-five. The biographer believed that Breckinridge privately deplored slavery, but he was both privately and publicly dedicated to states' rights.7 Ironically, a man who privately deplored slavery became the symbol for those wishing to extend it into the territories. The Missouri Breckinridge Demo crats nominated Hancock Jackson of Randolph County as their candidate for governor. In 1856 he had been elected lieutenant governor and assumed the office of governor in 1857 when Trusten Polk became a United States senator.8 In July the Breckinridge Democrats of St. Louis passed the following resolution: We enthusiastically ratify the nomination of that gal lant soldier, pure patriot, gifted orator, and profound statesman, John C. Breckinridge, whose valor on the battle field, whose wisdom in council, and whose devotion to the Union eminently fit him for the office of the President of the United States. Party members passed similar resolutions praising vice presidential candidate John C. Lane as well as Hancock Jackson.9 During a speech at St. Louis, Senator James S. Green asked: From what had we seceded? We had not departed from the early faith of the Democracy—for now, as ever, we advocate the equality of citizens in their rights—the carrying out of constitutional law, and the protection of property everywhere. We are ever national and loyal to the Union. . . . If you endorse squatter sovereignty you will endorse one of the most obnoxious doctrines ever promulgated by an American people. 6 St. Louis Daily Bulletin, June 26, 1860. 7 William C. Davis, Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol (Baton Rouge, La., 1947). 8 The Douglas Democrat candidate for governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, was Hancock Jackson's cousin. William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, Missouri and the Union (Columbia, Mo., 1963), 3, 5; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri—Day by Day (Columbia, Mo., 1942) , I, 324. » Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, July 7, 1860. 166 Missouri Historical Review John C. Breckinridge Senator Green closed his oration by proclaiming his intention of voting for Breckinridge and Lane. The audience responded with tremendous applause.10 The parties announced several days in advance about their campaign schedules. A typical Breckinridge Democrat notice ap peared in the Columbia Missouri Statesman: WM. A. Seay, Esq., of St. Louis, will address the people of Missouri in favor of the election of BRECKIN RIDGE and LANE at the following times and places: Flint Hill, St. Charles county, July 16th. Sturgeon, Boone county, July 17th. Hudson, Macon county, July 18th. Bloomington, Macon county, July 19th. Jacksonville, Randolph county, July 20th, High Hill, Montgomery county, July 21st.11 Before the presidential election, some Breckinridge and Doug las Democratic leaders attempted to unite the two factions by proposing a mass meeting. They invited all members of the party regardless of their opinions. Before the meeting, however, some leaders changed its objective and proposed the appointment of delegates to a Breckinridge state convention.12 At that convention in September, governor-elect Claiborne Fox Jackson, a Douglas io Huntsville Randolph Citizen, July 12, 1860, reprinted from St. Louis Bulletin, July 4, 1860. 11 Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 20, 1860. 12 Huntsville Randolph Citizen, August 16, 23, 1860. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 167 Democrat, gave the principal address. He declared that Breckin ridge and Lane were his original choices and he spoke in favor of party unity. Other speakers at the convention urged the delegates to endorse those candidates.13 Early in September Breckinridge was scheduled to speak in Lexington and an editor prophesied, "It will be the speech of his life and will be directed particularly against the Douglas Democrats."14 During speaking events, Breckinridge Democrats attempted to prove that property of southerners should be protected every where. They presented discourses on southern history and com pared Douglas with Breckinridge using emotionally loaded labels; they called their candidates gallant, gifted and profound and de scribed their opponents as former Whigs and Black Republicans who advocated obnoxious doctrines. In contrast with the Breckinridge faction, the Douglas Demo crats advocated a less extreme policy toward slavery. They be lieved the settlers of a territory should decide whether or not they could own slaves. Some of their members had experience in national affairs and they gave interesting, fluent and eloquent speeches. Many used deductive and inductive reasoning, causation, meta phor and refutation to convince audiences. They also asked ques tions, used accusations and labeling and made predictions. Douglas Democrat candidates for governor and lieutenant governor were Claiborne Fox Jackson and Thomas C. Reynolds. Born in Kentucky of Virginia parentage, Jackson had come to Missouri in his teens. By the age of thirty he devoted himself ex clusively to politics15 and became one of the leading politicians of the state.16 However, observers often noted differences between his expressed beliefs and his actions. When the voters of Saline County first elected him to the state legislature in 1836, he stated that he believed the spread of slavery could not be stopped.17 In the forties, he led a clique that allied with Senator Thomas Hart Benton, an opponent of slavery extension. As chairman of the Federal Relations Committee, Jackson drafted resolutions which advocated squatter sovereignty. Benton opposed the Jackson Reso lutions, although many citizens supported them. This opposition, no doubt, contributed to Benton's defeat in his last bid for the 13 Ibid., September 27, 1860. 14 Waverly Saturday Weekly Visitor, September 8, 1860. 15 Eugene M. Violette, A History of Missouri (Cape Girardeau, 1957) , 326. i6Lightfoot, "Sample Orr," 129. 17 Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri: A History (St. Louis, 1965) , 344. 168 Missouri Historical Review Claiborne F. Jackson Senate.18 Evidently Jackson did not believe that territorial resi dents had the right to determine the status of slavery in their area. He and other politicians led some 5,000 Missourians into Kansas territory to vote on the slavery issue. When the votes were counted Kansas cast about twice as many ballots as it had eligible voters.19 Thus Jackson interferred with the right of the true settlers to make the decision for themselves. Delegates had nominated Jackson for governor before the split in the national Democratic party. After the rupture, each faction pressed him to support its presidential candidate. He probably wanted to support Breckinridge because this platform stated that slavery should be extended; instead, he decided to support Doug las. Perhaps he thought his chances of winning were increased by declaring for Douglas. He also believed Douglas to be the regular Democratic candidate.20 A vigorous thinker and a fluent and forcible speaker, Jackson's speeches always were interesting and often eloquent.21 At Hermitage in June, Jackson concluded his speech by: . . . calling on the voters present to rally to the stand- is Parrish, History of Missouri, 1. 19 David D. March, The History of Missouri (New York, 1967) , II, 844. 20 Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 4-5. 21 Lucien Carr, Missouri, A Bone of Contention (Boston, 1898), 271. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 169 ard of the democratic party, as the only hope of crushing the hydra-headed monster, Black Republicanism, which, like a great black cloud in the north, is looming up and threatening destruction to southern rights; with its dark banner unfurled, upon which is engraved, the motto of that party, "DOWN WITH SLAVERY."22 Jackson's running mate, Thomas C. Reynolds, probably be lieved even more strongly in the extension of slavery. A native of South Carolina, Reynolds had studied at the universities of Vir ginia and Heidelberg. He practiced law in St. Louis where he served as United States District Attorney. Brilliant, sometimes im petuous and proud,23 Reynolds criticized the Republicans when he spoke at Mexico. He stated that, in Maine, Black Republicans had stolen public money. The same thing had happened, he said, in Ohio and Iowa, from governor down to constable. Even in St. Louis police officers allied with thieves. Douglas Democrat can didate for Congress, John B. Henderson, also spoke at Mexico. After his speech a reporter predicted that, . . . ere the sun sinks in the West on the first Monday in August next, they [Douglas Democrats] will triumph over the rail-splitting Lincoln and black republican, James S. Rollins [Henderson's opponent and a Constitutional Union candidate] and victory will be theirs.24 One of the distinguished speakers at a Douglas mass meeting at Palmyra in July was Colonel William A. Richardson of Illinois. He addressed the crowd in an able, eloquent and spirited man ner.25 George G. Vest, Douglas Democrat candidate for presi dential elector of the Fifth District, stated at Rocheport that ". . . every Democrat who would vote against Douglas ought to have his right arm cut off and his tongue cleaved from his mouth."26 General J. B. Clark, Douglas Democrat candidate for Congress from the Third District, used a more conciliatory approach at Franklin when he thanked the audience of 3,000 for their support and told why he favored Douglas. He also stated that if the election went to the House of Representatives he would vote for the candidate who carried his district.27 During September, Douglas Democrats made numerous pre- 22 Osceola Democrat, June 30, 1860. 23 Parrish, History of Missouri, 4, 5. 24 Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 1, 1860. 25 LaGrange National American, July 28, 1860. 26 Columbia Missouri Statesman, September 28, 1860. 27 ibid., August 31, 1860. 170 Missouri Historical Review dictions. One predicted that many counties would go for Douglas.28 Another stated that Douglas was the only man who could defeat the enemies of the Union.29 Some believed that if a candidate other than Douglas were elected there would be disunion, the South would become a part of Great Britain and the border states would be a battleground.30 In October, 300 delegates from Henry County camped near Warsaw to attend the great Douglas mass meeting. At 10:30 A.M. a procession marched to a grove near the city where speeches were given. Six thousand attended the meeting. A reporter de scribed one of the speakers, Colonel N. C. Clairborn, who: . . . showed, by the record of YANCEY & CO., [Wil liam L. Yancey of Georgia who advocated secession] that their object was a dissolution of the Union, and to accom plish that end BRECKINRIDGE was nominated to defeat DOUGLAS and elect LINCOLN.-He also alluded in a happy and efficient manner to the necessity of supporting DOUGLAS, who was a western man . . . , and who was pledged to the building of the great Pacific Railroad . . . , which would make Missouri one of the greatest States in the Union .... The reporter also noted that, "The effect of the speeches de livered was great. Several [John C] Bell and [Edward] Everett men came to us and voluntarily told us they intended to support DOUGLAS," During the afternoon and evening sessions at the great mass meeting, the audience paid strict attention to the speakers. An editor distributed twenty copies of the speech Claiborne Fox Jackson gave at Boonville. He reported that, "Little squads of one and two hundred could be seen in the streets listening to the reading of it by one of the party. It was received with shouts of applause."31 When Stephen A. Douglas visited the state in October, a group of St. Louis civic leaders met him at Alton and traveled with him by steamer to their city. Upon approaching, they saw acres of faces lighted by bonfires and torches and heard shouts of welcome. Dozens of bands added to the welcome and Douglas responded with a soul-stirring speech. As the group traveled by train from St, Louis to Jefferson City, 28 Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, September 1, I860, 29 Huntsville Randolph Citizen, September 13, 1860. 30 St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, September 25, 1860. 31 Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, October 6, 1860, The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 171 Douglas spoke at principal points and at every station where crowds had gathered. He commenced his Jefferson City speech by stating that although he had been a resident of an adjoining state from boyhood, this was the first opportunity he had had for addressing his fellow-citizens in the capital of Missouri. He com mented that Illinois and Missouri were alike in that they always supported the regular Democratic nominee. After discussing the reasons southerners gave for bolting the Charleston convention, he declared that the Democratic party was the only one capable of saving the Union. The Charleston platform's stand on slavery was the same as the Democratic platform of 1856, he pointed out. His speech contained many questions. Cheers, laughter and ex clamations such as, "Hurrah for Douglas!" and "That's right!" often interrupted him. He stated that: The doctrine of non-interference by Congress with the domestic affairs of the people is the cornerstone upon which the temple of our liberties was built. . . . Our Con stitution did not give Congress the power to interfere with the relations between husband and wife, parent and child, guardian and ward, master and slave, or any other do mestic affair whatever. . . . The Republicans of the North, under the lead of Mr. [Abraham] Lincoln, demand that Congress shall interfere and prohibit slavery wherever the people want it.—The Southern Secessionists demand that Congress shall interfere 172 Missouri Historical Review Stephen A. Douglas and maintain slavery wherever the people do not want it. . . . He concluded that he favored every provision of the Constitution and believed, "The election of any man on earth by the American people, according to the Constitution, is no just cause for breaking up this government!"32 Douglas Democrats attempted to prove such statements as: the Constitution does not give Congress the right to interfere in the domestic affairs of citizens; Douglas was the nominee of the true Democratic party; Douglas's platform was the same as the plat form of 1856; and Breckinridge was nominated to defeat Douglas. If they won the election, party members predicted they would save the Union and increase the prosperity of Missourians by building a railroad to the West Coast. If they lost, the border states would become a battleground. Constitutional Union party members advocated a position less extreme than the Republicans. They believed the country should remain united in spite of the issue of slavery. Their able, witty, persuasive orators supported the Union and the Constitution. They used metaphors, pointed out opponents' inconsistencies, appro priated opponents' statements to support their own positions and presented what jhey called, "unanswerable arguments." 32 ibid., October 27, 1860. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 173 In February, the Union party held a rally in Hannibal. After T. H. Towner and G. W. Porter gave eloquent speeches, party members passed resolutions supporting the Union, endorsed Ed ward Bates as a presidential candidate and appointed delegates to the state convention.33 F. T. Mitchell and his opponent, John W. Reid, a Douglas Democrat candidate for representative from the Fifth District, spoke at Marshall in May. Reid suggested that Mitchell, a minister, take a foreign mission post. Mitchell replied that he thought Washington needed the presence of a missionary.34 After the two contenders spoke in Jefferson City, an editor praised Mitchell's eloquence, superior speaking voice and ability to sway an audience.35 James S. Rollins was the Union candidate for representative from the Second District. Born in Kentucky, he practiced law in Columbia, served several terms in the state legislature and ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1848 and in 1857.36 Late in May an invitation to Columbia's grand rally appeared in a local paper. 33 Columbia Missouri Statesman, February 24, I860. 34 Waverly Saturday Weekly Visitor, May 12, 1860. 35 Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, July 14, 1860. 36 Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943) I, 825. Courtesy Ruth Rollins Westfall James S. Rollins 174 Missouri Historical Review The invitation read: ". . . let us join each other in tolling the great National Bell [referring to the nomination of John C. Bell] recently manufactured at Baltimore." Many citizens accepted the invitation and heard James S. Rollins make an outstanding speech. During his address, Rollins announced the news, brought by stage, of the split in the Demo cratic party at Baltimore. He closed his speech with these meta phors: The Old Democratic ship, so long the proud master of the seas, often tempest tossed, but most generally riding out the storm in safety, was now dismantled, her rigging all "tattered and torn," without pilot chart or compass, the sport of every unwelcome wave that dashed against her, and ready to go down before the fury of the storm that was bursting upon her, to the very bottom of the sea. Thank God, however, there is another ark of safety— another retreat for the friends of the Union, from the dangers that threaten us. There is another vessel careering proudly o'er the deep blue sea. 'Tis the old ship of the Constitution, with her precious freight and her gallant and patriotic crew—all properly manned, with timbers strong and sails unfurled, and with pilots who sleep not at the helm, and who know the dangers of the sea. Let us all crowd her decks, of whatever name and of whatever party, and with the star-spangled banner floating above us, in the gentle breeze, let the noble old craft plow the deep, let us feel that our country and its institutions are yet safe, and let us all join in the proud anthem, "The star-spangled banner oh long may it wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave."37 In June, Thomas C. Reynolds, Douglas Democrat candidate for lieutenant governor, spoke in Mexico. A newspaperman reported the event: [Reynolds's] . . . well directed volley on the nominees of the Chicago Conventions, which, of course, was an entire waste of ammunition, since there were neither friends nor sympathizers of the nominees present. . . . Mr. Reynolds next went off on the canine question, proving that he was much more conversant with the habits and principles of dogs than those of men. He stated that the Know Nothing dog was dead, and wished to know why he did not stay dead, illustrating his dogmas by telling sev eral flat dog anecdotes, and attempting to quote some doggerals [sic~\. . . . 37 Columbia Missouri Statesman, May 25, June 29, 1860. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 175 At the conclusion of Mr. Reynold's remarks, the uni versal cry was for Rollins, who took the stand and made one wa p., swrrctsn, mtw. of his most masterly efforts, abounding in burning irony, withering sarcasm; inter spersed with happy sallies of wit, anecdotes, and unanswer able arguments. Maj. R. spoke for two hours, during which SQMM BBHi, of VmoL time he kept his audience completely spellbound. EDWB EVBIRKT^ of Mnss. We do not recollect of 8AMFLB0BR cfGroone. ever hearing more severe or more appropriate irony than T. J. a FA09. of Piko. used by Maj. Rollins in the commencement of his address. r-, ^.-,, >, j. ,un ... t..lv^„, V *'" ---A » :--. .,.ui-^.«.;> .-n,M. He told the audience how s v! ! x ably Mr. Reynolds had treated *;•-" «"'' V '" ^<~ - *»• r. HAVI« .t !,.«,.!,£, the great questions pertaining J-Xti: < \'KXOKRW*lY£CvXI> toWTXI^T* to the State—railroads, reve SAB. S. KOLLINS, of Boone. nue, &c, questions as foreign rt>n r/>w n v$s "Z?IF II MXTMICT* ; from the speech as the poles, T the point of which the most i". T. MiroBB^3^Laftyotte | ran rox&nxass /a: TW Bmnaer> • obtuse mind could perceive at mum a £Jurro.of?asper.' a glance. hVX TME STATS &£X4TE. Maj. R. next followed the O. H. HABB1H of Callaway : gentleman on the dog ques r o =7 ?? £PK h£k\x r 4 TI vx?. tion, and wanted to know why he should complain of dead J<>'*?