Griffin Quarry Southam

Warwickshire

Archaeological Evaluation

for CEMEX UK

CA Project: 5425 CA Report: 16049 Site Code: GRS15

March 2016

Griffin Quarry Southam Warwickshire

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: 5425 CA Report: 16049 Site Code: GRS15

Document Control Grid Version Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by Draft 29-2-16 JN SCC Draft SCC Final 14-3-16 Final Client review SCC

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

© Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. SITE BACKGROUND ...... 5

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 6

5. EVALUATION RESULTS ...... 8

6. THE FINDS ...... 28

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 41

8. DISCUSSION ...... 52

9. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 56

10. REFERENCES ...... 57

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 63 APPENDIX B: FINDS ...... 80 APPENDIX C: PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 87 APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 91

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan, 1:25,000 Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results, 1:4000 Fig. 3 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 34 to 38 and 48, 1:750 Fig. 4 Detailed plan of archaeological features in Trenches 74, 78 and 81 to 83, 1:600 Fig. 5 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 105 to 108, 1:300 Fig. 6 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 111 to 114, 1:400 Fig. 7 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 103, 104 129, 130 and 135, 1:400 Fig. 8 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 132, 133, 138 and 139, 1:400 Fig. 9 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Area 10, 1:500 Fig. 10 Trenches 37 and 38: section and photograph Fig. 11 Trench 78: section and photograph Fig. 12 Trenches 82 and 83: sections Fig. 13 Photographs of skeletons 9104 and 11208, and cremation pot 11209 in situ Fig. 14 Trenches 106 and 113: sections Fig. 15 Trench 129: section and photograph Fig. 16 Trenches 130, 134 and 138: sections Fig. 17 Trenches 133 and 139: photographs Fig. 18 Trench 146: photograph Fig. 19 Trenches 155, 161 and 162: sections Fig. 20 Trenches 163 and 165: sections and photographs

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SUMMARY

Project Location: Griffin Farm, Southam, Warwickshire NGR: SP 4279 6350 Type: Evaluation Date: 23rd November 2015–25th January 2016 Planning ref: Warwickshire County Council SDC/14CM015 and SDC/13CM030 Location of Archive: Warwickshire Museums Service Site Code: GQS15

Between November 2015 and January 2016, Cotswold Archaeology carried out an archaeological evaluation at the site of a proposed quarry extension at Griffin Farm, Southam, Warwickshire. The evaluation, which was commissioned by CEMEX UK, was undertaken to meet conditions attached to planning consent on two applications relating to the quarry extension. Six areas of archaeological interest were investigated, which closely correspond with concentrations of anomalies identified by a geophysical survey of the site.

The earliest remains encountered by the evaluation date to the Middle/Late Iron Age and comprise a rectilinear enclosure and part of a ditch system bordering the western boundary of the site, a ‘banjo’ enclosure in the south central area and a small enclosure and associated ditch system south-east of Griffin Farm. A crouched burial of probable Iron Age date and deposits containing ironworking debris were encountered close to the north-west boundary of the site, west of the farm buildings.

At the northern end of the site a rectilinear enclosure surrounding the remains of at least one roundhouse and other structures was investigated. A possible burnt mound was identified close to the enclosure’s western corner. Pottery from the excavated features dates the settlement to the Late Iron Age/early Roman ‘transitional’ period. A ditch system dating to the later Roman period (late 2nd to 3rd centuries AD) was located on the south-east facing slope at the south-west end of the site. This comprised a complex of ditches forming a cluster of small enclosures and associated trackways, with dark buried soils occurring on the lower slope.

Four Anglo-Saxon burials, dated by glass and amber beads to the late 6th/early7th century, were located in the southern corner of the rectilinear Iron Age enclosure. They probably lie within a small cemetery associated with Anglo-Saxon settlement remains identified in the field immediately to the east of Griffin Farm. Medieval furrows were evident across the entire site.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between November 2015 and January 2016, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation at Griffin Farm, Southam, Warwickshire (site centred on NGR: SP 4279 6350; Fig. 1). The evaluation, which was commissioned by CEMEX UK, was undertaken to meet planning conditions attached to consent on two applications, one for a review of Mineral Planning Permissions for the continued operation and restoration of Southam Quarry (Warwickshire County Council planning ref: SDC/14CM015, Conditions 16, 17 and 20), the other for the construction of a tunnel under the A426 to link the existing quarry with the proposed new extension, along with the development of new infrastructure and plant (Warwickshire County Council planning ref: SDC/13CM030, Condition 3). The conditions required that a programme of archaeological investigation should be carried out and approved by the Minerals Planning Authority to determine the archaeological potential of the site and to inform the development of an appropriate archaeological mitigation strategy.

1.2 The scope of the programme of archaeological investigation was determined following discussions between CA and Anna Stocks, Warwickshire County Council’s Planning Archaeologist (WCCPA), archaeological advisor to Warwickshire County Council. The first stage of the evaluation comprised a geophysical survey, which was undertaken by Archaeological Surveys in 2015 (AS 2015). The current evaluation was informed by the results of the survey and the trenching proposals were put forward in a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) prepared by CA (2015). This report presents in full the findings of the evaluation and follows on from the interim report issued by CA in January 2016 (CA 2016).

1.3 The project was carried out in accordance with the approved WSI (CA 2015) and abided by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation (CIfA 2014) and the Historic England (formerly English Heritage) procedural documents Management of Archaeological Projects 2 (EH1991) and Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (HE 2015). The fieldwork was monitored by WCCPA, with site visits being made on 26th November and 21st December 2015, and 11th January 2016.

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2. SITE BACKGROUND

Site location, topography and geology 2.1 The proposed development area, which covers approximately 42ha, is located 1.5km north-east of Southam town centre and 0.5km south-west of the village of Stockton (Fig. 1). It comprises ten fields, predominately arable, bounded to the north by the A426 Rugby road and on all other sides by open farmland. Topographically, the site occupies the south-east facing slope of a broad hill, which overlooks the valleys of the River Itchen to the west and the River Stowe to the south and east. The top of the hill is occupied by the existing quarry, with the cement works located on the hill’s northern flank. The ground descends from c. 112m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) by the A426 west of Griffin Farm to c. 93m aOD at the boundary south-east of the farm.

