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Searchablehistory.Com 1910-1919 1 WASHINGTON STATE WASHINGTON STATE POPULATION IS REPORTED IN THE 1910 CENSUS Population of the state increased from 518,000 to 1,142,00 -- more than double from 1900 to 1910 it was found state was 47% remained rural -- 1910 53% of people were considered to be living in an urban environment Population of the state was broken down into several classes: •urban and rural residents, •workers and employers, •farmers and industrialists (Later research* demonstrated the remarkable growth between [1880] and [1910]): 1880 1890 1900 1910 Number Number Number % Number % Agriculture 350 625 1.4 2,025 1.6 Fishing 250 478 1.1 1,097 0.9 Logging 350 625 1.4 2,025 1.1 Mining 1,900 3,595 8.1 1,915 1.6 Manufacture 138 2,750 5,190 11.6 14,014 11.5 Hand Trades 2,850 5,383 12.0 25,625 20.9 Trade & Transportation 6,900 13,102 29.2 47,635 38.8 Domestic & Personal Service 6,800 12,802 28.5 19,874 16.3 Professional 1,600 3,029 6.7 8,762 7.2 Total Employment 23,750 44,868 122,285 Total Population 3,533 42,837 80,671 237,194 (*Source: Alexander Norbert McDonald, “Seattle's Economic Development, 1880-1910,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, [1959]) FARMING IN WASHINGTON STATE One in four persons were employed in agriculture or animal husbandry from [1900] to 1910 twice as many as logging, fishing and mining combined Farm value increased 300% from [1900] to 1910 day of cheap land was over scientific and technological advances improved production Eastern Washington grew both spring and winter wheat with each crop a wheat rancher could earn the value of his farm in one year SearchableHistory.com 1910-1919 1 Cattle ranching benefited from the growing local market open range was gone -- ranchers needed to use public land for grazing Dairy farming enjoyed great success -- fresh milk, cream and butter were sold to nearby cities condensed milk and cheese was shipped throughout the nation Railroad opened new markets for fruit growing orchardists planted thousands of fruit trees -- price of orchard land rose this became the most expensive property a farmer could own storage facilities were as important to fruit growers was as cheap transportation Vegetables and berries were grown for market and for seed amazing productivity was achieved -- enough was grown to feed neighboring cities Puyallup was known for blackberries and raspberries fine mansions in La Conner were paid for with money from cabbage seed Flower bulb production demonstrated how specialty crops made their way to the Pacific Northwest George Gibbs, a native of England and then a resident of Whatcom County challenged the Dutch monopoly of the bulb industry by producing bulbs commercially it was found the sandy loam of the Puyallup Valley, Bellingham Bay and Fargo Lake areas also were suitable for narcissus and tulip bulbs LUMBERING BRINGS PROSPERITY TO BELLINGHAM BAY As described in The Coast Magazine [1910]: “Bellingham’s prosperity is founded on the lumber and shingle industry…. The largest shingle mill in the world, that of Puget Sound Mill and Timber Company, is in Bellingham. Its annual output is 200,000,000 shingles. The leading sawmill is operated by the Bellingham Bay Lumber Company. Its ten-hour capacity is 375,000 feet and it is one of the very largest mills in the world…. [Besides other large lumber mills] Whatcom County has 115 shingle mills, many of which are in Bellingham. “With an annual lumber cut in Whatcom County a plank road 16 feet wide and two inches thick, and reaching from Bellingham to New York, could be built…. With the 2,000,000,000 shingles manufactured in this county in one year, a regulation roof could be built large enough to give standing room to all the 60 million subjects of the German Empire. More than 200,000 gigantic trees are required to feed the saw and shingle mills annually. As the bulk of the lumber is shipped by water, a great fleet of steam and sailing vessels is always in Bellingham Bay, at many times as many as 15 or 20 carriers. Altogether more than 5,000 men are employed by mills and logging camps.” GIFFORD PINCHOT BECOMES THE CENTER OF CONTROVERSY U.S. Forest Service chief was known for reforming the management and development of U.S. forests SearchableHistory.com 1910-1919 2 and for advocating the conservation of the nation’s reserves through planned use and renewal Pinchot coined the term “conservation ethic” as applied to natural resources Pinchot–Ballinger controversy, also known as the “Ballinger Affair” pitted U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot against U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger former Seattle Mayor Richard Ballinger had been appointed by President William Howard Taft to replace President Theodore Roosevelt’s previous appointment, James Rudolph Garfield Ballinger's appointment was a disappointment to conservationists who interpreted the shift