< $• IUSW^-.N ?u i ^Mii" Bos dogs coming to life, when the v**. wuiiO'jV** for Cc-s^v,-* fa iW gentleman himself ran for >s*voud l^uic- v ill &*;Hf>^ \h» pc**\h' Congress in St. Louis a few :*-• follow-?: years since, and received only 8f > ery, made it perfectly irresist T«h<^., *"*di..*,^ t««jjiY. ?rM»v Jiiiy,...... „/.X'ik. 15\-x!«;.f. «fi,J.Vi«w»yfis>ii«it^. ^itt^tU* Juiv. i'^fh. ible, and its effect was mag *S«Hi«bi.^ ft»^t-*:^-i'SJ^-v. ^..-*i8? JTKIS m\\. 38 ^««r--^;,, Jtt-*£sw«« iPS'y, W<-«?^e 39 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 822. 40Lightfoot, "Sample Orr," 127-134. *Hbid., 135-144. 42 ibid., 137-145. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 177 emphasized that a territorial legislature had no power to exclude slavery from the territory.43 The Union party candidate for president, John C. Bell, was a native of Tennessee and a lawyer who served in the House of Representatives from 1827 to 1841. Later as a United States senator, he became a renowned debater. He had belonged to the Democratic party at the beginning of his career, but after his estrangement from Andrew Jackson, he became a leader of the Whig party in the South.44 At a Union celebration on the St. Joseph fairgrounds in Oc tober 1860, from 7,000 to 12,000 people attended. Around the grounds were drawn several floats which included a large ship rep resenting the "Ship of State" and a large bell symbolizing John C. Bell. One float was filled with girls representing the 33 states and the "Goddess of Liberty." A torchlight procession marched from the grounds to the market square. Here the crowd divided and orators entertained from two stands simultaneously.45 Union party speakers compared the Constitution to a ship and encouraged all citizens to board it. They pointed out incon sistencies in the Douglas Democratic positions and used some of the Democrats' remarks to support Union candidates. Campaign speakers of the Union party were particularly skilled in refuting opponents' arguments and in using sarcasm and irony. Republicans advocated the suppression of slavery. Their sin cere, masterful, courageous orators were well known outside the state. They often argued against slavery, made predictions, applied labels, appealed to patriotism and asked questions. B. Gratz Brown and Edward Bates were leaders of the Re publican party in Missouri in 1860. A native of Kentucky, Brown at one time served as a member of the state legislature and became a leader in the antislavery movement.46 Before the Civil War he favored the gradual compensated emancipation of slaves.47 Edward Bates had served as a delegate to the Missouri Constitutional Con vention of 1820, the first attorney general of Missouri, a state legislator, a United States District Attorney, a congressman, presi dent of the 1856 national Whig convention and a judge of the 43 Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, July 7, 1860. 44 Encyclopaedia Britannica (Chicago, 1951) , III, 372. 45 Columbia Missouri Statesman, September 7, 1860; Huntsville Randolph Citizen, October 11, 1860. 46 Violette, History of Missouri, 421. 47 Parrish, History of Missouri, 89. 178 Missouri Historical Review John C. Bell St. Louis County Land Court. Extremely intelligent and of high moral caliber, Bates had a pleasant and sincere manner and was a remarkably convincing speaker.48 On March 10, the Republican state convention met in St. Louis, the center of Republican strength. B. Gratz Brown argued against slavery. Those attending the convention elected delegates to the Chicago convention and endorsed Bates's nomination for president of the United States.49 However, Bates did not receive the nomina tion at Chicago, perhaps, because he lived in a slave state.50 Frank P. Blair, another Republican leader, had been a mem ber of the state legislature and of Congress. He had taken a promi nent role in organizing the party on the national level. Believing that slavery threatened the free white laborers' economic oppor tunities, he favored emancipation and the colonization of freed blacks in Central America.51 After the nomination of Abraham Lincoln in Chicago, Missouri Republicans met in St. Louis to ratify the nomination. Opponents 48 Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Three Missouri State and Statehood Founders," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXV (July, 1971), 538-539, 542. 49 St. Joseph Free Democrat, March 17, 1860. 50 March, History of Missouri, 857. 51 Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr., "Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokes man," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LX1V (April, 1970), 263-269. The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 179 interrupted Blair's speech by yelling, hit one speaker with stones and broke up the meeting. Similar incidents caused Republicans to organize the "Wide Awake Club." Members of the club carried lighted lamps on leaded sticks and stationed themselves on the outskirts of crowds at political gatherings. They smeared disturbers with camphene and beat them with their sticks.52 The Republican candidate for governor, James B. Gardenhire, did not take a very active part in the campaign until immediately before the August elections.53 He had been attorney general during the administration of Governor Sterling Price. Price became a Confederate officer in the Civil War, but Gardenhire believed in the gradual emancipation of slaves.54 Although Republicans in the state campaigned primarily in St. Louis, they held a meeting at Bethany in June. One of the speakers presented a masterful address in which he compared slavery to an old disease that was about conquered. Then, he stated, along came a quack doctor named "Douglas" with a medicine called "squatter sovereignty" and made the disease worse.55 That same month in St. Louis, Colonel Thomas A. Nelson described the president of the United States as "execrable, corrupt, and damnable." Gardenhire also delivered a speech on that occasion.56 In July, the Republicans of St. Louis uproariously received Frank P. Blair. During the meeting, a member of the Wide Awakes and a candidate for circuit attorney had a fist fight.57 Whenever Blair was told that an audience was hostile and his speaking might result in personal injury, he seemed especially eager to talk.58 In Hannibal, yells frequently interrupted him. Now and then a rock hit the wall over his head or an egg splattered someone on the platform. William Hatch spoke against Blair, but in closing observed that the right of free speech would be vindicated everywhere in the South, especially in Hannibal. When another speaker attempted to reply, Hatch's statement was refuted by a shower of eggs and rocks. A reporter concluded that the speaker did not attempt to continue because he thought the effect of slavery on the rights of citizens had been adequately displayed.59 52 James Peckham, General Nathaniel Lyon and Missouri in 1861 (New York, 1866), xii-xiv. 53Lightfoot, "Sample Orr," 144. 54 March, History of Missouri, 857. 55 Si. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, June 23, I860. 56 St. Louis Daily Bulletin, June 22, I860. 57 ibid., June 13, 1860. 58 Carr, Missouri, A Bone of Contention, 276. 59 St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, September 15, 1860. 180 Missouri Historical Review James B. Gardenhire experienced a milder rebuff at Warrens- burg when he attempted to answer Democrat Senator James S. Green. An editor noted that: . . . After GREEN concluded his speech GARDEN- HIRE mounted the stand to reply, asking GREEN to pre sent him to the audience. Mr. GREEN replied: "I cannot do that," and stepped off the stand. Some half dozen men, previously on the stand, commenced immediately a boister ous call for another Democratic speaker, Mr. COCKERILL, which satistfied [sic] GARDERHIRE that the people did not wish to hear him and he retired.60 Speaking at St. Louis in August, Carl Schurz, a leading Re publican, stated: "It is true they [the Union party] tell us they will enforce the laws and the Constitution. Well enough! But what laws? Those that free labor demand, or those that slavery give us?"61 Early in September, Republican party members raised a Lincoln pole at Eagleville, passed resolutions and listened to nu merous speeches.62 About the same time in St. Joseph, Thomas J. Boynton tried to convince his listeners that they were interested in the government's inaugurating a radical homestead policy. 60 Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 3, 1860. 61 St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, August 25, I860. 62 ibid., September 8, 1860. Wide Awakes The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 181 Frank P. Blair, Jr. Colonel John S. Enloe warned that he, rather than Tom Price, should be elected a legislator.63 The Republicans pointed out the evils of slavery, predicted its abolition in the future, asked what laws the Union party planned to enforce, compared slavery to an old disease and used other labels. They frequently called their leaders natural orators, cou rageous and masterful, and their opponents, quacks, corrupt and damnable. The campaigning by each political party had been vigorous and some of the election returns were surprising. Most of the eligible voters of Missouri cast their ballots in the election.64 In August, Claiborne Fox Jackson and Thomas C. Reynolds were elected governor and lieutenant governor.65 Probably some Breckinridge Democrats voted for them because of the candidates' southern backgrounds, their possible belief in the extension of slavery and the disunity of Breckinridge leaders.66 Many Douglas Democrats, no doubt, supported their candidates because of the telbid., September 15, 1860; Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, July 28, 1860. 64 Violette, History of Missouri, 325. 05 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 824. «« Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 5. 182 Missouri Historical Review Jackson Resolutions and the influence of favorable editorials and articles in Douglas newspapers. A few Union members may have voted for Jackson because they believed Sample Orr could not win. Other voters may have been impressed by Jackson's and Reynolds's logical and eloquent speeches. The victory of a political leader like Jackson was not surpris ing. However, that an obscure candidate like Orr received about 40 percent of the votes may have caused some wonderment.67 On- obtained the support of Union newspaper editors and many voters by his refutation of Jackson's arguments and his wit. He also told his audiences what they wanted to hear.68 Missouri voters cast over 85 percent of their ballots for Jackson and Orr, rejecting the extreme positions of Hancock Jackson and James B, Gardenhire.69 Candidates who won seats in the house of representatives in cluded: Frank P. Blair, James S. Rollins, J. B. Clark and John W. Reid.70 Blair, Rollins and Clark were well known and well liked in their districts, and they also were skilled speakers. Probably Reid was better known than his opponents. Missourians rejected the extreme positions of candidates, with the exception of Blair. 67Lightfoot, "Sample Orr," 147. 68 Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 4. 69 Meyer, History of Missouri, 344. 70 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 824. Voting, Election Day, 1860 The Political Campaign of 1860 in Missouri 183 Stephen A. Douglas carried only Missouri. About 70 percent of the voters in the state chose Douglas or John C. Bell—once again rejecting the extreme positions. Several residents of wealthy slave-holding counties voted for Douglas.71 Conservative Mis sourians, who believed in states' rights, and others convinced by Douglas's powerful oratory, cast their ballots for him. Many desired peace and voted for him because they remembered his prediction concerning a civil war. Between the state election in August and the national elec tion in November, the extreme parties, Breckinridge Democrat and Republican, made considerable gains even in conservative Mis souri. In November, three times the number of Missourians voted for John C. Breckinridge as had voted for Hancock Jackson, the Breckinridge Democrat candidate for governor.72 After C. F. Jack son was elected governor, he did not campaign for Douglas73 and apparently some Democrats who supported him in August voted for Breckinridge in November.74 Approximately three times as many Missourians voted for Abraham Lincoln than had voted for James B. Gardenhire.75 Historian B. B. Lightfoot believes that the dissolution of state coalitions and increased tension in the state resulted in many more votes for extreme candidates.76 Perhaps tension increased because campaign speakers used name calling and other emotional appeals which inflamed citizens. If true in conservative Missouri, campaign speakers may have had a greater effect in states where citizens held predominately extreme view points. 71 March, History of Missouri, 859. 72 Violette, History of Missouri, 325. 73 Parrish, History of Missouri, 3. 74 March, History of Missouri, 859. 75 Violette, History of Missouri, 325. 76 Lightfoot, "Sample Orr," 147. A Lotuige Bedstead Hannibal Western Union, November 28, 1850. This is an invention of Mr. Ellet's No. 50 Market Street, St, Louis. It is a handsome lounge—an ornamental piece of furniture—in the day time, and when unfolded, at night, is large enough for a small family to sleep on. It has met with a ready sale in St. Louis, is much praised by the papers and is probably by this time patented. It is especially commended to families crowded for room, and to lawyers and physicians sleeping in their own offices. Richard B. Foster Some Aspects of Black Education in Reconstruction Missouri: An Address by Richard B. Foster EDITED BY ANTONIO F. HOLLAND AND GARY R. KREMER* In 1933, Carter G. Woodson, writing on the educational prob lems confronted by black Americans, charged that whites "had thoroughly demonstrated" they were no longer willing to serve a useful function in the educational life of blacks. "They have not/' he said, "the spirit of their predecessors and do not measure up to the requirements of educators desired in accredited colleges." * Antonio F. Holland received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from North eastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. He is presently assistant professor of History at Lincoln University, Jefferson City. Gary R. Kremer has the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Lincoln University and is currently an instructor of History at Lincoln University, Jefferson City. 184 Some Aspects of Black Education 185 That, Woodson suggested, was unfortunate. For there had been a time, shortly after the Civil War, when a number of sincere Northern whites had gone South "and established schools and churches to lay the foundation" for black colleges.1 There was, in Woodson's view, little doubt about the moral soundness of those men's motives. Indeed, in his words, "Anathema be upon him who would utter a word derogatory to the record of these heroes and heroines."2 Some thirty-four years later, Henry Bullock, another historian of black education in the South, also extolled the qualities of whites who founded Southern black schools during the early years of Reconstruction. These people, whom he categorized as coming mainly from the religious group of the North: . . . were in the main devout Christians. . . . They were largely trained in New England colleges and universities and were probably some of the best prepared of the na tion's small supply of common school teachers. They had interpreted the Emancipation Proclamation in terms of what it was supposed to mean—the freedom of Negroes to care for themselves and participate in a free society like other people.3 Richard B. Foster, a founder of Lincoln University of Missouri, was one such man. Foster was born and raised in Hanover, New Hampshire, and was graduated from Dartmouth College, well steeped in the Congregationalist tradition. He was the descendant of an old New England family which had emigrated from Ipswich, England, before the Revolution. He taught school in Illinois and Indiana prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. Foster demon strated his abolitionist sentiments as early as 1856 by taking part in the John Brown raid upon Fort Titus, Kansas. In 1862 he entered the service of the Union Army as a private in the First Nebraska Regiment. When Abraham Lincoln authorized the formation of black regiments, Foster immediately volunteered to join the Sixty- Second United States Colored Infantry, later rising to the rank of lieutenant. He was in command of the rear guard at the battle of Palmetto Ranch, Texas, May 25, 1865.4 i Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro (Washington, D.C., 1933), 26. 2 Ibid. 3 Henry Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South (New York, 1970), 24. 4 W. Sherman Savage, A History of Lincoln University (Jefferson City, Mo., 1939), 7-10; William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870 (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 128-132. 186 Missouri Historical Review At the end of the war, Foster was asked by the men of the 62nd and 65th colored regiments to act as their agent in the estab lishment of a school for blacks in Missouri. Foster accepted this expression of confidence and left the next year for Missouri, carrying with him more than $6,000.00 raised by the members of the 62nd and 65th. In 1866 he founded Lincoln Institute in Jeffer son City, Missouri, and there served the cause of black education as principal of the school for the next six years. The following document, an address delivered before the State Teachers' Association in St. Louis in 1869, offers some insight into the problems he faced in Jefferson City, and the problems black education, in general, faced in Reconstruction Missouri. Foster's address was published in the Jefferson City Weekly Missouri State Times, May 21, 1869. Address Upon Colored Schools Delivered Before the State Teachers' Association at St. Louis, Mo., May 17th, 1869 By R. B. Foster, of Jefferson City The State Superintendent reports in this State thirty-four thousand colored children "of educable age." As it is at last dis covered that they are educable, it becomes an interesting question what provision is made that their possibilities of educableness may be realized. A summary of the reports of County Superintendents shows fifty-nine public colored schools in the state, and an attendance of 2,000 pupils. One-seventeenth! This showing must be erroneous. There must be more than 2,000, there must be more than one- seventeenth of the colored children of the State in school. There are many subscription schools, some of them quite small, and some taught by indifferent teachers, but still doing something. There are many schools supported by benevolent societies in the North, whose teachers are thoroughly qualified, and endued with self- denying missionary spirit. [Many of these have not been]5 re ported by indifferent superintendents. All this is so. The office of the Freedmen's Bureau in this City has reports of seventeen schools, with sixteen hundred pupils, some of whom are and [some are] not, included in the other list. I esti- 5 Words introduced in brackets in the text of this document represent edi torial interpolations added where the original manuscript was illegible. mate that there are about five thousand colored children in the State attending school. On the other hand, the same indifference that fails to report all the schools, also fails to report all the chil dren. I shall not be thought unreasonable if I estimate fifty thousand as the number of this class for whom schools should be provided; certainly not if a small allowance be made for adults. So, instead of the number two thousand, and the ratio one- seventeenth, we may claim the number of five thousand, and the ratio one-tenth, as actualy provided with schools. Is this a showing to be proud of? Can we point to those figures with exultation?6 But perhaps the character of such schools as the colored people enjoy is so high as to atone in part for the paucity of their num bers. Would it were so! But is it reasonable to expect this? By what test or tests shall we judge? By the respect given to the teacher? By the money paid them? By the cost of the school-houses? By the value of the furniture and apparatus provided? Alas! by all these tests, the colored schools are inferior. It is undeniable that as a general rule, the teachers of colored schools are held in less estimation, and are in less danger of be coming rich than the teachers of the white schools.7 Understand, it is not the teachers but the schools, whose cause I am pleading. If there is any teacher of a colored school, who cannot make a living at that, let him do something else or starve. Better that an incompetent should starve than go into the school-room as a teacher, even of Negroes! 