2.2 The bedrock geology of the area comprises interbedded Jurassic mudstone and limestone of the Rugby Limestone Member; no superficial deposits are mapped and none were encountered by the evaluation (BGS 2015).

Archaeological and historical background 2.3 There are no recorded heritage assets within the proposed development area, although the Warwickshire Historic Environment Record (HER) records a small number of archaeological sites in the vicinity of the site. A possible Iron Age banjo enclosure is recorded 900m east of the site (MWA7253) and further undated, though possibly prehistoric cropmarks are visible 400m to the south of the site (MWA6796) and 600m to the south-east (MWA13389). A geophysical survey of land to the north of the site identified features that were determined by field evaluation to be an Iron Age boundary ditch and pit group (MWA10294).

2.4 Roman activity in the area is attested to by the discovery of a Roman coin hoard 500m to the south-east of the site (MWA940) and the discovery of a further two Roman coins 1km to the south-west (MWA6973). A Roman settlement was also recorded 900m north-east of the site.

2.5 Detailed magnetometry over the site (AS 2015) demonstrated the presence of a number of previously unrecorded archaeological features including a banjo enclosure, a large number of linear ditches, enclosures, ring ditches and pits, indicating phases of occupation and activity within the site. Further archaeological

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anomalies were located to the west and to the north-east and together the archaeological features cover at least 8.5ha within the 42ha site. Approximately 5ha was unsurveyable due to roughly ploughed saturated soil. A series of parallel linear anomalies on a north-west to south-east alignment, indicative of ridge and furrow ploughing, were recorded across the site.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance Standard and Guidance: Archaeological Field Evaluation (CIfA 2014). This information will enable WCCPA, archaeological advisor to WCC, to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The evaluation comprised the excavation of 162 trenches, each measuring 50m long by 2m wide (8100 linear metres; Fig. 2); this is equivalent to a c. 4% sample of the site. The scheme originally comprised 169 trenches, but seven trenches were not excavated due to the presence of occupied houses and farm buildings or belts of trees. The trench plan was designed to sample potential archaeological features recorded by the geophysical survey, as well as providing a sample of the areas devoid of geophysical anomalies (AS 2015). Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS, and scanned for live services by trained CA staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the CA Safe System of Work for Avoiding Underground Services. The final ‘as dug’ trench plan was recorded with GPS.

4.2 The trenches were excavated using 360o tracked mechanical excavators, each equipped with a toothless ditching bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant

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archaeological horizon or the geological substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (CA 2007).

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (CA 2003); thirteen samples were taken from dated archaeological deposits. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (CA 2005).

4.4 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Milton Keynes. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with the Warwickshire Museums Service along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, as set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

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5. EVALUATION RESULTS

Introduction 5.1 The evaluation comprised the excavation and investigation of 162 trial trenches, each measuring 50m long by 2m wide, in the locations shown on Figure 2; the original scheme had been for 169 trenches, but seven trenches could not be excavated due to site constraints. The evaluation results, as summarised in Table 1 below, have been presented so that they relate to the sub-divisions of the proposed development area. Full details of the features and deposits encountered by the evaluation are presented in the context summary in Appendix A.

Table 1: Summary of archaeological features by period and area Area Trenches Archaeology (trench no. in parenthesis) 1 1-14 Iron Age (3) Medieval furrows (2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14) Post-medieval-modern (2, 6, 14) Undated (4) 2 15-49 Late Iron Age (34-38, 48) Medieval furrows (15-18, 20-22, 24-31, 33-36, 38-49) Modern (29, 33) Undated (28, 31, 32) 3 50-67 Medieval furrows (50-52, 54-58, 60-67) Modern (66) Undated (62 and 66) 4 68-87 Iron Age (78, 81, 82, 83) Anglo-Saxon (78) Medieval furrows (69-78, 81-83, 85-87) Undated (74) 5 88-104 Iron Age (91, 103, 104) Medieval furrows (88-90, 92-104) Modern (98, 99,100) 6 105-108 Iron Age (106, 107) Undated (108) 7 109-121 Iron Age (111, 112, 113, 114) Anglo-Saxon (112) Medieval furrows (109, 110, 115-121) Undated (116) 8 122-151 Iron Age (124, 126, 129, 130, 135, 137, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149) Roman (132, 133, 134, 138, 139) Medieval furrows (123-125, 127-129, 135, 139, 142, 144, 147) Modern (130, 135, 138, 145) Undated (122, 146) 9 152-160 Iron Age (153, 155) Medieval furrows (152, 153, 156-160) 10 161-169 Roman (161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167) Medieval furrows (161, 162, 164)

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5.2 Topographically the site can be divided into two broad areas: the gently sloping ground of the central and north-eastern part of site, near the crest of the hill on which the site is located; and the steeper terrain at its south-western end, where the ground slopes down into the valley of the River Stowe.

General stratigraphy 5.3 In the central and north-eastern part of the site the geology predominately comprised silty clay with occasional limestone flecking, in areas varying in colour with blue, grey and brown variants revealed at depths of between 0.20m and 0.45m below current ground level (bcgl). This was overlain by subsoil, which measured between 0.10m and 0.25m thick, which was sealed by ploughsoil up to 0.28m thick.

5.4 In the south-western part of the site the geology predominately comprised yellow brown silty clay with occasional areas of brashy limestone revealed at depths of between 0.4m and 0.8m bcgl. These were in turn overlain by subsoil, which measured between 0.10m and 0.40m thick, which was in turn overlain by ploughsoil up to 0.28m thick.

Area 1 (Trenches 1–14) 5.5 Located at the north-eastern end of the site, Area 1 comprised an arable field on generally flat terrain (Fig. 2). Fourteen trenches were excavated, targeting the geophysical anomalies and apparently blank areas. The majority of the geophysical anomalies were shown to be furrows or field drains.

Iron Age Trench 3 5.6 Located centrally in Trench 3, ditch 311 was on a north-east/south-west alignment and measured 0.6m wide by 0.1m deep. A single sherd of probable Iron Age pottery was recovered from its fill (312).