as a break with Roosevelt administration’s conservation policies on conservationism within weeks of taking office, Ballinger reversed some of Garfield's policies beginning with restoring three million acres to private use Gifford Pinchot became convinced that Ballinger intended to “stop the conservation movement” Pinchot sent an open letter to Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver who read it into the Congressional Record -- January 1910 Pinchot openly rebuked Taft and asked for Congressional hearings into the propriety of Ballinger's dealings as Secretary of the Interior Pinchot was promptly fired, but from January (to May), the United States House of Representatives held hearings on Ballinger he who was cleared of any wrongdoing, but criticized by some for favoring private enterprise and exploiting natural resources rather than implementing conservation Political consequences followed the firing of Gifford Pinchot, a close friend of Teddy Roosevelt Republican progressives drove a wedge between Taft and Roosevelt which led to a split of the Republican Party (in the [1912] presidential election) PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT REMAINS ALIVE IN WASHINGTON STATE Progressives in Washington worked to implement change in the state government -- January 1911 leaders of the Farmers Grange and Federation of Labor formed a Joint Legislative Committee to lobby legislators to provide voters methods to directly pass legislation without a vote of the state legislature this proposal required the state constitution be amended Progressives proposed Amendment 7 to the state constitution that voters be able to directly initiate proposed laws by petition: •Initiatives to the people go directly to the next general election ballot if enough signatures are gathered •Initiatives to the legislature force legislators to; -Adopt the initiative as proposed, in which case it becomes law with no vote of the people; SearchableHistory.com 1910-1919 3 -Reject it or refuse to act -- in either case the initiative must be placed on the ballot at the next general election; -Approve an amended version in which case both the original initiative and the amended version must be placed on the next general election ballot Progressives also proposed in Amendment 7 that legislators could refer proposed or enacted legislation to the voters for their approval or rejection: -one type of Referendum lets legislators pass the legislation and refer the law to the voters for their approval or rejection this process bypasses the Governor denying the opportunity to sign or veto the bill most often these bills ask voter approval for new projects that will cost more money than the state has budgeted (this is, raises taxes) or the bill is a “hot” political subject that legislators wish to avoid; -another type of referendum is aimed at a law that has recently passed that voters petition to keep from being enacted Progressives also proposed Amendment 8 to the state constitution to enable voters to petition to Recall (remove from office) any elected official except judges for malfeasance (an intentional act that is wrongful or unlawful) or misfeasance (an act that is legal but performed improperly -- that is an abuse of power) or for violating the oath of office RAILROADS CONTINUE THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND COMPETITION Empire Builder James J. Hill in an effort to further his grip on the lumber markets of the Midwest enlisted financier J.P. Morgan’s help in acquiring control of the interior’s most prolific railroad Chicago, Burlington and Quincy (CB&Q) Railroad CB&Q employed 35,640 people and included 7,545 miles of track mainly in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wyoming, Montana, North and South Dakota in addition to its railroad operations, this mammoth “Burlington System” was responsible for encouraging emigration and town development and for stimulating local economies along its routes Jim Hill’s expansion efforts aroused the head of the Union Pacific Railroad, E.H. Harriman, who had also wanted the Burlington -- and triggered the last of the great railroad wars UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD EXPANDS TO SEATTLE Union Pacific adopted a policy of building new railroads by using subsidiary companies possibly to protect the parent company from potential financial disasters SearchableHistory.com 1910-1919 4 Union Pacific trains were operating to Seattle by January 1910 this company came to be known as the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company within the year Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation company acquired all the assets, liabilities, and operations of the Union Pacific’s smaller companies, except for two of the smallest companies TRACKS FROM KALAMA NORTH TO TACOMA NEED TO BE UPGRADED Northern Pacific Railway (NPRY)
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