6 Foster's estimate of 5,000 seems conservative when compared with a study done by a Freedmen's Bureau agent in 1869. The agent reported that by fall of 1869 there were 114 Negro schools, mostly public, with 6,240 pupils in attendance throughout the state. The census of 1870 revealed an enrollment of 9,080 black students. Professor William Parrish estimates that the potential Negro student group of the entire state contained approximately 42,000 chil dren. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 123. 7 For example, in 1873 average salaries ranged from $46.70 monthly for a male teacher in a colored school to $82.72 monthly in white schools. Women were grossly underpaid in both cases: $40 monthly average in black schools; $46.64 monthly in white schools. Ibid., 128. 188 Missouri Historical Review But as to school-houses. How many good school-houses in this State have dusky faces for occupants? Houses that would be satis factory to the white children of the locality? Where are they? Where is one? In St. Joseph the colored school-house is a frame building- all rest are brick.8 Are there any forty thousand dollar school-houses in St. Louis for the five thousand colored children?9 In Jefferson City, has been partly bought and partly built, within a year and a half, a comfortable brick for the white children, containing four [large] rooms and a recitation room, and fur nished with good desks—at a cost of about ten thousand dollars.10 Not too much certainly, no, not half enough for one thousand chil dren. But the colored school is provided with a frame twenty-two feet wide, built for a school-house in the ante-diluvian ages, and for years considered worthless, resuscitated by an outlay of five hundred dollars, and furnished with the home-made desks thrown out of the white school-house. How is that single room for three hundred and fifty children? Number of colored children one-fourth the whole, cost of their school-house one-twentieth! Would St. Louis, would the state show a nearer approximation to equal justice than that? I imagine not. I suppose the majority of colored schools in this state are taught in cabins and in churches. In the rural districts in cabins never meant for school-houses, and in towns in churches never fit for a school-house. For though a church may well go into a school- house, a school should never go into a church.11 8 St. Joseph had started its first black school in 1866. By 1871 St. Joseph had two one-room schools for blacks and by 1874, 386 of the 651 blacks enumerated in the city were enrolled under four teachers. Robert Irving Brig ham, "The Education of the Negro in Missouri" (unpublished Ph.D. disserta tion, University of Missouri, 1946) , 84. 9 St. Louis had more schools for blacks at this time than any other com munity in the state. The state legislature had granted power to the city to establish separate schools for blacks in 1865. In 1866 three schools were es tablished for blacks, one in the north, one in the south, and one in the central part of the city. By 1868 there were five black schools. In 1871 a sixth school was established, and by 1875 there were twelve black schools. Ibid., 90-91. io The school was located on a lot known as Hobo Hill, fronting on Miller Street, between Miller and McCarty (then called Van Buren) , and Marshall and Jackson. It was the site of the first public school land to be purchased by Jefferson City, also the first site of Lincoln University, and, currently, the site of Simonsen Junior High School. Jerena East Giffen, The House on Hobo Hill: The History of the Jefferson City Public Schools (Jefferson City, Mo., 1964), 14, 58. 11 Another example of the kind of schools about which Foster is speaking, includes a school established in St. Louis by Hiram Revels in 1856. Revels later became the first Negro to sit in the LTnited States Senate. In Hannibal, Tom Henderson, a free black man who had become a Methodist minister, held classes at the Second Baptist Church before the Civil War. When war came, Some Aspects of Black Education 189 In fact, I presume that my school-house, the one just referred to, that cost five hundred dollars to revive it—is much better than the average house occupied by my kind of school. I have a room six feet too narrow, but of good length; with an entry, in an airy, beautiful situation; with good windows and good roof; not quite a good floor; wall and ceiling plastered; walnut desks, made by a mechanic who was a good workman, but who did not know how a desk should be made for the comfort and health of the pupil; and a good, large black-board, and three small ones. In that room- not always as good as now—I have taught nearly three years. Will you bear with me while I describe the scene of my first entrance on my labor there as memory recalls it? The rain is pouring in torrents. As I approached the school- house, I am stopped by a creek, the bridge over which has been swept away—usually fordable, but now impassable by reasons of the flood. A half hour s detour, and the scrambling of several fences brings me to the sanctuary of learning. What a sanctuary! The rains pour through the roof scarcely less than outside. I could throw a dog through the side in twenty places. There is no sign of a window, bench, desk, chair or table. In this temple of the muses I meet two pupils. On the next day the same scene is re peated. The third day the rain has ceased, the creek has become fordable, and seventeen pupils are enrolled; and for more than six weeks, new names are added to the register every day. I will not weary you with details of gradual improvement since. I have taught one hundred and thirty pupils in that house at one time, without he turned the job over to Blanche K. Bruce, who later also became a United States senator. In Columbia, the board of education opened a combination school-church in the fall of 1866. In 1865 the Western Sanitary Commission at St. Louis was operating a high school for about fifty or sixty black people in the basement of one of the churches. In 1869 one of the three black ele mentary schools in St. Louis was being conducted by two teachers in the basement of the Chambers Street Baptist Church, corner of 10th and Chambers streets. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 118-120, 124; J. W. Evans, "A Brief Sketch of the Development of Negro Education in St. Louis, Missouri," The Journal of Negro Education, VII (October, 1938), 548-552. 190 Missouri Historical Review assistance. But since last January, half my scholars have been sent to an assistant, half whose wages are paid by the school board, who teaches in a church with her brother, the principal of Lincoln Institute, and I have been comparatively happy.12 I have not troubled you with these details as supposing they have any value of themselves, but they illustrate the difficulties under which colored schools have been established in this State. And I was not the pioneer. It deserves to be recorded that the two ladies who first taught a colored school in Jefferson City were stoned in the street, and owed their safety to the protection of Governor [Thomas] Fletcher. Yet I think our circumstances were and are not worse but better than the average. Still less are you to suppose that I have taken this covert means to complain of the board of education. Far from it. Their treatment of me has been generous, and they have gone to the extreme limit of their means in providing for my school.13 But we may as well accept that the colored schools of this State are mostly in poor condition; too few in number, little thought of, little cared for. As a state we are not doing our duty for the education of the colored people, and probably not doing half so much as most of us, in our self-complacency, think we are. It is comparatively of less consequence that the teachers of white schools should be fit for their post. For, mark you, the colored children have no other means of education than the school room. They have no intelligent parents, no refined homes supplied 12 Foster's assistant was Fannie Payne and the school she was conducting was located in the Colored Baptist Church, which, at the time, was itself housed in an old frame building once used for a stable. It stood near the present site of the railroad depot. Ms. Payne's brother, W. H. Payne, was the second principal of the school (after Foster), and the first black principal. He was educated at Adrian College in Michigan. Savage, A History of Lincoln University, 8, 12, 16-17, 198. 13 Despite State Superintendent T. A. Parker's efforts to advance the cause of black education in Missouri, progress along those lines was handi capped by the general unwillingness of Missouri school boards to go along with his plans. The ground rules for the establishment of black schools had been laid in 1866 by the Twenty-Third General Assembly which stipulated that separate schools were to be established by a township in which there were twenty blacks of school age enumerated. In such localities as had less than twenty blacks of school age the money raised for their schooling was to be used for their education in such ways as local school boards saw fit. How ever, as late as 1867, the superintendent of Missouri schools pointed out that there was no effective way of enforcing such laws in the state of Missouri. The 1868 legislature tried to remedy this situation by giving the state superintendent the power to establish schools for blacks should local school boards refuse to do so. Additional legislation, passed in 1871, made school officials who failed to live up to this specific duty liable to a fine of from fifty to five hundred dollars. Brigham, "The Education of the Negro in Missouri," 83-84. Some Aspects of Black Education 191 with books and papers, to supplement the deficiencies and correct the mistakes of the teacher. Let him have provincialisms of speech, antiquated and false methods of instruction, and his pupils receive it all as law and gospel. Soon the older pupils will be taking little subscription schools in the rural district, and will at least perpetuate and propagate all the falsehoods they have learned.14 Therefore, I say emphatically the colored schools need the best of teachers. How shall they be obtained? There are not com petent teachers for the white schools in the State. Have any of you known a surplus of thoroughly competent teachers, unable to find situations in any community in the State? But, as I have intimated, the white schools usually give better pay in money and social position than the colored; and teachers would be more than human if they did not seek the best places. There are needed to-day in this State one thousand first class teachers for colored schools, and there are not one hundred whose qualifications rank as fair. I know of only one way to [get] colored teachers. We can draw some from the North and East; we must educate the most at home. There are but few occupations fairly open to the colored people that are both honorable and lucrative. Next to farming, which is the most honorable of all, the rightly pursued, the most lucrative, for it pays health, quiet, peace of mind, communion with God and nature—the highest, purest, sweetest life is that of him who sucks the breast of mother earth, next to farming is teaching. That pro fession has received a special honor in taking a Prof. [Ebenezer Don Carlos] Bassett from his school-room in Philadelphia—and mark you, he had a good school-house—to be Minister to Hayti.15 Missouri has a colored teacher, J. Milton Turner of Boonville, who, if he did not receive the mission to Liberia, was at least worthy of it. He, instead of myself, ought to have delivered this address to you.16 14 Subscription schools were simply schools in which the pupils were charged a fee to cover the cost of the teacher's services and the facilities used. They received no state support. Both black and white subscription schools were common during this period. 15 Ebenezer Bassett was a Connecticut-born high school principal who had studied at Yale. He was appointed to the Haitian ministership by President Ulysses S. Grant and served during Grant's entire tenure in office. Benjamin Quarles, Frederick Douglass (New York, 1969), 321, 323. 16 James Milton Turner was born a slave in St. Louis County, in 1840. After serving in the Civil War, he returned to Missouri and became involved in efforts to advance the cause of black education in particular and civil rights generally. In the process, he became recognized as a spokesman for blacks, not only in Missouri, but throughout the country. Though, as Foster reports in this speech, Turner did not receive the ministership to Liberia when he 192 Missouri Historical Review The first structure at Lincoln Institute was completed in 1871. In encouraging colored teachers I would not discourage white teachers from taking colored schools. I am no friend to the dogma that colored people must keep to themselves in school and church. I am the sworn enemy of caste in all its forms. But here is an inviting field which fit persons ought to enter, the need can not be otherwise supplied, and in some cases, not being themselves entirely free from that caste spirit that has been and is such a bitter enemy to them, they prefer teachers of their own color. They are an imitative race, and imitation, like love and justice is blind. It seizes alike on virtue and vice. And they have derived from us something of that spirit of caste which we so faithfully cherish. While no white church in the land would accept the ministra tions of a colored pastor, though he were another Athanasius or Augustine; while no white regiment would consent to be led into battle by a colored colonel, though he were a worthy successor to Hannibal and Toussaint L'Ouverture, let us not blame them too severely if they sometimes prefer teachers of their own class, es pecially as some white men and women have thought themselves good enough to teach schools, who were confessedly not fit to teach white children. We must then have colored teachers. Whence? How? We must draw what we can from outside. Immigration has been the salva- first applied in 1869, he was appointed to that position by President Grant early in 1871. Gary R. Kremer, "James Milton Turner: The Hopeful Years 1868-1875" (unpublished essay written in U. S. History Seminar at The American University, Washington, D.C., Spring, 1975), 7-12. Some Aspects of Black Education 193 tion of Missouri. A few carpet-baggers of the right kind would help the colored people amazingly. [But] we can not count much upon them. The supply of suitable material is too limited; and other fields, where the blacks are stronger, an educated man might get to Congress, are more attractive. Then we must educate them at home. How? In the scattered, irregular, inferior schools, and poor school-houses they now have? How many teachers of colored schools are there to-day in Missouri who are graduates of some good normal school, up with the progress of the age and the science of teaching, and thoroughly competent to train teachers? If there is one, it is beyond my knowledge. Then we must have a normal school to train colored teachers. That's what we want. A normal school in a suitable location, provided with good buildings and a good corps of instructors, and with tuition free. There are large numbers who would seek its advantages, who, in two years, would make second class teachers, and in four years would become first class. Some of the pupils would, in one year, be better qualified than three-fourths of those now in the field. The buildings for such a school ought to be erected this summer, and the school to open with two hundred pupils next September. Is it possible to do that? Ten thousand dollars added to what is now ready for that Lincoln Univ. Lib. W. H. Payne 194 Missouri Historical Review purpose would put up the buildings. Let me explain what I refer to as now ready for the purpose. In January, 1866, I was in Texas, a Lieutenant in the 62nd regiment United States Colored Infantry. I was about to be mustered out on a consolidation of the regiment into four companies. A sort of spontaneous movement arose to raise a subscription to establish a school in Missouri—ours was a Missouri regiment—of which I should take charge. The primary idea was for the benefit of colored soldiers. I did not suggest the undertaking, but accepted it as an indication of providence as to my field of duty. The immediate results, were five thousand dollars from our regiment, thirteen hundred and twenty-five from the sixty-fifth, and two thousand dollars from the Freedmen's Bureau; the organization of a legal board of trustees under the name of Lincoln Institute; and the opening of the school in September, 1866, in the manner I have before referred to. The results to this time have been that [the school has been es tablished and] is now taught in a church by a colored man, Mr. W. H. Payne, a graduate of Adrian College, and his sister; an agent, a colored man, Rev. C. R. Beal, is at work in the East, and rather more than keeps the school going by his labors; and there is a permanent endowment, above expenses for three years, of seven thousand dollars, mostly invested in land near Jefferson City.17 The trustees are anxious first of all to preserve the funds committed to them,, safe from all abuse and chance of loss. Coun sels of the utmost prudence have prevailed. They will not build or spend more than is necessary to keep the school alive till the way is clear. They have asked the Legislature for a small share of the three hundred and thirty thousand acres of Agricultural College land given by Congress to this State, and in two successive ses sions a bill has passed the Senate embracing that feature. Once it failed in the House to receive a constitutional majority, though there were ten more votes cast for it than against it, and last winter !7 Again, this was the school that was being conducted in the Colored Baptist Church. W. H. Payne and Charles A. Beal, both of whom had been students at Adrian College in Michigan, had dedicated their lives to Negro education and had sent letters to the governors of former slave states inquir ing about the possibility of gaining teaching positions in black schools. Their letter to Governor Thomas Fletcher was passed on to Richard B. Foster who immediately solicited Beal and Payne's assistance. Payne came as a teacher and was made principal and Beal was made field agent. Lincoln Institute did not have enough money to pay Payne a salary and he was asked to provide his own remuneration. He was able to get the American Missionary Associa tion to contribute $400.00 toward that end. Savage, A History of Lincoln Uni versity, 8, 12, 16, 198. Some Aspects of Black Education 195 its consideration was postponed till the adjourned session. So far as I know, opposition to the bill was confined to other features, viz. The proposed disposal of the principal part of the grant! so that it may be assumed that this provision is likely to become law, and a fund thereby realized at some future time, the product of say thirty thousand acres of land.18 According to the standard of North Carolina this would come to fifteen thousand dollars. According to the standard of Minnesota to one hundred and fifty thousand. But in either case this is uncertain, except as to the fact that it will not be available for years; and an agriculture college is not a normal school.19 But if the colored people of this State are to have good common schools supplied with competent teachers; if they are to have the opportunity of a higher education in agri culture, the mechanic art, law, medicine, theology, science and art, without going out of the State for it, and without waiting for the slow process of such correction of public sentiment as will open our high schools and colleges to them—a process much hindered by their ignorance—it is simply a necessity of the case that all the means available should be concentrated in one institution, strong enough to be respectable and useful, and with elasticity to develope each department of a complete university as it may be needed. It is not a necessity that this institution be called Lincoln Institute, that it be located at Jefferson City, or that the individuals who now constitute the board of trustees of Lincoln Institute have control of it. But there are seven thousand dollars and an actual beginning of a school; and while I speak for myself alone, without authority of the board, [I] think I am safe in saying that that 18 In 1869 a bill was offered in the legislature by Representative L. A. Thompson of Montgomery County to enlarge the University of the State of Missouri by establishing the Department of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. This bill included a proposal that would have given Lincoln Institute 10 percent of the income from the agricultural college land grants provided by the federal government. When the bill was finally passed, the part about Lincoln Institute had been dropped. It was not until 1870, after a mass dem onstration by black citizens from all parts of the state in Jefferson City, that Lincoln Institute was allocated state funds to continue its educational programs. In that year, the general assembly, in an attempt at compromise, offered a resolution, introduced by J. B. Harper of Putnam County, granting five thousand dollars annually in state aid to Lincoln if its trustees would consent to convert the school into one designed for the training of Negro teachers for public schools. Savage, A History of Lincoln University, 12-14; Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 131-132. 