5.7 Located at the north-western end of the trench were parallel ditch termini on a north/south alignment (303 and 305), possibly forming an interrupted ditch line. Both had a broadly similar curving profile although 303, at 0.40m wide and 0.15m deep, was slightly shallower than 305, which measured 0.76m wide by 0.22m deep. Directly to the west of these ditches was pit 309, which had a diameter of 0.4m and depth of 0.24m. No dating evidence was recovered from the fills of these three

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features, but based on their proximity to ditch 311 they have been attributed to the Iron Age period. None of these features were identified by the geophysical survey.

Medieval furrows 5.8 Furrows, corresponding with a series of parallel linear anomalies shown on the geophysical survey results, were identified in Trenches 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13 and 14. They were aligned north-west/south-east, spaced c. 5m apart and where excavated were shown to be up to 0.24m deep.

Modern Trenches 2, 6 and 14 5.9 Four modern ditches (203, 603, 1403 and 1405) which cut the subsoil and contained modern artefactual material, were recorded in Trenches 2, 6 and 14.

Area 2 (Trenches 15–48) 5.10 Located at the north-eastern end of the site, Area 2 comprised a large arable field on generally flat land, which sloped slightly downwards at the eastern edge. Thirty-three trenches were excavated, revealing the remains of a Late Iron Age/Early Romano- British enclosure and two possible roundhouses in the north-eastern part of this area and medieval furrows across much of the field (Figs 2 and 3).

Late Iron Age/Early Romano-British Trench 34 (Fig. 3) 5.11 Located centrally within the trench, curvilinear ditch 3407 was aligned north- east/south-west and measured 0.59m wide by 0.28m deep. Pottery dating between the late 1st century BC and the 1st century AD was recovered from fill 3408, the only deposit in the feature. A further two ditches, 3403 and 3405, were identified at the southern end of the trench. Ditch terminus 3403, which measured 0.84m wide by 0.22m deep and had a concave profile, contained pottery dating to the same period. Ditch 3405, 0.50m wide by 0.22m deep with a U-shaped profile, did not contain any dating material, but has been dated to this period based on its proximity to known dated features. Both relate to a P-shaped geophysical anomaly, although other parts of this feature were not identified elsewhere, probably due to it being masked by furrows.

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Trenches 35, 37, 38 and 48 (Figs 3 and 10) 5.12 A large sub-rectangular enclosure was identified on the geophysical survey and the enclosure ditch was identified in Trenches 35, 37, 38 and 48. With a steep concave profile the ditch measured on average 0.8m wide and 0.3m deep in slots 3703 (Fig. 10) and 3505. Possible recut, 3505, was recorded in Trench 35, but this was not identified elsewhere along the length of the ditch. No dateable material was recovered from the fills of the excavated slots. However, finds recovered from the internal features, which are likely to be contemporary with this enclosure, have been dated to this period. In Trench 48 the enclosure ditch was masked by a furrow. The north-eastern extent of the enclosure is not clear on the geophysical survey and the projected extension of the ditch was not identified in Trench 34.

Trench 36 (Fig. 7) 5.13 Located centrally to the revealed extent of the enclosure a series of curvilinear ditches were identified in Trench 36, which correlate to the geophysical survey results. The extent of these ditches was obscured by furrows, making a functional interpretation difficult, but it is likely that they are the remains of a roundhouse and an adjacent structure, possibly a livestock pen or byre. The ditches comprised two larger ditches, 3609 and 3613 (up to 2.3m wide by 0.29m deep) and two smaller ditches, 3611 and 3615 (up to 0.88m wide by 0.31m deep). Sherds of Late Iron Age/early Romano-British pottery were recovered from ditches 3609 and 3615.

Trench 38 (Figs 3 and 10) 5.14 The only external feature relating to the enclosure was pit 3803; this was located centrally in Trench 38 and was located just beyond the enclosure’s south-western corner. It measured in excess of 6m in length and was 0.29m deep; after initial silting deposit 3804 had accumulated, two deposits of a burnt stone and charcoal rich soil, 3805 and 3806, were deposited into the pit (Fig. 10). There was no dating evidence in the excavated fill of the pit, but its close proximity to the enclosure and the nature of the fill suggests that it is associated with the period of occupation of the enclosure.

Medieval furrows 5.15 Furrows, corresponding with a series of parallel liner geophysical anomalies, were identified in Trenches 15-18, 20-22, 24-31, 33-36 and 38-49. They were aligned north-west/south-east and were spaced c. 6m apart.

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Modern Trenches 29 and 33 5.16 Modern field boundary ditches (2903 and 3303) were identified, but not excavated, in Trenches 29 and 33. Both were seen to cut the subsoil and they correspond with a field boundary shown on historic mapping.

Undated Trench 28 5.17 Located centrally in Trench 28 were intercutting ditches 2803 and 2805. Both were truncated by medieval furrows, suggesting that they predate the medieval period and may relate to the Iron Age remains further to the east, although this could not be confirmed. They measured up to 0.5m wide and 0.25m deep with a concave profile, these features were not detected by the geophysical survey and represent the only features in the southern part of this area.

Trenches 31 and 32 5.18 The only archaeological features identified in the northern part of Area 2 were an undated ditch terminus in Trench 31 and an undated pit in Trench 32; neither of these features were identified by the geophysical survey.

Area 3 (Trenches 50–67) 5.19 Located in the northern central part of the site, Area 3 comprised a large arable field on generally flat land. Eighteen trenches were excavated to target geophysical anomalies, most of which were shown to be furrows or land drains. A kiln or oven was revealed in Trench 62.

Medieval furrows 5.20 Furrows on a north-west/south-east orientation were recorded in Trenches 50-52, 54-58 and 60-67.

Modern Trench 62 5.21 A stone-filled land drain (6203) was identified at the southern edge of the trench; modern pottery was noted in its fill.