19 A normal school had as its primary purpose the training of persons to become teachers. An agricultural college, on the other hand, was less academic and more vocational, training its students to become scientific farmers and practitioners of the mechanical arts. 196 Missouri Historical Review sum can be joined to any other funds that may be raised to es tablish such a school as is needed, in any location and under any name that may be most advisable. The normal school should be the first department open. That is the most pressing necessity. I ask the State [Teachers'] Associa tion to adopt [a resolution urging the Legislature to [act] with out delay [and requesting] a generous and philanthropic public not to wait for the legislature, but to contribute enough to in augurate the work. It will be said that teachers are not the only need. Our reply, they are the greatest. I know of schools waiting for teachers; schools that have applied to me for teachers, and I could not send them. Other schools have applied to the State Superintendent for teach ers and he could not supply them. Here I desire to call attention to a very effective provision of our school law: that namely which makes it the duty of the State Superintendent to establish colored schools where the local board fails to do so. It is within my knowledge that the mere fact of that law on the Statute book, coupled with a firm im pression that the Superintendent would obey it, has caused [sic] number of schools to be established where other means had failed. If in any community where the local board neglects to provide a school, the colored people have one intelligent friend, he can do them no other service so great, as by assisting them to make out a case for the Superintendent. He can only act "upon satisfactory proof." It appears by the last biennial report of the State Auditor, that during two years 6,000 dollars had been appropriated from the State Treasury to the Military Institute at Lexington; $10,000.00 to build the president's house at Columbia; and $29,259.23 out of "seminary moneys" [sic] to the State University—in all $45,259.23 to seminaries of learning above the grade of the common school. No colored student is ever seen in either of those institutions. No Statute law forbids their presence, but it is prohibited by a law whose edicts are more certain to be obeyed than those of the Legislature—the law of public opinion. I demand that the next biennial report of the State Auditor shall show disbursements to an institution of learning above the grade of the common school, that shall be open to colored students.20 20 The next biennial report of the State Auditor did, of course, reflect the newly appropriated $5,000 specifically earmarked for Lincoln Institute. By Some Aspects of Black Education 197 Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City But there are those who will say to this class, "Now you ought to be content with what you have obtained. Your masters have lost a great deal of money by your liberation. You are now as free as anybody. Equal civil rights are guaranteed to you by the laws. We expect some of you want to learn to read and [write and we will give you a chance,] but you must not expect that the people, (have you ever noticed, how in talking about the people, it is al most universally assumed that Negroes are no part of the people?) but the people wont stand a tax to build you fine school-houses and hire as good teachers as the white schools have. Niggers are impudent and forward anyhow." I say language substantially like that expresses the view of a great many honest and well-intentioned persons. But I do not agree that that view is essentially sound. I think it is essentially wrong. With due deference to those who differ from me, I advance the following: The natural rights of all classes are alike. If there is any dif ference in their claims, it is the result of fortuitous circumstances. Long continued deprivation of just rights does not constitute a valid reason to perpetuate that deprivation. From the first settle ment of this State down to 1865, the Negroes were deprived of liberty and incidentally of education. During that period their un- remunerated labor created a vast amount of the material wealth 1879 the state of Missouri had taken over complete operation of the school Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 132. 198 Missouri Historical Review of the State. To give them now the widest possible opportunity for education, to let them have the fullest chance to find out what capacities God has given them, is perhaps to lessen the obligation but it is not to cancel it. The debt is one which from its nature and from its magnitude can never be payed. It is true they have not much property to pay taxes on; but let society restore to them the earnings of which they were feloniously deprived and they will need no help. A particular case will put this in a clearer light than a general statement. My friend and neighbor Cyrus Trigg, was 68 years old when freedom came. For 50 years, with stout muscles and vigorous health he had done a man's work and received a slave's wages.21 Now, considering that money was formerly worth more than its present value, reckon his work at $100.00 a year more than such food and clothing, as he received, and interest averaging 25 years at only 4% and not compounded, and we have $5,000.00 principle, and as much more for interest that we owe him. I say we, for his master is not specially to blame. The re sponsibility lies on the State of Missouri, the State of Virginia, and the American nation, North and South. The United States owes him. How much it owes him in the nature of damages, for the re pression and subjugation of his manhood, for false imprisonment, for tearing from him all his twelve children, ten of whom have never been recovered—I will not undertake to say, but I will say that we owe to him and his class that the number of colored schools in this State be increased ten-fold, the value of the houses for such schools one-hundred fold, and the character of their teachers raised to the highest possible rank. 21 Cyrus Trigg apparently gained his freedom sometime prior to or during 1855. He appeared before the Cole County Court in that year and asked the court to grant him a "free license" to remain in the state. His descendants, among them Lincoln University professor Joseph Trigg, still live in Jeffer son City. Gary R. Kremer, "Cole County, Missouri Freedmen, 1865-1880" (un published Master's thesis, Lincoln University, 1972), 15-16. A Chance for Speculation Fayette Times, August 29, 1840. On the first day of October next, a sale for town lots will take place in Granville, Livingston Co. in this state, situated on the Grand River. We have been told by those acquainted with the location of this, and surrounding country, that Granville provides superior natural advantages. Being at the head of navigation, and in a fertile region of country, we should suppose it to be an important point. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Chancellor James C. Olson, of the University of Missouri-Kansas City, delivered the main address during the Annual Meeting luncheon. Society Holds Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of the State Historical Society of Mis souri was held October 4, 1975, at the Memorial Union of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Dr. Elmer Ellis, president of the Society, presided. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director and secretary of the Society, presented a reading and disposition of the previous Annual Meet ing, held October 5, 1974. The financial report, consisting of the Society's annual balance for the year July 1974-June 1975, was Joseph and Mary Aull accepted Aull III. Dr. Ellis also presented the Society's Distinguished SeWice Dr. Leslie Anders (far right) with Award from President Elmer Ellis the REVIEW article award. on behalf of their father, William 200 Missouri Historical Review Beth Pendergast received the Members and guests viewed Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award George Caleb Bingham's "Order from President Ellis. No. 11" in the Society's Art Gallery. presented by Mr. A. M. Price, treasurer. Dr. Noble E. Cunningham read a statement on behalf of the auditing committee concerning the annual balance. A financial report on behalf of the finance and executive committees was presented by Dr. Lewis E. Atherton. Dr. Brownlee then presented the annual report of the Society. He informed the Society's members of the changeover in business procedures that have taken place since the Society has been con nected to the University of Missouri, for budgetary purposes. He also explained that the Society's professional staff now is assigned job classification descriptions similar to those of the University's staff. In addition, the Society's staff is now eligible for many of the University's benefits, including retirement, medical and in surance programs. For their generous assistance during the trans fer, Dr. Brownlee thanked the University's administration and staff. Dr. Brownlee also reported on the Society's problems with the inflationary economy. For the past two years the Society has not received an increase in appropriations for its operations. This has The Corridor Gallery featured Bingham's "Watching the Car the Contemporary Artists Collec go" was a favorite of those attend tion. ing the open house. Historical Notes and Comments 201 meant that the Society has been unable to add equipment or sup plies. Despite these restrictions the Society, through its observance of strict economy, has continued to fulfill its mission. One example of rising costs the Society has faced relates to the mailing of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. Since 1906 the Society has remailed issues of the REVIEW to those members who have failed to provide advance notification of changes of addresses. At present it costs one dollar a copy in postage to provide this service. Therefore the Society has no recourse but to pass this cost on to those who fail to give it a new mailing address, especially since the dues for membership amount to only two dollars. On a happier note, Dr. Brownlee told the members of the generous gifts bequeathed to the Society by the late Thomas Hart Benton, Missouri's most famous twentieth-century artist. Benton's gifts, added to the Society's earlier Benton holdings, have given the Society one of the most extensive collections of the artist's works in the nation. In addition to the Benton gifts, Dr. Brownlee reported that during the past two years, fifty-two of Missouri's best contemporary artists have donated one or more of their works to the Society's art collection. Trustees chosen for the term expiring at the 1978 Annual Meeting were: Mr. George McCue, St. Louis; Mr. L. E. Meador, Springfield; Mr. W. Wallace Smith, Independence; Mr. Ronald L. Somerville, Chillicothe; Mr. Jack Stapleton, Sr., Stanberry; Mr. Joseph Webber, St. Louis; and Mr. Robert M. White, Mexico. Following the Annual Meeting, members and guests of the Society attended a luncheon in the Memorial Student Union of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Among the honored guests were Governor and Mrs. Christopher S. Bond, both of whom addressed the gathering. Dr. James C. Olson, Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City, presented the main address. Chancellor Olson's address entitled "Local History and the Bicentennial" ap pears in this issue of the REVIEW. Mr. William Aull III, Lexington, received the Society's eighth Distinguished Service Award. The gold-plated medallion and framed certificate were presented by President Ellis to Joseph and Mary Aull, in the absence of their father. A past president of the Society, William Aull III continues to serve as a permanent trustee and member of the Finance Committee. The award for the most scholarly and popular article in the year's REVIEW went to Dr. Leslie Anders, Professor of History at 202 Missouri Historical Review Central Missouri State University, for his contribution entitled "Men from Home: Missouri Volunteers in the Pacification of Mobile, Alabama, 1865-1866," which appeared in the April 1975 issue. Dr. Anders received a framed certificate and a one hundred dollar cash award. President Ellis also presented the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award to Beth Pendergast. Miss Pendergast, a student at Hickman High School in Columbia, received a one hundred dollar cash award for the best article relating to the state's history written by a Missouri high school student. Her article, "Smithton, Missouri," appears in this issue. Before the luncheon meeting adjourned Dr. Brownlee invited the members and guests to attend an open house in the Society's quarters. Featured artwork on display in the Society's Art Gallery were works by George Caleb Bingham and Thomas Hart Benton. Also on exhibit in the Corridor Gallery were the donations to the Contemporary Artists Collection, and Dr. Brownlee introduced those artists in attendance who had contributed one or more of their works to the collection. Special guests also were introduced by Dr. Brownlee. Dr. John C. Crighton, professor emeritus of Stephens College, and Mr. Larry Graebner, managing editor of the Columbia Daily Tribune, were acknowledged as recipients of the Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History. Dr. Crighton received the award for a series of historical articles on the history of Boone County, Missouri, and the Columbia Daily Tribune was honored as the publishing agency for the articles. Mrs. Virginia Young, chairperson of the State Coordinating Board of the Commission on Higher Education, was introduced along with Dr. A. G. Unklesbay, vice president for administration of the University of Missouri. Dr. Unklesbay's office had assisted the Society in budgeting and personnel matters during the past year. Following the introductions the luncheon adjourned. ERRATUM A correction has been called to the attention of the editorial staff regard ing the gift of Clark County, Missouri, church histories noted in the July 1974 issue of the REVIEW, page 463. The gift note should have listed both Mrs. James Skeens and Mrs. Ernest French, Farmington, Iowa, as donors. The histories were compiled by the Clark County Historical Society church history committee, which included Mrs. Skeens and Mrs. French, along with the late Mrs. Dale Hagerman. Historical Notes and Comments 203 The Mercantile Library's Bingham Sketches A statewide public subscription campaign is now being con ducted to raise $1,800,000 to purchase 112 drawings executed by Missouri's most important nineteenth-century artist, George Caleb Bingham. The drawings, presently owned by the Mercantile Library in St. Louis, were completed by Bingham between 1844 and 1849. Many of the figure studies were incorporated into the artist's genre paintings of 1845-1857. To insure that these artistically and historically valuable draw ings remain in the state, Governor Christopher S. Bond has formed Bingham Sketches, Inc., a special nonprofit corporation. Mis sourians and others wishing to contribute to this worthwhile project can send tax deductible donations to: Bingham Sketches, Inc., P.O. Box 720, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101. Bingham Sketches, Inc., has initiated a number of activities to publicize this important effort. In 1975 seven communities were designated as sites for a special exhibition of the Bingham draw ings. Besides the 112 drawings, the exhibit, an all-Missouri lender show, includes 22 oil paintings, 14 engravings and lithographs, one original still plate and four reproductions of Bingham paint ings that pertain to the drawings. The first exhibition entitled "Bingham's Missouri" was held in Kansas City at the Nelson Gallery-Atkins Museum, September 26-October 26, 1975. From November 14, 1975 until January 4, 1976, the show was at the St. Louis Art Museum. Included in these two exhibitions was the State Historical Society's Bingham oil, Watching the Cargo. Related exhibitions are scheduled for the Springfield Art Mu seum in Springfield, January 11-21; the Kent Library of Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau, January 31-February 7; the Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Missouri- Columbia and the State Historical Society, February 13-March 7; the Mark Twain Museum in Hannibal, March 1-7; and the Al brecht Gallery and Museum of Art in St. Joseph, April 1-11. On sale at these exhibitions is the catalogue Binghams Mis souri. Reproductions of selected Bingham drawings and color reproductions of selected Bingham paintings are focal points of this attractive catalogue. George McCue, trustee of the State His torical Society and formerly the art and urban design critic for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, prepared the biographical and critical 204 Missouri Historical Review sketch of Bingham's life and artistic career. Portions of McCue's comments follow: An imposing roster of painters, sculptors, novelists, play wrights and musicians have been from Missouri, and a rare few have been of Missouri—practicing their art here, and imbuing it with the special flavor of this heartland re gion .... George Caleb Bingham was such an artist, the first Mis souri artist to attempt an interpretation of the place where he lived and the people he knew. The historic identity that he presents is that of his home territory, Central Mis souri in the early years of statehood, with its constant river traffic and its towns that grew from boat landings. His views of life on the rivers and in the towns are straightfor ward and unromanticized. He presents his fellow citizens with sensitivity and wit, not idealized and never satirized. There are the people who settled that country, and went on from his boyhood towns of Franklin and Arrow Rock to es tablish the Santa Fe Trail. We see them now as he saw them then, and just as they saw each other, in the paintings that were his best works. The drawings in this ["Bingham's Missouri"] exhibition were his preparation for these paintings, the character stud ies that were integrated into the communions of flatboat crews floating on the silent rivers, and of large turnouts in the courthouse squares. They are works of art in their own right and uniquely a part of the Missouri heritage. For those interested in a copy of this catalogue, it can be pur chased from Bingham Sketches, Inc., for five dollars plus one dol lar for mailing. In addition to the exhibitions and the catalogue, a package exhibition of reproductions from the original drawings is available to interested organizations. This exhibition can be hung in a public library, a shopping center, a club house, a bank or any public building. To reserve the exhibition, organizations should contact Bingham Sketches, Inc. Also available from the seven museums ex hibiting "Bingham's Missouri" are speaker services and slide presen tations. Organizations in Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Colum bia, Cape Girardeau, Hannibal and St. Joseph, and the surrounding areas, should find these services both informative and invaluable. The officers and trustees of the State Historical Society urge the Society's members and others interested in preserving this im portant collection of George Caleb Bingham drawings, to support the fund-raising drive. Historical Notes and Comments 205 EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in footnoting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maxi mum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permis sion. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, pub lication may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be addressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 VIEWS FROM THE PAST The Story of a Bridge The Chicago and Alton Railroad Bridge spanning the Missouri River at Glasgow, Missouri, held the distinction of being the world's first all-steel bridge. The completion of the structure in 1879 marked a new era in engineering and bridge construction. The event had been the result of several years of planning and construction. The Chicago and Alton Railroad Company had been chartered in 1847 and by 1872 a line had been completed to Mexico, Missouri. In 1877 a group of prominent citizens met in St. Louis and organized a company to build an extension from the western terminus at Mexico to Kansas City. The company became incorporated as the Kansas City, St. Louis and Chicago Railroad Company and was leased for infinite duration to the Chicago and Alton in order to form a continuous line from Chicago to Kansas City. The terms of the lease called for the Chicago and Alton to construct the railroad track and bridges and to provide depots, water stations and other necessary components for uniting the prospective line with its own. The lease also provided that a ferry should be operated over the Missouri River until an iron bridge could be completed. The /. C McMullin and the W. H. Christy, each capable of hauling six or seven cars and a locomotive, inaugurated the ferry service. ; T. B. Blackstone, president of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, employed the well-known engineer, Gen. William Sooy Smith, to design and supervise the construction of the bridge across the Missouri River. Smith had served on a committee which tested the strength of iron and steel. He met Abram T. Hay who had worked for twelve years to develop a process for producing cheap steel with superior strength and elastic limits. Following tests and a personal visit to view Hay's method, Smith announced that the new bridge at Glasgow would be of "Hay steel." The announcement caused considerable furor in the engineering and bridge building professions, however, the railroad went ahead with the project. In May 1878, with the sinking of caissons, work began on the foundations and piers. The American Bridge' Com pany of Chicago received the contract for fabricating and erecting the five main spans. The foundations and piers were completed in March 1879, and by May the bridge proper was finished. After completing the approaches, tieing the bridge in with the main line of the track, and the final testing and approval of the work, the innovative structure opened for service on June 7, 1879, amid a huge celebration. 206 The before and after photographs above illustrate one accident which occurred during construction. On February 10, 1879, an ice gorge swept away piling and scaffolding supporting the first 314-foot span. As a result, the steel span dropped into the river. Gustav Rail, a partner in the Rail Brothers building firm and lumber business in Glasgow, captured the catastrophe with his camera. Copies of his stereoscopic views and the photographs appearing on the following page were sent to the Society by his son, Harry T. Rail of Bartlesville, Oklahoma. The bridge served until 1899 when the growth of the Chicago and Alton traffic and the increased weight of locomotives and cars required that it be replaced with spans of heavier construction. That structure, completed by 1902, still serves the line which is now a part of the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Steelways, Nov. 1946 Between five and ten thousand people attended the official dedi cation and bridge celebration. They arrived by carriage, steam boat and excursion trains. Bands from Fayette and Carrollton fur nished music. Special guests and orators included Gen. W. Sooy Smith, Abram T. Hay, Capt. J. J. Mitchell and other railroad offi cials. The citizens of Glasgow provided vehicles to convey the crowd to the grounds where free refreshments were available. m The photographs above illustrate two stages during the replace ment of piers and the superstructure of the old bridge by new, heavier counterparts. The top picture, taken in winter shows one new pier for the replacement bridge. As is evident in the second photo, the construction took place without halting or delaying a single locomotive. The picture below is of the completed new bridge with construction materials still scattered on the river bank. Historical Notes and Comments 209 NEWS IN BRIEF The American Association for State sources: A Practical Approach to and Local History has this year voted Records Preservation." The Harry S. 44 Awards of Merit and 48 Certificates Truman Library, the Jackson County of Commendation to recognize state Historical Society, the Kansas City and local history projects, agencies Federal Archives and Records Center, and individuals showing superior the Kansas City Museum of History achievement and quality. and Science and the University of The Award of Merit is given for Missouri-Kansas City sponsored the excellence of accomplishment or pro symposium. Sessions during the two- gram in state, provincial and local day event explored techniques avail history. Award of Merit recipients for able to local historical organizations 1975 include Dr. John C. Crighton, in conserving documents of local his Columbia, Missouri, for his historical torical importance and emphasized series, published in the Columbia Daily methods for acquisition, arrangement, Tribune, about Columbia and Boone description and preservation. Panel County. The Columbia Daily Tribune discussions on public awareness and also received an Award of Merit for public records laws completed the publishing Crighton's historical series program. and for its continuous support in preserving and promoting the heritage The Bicentennial Museum of the of Boone County, Missouri. Ozarks, 311 College Street in Park Central Mall, Springfield, opened in On July 27, the late Willard D. September. The museum is housed in Vandiver, credited with designating a renovated 100-year-old building Missouri as the "Show Me" state, was which originally served as the Paxton honored at ceremonies in the United undertaking parlor and coffin factory. Methodist Church, Caledonia. Dennis Exhibits focus on the heritage of Jinkerson served as master of cere Springfield and the Ozarks. The mu monies for the event which featured seum is open Tuesday through Thurs the unveiling of a bust of Vandiver day and Saturday from 9 A.M. to 5 by sculptor, Melvin Garrison of Iron- P.M. It also is open on Friday from ton. Dr. Robert Foster, dean of grad noon until 8 P.M. Admission is free. uate studies at Southeast Missouri State Robert Neumann, vice president of University, Cape Girardeau, gave an the Greene County Historical Society, address on the life and career of Van serves as curator of the museum. diver. Several relatives and descendants of Vandiver from Missouri, Iowa and Heritage Schools of America, an af Florida attended. A reception in the filiate of America the Beautiful Fund church dining hall followed the cere in Washington, D. C, was organized monies. last June to assist in the preservation and restoration of all kinds of schools An archival symposium held Sep across America. The organization tember 12-13 at the University of seeks to compile information on any Missouri-Kansas City's Harry S. Tru former school which is serving some man Campus, adjacent to the Truman useful purpose or has a group in Library in Independence, focused on terested in restoring it to some useful the "Survival of Local Historical Re purpose. Heritage Schools also will 210 Missouri Historical Review serve as an exchange headquarters homes tour of the historic town. Sites for persons or groups desiring ideas visited by bus included six historic and methods of funding for such a homes, the 1847 classic revival court- project. Information may be sent to house, Christ Episcopal Church and the state coordinator, Nell M. Edwards, the Old Library Building. Proceeds Secretary, Birch Tree Community from the tour will be used for the Center, Box 104, Birch Tree, Missouri restoration and preservation of the 65438. Old Library Building which was built by the Cumberland Presbyterian con gregation in 1846. Several organiza- On October 4-5, the Lexington Fed- tions in Lexington plan to establish erated Woman's Club and the Lex- a museum in the building as a bi- ington Garden Club sponsored an old centennial project. Friday—Lucky Or Unlucky Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 23, 1894. There are some persons who believe that death and destruction stalk abroad on Friday, and who have any number of facts on hand to prove their position. Well, here is an array of facts from which almost anything, pro or con, might be proven: Lee surrendered on Friday. Moscow was burned on Friday. Washington was born on Friday. Shakespeare was born on Friday. America was discovered on Friday. Richmond was evacuated on Friday. The Bastile was destroyed on Friday. The Mayflower lauded [sic] on Friday. Queen Victoria was married on Friday. King Charles was beheaded on Friday. Fort Sumpter was bombarded on Friday. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on Friday. Julius Caesar was assassinated on Friday. The battle of Marengo was fought on Friday. The battle of Waterloo was fought on Friday. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake on Friday. They Love One Another California Central Missouri Push, October 28, 1899. Douglas Appleby and Miss Emma Houser of Clifton City and William W. Appleby and Valley May Houser, both of Clifton City, were married at Sedalia Saturday. The grooms are brothers and the brides are sisters. A brother of the brides and a sister of the grooms, who are engaged to be married, were present as witnesses. Historical Notes and Comments 211 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Audrain County Historical Society group visited the 1860 Old Star Mill The Society's membership this past Building, which had the production fall totaled 1,404, an all-time record. capacity of 160 barrels of flour per day. Membership is under the direction of They also visited the Old Concert curator Frank E. Kent, who has served Hall, built about 1877. The lyre and in that capacity for several years. He music symbol were still visible on the has organized the county with a chair parapet. man in each area who works to pro On July 7, members visited the Old mote the Society and its projects. Mauer Home and the St. Charles Each new member is asked to select Wine Hall on Schiller Street. Built a committee on which to work and in before 1870, the hall was used as the this way he becomes involved at once. Hermann High School from 1890 to To keep members informed, two 1931. stories are sent out each week along Members toured the cellars of the with a radio spot announcement, and Old Kropp Brewery on August 4. television programs each month fea Built about 1856, the seven storage ture a historical topic in which mem cellars were constructed of stone on bers participate. September and Octo a natural stone foundation. By 1888 ber TV programs featured "The Little the brewery manufactured 454 barrels Red School" and "War in Missouri." a year. The aim of the Society, according to president Robert M. White II, is "To Camden County Historical Society build a still better future by paying The Camdenton R-3 School Board, proper tribute to the best of the past." the past summer, gave its approval The Society recently received a Tom of an agreement to lease the Linn Bass collection from the children of Creek School to the Society. The Forrest Wonneman. The collection school board will retain ownership consisted of Tom Bass pictures, tro of the building, but the Society will phies, papers, clothing and other items. use it as a county museum on a 25- year lease. The Society plans to offer Bellevue Valley Historical Society school tours of the museum and to The newly organized Society held its establish in the building a research first annual meeting, September 15, at center for county history. the Caledonia Elementary School. Of Carroll County Historical Society ficers elected for the coming year were Eighty-five persons attended the Sep Mrs. Muriel Akers, president; Harold tember 25 meeting at the Hale High Turner, vice president; Mrs. Frances School. Mrs. Ruth Auwater served Tiefenauer, secretary; and Mrs. Mar- as chairperson for the "show and jorie Watson, treasurer. tell" program and gave some interest The Society meets quarterly, the ing facts about Hale. The custodian third Monday of March, June, Sep of the Life Membership Record Book, tember and December. Mrs. Tom Gaston, reported 99 new Brush & Palette Club members had been enrolled for 1975. The Club's summer programs fea The year's goal is 100. Some 1,400 per tured visitations of old business places sons are now life members. It also was and homes located within the Historic announced that Mrs. Millie Atherton District of Hermann. On June 2, the Caulk, of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 212 Missouri Historical Review had stipulated a $10,000 bequest in elmeyer, treasurer; and Minnie Bent- her will for the Carroll County His ley, historian. torical Society Museum. Civil War Round Table of Carondelet Historical Society Kansas City At the October 13 meeting in the At the October 28 meeting in Twin Carondelet Library, Roger Linden pre Oaks Apartments, E. W. (Smitty) sented the program on John Eugene Smith of Emporia, Kansas, spoke on Leitensdorfer. In 1832 Leitensdorfer "The Other Gettysburg Address." was the first president of the board Civil War Round Table of trustees of Carondelet. He also had of the Ozarks developed a talent for magic. The Members held their regular dinner speaker, who is a magician, had re meeting, September 10, at the 89er searched magic tricks of the 1830s and Restaurant, Springfield. A program on performed these for the audience. "The 'Accidency President': The First The Society sponsored a tour of five President Johnson!" was given by Jack century-old Carondelet churches on Randall. According to Randall, An November 9. The tour included stops drew Johnson was a man with an at the St. Trinity Lutheran Church, indomitable will who prevented the 1872; United Church of Christ, 1870; demise of the Constitution. St. Boniface Catholic Church, 1860; Dr. William E. Parrish, dean of A.M.E. Quinn Chapel, 1869; and faculty and professor of History at Carondelet M a r k h a m Presbyterian Westminster College, Fulton, was the Church, 1850. A member of each guest speaker at the October 8 meet church presented a short history and ing. He spoke on "The Bohemian explanation of the building to the Brigade: The Eastern Press Looks at visitors. the Civil War in Missouri." Cedar County Historical Society Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Officers of the Society are Ray N. An address on "The Battle of Nash Fowler, El Dorado Springs, president; ville" was presented by Gordon Whit Maynard Mann, El Dorado Springs, ney at the September 24 meeting at vice president; Marguerite Brandom, Le Chateau. Whitney, who resides in Stockton, secretary; and Viola Robison, Madison, Indiana, is a past president Stockton, treasurer. of the Chicago Civil War Round Table. Chariton County Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting, Clay County Museum Association October 12, at the Dulany Library in Ken Burrow, landscape manager, Salisbury. Following a carry-in dinner, Worlds of Fun, Kansas City, presented committees reported on their projects. the program at the October 30 meeting Mrs. Frances Marshall, of Moberly, in the museum, Liberty. He showed presented the program on antique slides and discussed landscape plan jewelry. The Society set a goal of ning for the park in the coming bicen $30,000 in its fund-raising drive to tennial year. finish work on the museum buildings. Clinton County Historical Society Officers elected for the coming year Sixteen members attended the Sep were Jordan R. Bentley, president; tember 13 meeting in the First Na Martha Fellows, vice president; Mar- tional Bank, Plattsburg. Officers jorie Henry, secretary; Kathryn Wink- elected for 1975-1976 were Rebecca Historical Notes and Comments 213 Dedman, president; Mrs. Charles Hos- that cemetery records had been com kins, vice president; Tom Holman, pleted for King's Point and Collins secretary; and Mary Ellen Dedman, cemeteries in Dade County. These treasurer. records have been compiled in two booklets and can be purchased for Cole County Historical Society $2.00 each from Mrs. Yates at 207 Some 500 persons attended the Ori McPherson Street, Greenfield 65661. ental Rug Show and Lectures, October 4, at the Governor Hotel Ballroom, Dallas County Historical Society Jefferson City. The E & H Asadarian Over 20 members and guests at Rug Company of St. Louis furnished tended the October 17 meeting in the rugs, a lecturer and a moving picture courthouse, Buffalo. Following the depiciting the ancient art of hand- business meeting, refreshments were knotted rugs. This was the Society's served in honor of Rev. Earl T. Sech- fall fund-raising project. ler's 85th birthday. Rev. Sechler, a The Suitcase Committee is now pre native of Dallas County now living senting a new exhibit for fourth grade in Springfield, helped organize the students. A "Victorian Lady" takes Society in 1966 and is still active in items from the museum and weaves the group. The Society continues its a story around them about life in work of locating and canvassing ceme Victorian times. teries in the county. At the annual supper meeting, No DeKalb County Historical Society vember 9, the Museum Docents pre The Society recently sponsored two sented the program, entitled "Our tours. The August 17 tour featured Treasure Chest." They showed color historic sites in Dallas Township, with slides and told the history of many Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Wolf and items in the museum. Mr. and Mrs. Oran Vaughn as leaders. On September 21, members partici Concordia Historical Institute Members held their 18th regular pated in a tour of Sherman Township, led by Mr. and Mrs. Noland Pulley meeting on the campus of Concordia and Jerry Popplewell. Seminary, St. Louis. Dinner was served in Koburg Dining Hall. Guest speaker, Dent County Historical Society the Rev. Alfred Ernst of Lincoln, Ne Forty members and guests attended braska, addressed the group on "Seal a covered-dish supper and meeting, and Stamp Collecting: A Footnote to September 12, at the Community Cen Church History." ter in Salem. Mrs. Buell Skouby pre Creve Coeur-Chesterfield sented the program on "Our Founding Historical Society Fathers"—George Washington, Benja Members of the Society held their min Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. October 28 meeting in the Creve Coeur A men's quartet, composed of Father City Hall. Harvey Smith presented Jerry \V4tt, Gene Fahnestock, Cecil the program on the "History of the Watson and Phil Askey, entertained Smith Family." those present with several patriotic songs. Mrs. Al Penster accompanied Dade County Historical Society the quartet. The Society met October 7 in the Southwest Regional Library at the Eastern Jasper County courthouse, Greenfield. Mrs. Z. Hazel Historical Sites Society Yates, publications chairman, reported At the October 12 meeting at the 214 Missouri Historical Review Cave Springs School, members dis has served many purposes. Listed on cussed sources of income for the the National Register of Historic maintenance of the old school build Places, it is the oldest surviving ing. Officers of the Society are Major theatre building west of the Allegheny Dean Henry, president; Rennick Mot Mountains. John A. Huffman, A.I.A., ley, vice president; and Mrs. Ava of Kansas City, has been commissioned Everts, secretary and treasurer. as the architect in charge of the proj ect. Local service groups also have Florissant Valley Historical Society adopted the restoration as their bicen The Society sponsored a fall bus tennial project. tour, September 28. On the itinerary Recent projects sponsored by the were visits at the Daniel Boone Home Friends include a Christmas homes in Defiance, the winery in Augusta, tour and sale of the 1976 Boonslick the general store in Drake, the Cole Historical Sketches calendar. Proceeds County Historical Museum and State from these projects will be used for Capitol in Jefferson City and the the restoration of Thespian Hall. Churchill Memorial and Tuttle House in Fulton. Renee Nouss, a member of Greene County Historical Society the Washington Historical Society, The Society met, October 23, at conducted the group on a short bus Calvert's Cafeteria in Springfield. The tour of that city. program featured a color film en On November 23 in Taille de Noyer, titled, "Williamsburg: The Story of a Florissant, the Society sponsored a live Patriot." A sale of surplus items from modeling, "Century of Weddings, 1870- the Society's archives preceded the 1970." A reception followed the show. film. Foundation for Restoration of Harrison County Historical Society Ste. Genevieve The Society held its October 9 meet Dr. James W. Goodrich, associate ing at the Trust Company Bank in editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE Bethany. Howard Smith showed pic VIEW, was the guest speaker at the tures taken while he served in the October 16 meeting at Cafe Genevieve Peace Corps in Liberia. Officers elected in Ste. Genevieve. He addressed the for the coming year were Ruby Smith, group on Richard Campbell's Mis president; Carl Slaughter, first vice souri years. The Foundation reports president; Earl Stephens, second vice work on the restoration of Memorial president; Vesper Nina Mcintosh, sec Cemetery including repairs to the retary; and Robert Mcintosh, treasurer. stones, installation of lights and gen eral repairs to fences and monuments. Henry County Historical Society Friends of Historic Boonville The Society met September 18 at The restoration of the 119-year-old the First National Bank in Clinton. Thespian Hall in Boonville is the Roy Nolte, former superintendent of major project of the Friends. The schools, gave an informative talk on group purchased the building in May Clinton schools from 1928. 1975, through a gift from the R. C. A local club sponsored a quilt show Kemper Charitable Trust of Kansas on November 15 at the Society's Henry City, on behalf of the people of Boon County Museum and Cultural Arts ville. Built during 1855-1857, by the Center, Clinton. The museum is open Boonville Library, Reading Room and to the public each afternoon, Tues Thespian Association, Thespian Hall day through Saturday. Historical Notes and Comments 215 Heritage Seekers (Palmyra) October 5 meeting at the Sarcoxie James Drescher, Jr., and Kevin Cut Christian Church. They spoke on ler presented a program on Indian "Medicinal Herbs of our Pioneers." dances and costumes at the July 21 The genealogical committee is copying meeting in the Episcopal Parish House, the original land entries of the county Palmyra. which will be published as a bicen The group held its September 15 tennial project. meeting in the country home of Judge Johnson County Historical Society and Mrs. Cecil Teed, where members The Society held its annual meeting enjoyed a social evening. The sale on September 28 at the Old Court of "Historic America Bicentennial" house in Warrensburg. Mrs. Mildred calendars is one of the organization's Adams, a member of the Greater Kan bicentennial projects. sas City Gem and Mineral Society, Hickory County Historical Society presented the program. She spoke on At the July 8 meeting at the court the rocks and fossils of Missouri with house, Hermitage, each member re emphasis on Johnson County. ceived a print of the Society's corpo Officers for the 1975-1976 term are ration seal. Mrs. Willard North, president; Dr. Bill The Society honored the memory Foley, vice president; Mike Terry, of one of its members, Fredonia Car treasurer; and Mrs. Burton Richards, penter at the September 9 meeting. secretary. Members also discussed plans to ac Joplin Historical Society quire a building for a museum. The Society announced that its new Iron County Historical Society museum adjacent to the Mineral Mu Members met, October 20, at the seum in Schifferdecker Park in Joplin Arcadia Valley Elementary School. opened January 1, 1976. The museum William R. Edgar, life-long resident is open daily from 10:00 A.M. to of the county, spoke on the organiza 4:00 P.M. tion of Iron County and the men who Kansas City Westerners were instrumental in getting the neces Kent Willis, the son of Posse mem sary legislation enacted. ber Charles Willis, spoke at the August 12 meeting in the Homestead Jackson County Historical Society Country Club, Mission, Kansas. His Mrs. Christopher (Kit) Bond, wife address, "Joel McKee: Colorado Seces of Missouri's governor, was the fea sionist," concentrated on the Civil War tured speaker at the Society's annual years in Colorado and McKee's role in dinner meeting, November 18 in the them. Sheraton-Royal Hotel, Kansas City. At the September 9 meeting, Posse Her address, "Missouri Mansion Pres member Gordon Julich showed two ervation," reflected on her bicenten films which he had written and pro nial interests in restoring the century- duced. "The Mexican Vaquero: The old governor's mansion, as well as First Cowboy" was concerned with Lohman's Landing and other historic ranching in the Southwest. The second, buildings within the capitol complex. "The Mexican Charro: A Man of Jasper County Historical Society Two Worlds," gave insights into the Murl Talley, Henry Jenkins and life of the Mexican Charro and his Mrs. Elaine Skogman, all of Marion- adoption into an urban society. ville, presented the program at the A "world premiere showing of Jim 216 Missouri Historical Review McGilley's new collection of old Kan an annual event designed to draw sas City photos" was presented by attention to the rich architectural and Chuck Eatough at the October 14 historical heritage of the area and meeting. A "show and tell" featured to the importance of preserving it. Kansas City items. It also aims to promote cooperation among area museum properties and Kirkwood Historical Society serves as a means of raising funds for Members displayed Civil War me the continued restoration and opera mentoes at the September 9 meeting tion of the historic sites and museum in Grace Episcopal Church, Kirkwood. homes. Ric Sides and Dave Radcliffe also de Landmarks also sponsored a special scribed how they had used metal bus tour to historic New Harmony, detectors to hunt for treasure in and Indiana, on November 15-16. Don near Kirkwood. Blair and Ralph G. Schwarz were the Lafayette County Historical Society local tour leaders. About 80 members and guests at Lawrence County Historical Society tended the October 10 dinner meeting Mrs. Mary Scott Hair, well-known at the Holiday Inn, Lexington. Loula writer and historian, presented the Grace Erdman presented background program at the regular meeting, Oc information for the writing of her tober 19, at the Jones Memorial recent book, Save Weeping for the Chapel in Mt. Vernon. She included Night. The novel is about Bettie Shel a history of the Curran post office in by, wife of General Joseph Orville Stone County in her talk. Shelby, who made her home in Wav- erly before the Civil War. A special Macon County Historical Society guest was Eva Saunders of Lexington. More than 50 persons attended the She is the granddaughter of Billy August 24 meeting in the Country Hunter, General Shelby's personal Inn, La Plata. Jack Lee, a history servant and a main character in the teacher at Pattonville High School, book. An autographing party followed gave the program on the "Early His the meeting. tory of Ethel." Officers of the Society for 1975-1976 At the October 19 meeting in the are Mrs. William H. Cullom, presi United Church of New Cambria, more dent; Fred Tempel and Mrs. Mattie than 60 members and guests attended Bess Ruland, vice presidents; J. M. the smorgasbord dinner. Emma West Crick, treasurer; and Mrs. Jim Johns conducted the group through the Dr. ton, secretary. C. O. West Museum and home. The home was built by Miss West's father Landmarks Association of St. Louis in 1910. The following officers were On October 4-12, Landmarks, in elected for the coming year: Parker conjunction with T. G. Banks, spon Stokes, president; Mrs. William Bul sored a Historic Preservation Pil lock, vice president; Flossie Burkhart, grimage/75. Ticket purchasers could secretary; and Mrs. Howard Gilleland, visit a fully coordinated program of treasurer. displays and demonstrations at 26 his toric sites in the St. Louis area, as McDonald County Historical Society well as in St. Charles and Illinois. Ralph Pogue, editor of the South Special events included a lecture, west City Republic, gave the program movies, craft demonstrations, herb sale at the August 17 meeting in the Hous and fashion shows. The pilgrimage is ing Authority Building in Noel. His Historical Notes and Comments 217 slide presentation featured "A Century Twain Cafe, Paris. The program, pre of Newspapering in McDonald Coun sented by outgoing president Ralph ty." Front pages of many county news Gregory, consisted of slides and nar papers and printing machinery illus rative on Mark Twain. Gregory is a trated the talk. Over 50 different former curator of the Mark Twain papers were published in the county Shrine and Museum, Florida, and is at one time or another. currently curator of the Mark Twain Home in Hannibal. Mercer County Historical Society Thirty members and guests of the Morgan County Historical Society Society met on October 12 at the The Morgan County Historical Mu Moss School, west of Princeton. Joe seum officially closed September 1. Linn read a history of the school. During the summer several hundred Mignonne Cox and Bertha Fitzpatrick tourists had visited the museum, where provided pictures of former pupils Mrs. Preston Hutchison was super and teachers for display. Group sing intendent. Three young people, paid ing, contests and a spelling match by the federal government, served were followed by refreshments. as housekeepers and guides. Seventy-five members and guests at Mississippi County Historical tended the September 22 meeting in Society the Women's Civic Club Hall, Ver Girl Scouts from 34 states, Bolivia sailles. Tables were decorated with and India toured Southeast Missouri American and bicentennial flags and in August. Among their many stops with centerpieces of miniature Betsy was a visit to the Society's historical Ross dolls sewing flags. Historian Mrs. museum. In addition to the regular Ora Kemp reported on the past year's displays, Art Province had arranged activities. Johanna McDonald gave a special exhibit of mound builder highlights of the Society, in observ artifacts. ance of the group's 10th anniversary, Missouri Historical Society and D. K. Hunter presented the finan In conjunction with the Historic cial report beginning with the pur Preservation Pilgrimage/75, October chase of the museum building. Mrs. 4-9, the Society sponsored a series of Orlyn White narrated the program, five tours to historic sites in the St. "Morgan County in Retrospect," which Louis area. Each tour included a visit depicted the history of the county. to a private home or building which She was assisted by Mrs. Helen Bolton was open by special permission. A as pianist, Terry and Michael Walsh, film, "Heritage Homes of St. Louis," Mrs. Gene Bartram, Mrs. James P. was shown in the Society's auditorium Dunham, Mrs. Matt Miller, Mrs. Dot- preceding each tour. tie Barron and Mr. and Mrs. Bill Hess. The program closed with a Another tour, offered by the So patriotic poem, written and read by ciety, October 11-14, was a visit to Mrs. Matt Miller. historic New Mexico. Highlights of the tour included a prehistoric In The Walsh brothers presented a dian pueblo, Santa Fe, Taos and a program on Indians at the November restored early Spanish ranch. 24 meeting in the Drive-in Bank of Versailles. Dressed in authentic In Monroe County Historical Society dian costumes, the speakers related Members held their regular dinner stories on Indian lore and demon meeting, October 28, at the Mark strated sign language and Indian 218 Missouri Historical Review dances. Indian artifacts were on dis ley accepted the position of historian play. for the 1975-1976 term. One of her duties will be the collection of clip Native Sons of Kansas City pings for the scrapbook. The Native Sons held their annual Dr. George Wright, with the Uni meeting and election of officers, Oc versity of Missouri Extension Office tober 22, in The Carriage Club. The in Pemiscot County, presented a film ladies were invited. They heard Glen at the September 23 meeting. The L. Whitaker, treasurer of the Native film, entitled "Inventing a Nation," Sons, speak on "Kansas City's Revolu featured the 1784 convention. tionary War Ancestors." Whitaker is first vice president of the Kansas City Pettis County Historical Society Chapter, Sons of the Revolution, 1776. The Shenandoahs, a ladies trio, pre Officers elected for 1976 were Henry sented a program of folk music at F. McElroy, president; Richard M. the September 22 meeting at the Se- Ong and George E. Hicks, vice presi dalia Public Library. They accom dents; Glen L. Whitaker, secretary; panied themselves on the dulcimer, Herbert F. Ziegler, Jr., treasurer; G. autoharp and limber jack. Everette Glenn, historian; and Sterrett The Society reports a project of S. Titus, O.D., historian emeritus. designating certain homes and build ings as historic sites. The first home Nodaway County Historical Society to be recognized was Elm Springs, The Society held its September 22 built in 1840 by David Thomson, meeting in the Farm and Home Build father-in-law of George R. Smith, ing in Maryville. Mrs. Helen Stark founder of Sedalia. told about her trip with a tour group to New England in August. Members Phelps County Historical Society also viewed the film, "The Bicen On May 5 the Society held a bicen tennial: Beyond the Birthday." tennial tea at the log museum in At the October 27 meeting, Mrs. Rolla. Clyde Adcock of Ravenwood, gave a Some 250 people attended a country book review on Mothers of the Presi music festival on October 4 at the dents. The second part of the pro Rolla Administration Building. Local gram included a slide presentation on musical groups donated their time for "17th and 18th Century Tools, Im the event which the Society sponsored. plements and Household Articles." Re On October 18 the group conducted cent projects of the Society were a a tour of the Ozarks with Edwin bake sale, display and reprinting vol Sachs as the leader. umes relating to the history of the county. Platte County Historical Society The Society held its regular fall Pemiscot County Historical Society dinner meeting, November 9, in the Twenty-two persons attended the Methodist Church, Platte City. Mrs. August 26 meeting in the Episcopal W. O. Wilson, Kansas City, gave the Church, Caruthersville. George Phipps program. She displayed dolls dressed presented the program on "Early in period costumes of early Missouri Pemiscot County." Members voted to women who were active in education, purchase a tape recorder which will social reforms and other fields. be used to gather information on the As a bicentennial project, the So county's past. It was reported that the ciety is compiling a roster in booklet Society had 51 members. Bonnie Buck form containing the names of service- Historical Notes and Comments 219 men from the county who participated vice president; Mrs. Jess Kemp, re in all the wars. Mr. and Mrs. Don cording secretary; Mrs. Lon Suther Soper are cochairmen of the project. land, corresponding secretary; and Stan Novak, treasurer. Pleasant Hill Historical Society The Society met October 28 at the St. Charles County museum in Pleasant Hill. Harold Historical Society Purvis spoke on the history of the The Society held its fall quarterly Baptist Church. The Society reports meeting on October 23 at the First completion of its incorporation as a Methodist Church in St. Charles. City nonprofit organization. planner, Herman Skaggs spoke on the early common fields of St. Charles. Pony Express Historical Association The exterior restoration of the New- Over 200 persons attended the As bill-McElhiney House is almost com sociation's annual appreciation dinner, pleted and the first-floor parlors, bed September 14, at Patee House Mu room and artifacts room are open to seum, St. Joseph. Shelby Smith, lieu the public. tenant governor of Kansas, was the featured speaker. Naval Reserve mem St. Joseph Historical Society bers received special honors for their On October 4-5, the Society spon project of moving the Union Star rail sored the annual Joseph Robidoux road depot into the museum during Festival at the St. Joseph City Audi the past year. The Association also torium. Attractions within the audi presented awards to Lt. Cmdr. Robert torium included craft shows and Conn, Chief Elwood Colwell, Carrie booths featuring the restoration of Young, Charles Potter, Ray Waldo, Robidoux Row. In addition, festival Lewis Ellis, Mrs. Irene Danner and participants visited Lizzie's Palace, Gary Chilcote. three early St. Joseph homes and the The annual Pony Express Antique Missouri Valley Trust Company. The Gun Show on October 4-5 at Patee Belle of Brownville provided three House Museum attracted more than cruises on the Missouri River. The 800 persons and gun dealers from Women's Division of the Chamber of five states. Buckshot Wilson presented Commerce and the St. Joseph Junior special trickshooting demonstrations. League assisted with the festival. Pro The annual show is a fund-raising ceeds will be used for the restoration project for the museum. of Robidoux Row. Raytown Historical Society St. Louis Westerners Forrest Muir, former Raytown post A dinner cruise on the Huck Finn master, presented the program at the was the highlight of "Ladies' Night," quarterly meeting, October 22, at St. held May 30. Wm. Carroll, captain Matthew's Episcopal Church, Raytown. of the excursion steamer Admiral, was He told about recent research on the