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Undated Trench 62 5.22 Located centrally in Trench 62 was the edge of circular pit 6205. The upper fills of the pit 6205 were truncated by land drain 6203. The feature had a clearly visible dark red ring of burnt clay around the outside of the feature, formed due to heat exposure. This was replicated in the sides as 6211, a heat effected clay edge, a deliberate lining with coal and slag embedded in it. The base of the feature was a smooth lime-based deposit which was not obviously heat affected. Any remnants of a fuel or ash deposit from usage had been removed. The fill 6213 removed from the feature was of a backfill nature, mixed clay with occasional stone inclusions. This may represent a collapse, or demolition of a superstructure. The feature is probably a small oven or kiln located away from any settlement activity, although the absence of artefactual dating evidences prevents any clear association with any of the areas of past activity and settlement recorded within the site.

5.23 Also located within Trench 62, in close proximity to 6205, was undated tree bowl 6207.

Trench 66 5.24 Located at the northern end of Trench 66, ditch 6603 (0.67m wide by 0.33m deep) was on the same north-west/south-east alignment as the furrows within the trench. While no dateable material was recovered from the ditch the alignment parallel to the medieval furrows suggests a roughly contemporary association.

Area 4 (Trenches 68–87) 5.25 Located centrally within the site and immediately north of the Griffin Farm buildings, Area 4 comprised a large arable field on flat land. Due to ground conditions it had not been possible to undertake the geophysical survey on this field at the time of the survey. Nineteen trenches were excavated in this area. A concentration of archaeological remains, predominantly in the form of ditches, was encountered in the central eastern part of Area 4, producing finds from the Iron Age and Anglo- Saxon periods (Fig. 4).

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Iron Age Trenches 78, 81, 82 and 83 5.26 A small concentration of archaeology was identified in Trenches 78, 81, 82 and 83, with pottery dating broadly from the Iron Age period, with some sherds directly attributable to the Middle Iron Age.

Trench 78 (Figs 2 and 4) 5.27 Located at the south-eastern limit of Trench 78, a series of ditches cut a broad shallow feature. On an east/west alignment, ditch 7813 measured 1.6m wide by 0.87m deep (Fig. 11). Recut 7817 was centrally located and dug to the original depth with very steep sides before being truncated by wider and shallower (1.56m wide by 0.37m deep) ditch 7817. The only dating material recovered from this series of boundary ditches was from the final phase of infilling (7818), pottery dating to the Middle Iron Age.

5.28 Large shallow pit 7819 had an irregular base, extended beyond the limits of the trench and was truncated by 7813 on it northern side. The mixed fill was heavily disturbed by bioturbation and animal burrowing, which may indicate that the Romano-British ceramic building material recovered from the feature was intrusive.

Trench 81 (Figs 2 and 4) 5.29 Located centrally within Trench 81, feature 8109 measured over 10m long by up to 0.67m deep. It was filled with four deposits, three of which contained pottery dating to the Middle Iron Age and a piece of worked antler coming from the middle of these layers. Without the geophysical survey results to indicate its size and form an interpretation of function is difficult to determine from the excavated slot. The flat base would suggest some form of planned function for the feature.

Trench 82 (Figs 2 and 4) 5.30 Located within the central and north-western end of Trench 82, six ditches and a pit were investigated. Three parallel ditches on a north/south alignment were investigated at a point away from potential intercutting relationships (8208, 8210 and 8212). The central ditch (8210) measured 0.37m wide by 0.17m deep and terminated within the trench (Fig. 12). The steep concave shape and profile of this ditch are similar to ditch 8208 directly to the north (0.46m wide by 0.27m deep). The third and eastern of the three ditches, 8212 is at 0.97m wide by 0.33m deep considerably wider than the other two. The variance suggests some phasing

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between the ditches. Pottery recovered from 8210 and 8212 has been dated to the Iron Age. The absence of geophysical survey information in this area limits the interpretation of the features. Given the number of ditches and concentration they likely represent more than just boundary ditches and may be continuous with the settlement remains in Area 6 to the south.

5.31 Located at the north-western limit of the trench, directly to the south of ditch 8204, pit 8206 produced animal bone and Iron Age pottery from a disuse fill and in the corner of the trench 8202, either a pit or ditch terminus, largely lay beyond the limits of the trench. The easternmost feature within the trench, shallow ditch terminus 8214, produced no dating material but it probably forms part of the same phase of activity.

Trench 83 5.32 Located centrally in Trench 83, an east/west boundary ditch 8306 showed a continued reuse with two recuts. Original ditch 8306 was recut on the south-eastern side by ditch 8304 which curves away to the south (Fig. 12). This possibly indicates a second ditch line joining rather than a recut as the orientations are slightly different, although this was not clear in the trench. Both ditches were truncated by ditch 8301 which contained pottery in the primary fill dating to the Iron Age. 8301 appears to follow the east/west orientation of the primary ditch 8301 rather than 8304. If 8304 is a separate ditch line it has not been maintained, unlike ditch 8306 with recut 8301.

Anglo-Saxon Trench 78 5.33 Located centrally in Trench 78, a small concentration of features demonstrated two phases of activity both producing pottery dateable to the 5th to 8th centuries AD. Ditch 7807, on an east/west alignment (0.65m wide by 0.3m deep with a U-shape profile), had posthole 7809 in the western side of the excavated slot. No relationship was recovered between ditch 7807 and posthole 7809 which was the only posthole identified in the trench. Truncating ditch 7807 on a north/south axis ditch 7803 was recut by 7805. Primary ditch 7803, over 1.0m wide and 0.3m deep, was recut on the southern side by 7805 by a shallower ditch replicating the original concave profile. Pottery was recovered from the disuse fill of 7805.

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5.34 Directly to the south-east, ditch terminus 7811 measured 0.45m wide by 0.6m deep. While no dateable material was recovered from the disuse fill it is likely to be contemporary with the dated archaeology in this trench.

Medieval furrows (Fig. 2) 5.35 The remains of medieval furrows were recorded in Trenches 69-78, 81-83 and 85- 87. As identified by geophysical survey in the other areas of the site they are on a north-west to south-east alignment and spaced c. 7m apart; where investigated, they were c. 2m wide and up to 0.15m deep.

Undated Trench 74 (Figs 2 and 4) 5.36 Located at the northern end of Trench 74, boundary ditch 7403 was 0.5m wide by 0.15m deep. No dateable material was recovered from ditch 7403 although it was truncated in multiple places by furrows, indicating that it pre-dated the medieval period. It may be associated with the Anglo-Saxon features to the east in Trench 78.