the guest speaker. He pointed out old Palestine Cemetery and gave an places of historic interest along the eyewitness report of Raytown's early St. Louis river front. day bank robbery. Dan Murphy, supervisor of the Gate Officers elected for 1976 were George way Arch, was the speaker at the Crews, president; George Kirchofer, October 17 meeting in the Salad Bowl vice president; Mrs. Joan Cesar, second cafeteria. He spoke on "The Cross and 220 Missouri Historical Review the Kiva: Coronado Meets the Kachi- Officers for the coming year are nas." Merritt Page, president; Jolene Camp Officers for the coming year are bell, vice president; Frances Lou Simp Edwin A. Paradoski, president; Greg son, secretary; and Bob Phillips, treas ory M. Franzwa, vice president; George urer. W. Berri, treasurer; James S. Pope, Vernon County Historical Society secretary; and Ernst A. Stadler, editor Students in a photojournalism work of the Westward. shop held in Nevada, October 5-10, chose the Society's Bushwhacker Mu Schuyler County Historical Society seum as one of the subjects of inten Orval L. Henderson, Jr., program sive photographing. The workshop was director of the State Historical Survey sponsored by the Journalism School and Planning Office, Missouri De of the University of Missouri-Colum partment of Natural Resources, pre bia. sented the program at the October 12 meeting in the Society's museum, Lan Warren County Historical Society caster. He spoke on the National The Society held its fifth annual Register of Historic Places and ex meeting on October 30, at the Pru plained the procedure for completing dential Building, Warrenton. The a historic sites survey in Schuyler guest speaker was the Reverend Roland County. Boone, a direct descendant of Daniel Boone. As a bicentennial project the Stoddard County Historical Society Society plans to publish a booklet on A recent fund-raising project of the some of the historic sites in the Society, which involved members and county. numerous volunteer workers, featured old-fashioned sorghum making. Dur Webster County Historical Society ing the latter part of September, help Some 60 members attended the Sep ers stripped and cut the cane and tember 5 meeting in the Sho-Me Power erected a mill on the Gerald Griffin Meeting Room, Marshfield. A program farm north of Bloomfield. Alfred on genealogy was given by C. E. Boul- Capps, the third generation of a son. He presented forms, demonstra sorghum-making family, did the cook tions and information on preparing ing and supervised the operation. a family history. Thousands of school children and in terested spectators visited the millsite. Westport Historical Society The product was bottled and sold, John D. Reynolds, a conservation netting about $2,800 for the Society. archeologist with the Kansas State His torical Society, presented the program Sullivan County Historical Society at the August 15 quarterly dinner The Society held its annual meeting, meeting at the Westport Presbyterian October 6, in the Circuit Court Room, Church. He discussed the Indian tribes Milan. Speakers for the evening were of eastern Kansas. Probate Judge M. E. Montgomery and At the November 21 meeting, Rev. Recorder of Deeds Paul Yos. They Malcolm E. Haughey spoke on "Isaac told how the public could use ma McCoy and the American Conscience." terials found in their offices and the The Society reports its new address historical significance of many items is P. O. Box 10076, Kansas City, Mis- Historical Notes and Comments 221 GIFTS Y. D. ADAIR, Odessa, donor: Booklet, Highlights of Odessa History, R; postcard of the Bicentennial Community Center and Museum in Odessa. E ALTRUSA CLUB or COLUMBIA, donor, through MRS. JEANNETTA KELLEY, Columbia: Altrusa Club of Columbia, Missouri, minutes, 1971-1974, and scrapbooks, 1937-1954. M AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, ST. Louis SECTION, donor, through JAMES C BUZZELL, JR., St. Louis: A History of the St. Louis Section of the American Society of Civil Engi neers, 1888-1972. R DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg, donor: "Descriptive Roll, 21st Missouri Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment de rived from compiled Service Records of the units' personnel in the Na tional Archives," compiled by donor. R MRS. H. R. BALL, St. Joseph, Michigan, donor: Research notes on the Bondurant family, compiled by Alice Potter. R MR. AND MRS. H. BLUM, Montgomery City, donors: Xerox copies of lists of voters, candidates and number of votes for each candidate in election of November 4, 1890, held in Shamrock, Callaway County. M DR. T. D. BOAZ, McLean, Virginia, donor: "The Renneker Family." R BOONE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, through ELIZABETH KENNEDY AND MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia: Misc. books and items concerning Missouri history. R ELIZABETH BOTTS, Mexico donor: Telephone directories for Mexico, Benton City and Rush Hill. R MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Misc. materials concerning Missouri colleges, businesses and organizations. R & M MRS. WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor: Newspaper clippings concerning Columbia and Boone County. E HAROLD CALVERT, Carrollton, donor: Picture of Capt. William Baker's home near Carrollton, loaned for copy ing. E •These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscript Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 222 Missouri Historical Review MRS. LORRAINE C. CATES, St. Louis, donor: Copy of "Cemetery Listing and History of Marvin Chapel Cemetery, St. Francois County, Missouri," compiled by Hazel Murphy Willa. R A. MAXIM COPPAGE, Walnut Creek, California, donor: Missouri Cousins, by donor. R MRS. LETA DENHAM, Granby, donor: Papers, 1863-1904, of Dr. Herr Wood, a British subject who lived in Newton County and was a surgeon on both sides during the Civil War, M; memoirs of Daniel Drake and misc. books on science, medicine and religion. R FRANK H. DICKSON, Oskaloosa, Iowa, donor: "Expedition to the Yellowstone: Joseph Dickson, Forrest Hancock and John Colter, 1804-07," by donor. R ORAL DYE, St. Joseph, donor: Photograph of the Worth, Missouri Band at Grant City in 1906. E S. FALZONE, Hallsville, donor: "Original Programme for Blind Boone Concert Company." M FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, Norborne, donor, through, W. C. CLIATT, Norborne: First Baptist Church, Norborne, Missouri: 1870-1970. R MRS. JAMES H. FISHER, Hannibal, donor: Photograph of Bennett Champ Clark with his autograph. E MRS. RAY FISHER, Carrollton, donor, through HAROLD CALVERT, Carrollton: Interior photographs of a hospital and a sweet shop in Carrollton. E DONALD R. HALE, Independence, donor: They Called Him Bloody Bill: The Missouri Badman Who Taught Jesse James Outlawry, by donor. R ALDEN F. HAYS, Kansas City, donor: Xerox copies of documents pertaining to Cedar Creek Baptist Church, Calla way County, 1826-1870. M J. P. HERRING, Centralia, donor: "Mount Zion Methodist Church, A History," Boone County, by Clifford W. Reynolds. R MRS. W. B. HILLIARD, Hillsboro, Ohio, donor: Stepping Stones to Glory: From Circuit Rider to Editor . . . , Life of David Rice McAnally D. D., 1810-1895, by Frances M. B. Hilliard. R WILLIAM HOPKINS, Ironton, donor: The Home for Aged Baptists: House of Many Mansions [in Ironton], by donor. R MAX E. HOWK, Ottumwa, Iowa, donor: Historical Notes and Comments 223 LARRY JAMES, Neosho, donor: "Pioneer Families of Newton County," and "Wills and Administrations Newton County, Missouri: 1860-1895," both by donor. R QUINTON AND Jo ANN KELLER, St. Louis, donors: Census of Cape Girardeau County Missouri Taken in the Year of our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy-Six, by donors. R MRS. VIRGINIA HIGHLEY LALUMONDIER, donor, through DR. LESLIE ANDERS, War- rensburg: Lyndell T. Highley World War II Letters, 1941-1944. M HELEN LAND, Leasburg, donor: "17th Annual Leasburg Homecoming: Yester-Years Up-to-date, 1859- 1975." R LEWIS HISTORICAL LIBRARY, donor, through THOMAS KRASEAN, Vincennes, Indiana: 47 postcards of various Missouri scenes. E MARSHALL V. LEWIS, San Gabriel, California, donor: Charles D. Lewis certificates, 1893 and 1895. M FRANK W. LITTLEFORD, Liberty, donor: Cemeteries in Clay County, Missouri, by donor. R EDGAR H. LOGAN, Jefferson City, donor: Genealogy of the Joseph A. Logan family. R FORESTYNE LOYLES, Weston, donor: Xerox copies of James A. Price Civil War Papers, including correspondence, commissions and official papers. M MRS. JESS MAUPIN, Glasgow, donor: W. R. Hawkins, Medical Patient Register, Glasgow, Mo., ca. 1868-1943. M JACK C. MCDERMOTT, Rolla, donor: Xerox copies of 7 Missouri maps. R IVAN N. MCKEE, Eustis, Maine, donor: Civil War payment from Treasury Department to father of Private Robert N. McLoud, deceased, Company B, 29th Missouri Volunteers. M DONALD N. MORAN, Sun Valley, California, donor: The Tullis Tracer. R ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor: "Directory of Towns, Villages, and Hamlets, Past and Present of Butler County, Missouri," by donor. R MUNICIPAL ART COMMISSION, Kansas City, donor, through MARY L. DUDDING, executive director: A Survey of Kansas City's Public Outdoor Art. R HAROLD PAINTER, Sedalia, donor: Xerox copies of writings and speeches by donor. M 224 Missouri Historical Review RONALD REED, JR., St. Joseph, donor: Six photographs taken in Southeast Missouri in the 1890s. E EBERT J. REITER, Canton, donor: Newspaper clippings and copies of school records from Lewis County. E & R EUGENE L. RODGERS, St. Louis, donor: Typescript of "The Organs of Christ Church Cathedral and Mary E. Bofinger Memorial Chapel, St. Louis, Missouri, 1819-1968," compiled by donor. M ANTHONY C. RUDLOFF, St. Marys, donor: Our First American Ancestor: George Rudloff and His Descendants, by donor. R HELEN RUSSELL, Plattsburg, donor: Microfische copy of 1876 Atlas of Clinton County, Missouri. N MRS. NORMAN SANDERS, Cape Girardeau, donor: "Richard Durrett, One Line of Descendants: A Supplement to Rennolds— Reynolds Family History," by donor. R ELENORE SCHEWE, Vandalia, donor: Vandalia Area Centennial Record. R DONALD A. SCHUDER, Woodland, California, donor: History of the Janes-Peek Family, by Reba N. Collins. R STATE HISTORICAL SURVEY AND PLANNING OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RE SOURCES, Jefferson City, donor: Copy of "St. John Nepomuk Parish: A Study in Dynamic Activity," by Margaret Stefanak. R MR. AND MRS. DELMAR STOCK, Berger, donors: "Centennial Celebration: 1875-1975, St. John's United Church of Christ," Berger, Mo. R CURTIS SYNHORST, Columbia, donor: Pamphlets concerning the Socialist Party. R DR. SELWYN TROEN, Columbia, donor: Xerox copies of publications concerning Catholic orders and churches in St. Louis. R COL. ROBERT C. WARREN, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, donor: A Family History of the Rev. Robert Smith Warren Family, by donor. R MRS. CHARLES WILLIS WTLMORE, Winchester, Indiana, donor: "Westfall-Shannon and Related Families," by Genevieve Lentz. R MRS. LOUISE WOODRUFF, Columbia, donor: Invitation to 1894 Commencement, University of Missouri School of Medi cine. R Historical Notes and Comments 225 MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Brunswick Brunswicker August 7, 21, September 4, 11, 18, 25, October 2, 16, 30, 1975-Old area photographs. Butler Bates County 'News Headliner August 7, 21, 28, September 4, 1975-Trie Harley Page family. These, and the articles below by Reva Stubblefield. September 18, 25, October 2, 9—"Capt. John B. Newberry." October 23, 30—"Samuel B. McFarrin Confederate Civil War Soldier Re calls War Days." Carrollton Daily Democrat August 4, 1975—"General [James] Shields Monument: Symbol Of County's History," by Dave Stampfli. September 72—"[James] Shields Monument In St. Mary's Cemetery," by Harold Calvert. September 30—"Scene From Yesteryears [sweet shop of W. E. Brown]." October 9—"Early Day Hospital [of Dr. R. M. Benson]," by Harold Calvert. Clinton Eye August 14, 1975—"Archaeological Jackpot, Lion, Camel Once Roamed [Pom- me de Terre] Valley Area [at Jones Spring in Hickory County]." September 4—"History of Drakes Chapel [United Methodist Church]." October 23—"From Westphalia, Germany To Germantown, Missouri," by Barbara Cook. Columbia Daily Tribune October 5, 12, 19, 26, 1975—A history of Columbia and Boone County, by John C. Crighton. Columbia Missourian August 13, 1975—" [Niedermeyer Apartments] Remnant of past still going strong," by Dave McCullar. September 7—"[Augusta, Mo.] The town with no taxes," by Ami Havens, photos by Randy Cox. October 4—"State Heroines—what they wore," by Susan Darst. October 18—"hog Providence [Missionary Baptist] Church celebrates 109 years," by Karen Brockmeyer. Eureka-Pacific Tri-County Journal August 6, 20, 27, September 3, 10, 17, 24, October 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1975-"In Retrospect," a bicentennial review of the people, places and times of the tri- county area, by Sue Reed. Fayette Advertiser August 6, 13, 20, 27, September 3, 10, 17, October 8, 15, 29, 1975-"Bicen- tennial Boonslick History," by members of the Boonslick Historical Society. Fayette Democrat-header August 2, 30, September 20, October 4, 1975—"Bicentennial Boonslick His tory," by members of the Boonslick Historical Society. September 6—Old area photograph. 226 Missouri Historical Review Hallsville Top of Boone County September 11, 1975—The Festival Edition featured articles on the history of Hallsville. October 2—"Artist Charles Morgenthaler is proud Hallsville native." Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian August 20, 1975—"First Banker [A. C. Cochran] in Hamilton Startled by Jesse James," reprinted. Hannibal Courier-Post October 17, 1975—"[Civil War] Old [South River] fort reconstructed," by Gene Hoenes. Kansas City Star August 2, 16, September 6, 13, 20, 1975—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: Hotel Moore; Kansas City in 1914; St. Teresa's Academy, 55th and Main; the Santa Fe Railroad bridge at Sibley, Mo.; and the Hotel Commonwealth. August 9, 23, September 6, October 4, 18—A series on Kansas City's mayors, by Charles S. Stevenson. August 10—"The Days of Coal-Oil Lamps and Petticoats," by Clyde S. Creel. August 17—"Scouts Memorialize Trail of G. W. Carver," by Paul Stubble field. August 17—"From Sedalia Ragtime to Kansas City Jazz," by Jess Ritter. August 20—"Big Tom Pendergast Not Forgotten at Old Haunts," by Kate Lahey. August 24—"[Carl Otto] The Corncob Pipe King," by Shifra Stein, photo graphs by Bob Barrett. August 31—"Small-Town Life [in Blue Springs] Takes In Culture," by Laura Rollins Hockaday. September 7—"Goddess of Wisdom in City Spotlight Again [Priests of Pallas celebration]," by Elsye W. Allison. September 7—"The Pony Express Stables Museum [in St. Joseph]," by David Dary. September 10—"Shriveled Fruit of Vine Street May Regain Its Ripe Sweet ness," by Mack Alexander. September 14—"The Artist [George Caleb Bingham] as Patriot and Public Servant," by Frances S. Bush. September 14—"! Hear They're Tearing Down Municipal Stadium," by Ernie Mehl and Joe McGuff. September 16—"Elms Hotel Spa Splendor Only a Memory [in Excelsior Springs]," by Virginia Stollings. September 17—"Newton County, Missouri Jolly' Only a Mill and a Memory," by Paul Stubblefield. September 21—"Machine Taint Never Rubbed Off on [Harry S.] Truman," by Alvin S. McCoy. September 28—"[Harry S.] Truman Never Forgot Comrades [of 35th In fantry Division]," by Kenneth L. Fox. September 28—"My Old Kentucky Home [Hicklin Hearthstone]—In [Lafay ette County] Missouri," by Dennis Stack. October 19—"Kansas City's Famous Sons and Daughters," by Harry Jones, Jr. Historical Notes and Comments 227 October 26—"Kansas City Adored the [Old Tower Theater] Adorables," by Jim Lapham. Kansas City Times August 15, 1975—"[Martha Lykins] Helping Hand for Civil War Van quished," by Frances S. Bush. August 23, September 27, October 4, 18—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: the Sharp Building; a Priests of Pallas float in 1908; the Hotel Plaza; and Schmelzer's store, 1214-1218 Grand Ave. August 29—"Wagon Train Venture Grew on Discipline [of Alexander Majors]," by Anne Sutton Canfield. September 2—"State Pride in [battleship] USS Missouri," by Pete Holste. September 22—"[Harry S.] Truman Was Compromise Candidate in '44," by Alvin S. McCoy. October 4—"Westport High [School]—Growing Up with Kansas City," by students on the staff of the Westport Crier. October 6—"Wentworth [Military Academy in Lexington] Reaches for Tradition to Offset Fire," by James Kindall. October 14—"Six Mile [Baptist] Church Celebrates 150 Years," by Carol Conrow. October 16—"Bell (s) Toll Riverboat's [Saluda] Fate," by Jean Haley. Liberty Tribune August 6, 13, 27, September 3, October 8, 15, 1975—"Old Clay Is Some Punkins ... A History of Clay County," a series, by Evelyn Petty. September 3—"The Vanishing Town of Barry, Mo.," by John K. Samuel. Manchester West County Journal October 15, 1975—"Green Parrot Inn—A Trip To The Past [in Kirkwood]," by Dan Graham. Monroe City News September 4, 25, 1975—Old area photographs. September 18-October 30—A series on the history of Indian Creek, by Francis Pike. October 23—"Schoolhouse again serves as church for Spalding Christians." Oak Grove Banner August 7-October 30, 1975—"Lick Skillet," a historical series by Dorothy Butler. Ste. Genevieve Fair Play August 1, 1975—Old area photograph. September 5-October 5i—"History of Our Town," a series by Lucille Basler. October 3—"Five Ecological Areas in Missouri Designated As Natural Land marks." St. Louis Globe-Democrat August 24, 1975—"Rebirth of a decayed neighborhood [LaSalle Park Urban Renewal Project]," by David Brown, photos by Bob Moore. August 27—"Two unique institutions [Missouri School for the Deaf and 228 Missouri Historical Review Westminster College] start 125th year in Fulton," by Sue Ann Wood, photos by Bob Diaz. September 6-7—"The Bloody days of Egan's Rats, Gangland wars raged in city during the Roaring Twenties," by James Floyd. September 19—"The many sides of Mark Twain," by Mary Kimbrough, photos by Bob Diaz. October 5—"Bury the old Planters [Hotel]? Never!" by Mary Kimbrough. October 8—"At 93, Mrs. William Becker goes about life with a flourish," by Mary Kimbrough. October 11-12—"Ed Butler and his Indians," by James Floyd. October 15—"Shrewsbury was named after village in England," by Mary Scarpinato. October 18-19—"Hannibal's house on the hill [Rockcliffe, the John J. Cruikshank home]," by Mary Kimbrough, photos by Paul Ockrassa. St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 3, 1975—"[South Side] Day Nursery With 89 Years Of Foresight," by Judy J. Newmark. August 17—"Mighty Mo's [battleship Missouri] Biggest Day," by Gary Ronberg. August 25, 26, 27, 28, 29—A five-part series on August A. Busch, Jr., by Roy Malone, William H. Kester and Bob Broeg. September 21—"The Outrageous Mayor [Victor J. Miller]," by Elaine Viets. September 24—"The Gaudy Millionaire [Henry Clay Pierce]," by Elaine Viets. September 28—"Uhrig's Cave: Tunneling Into The City's Past," by Charlotte and Hubert Rother. September 28—"Proud To Be Polish [Falcons]," by Robert Duffy, photos by Karen Elshout. October 17—"Did George Shepherd Kill Jesse James?" by L. L. Edge. Savannah Reporter August 7, 21, October 23, 30, 1975-Old area photographs. October 16—A history of Starr Chapel, Methodist Episcopal Church appeared in the column "Diggin' history," by Ina Wachtel. Springfield IS etc s & Leader August 10, 1975—"the day survivors of bloody battle [of Wilson's Creek] clasped hands in friendship at 1883 reunion, city dedicated [Gen. Nathaniel] Lyon monument," by Lucile Morris Upton. Steelville Crawford Mirror August 21, 1975—"Historic Steelville." September 11, 18, October 16—Souvenir photos. September 11—"Army Engineers Cataloging Cemeteries Within Limits of Meramec Dam & Lake Project." October 16—"Hiller Barn History—A Glimpse at the Past Preserved for Today." October 16—"A Log [Cumberland Presbyterian] Church and a Civil War Soldier's Lone Grave," by James L. Miller, reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 229 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Austin Genealogical Society Quarterly, September, 1975: "Ex-Confederate Mis sourians in Texas in 1881." Bittersweet, Fall, 1975: "[Old Wire Road] Trail Through Time," by Steve Hardcastle. Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, September, 1975: "The Annexation of Carondelet [to St. Louis]"; "Parks in Carondelet"; "Dred Scott A Chronological History." DeKalb County Heritage, July, 1975: "County Court Houses Part Two, 1878- 1938," compiled by Martha Spiers; "The DeKalb Church [Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]," by Mrs. Milbert B. Con stance; "The Garden Prairie School," by Mrs. Georgia Hawkins Walker. Journal of Library History, October, 1975: "The Midwest Inter-Library Cen ter, 1949-1964," by Louis Kaplan; "Skunk Oil, Shakespeare and Silk: Records of a Literary Housewife [Caroline Hutton Elsea]," by Caroline E. Werkley. Kansas Quarterly, Summer, 1975: "I, Too, Sing America: The Black Auto- biographer's Response to Life in the Midwest and Mid-Plains," by Mary W. Burger; "Langston Hughes: A Kansas Poet in the Harlem Renaissance," by Cary D. Wintz. Keys to Springfield, Missouri, October, 1975: "Cemeteries Located in Christian County," by Ralph and Lena Wills. Kirkwood Historical Review, September, 1975: "[Henry T.] Mudd's Grove," by Ric Sides; "[Robert M. Abernathy] The Editor of Kirkwood Road," by Lea Ann Abernathy; "I Will Always Remember," by Mrs. Harry D. Donovan. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, October, 1975: "Revolutionary War Soldier [Thomas Hash] Buried Near Mt. Vernon." Midwest Motorist, October, 1975: "Lamar—Home to Harry Truman and the country's most famous small-town editor, Arthur Aull," by Dickson Terry, photos by Eric Mink. Missouri Life, July-August, 1975: "The Battle for St. Louis [in 1780]," by William Barnaby Faherty; "[St. James-Rosati area] Little Italy of the Ozarks," by John Stewart; "Missouri Town 1855 [in Jackson County]," by Richard Lynch. Missouri Medicine, September, 1975: "Medicine in the Time of John T. Hodgen," by Cyril Costello, M.D. Missouri Municipal Review, August, 1975: "Glasgow A City with a History," by Patrick Cronan. Missouri Schools, September, 1975: "A Bluegrass Boy [Charles Henry Daily] in Pettis County-1870," by Margaret N. Banks; "A Missouri Education Dateline," Part 1. 230 Missouri Historical Review , October, 1975: "A Missouri Education Dateline," Part 2. National Center Magazine, Winter, 1974-1975: "Centralia: Past and Present," by Ron Van Hooser. Ozark Graphic, August, 1975: "King Bee, Ripley County, U.S.A.," by Thelma S. McManus; "Original Land Owners of Ripley County," compiled by Edna Frank; "Adventure In History, A Missouri-Arkansas Ozark Legend Comes to Life With Sam Hildebrand's Confession," reprinted. Ozarker, September, 1975: "The [Oscar H.] Baker Hanging [in Shannon County]"; "Motoring in Texas County," by C. E. Elmore, reprinted; "The Day the Auto Came to Redford," by B. Feme Hunter; "The [Henry Rowe] Schoolcraft Story," reprinted. Ozarks Mountaineer, August, 1975: "Letter to [Rose O'Neill]/from [Mary Elizabeth Mahnkey] A Famous Lady"; Contemplating the Contents of a [Richland High School] Cornerstone," by Bonnie Howlett Bilisoly. — — , September, 1975: "The [Ezekiel Long family] Trek to Missouri," by Maxine Curtis. Rural Electric Missourian, August, 1975: "[Far West, Caldwell County] A place in history," by Steven Glensky. Saint Louis Commerce, October, 1975: "saga of St. Louis' fire-fighters," by Mary Duffe. Saints Herald, August, 1975: "Park College: A Macedonian Call," by Dr. Barbara McFarlane Higdon. School and Community, November, 1975: "Ozark Dialect—Beautiful and Old," by Beryl Harris. Social Justice Review, June, July-August, 1975: "Catholics Penetrated Mis souri's Indian Border," Parts I & II, by Rev. Peter J. Rahill. Trail Guide, March-July, 1974: "John G. Neihardt, The Man and His West ern Writings The Missouri-Nebraska Years, 1921-1973," by Fred L. Lee. f September-December, 1974: "John G. Neihardt, A Selected Bibliography," by Fred L. Lee. Waterways Journal, August 9, 1975: U.S. Lighthouse Service boats Oleander and Lily at the St. Louis levee in 1909. October 11, 1975: "Burned Restaurant [Bayou Belle] Was Former Jeanne Barrett.' , October 25, 1975: "Streckfus Steamboats Often Had Patriotic Names." Westward, May, 1975: "Carl Wimar's Trip up the Missouri River in 1859," by Lincoln B. Spiess; "The French Frontiersmen," by Anton J. Pregaldin. Historical Notes and Comments 231 GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, 1975 MASTER'S THESES Reynard, Jane A., "Painting and Sculpture in St. Louis, ca. 1800-1862." Saak, Dennis Frederick, "Newspaper Suppressions in Missouri During the Civil War." Scarpino, Philip Vincent, "Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri: With Primary Emphasis on the Period 1845-1855." DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Baker, Thomas Eugene, "Human Rights in Missouri: The Legislative, Judicial and Administrative Development of Black Liberties." Bazaldua, Charles, Jr., "Going to the People: The Career of Sol Smith Russell." Cho, Woong-kyu, "Representativeness of Legislators, Administrators and Judges in Michigan and Missouri." Pemberton, William E., "Executive Reorganization During the Truman Ad ministration, 1945 through 1950." WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1975 MASTER'S THESIS Weil, Gerelyn H., "St. Louis Theater, 1870-1879." DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Brewer, Paul Walter, "The Rise of the Second Party System: Missouri, 1815-1845." Brunn, Paul Dennis, "Black Workers and Social Movements of the 1930s in St. Louis." Driscoll, Mark Joseph, "The Origins of Urban Police: Freedom and Order in Antebellum St. Louis." 232 Missouri Historical Review IN MEMORIAM BROOKS, LOUIS J., JR., St. Louis: Sep Francisco, California: February 23, tember 16, 1887-April 13, 1975. 1890-August 2, 1975. CANNON, MRS. CLARENCE, Elsberry: MCKTNSTRY, MRS. KARL V., Johnson June 1, 1895-June 10, 1975. City, Tennessee: November 7, 1908- CLEAVER, BEN H., Cape Girardeau: August 27, 1975. August 18, 1881-February 8, 1975. MCNEEL, WILLIAM G., Odessa: Sep DANUSER, HENRY, Fulton: July 19, tember 23, 1910-April 17, 1974. 1908-August 22, 1975. MACNUTT, J. SCOTT, St. Louis: Janu DAWSON, MRS. LELA MAY, El Cajon, ary 11, 1885-September 23, 1974. California: March 17, 1883-April 18, MORSE, ARTHUR C, Deerfield, New 1975. Hampshire: December 7, 1908-Janu- DRACE, DR. JAMES, Cape Girardeau: ary 31, 1975. March 8, 1924-April 28, 1975. PERRY, LON H., St. Louis: June 27, FABRICIUS, MRS. WALTER, University 1902-July 12, 1975. City: April 22, 1887-April 4, 1975. RICH, MRS. E. E., Fayette: Died June FAIRHURST, P. V., Kansas City: April 4, 1975. 10, 1924-October 31, 1974. RIDDELL, DR. RICHARD V., St. Joseph: GRACE, EARL, Lawson: October 2, September 28, 1916-November 27, 1974. 1895-February 15, 1975. ROLFE, JOHN W., Centralia: March GRACE, MRS. EARL, Lawson: July 29, 22, 1909-September 17, 1975. President 1900-April 30, 1975. of the Centralia Historical Society. RINGO, FREDONIA JANE, Ironton: HARRISON, MRS. CHARLES, St. Louis: August 10, 1893-November 20, 1973. June 22, 1885-September 11, 1975. SARGENT, ROBERT E., Richmond HARRISON, ELIZABETH, Fulton: July Heights: January 26, 1913-February 22, 1912-June 18, 1975. 10, 1975. HARTFORD, HERBERT H., Prairie Vil SHELTON, EDWARD JACKSON, West lage, Kansas: September 21, 1910-De- Plains: February 17, 1906-April 12, cember 5, 1974. 1975. President of the Howell County HERRING, MRS. FERN LORD, Cheyenne, Historical Society. Wyoming: March 22, 1895-May 31, SIEBE, HARRY C, Warrenton: Oc 1975. tober 24, 1892-December 6, 1974. HIRST, MRS. PEARL, Pilot Grove: Sep SINGLETON, CHARLES M., Kansas City: tember 22, 1889-July 17, 1975. July 14, 1898-April 29, 1975. HUMPHREY, E. O., Joplin: October TIPTON, JAMES W., Springfield: Sep 6, 1891-July 21, 1975. tember 30, 1912-May 19, 1975. HUNTER, FRANK O., Alexandria, Lou TOM SEN, MRS. MARY M., Oakland, isiana: November 4, 1883-January 18, California: April 2, 1892-February 14, 1975. 1975. KESLER, DON S., Quincy, Illinois: VANCE, MRS. MYRTLE ELIZABETH LEE, August 9, 1903-October 18, 1975. Res ton, Virginia: March 6, 1890-June MCDANIEL, MRS. HARRIET J., San 13, 1975. Historical Notes and Comments 233 BOOK REVIEW The Drawings of George Caleb Bingham With a Catalogue Raisonne. By E. Maurice Bloch (Columbia: University of Mis souri Press, 1975). 272 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Index. Chronology. $45.00. This beautifully constructed book represents a major achieve ment for its author and is a treasure for the many people who delight in the art of George Caleb Bingham. There is presently an increasingly accelerated interest in one of America's most brilliant nineteenth-century artists. The scope of this book of his drawings should extend that interest. Maurice Bloch has written what could almost be called a definitive work on the drawings of Bingham, and he is unchallenged in his role as the Bingham authority. Dr. Bloch has been researching Bingham for thirty years. His articles have been published in many scholarly journals, and he was honored by receiving the coveted Western Heritage Award in 1968 for his two-volume book, George Caleb Bingham: Evolution of an Artist and a Catalogue Raisonne. This new book includes all 183 of the drawings of George Caleb Bingham that are known to exist. Fifty of these are being reproduced for the first time. They are arranged chronologically and in association with twenty-five of the Bingham paintings for which the drawings were done. The State Historical Society of Missouri has eleven of these drawings in its permanent collection. The 11/2 x 15 inch book is handsomely designed, and the repro ductions in black and white are, for the most part, full-sized. The buckram binding and the exceptionally fine paper are well chosen. A full-sized color detail of Watching the Cargo, from the collection 234 Missouri Historical Review of the State Historical Society of Missouri, adorns the jacket, and a smaller version is on the case. It has been pointed out that Bloch is the first scholar to sug gest that the drawings were an integral part of Bingham's painting procedure. Bloch supplies evidence that Bingham used these draw ings for direct transfer to their position on the canvas by the use of chalk on the reverse of the drawing sheets, which he incised, thus leaving the image on the canvas surfaces. The development of Bingham's artistic style and techniques as a draftsman are lucidly revealed as one studies the sequence of the drawings. Bloch provides the best detailed analysis of these drawings in a most useful, precise and comprehensive way. The authors devotion to Bingham's oeuvre and to his methods are rich in fresh insights into the perceptual and dynamic essentials of Bingham's drawings. Bingham gives us a way of seeing his nineteenth-century world with splendid felicity and style. Bloch's text helps us to greater understanding and appreciation. The re sult is high achievement in the literature of drawing. Columbia College Sidney Larson Little Known Facts About UMC The University of Missouri-Columbia, M Book (July 28, 1975). 1853—Board of Curators decides that not enough teaching is being done and orders each faculty member to hold six lectures daily. 1857—A student is charged with setting off a firecracker in the Christian Church and threatened with dismissal. He rallies the support of the student body. 1861—Students steal the clapper from the college bell four times in as many weeks and the president orders that it not be replaced, causing consid erable inconvenience for students and faculty. So They Say Bittersweet, Spring, 1975. To dream of your future husband or wife, walk upstairs on three suc cessive nights wtihout speaking. If you tell a dream before breakfast, it will come true. If a person dreams that a tooth is being pulled without starting blood, it means that some member of his family is going to die. If it's a back tooth, the person will be of medium age. If it's a front tooth, the person will be young. If a person dreams that he is eating white grapes, it means that it will surely rain the next day. Historical Notes and Comments 235 BOOK NOTES Lawrence County Missouri History. Edited by Jessie C. Miller, Dan H. Stearns, Fred G. Mieswinkel, Eugene H. Carl, Buth M. Turner, Harlan Stark, et al. (Mt. Vernon, Mo., 1974). 575 pp. Il lustrated. Maps. Indexed. $24.00. Published by the Lawrence County Historical Society, this attractive book resembles the earlier county histories of the 1870s and 1880s, especially in format. However, the Lawrence County Missouri History contains several added features that enhance the volume. A number of the chapters prepared for this work include annotations. And, the use of a large number of illustrations pro vides a vicarious tour of the county's social, political and economic history. Twenty-nine chapters make up the history. Information is in cluded about the early inhabitants, the flora and fauna, the geology and geography, as well as the towns, villages, churches, schools and the professional and civic organizations. Biographical sketches of the doctors and lawyers who have served the county are pre sented, in addition to a number of family histories. Special sec tions are devoted to the "Trails, Boads and Highways"; the "Green field and Northern Railroad"; and the "Missouri State Chest Hospital." Tables of content and the index will assist those in terested in certain subjects. The members of the Lawrence County Historical Society and all the contributors to this history are to be commended. The volume can be purchased from the Lawrence County Historical Society, P.O. Box 404, Mt. Vernon, Missouri 65615. Dr. John Sappington of Saline County, Missouri, 1776-1856. By Thomas B. Hall, Jr., M.D. and Thomas B. Hall, III, M.D. (Arrow Rock: Friends of Arrow Rock, 1975). 33 pp. Illustrated. Bibliog raphy. Not indexed. $1.50 The bicentennial of American independence is also the 200th anniversary of John Sappington's birth in Harford County, Mary land. Born in one of the original thirteen states while still a British colony, Sappington lived through the most exciting period in Amer ican history. Moving to Tennessee and then to Missouri in 1817, he played an important part in the history of the trans-Mississippi West. He lived to see the country reach from sea to sea. 236 Missouri Historical Review Dr. Sappington's biography is a story of an American medical pioneer. He early recommended quinine for malaria sufferers and the medicine was successfully used by traders on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1843, Sappington wrote The Theory and Treatment of Fevers by John Sappington, Saline County, Missouri, apparently the first medical book in America written west of the Mississippi River. Sappington was a controversial figure in the use of quinine. This booklet provides an interesting account of Sappington's life. It may be ordered from Mrs. George W. Bagby, President, Friends of Arrow Rock, 526 East Arrow Street, Marshall, Mis souri 65340. Arpens and Acres: A Brief History of Webster Groves, Mis souri. Written and illustrated by Marilynne Bradley (Webster Groves, 1975). 95 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Bibliography. Appendix. Not indexed. $6.95 plus tax. Arpens and Acres describes the experiences of early settlers, their land acquisitions and their contributions to the building of Webster Groves, primarily from 1850 to 1900. Not intended to be a definitive work, the book instead is a pioneering effort, presented with the hope that it will be a springboard for additional studies in the city's history. Located ten miles southwest of St. Louis, the area was known as "Dry Ridge" to the Indians and early fur trappers. During the early period of Spanish rule in the Louisiana Territory, officials gave land to settlers as a check against English settlement. In 1802, Charles Gratiot, a leading St. Louis businessman, acquired a large tract of Dry Ridge land. Gregorie Sarpy, Gratiot's nephew by mar riage, was ceeded 7056 arpens or 6002 acres, which covered the major area now known as Webster Groves. The book features the early settlers and presents brief sketches of their property. Plat maps highlighting each location and the artist's sketch of the building are appropriately and tastefully ar ranged. The author includes homes, businesses, public buildings and churches in her survey. An appendix lists the original land owners and the dates of their land acquisition. A collector's item, this attractively illustrated booklet may be purchased from the Webster Groves Book Store, 100 West Lock- wood, Webster Groves, Missouri 63119. HISTORIC MISSOURI i \ CHURCHES ;.& "Old" Trinity Lutheran Church "#' f^ BY DENNIS R. RATHERT* V\- \\v -*i l« During the winter of 1838-1839, five small ships .' ., g$f'^ $ T left Germany for the United States. Among the \ *'?•#• ft* V _;, ~- ^ ! passengers were 668 Saxon men, women and chil- * f |,S ) dren. Upon arrival in the United States, the group fll^" ^jfcL*t4fjM"* H* I planned to settle in Perry County, Missouri, and j^~ - ^*- —c « - ^ >| establish a Lutheran religious community in which they could worship in freedom. The Reverend Martin Stephan and five other ordained ministers led the immigrants. After arriving in New Orleans in 1839, the immigrants boarded steamers destined for St. Louis and eventually Perry County. They stayed in St. Louis until all arrangements could be made for establishment of the Perry County community. Some members of the group went on to Perry County, but others found jobs and decided to settle in St. Louis. Those who remained became the first members of Trinity congregation. Early records of the congregation reveal that the first worship services were actually held on board ship while enroute from Germany. Settling in St. Louis, the group continued to hold services in the basement of Christ Church. After some members left for Perry County, the congregation took the name Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of the unaltered Augsburg Confession. On February 16, 1842, the group purchased a lot on Lombard Street, near the present MacArthur Bridge, for the site of Trinity's first church building. Dedicated on December 2, 1842, the building in time became too small for the growing congregation. Members raised funds for a new church at Eighth and Soulard, the site presently occupied by Trinity. The congregation dedicated the new gothic structure on December 4, 1864. Tragedy struck the community on the afternoon of May 27, 1896, when a tornado ripped through the southern section of St. Louis. The tornado severely damaged Trinity's beautiful church, leaving only a shell and part of the tower standing. The church was immediately rebuilt in its present form and rededicated to its mission in a special service in 1896. Trinity Lutheran Church has had a great influence on the development of Lutheranism in the United States. One of the founding congregations of the Missouri Synod, its pastor, Dr. C. F. W. Walther, became the first president of the Synod and a noted Lutheran theologian. Trinity's German newspaper, "Der Lutheraner," started publication in 1844 and continued until December 1974. Trinity also was instrumental in the founding of Concordia Seminary of St. Louis and the Concordia Publishing House. As the city grew, many new churches branched off from Trinity and founded their own congregations. Thus Trinity has been rightly called the "Mother Church of Lutheranism" in St. Louis as well as other areas in Missouri. It is believed that Trinity is the oldest Lutheran congregation west of the Mississippi River. Regarded as an "inner city" church, Trinity is playing a vital role in the redevelopment and future of the historic Soulard Market area. The congregation operates a Christian Day School attended by many of the neighborhood children and sponsors numerous other programs to help the needy. During the months of June, July and August, the church is open for tours on Monday and Wednesday, from 10:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. * Dennis R. Rathert is the archivist of Trinity church. vJ * >r-»iw<"->t»tj*>r»iH»s«F