Area 5 (Trenches 88–104) 5.37 Located in the central part of the site to the south of the farm buildings, Area 5 comprised a large arable field on flat land. Seventeen trenches were excavated, targeting a range of geophysical anomalies including the northern side of a sub- circular enclosure in the southern corner of the field. It was demonstrated that the enclosure dates to the Iron Age and a burial of the same period was uncovered in the western corner of the field.

Iron Age Trench 91 (Figs 2 and 13) 5.38 Located at the south-eastern end of Trench 91, skeleton 9104 lay within grave 9103 (not excavated). Sub-circular in shape with steep sides, grave 9103 was 1.2m long by 0.9m wide and greater than 0.57m deep (Fig. 13). The skull of burial 9104 was partially revealed towards the north-eastern limit of pit 9103. Given the limited size of the grave cut and the angle of the skull it is likely to be a crouched burial. The skeleton was sealed by fill 9106, a dark organic-rich backfill deposit characterised by charcoal-rich inclusions, occasional stones and sherds of Iron Age pottery. This deposit contained a dark charcoal-rich lens directly to the east of the skull. Sealing fill 9106 around the outside of the grave cut, deposit 9105 was a mixed redeposited natural deposit which appeared to have formed through slumping containing two

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pieces of worked flint. However, it is likely that this represents the final grave backfill which has been truncated by an unidentified later event filled by 9107. Refuse deposit 9107 contained industrial residues and burnt bone fragments and although less charcoal was present had similar characteristics to 9106. The similar characteristics between 9106 and 9107 suggest the period between the depositions of the two deposits was reasonably close.

Trenches 103 and 104 (Figs 2 and 7) 5.39 A sub-circular enclosure identified by the geophysical survey was identified at the southern ends Trenches 103 and 104. Up to 2.65m wide, investigation of the enclosure ditch in Trench 104 was limited to a depth of 0.2m due to groundwater flooding the trench. A sherd of Iron Age pottery was recovered from ditch fill 10406.

Medieval furrows 5.40 On a north-west/south-east alignment and spaced c. 7m apart, medieval furrows were recorded in Trenches 88-90 and 92-104.

Modern Trenches 98, 99 and 100 5.41 Located centrally in Trenches 98, 99 and 100, a former field boundary ditch (9806, 9903 and 10003) was recorded as cutting the subsoil. This ditch corresponds with a linear geophysical anomaly recorded by the geophysical survey.

Area 6 (Trenches 105–108) 5.42 Located directly to the south-east of the farm buildings, Area 6 comprised a small pasture field used for sheep grazing and contained the only extant ridge and furrow earthworks surviving within the site. Four trenches were excavated, identifying the remains of a small circular enclosure and associated boundary ditches highlighted by the geophysical survey. Sherds of pottery from these features indicate a broadly Iron Age date for the remains, with some of the sherds more closely dating it to the Middle Iron Age.

Iron Age Trench 106 (Figs 2 and 5) 5.43 Located centrally within Trench 106, the presence was confirmed of a small circular enclosure with an opening to the east, as shown on the geophysical survey. Measuring approximately 0.6m wide, the enclosure ditch 10620 had relatively steep

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sides with a deeper central small channel in an otherwise flat base to a depth 0.56m (Fig. 14). The ditch return (10609) was recorded in plan only. Pottery dating to the Iron Age was recovered from the disuse fill of 10620.

5.44 At the south-eastern limit of the trench two pits were identified, 10605 and 10607, the latter extensively disturbed by root action.

5.45 Directly to the south-east of enclosure ditch 10607, north-east/south-west ditch 10617 was excavated. At 2.4m wide by 0.56m deep this is considerably wider than any other ditch within the trench. The profile and base replicated that of 10620 inferring a contemporary nature. Iron Age pottery, bone and a metal tool were recovered from both the primary silting fill and the final disuse deposit representing a continued refuse deposition in the ditch. The geophysical survey suggests ditch 10617 may be part of the southern corner of a rectangular enclosure.

Trench 107 5.46 A series of four north to south aligned ditches were located centrally within Trench 107. Ditch 10710, at over 1.0m wide by 0.5m deep, represents a boundary ditch identified by the geophysical survey, running north towards the corner of enclosure ditch 10617. Three further ditches, 10707 (over 3.0m wide by 0.5m deep) directly to the west and 10705 and 10714 (c. 0.5m wide by 0.26m deep) directly to the east were not identified on the geophysical survey. Ditch 10714 was recut by ditch 10717 which was then in turn recut by ditch 10721; the recuts terminated within the trench. Pottery dating to the Iron Age was recovered from the disuse fills of ditches 10707 and 10710.

Undated Trench 108 5.47 Pit 10803 was located centrally within Trench 108. Filled with burnt stone and charcoal, dumped deposit 10804 produced no dateable material but as the feature was sealed by subsoil, it is likely to be associated with the Iron Age remains further to the north.

Area 7 (Trenches 109–120) 5.48 Located in the south-eastern corner of site, Area 7 comprised a large arable field, sloping gently down to the south-east. Thirteen trenches were excavated in this area, targeting several discrete anomalies and a rectangular enclosure identified by

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the geophysical survey. Sherds of pottery recovered from the enclosure ditch date it to the Iron Age, whilst in the southern corner of the enclosure three Anglo-Saxon inhumation burials were revealed, dated by artefacts recovered as grave goods from grave 11203 to the 5th to 8th centuries AD.

Iron Age Trenches 112, 113 and 114 (Figs 2, 6 and 14) 5.49 A rectangular enclosure shown on the geophysical survey was identified in Trenches 112, 113 and 114, with a potential opening to the south confirmed in Trench 113. Ditch 11403, forming the north-eastern side of the enclosure, measured 0.72m wide by 0.13m deep and its basal deposit contained sherds of Middle Iron Age pottery. Ditch 11302, which formed an entrance terminal on the south-eastern side of the enclosure, was of a similar width but was 0.70m deep and had steep concave sides (Fig.14). The continuation of the enclosure ditch in Trench 112, ditch 11216 and recut 11218, were not excavated but the earlier cut of the ditch was approximately 2.5m wide and the recut 1.5m wide.

Anglo-Saxon Trench 112 5.50 Three graves were located centrally within Trench 112, in the southern corner of the Iron Age enclosure. Grave 11203 measured 1.7m long by 0.73m wide. Due to the shallow ploughsoil in this location, the burial had suffered from plough truncation and the skull (skeleton 11208) had been completely destroyed. The bone preservation was poor, with the majority of the spine, ribs and pelvis missing (Fig. 13). Laid supine with the skull would have been at the south-west end of the grave. Both legs were slightly flexed to the south-east with the lower arms also angled in this direction, the left arm over the pelvis. Glass beads adorned the neck and there was a copper alloy brooch on the right shoulder. Several ceramic gaming counters were also found in this area. A belt buckle was recovered from the waist region and the remnants of a metal blade lay to the left of the pelvis. The remains are those of an adult female and the grave has been dated artefactually to the late 6th/early 7th centuries AD.

5.51 Directly to the east, grave 11205 survived as a shallow cut. It showed signs of horizontal truncation, probably due to later ploughing. North-east/south-west, orientated skeleton 11207 was laid supine with the plough-damaged skull at the

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south-western end of the grave. The arms were folded over the chest and the legs crossed. There were no grave goods and bone preservation was poor.

5.52 A third burial, grave 11210, lay directly to the north of 11205 but was only partially revealed within the limits of the trench; the skull was excavated to avoid further damage by ploughing. There were no associated grave goods.

5.53 All three graves were on the same alignment and evenly spaced in the corner of rectangular enclosure 11216, suggesting that the earthworks associated with the enclosure survived into the Anglo-Saxon period.

5.54 Buried in a small pit (11209) were the truncated remains of a ceramic vessel, dating to the 5th–8th centuries AD. It was filled with charcoal-flecked silt (11213) and what was originally considered to be burnt/cremated bone (Fig. 13). However, upon examination no cremated bone was recovered, although it did contain an unburnt human tooth crown; three tooth crowns, also unburnt, were recovered from the deposit around the urn (11214).

Medieval furrows 5.55 On a north-west/south-east alignment and spaced c. 6-8m apart, medieval furrows were recorded in Trenches 109, 110 and 115-121.

Undated Trench 111 (Figs 2 and 6) 5.56 Located towards the northern end of Trench 111 on an east/west alignment and corresponding with a linear anomaly on the geophysical survey results was ditch 11106. It had a V-shaped profile and had been recut by ditch 11102. Located centrally in Trench 111, ditch 11104 was orientated north-west/south-east and had a shallow concave profile. It corresponds with a circular anomaly on the geophysical survey. No dateable material was recovered from the excavated slots, but their location within the central area of the Iron Age enclosure suggests that they are contemporary with it.

Trench 116 5.57 Pit/tree bowl 11602 was truncated by furrow 11604 and disturbed by rooting. Fired clay was recovered from the redeposited fill but there was no dateable material.

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Area 8 (Trenches 122–139, 142–149) 5.58 Area 8 comprised a large arable field, formed from three former smaller fields, covering much of the south-eastern part of the site. The ground sloped to the south- east with the slope becoming steeper towards the site’s south-eastern limits. The geophysical survey identified archaeology located along the south-east facing slope with a particular concentration to the south opening into a sub-circular enclosure. Thirty trenches were arranged across the field to target geophysical anomalies and blank areas. Four trenches (140, 141, 150 and 151) could not be excavated as their locations lay within belt of trees at the edge of the site. Due to the wet ground conditions and the flooding of several trenches, especially in the north-eastern corner, some trenches could only be recorded in plan, with the depth of features tested by auger.

Iron Age Trenches 129 and 135 (Figs 2, 7 and 15) 5.59 A large banjo enclosure, investigated in the south of Area 5 (Trenches 103 and 104), continued into the northern corner of Area 8 (Fig. 7). The presence of the enclosure was confirmed in Trenches 129 and 135. No hand excavation was possible in Trench 135 due to flooding. Ditch 13507 was over 1m wide and augering revealed that it had a depth of 0.5m. Ditch 12903, the south-western side of the banjo enclosure, was over 2m wide and excavated to a depth of 0.3m before the water table prevented further investigation (Fig. 15). Two disuse accumulation fills were identified in the upper sequence; augering indicated a full depth of 0.9m below the stripped surface. No dateable material was recovered from the feature but given its morphology, this can be identified as a banjo enclosure dating to the Iron Age, with a possible opening to the south-west.

5.60 Located centrally within Trench 129 was a small circular ring ditch with a diameter of c. 10m. This is most likely to be the remains of a roundhouse gully, was identified by the geophysical survey. Ditch 12905, forming the north-west side of the ring ditch, measured 0.55m wide by 0.24m deep; the eastern side was not encountered, suggesting that there may have been an opening on this side.

Trenches 124, 126, 130 and 137 5.61 The corridor leading into the banjo enclosure was formed by ditches 13003 and 13005, which were aligned north-east to south-west, measured up to 1.0m wide by 0.36m deep (Fig. 16) and were spaced c. 14m apart. At a distance of c. 20m from

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the entrance the southernmost ditch turned sharply and extended downslope to the south-east (ditch 13707) and the northernmost ditch turned sharply to the north-west before curving to the south-west (ditch 12403), following a slightly sinuous course (Figs 2 and 7).

Trenches 145, 148 and 149 5.62 In the north-western corner of Area 8, three boundary ditches were identified by the geophysical survey (Fig. 2). Running on a north-west/south-east alignment, a slightly sinuous ditch was identified in Trenches 145, 148 and 149, although it could not be hand excavated due to flooding. It was over 1.0m wide and augering indicated that it had a depth of c. 0.7m. The alignment of this ditch suggests that it may be a continuation of ditch 10710, investigated in Area 6.

Trenches 142 and 143 5.63 Ditch 14205, on a north-east/south-west alignment, was 2.0m wide and augered to a depth of 0.4m. A north-west/south-east aligned ditch was masked by a furrow in Trench 142 but fully revealed in Trench 143. Ditch 14305, a continuation of 14205, was 0.97m wide and 0.58m deep. Neither ditch 14303, running parallel to ditch 14305, directly to the south-west, nor ditch 14307, aligned at a 90-degree angle relating to a geophysical anomaly, produced any dating material. Based on their association with positively dated features, these ditches are attributed to the Iron Age.

Late Iron Age /Early Roman Trenches 133, 138 and 139 (Figs 2, 8, 16 and 17) 5.64 A concentration of archaeology, comprising a ditch system with associated pits and buried soils, was located in the southern corner of Area 8, on a south-facing slope. Unlike the other features in Area 8 which date to the Iron Age, Roman pottery was recovered from the disuse fills of these features and in larger quantities from the buried soils.

5.65 The greatest density of archaeology was concentrated around Trenches 133, 138 and 139. Four ditches in Trench 138, all aligned north-east/south-west, were found to correspond with those shown on the geophysical survey results. Ditch 13803, measuring over 1.0m wide by 0.57m deep and truncated by a modern ditch, produced Iron Age pottery from the basal fill. The most south-easterly of the ditches, 13806, had a wide concave profile and measured 2.3m wide by 0.76m deep (Fig.

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16). The upper fill contained sherds of Roman mortaria. The other two ditches were c. 3m wide and augering demonstrated that they had a depth of 0.35m.

5.66 At the south-west end of Trench 133, buried soil layer 13321, which was approximately 0.1m thick (Fig. 17), masked curvilinear ditch 13317 and 13308. On the geophysical survey this is shown as a small sub-circular enclosure. Ditch 13305 was aligned north-west/south-east with an asymmetrical profile and contained Roman pottery in both of its fills. Roughly parallel and directly to the north-east, ditch 13303 was recut along the same alignment by ditch 13316. No finds were recovered from the disuse fills which were truncated by ditch 13314. Ditch terminus 13314, which barely projected into the trench, contained three stones which had been potentially worked to produce a flat face. While two of the stones were potentially laid side by side they do not obviously present any form of structure. Similar stones, also potentially worked to present a flat face, were recovered from buried soil 13310 at the western end of Trench 133. The stones were not laid in any form, more indicative of having being dumped. Buried soil layer 13310, which was up to 0.25m thick, extended over 11m down the trench and contained pottery and animal bone. A north/south aligned ditch, shown on the geophysical survey, was masked by buried soil 11310.

5.67 Buried soil layers 13903, 13906 and 13907, which were truncated by furrows, covered the vast majority of Trench 139. The ditches shown on the geophysical survey were masked by these buried soils. Hand-dug sections through 13906 and 13907 revealed the buried soil to be between 0.18-0.32m thick, containing animal bone and sherds of Roman pottery (Fig. 17). A possible ditch, 13908, was revealed below 13907.

Medieval furrows 5.68 Furrows on a north-west/south-east alignment and spaced c. 4-6m apart were recorded in Trenches 123-125, 127-129, 135, 139, 142, 144 and 147.

Modern Trenches 130, 135, 138 (Figs 2, 7 and 16) 5.69 A former field boundary ditch on a north-east/south-west alignment, corresponding with a linear anomaly shown on the geophysical survey results, was identified in Trenches 130 and 135. It was over 1m wide and augered to a depth of up to 0.45m.

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The return of this ditch, as indicated by the geophysical survey, was not revealed in Trench 136. A machine-dug drainage channel was revealed in Trench 138.

Undated Trench 122 5.70 Three small ditches, located centrally in Trench 122, broadly correspond with small linear anomalies on the geophysical survey. No dating material was recovered from ditches 12203, 12205 and 12207, which were up to 0.73m wide by 0.29m deep with concave profiles, although ditch 12207 was truncated by a medieval furrow.

Trench 146 (Fig. 18) 5.71 Trench 146 was moved from its intended location, which lay within a belt of trees. Centrally located in the trench, boundary ditch 14607 was aligned north to south and was recut by ditch 14603. No dating material was recovered from the fills of either ditch. Towards the south-eastern end of the trench a north-east/south-west aligned burial was revealed, the skull visible within the exposed grave (Fig. 18). After consultation with WCCPA, it was decided to leave the burial in situ as the subsoil was sufficiently thick to prevent damage by ploughing.

Trench 129 (Figs 2, 7 and 15) 5.72 Truncating the disuse fills of banjo enclosure ditch 12903 was feature 12906, a vertical-sided cut c. 0.9m wide, filled with loose stone rubble. The feature is probably a stone-filled land drain.

Area 9 (Trenches 152–160) 5.73 Located in the south-west corner of the site, Area 9 comprised a small arable field gently sloping down to the south-east. Nine trenches were located on three potential enclosures and ridge and furrow highlighted by the geophysical survey. The locations of trenches along the south-western edge of the area had to be altered due to an overhead power line.

Iron Age Trench 153 5.74 Located at the north end of Trench 153, boundary ditch 15303 was on a north- west/south-east alignment. It measured 1.57m wide by 0.54m deep and its fill contained animal bone and Iron Age pottery. Centrally located within the trench, small pit 15305 contained part of a horse mandible.

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Trench 155 5.75 An enclosure ditch was identified at the north-west end of Trench 155. Ditch 15503, on a north-west/south-east alignment, measured 2.2m wide by 0.7m deep. Sherds of Iron Age pottery, animal bone and worked flint were recovered from the basal deposits.

5.76 Centrally located in Trench 155, the corner of a rectangular enclosure was identified on the geophysical survey. East/west ditch 15506, representing the northern side of the enclosure, measured 1.8m wide by 0.81m deep (Fig. 19). A small quantity of animal bone was recovered from the later of the two disuse deposits but otherwise there was no indication of the function of the enclosure. The return of the ditch, representing the eastern side of the enclosure was recorded in plan only. No features were identified internally to the enclosure.

Trench 152 5.77 Located at the north-western end of Trench 152, the geophysical survey identified part of a rectangular enclosure. Both the eastern and western sides of this feature within the trench were masked by furrows so the presence of this enclosure was not confirmed, although the geophysical survey has been shown to be accurate across the site, so the presence of the enclosure can be assumed.

Medieval furrows 5.78 On a north-west/south-east alignment and spaced c. 4-6m apart, furrows were recorded in Trenches 152, 153 and 156-160.

Area 10 (Trenches 161–167; Figs 2, 9, 19 and 20) 5.79 Located in the south-east corner of the site, Area 10 comprised a small enclosed arable field that sloped down towards the south-east. Exposed on the surface of the field was a large quantity of Roman pottery and stone, some potentially worked, which was not seen in the other areas of the site. The geophysical survey highlighted the densest concentration of archaeology within this area, predominantly in the form of ditches, in places truncated by the ridge and furrow, with associated pitting. Of the nine trenches intended for this field, two were within a wooded area and therefore unable to be excavated and overhead power lines required the locations of a further two to be altered. Also, a public footpath required two trenches to be split into two parts.

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Roman Trenches 161 and 166 (Figs 2, 9 and 19) 5.80 Boundary ditches 16105 and 16119 were revealed within Trench 161. Both ditches were over 0.8m wide and up to 0.6m deep with Roman pottery and animal bone collected from disuse fills. The ditches extended south-east through Trench 166, where seven ditches were identified before groundwater flooded the trench.

5.81 Two further ditches (16107 and 16125) were revealed at the south-western end of Trench 161; they were up to 0.5m deep (Fig. 19). While the alignments differed, both were orientated down the slope. Centrally located within the trench was a group of smaller ditches and pits. All were unexcavated but augered depths varied between 0.2m-0.4m.

Trench 162 (Figs 2, 9 and 19) 5.82 The same pattern was generally repeated in Trench 162, where six ditches were spaced out evenly along the trench, on slightly varying alignments, extending downslope. Centrally located, ditch 16209, the larger of the features, measured 1.25m wide by 0.55m deep, had a concave profile and was recut by ditch 16216 (Fig. 19); fills of both ditches contained Roman pottery. On either side of ditch 16209 were two smaller, parallel ditches, measuring on average 0.85m wide by 0.16m.

Trench 163 (Figs 2, 9 and 20) 5.83 Eight linear ditches were identified, spread out along the length of Trench 163, generally on a north-west/south-west alignment. Near the south-western end of the trench ditch 16305, the largest of the ditches, measured 2.85m wide and had a shallow concave profile to a depth of 0.21m; the fill contained sherds of Iron Age and Roman pottery, animal bone and CBM. Parallel and to the south-west of ditch 16305, ditch 16303 (0.58m wide by 0.22m deep) was filled with stone and Roman pottery. The high stone content was not noted in any other feature within Area 10. From the excavated slot it was not clear if this was a laid deposit which had been disturbed or a rubble backfill. Four ditches, 16307, 16309, 16311 and 16315 were broadly similar. Ditch 16311 was partially sealed by refuse deposit 16319 which infilled an irregular natural hollow (Fig. 20).

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Trench 167 (Figs 2 and 9) 5.84 At the bottom of the field the overburden in Trench 167 was 0.82m thick, greater than in the rest of the field. At the south-western end of the trench ditch 16703 had possibly suffered from truncation as despite being 1.7m wide it only survived to a depth of 0.08m. At the opposite end of the trench ditch 16707, a similar width to 16703, was augered to a depth of 0.4m. Roman pottery was recovered from the final fill 16708 of ditch 16707, which represents the continuation on an unexcavated ditch from Trench 166, ditch 16609. Centrally within the spread, buried soil 16706 was over 8m in length and excavated by test pitting to a depth of 0.2m; sherds of Roman pottery was recovered from this layer.

Trench 165 5.85 Buried soils were identified in the central and eastern parts of Trench 165. Buried soils 16507 and 16508, covering an area of roughly 30m in length, were investigated by hand dug test pits. At the western end of the buried soil 16507 a test pit revealed the deposit to be over 0.3m thick producing a large quantity of finds including pottery, animal bone, metal and CBM. This sealed a thin layer of redeposited natural, 16511, in turn sealing the undulating geological substrate. A test pit in deposit 16508 was equally rich in finds with a similar depth. Sealed by deposit 16508 was north-east/south-west orientated ditch 16512 (Fig. 20). This corresponds with a ditch truncated by furrows, identified through geophysical survey.

5.86 Located at the eastern end of Trench 165, ditches 16503, 16505 and 16509 were all on varying alignments. Shallow, at up to 0.19m in depth with concave profiles, Roman pottery and animal bone was recovered from all of the features. 16509, at the eastern extremity of the trench, at 1.3m wide is the widest of the features and is likely to be the continuation of a boundary ditch identified by the geophysical survey while 16503 may relate to a curvilinear anomaly that is largely masked by 16507.

Medieval furrows 5.87 On a north-west/south-east alignment and spaced c. 4-6m apart, furrows were recorded in Trenches 161, 162, 163 and 165.

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6. THE FINDS by Ed McSloy

6.1 The artefactual assemblage is listed by context in Appendix B. The largest quantities of recovered material, mostly pottery, were recorded from Area 2 (Trenches 34–37), Area 4 (Trenches 78 and 81–83), Area 5 (Trench 91), Area 6 (Trench 106), Area 7 (Trenches 112 and 114) and Area 10 (Trenches 161–165). A richly-furnished Anglo- Saxon burial (Feature 11205), the finds associated with which are described in detail, was located in Area 7 (Trench 112).

6.2 Pottery from all periods amounts to 542 sherds, weighing 5844g. The largest quantities date to the late prehistoric (Iron Age), Roman and earlier Anglo-Saxon periods and these demonstrate significant activity relating to these periods. There is good correspondence between quantities of pottery and greatest density of archaeological features indicated from the geophysical survey and some chronological separation. The pottery is discussed below according to period. Pottery types referred to in the text in parenthesis are defined in Appendix B (Table 2).

Pottery Late Prehistoric 6.3 A total of 161 sherds (1654g) of Late Prehistoric pottery was recorded from 25 separate deposits (Appendix B, Table 1). Most was recorded from within Areas 2, 4, 6 and 7, primarily from ditch fills. The condition of this small assemblage is generally good with surfaces and inclusions well preserved. Most sherds are small/well- fragmented and there are few vessels where form was determinable. The overall scarcity of diagnostic features makes refinement of dating problematical for much of the assemblage.

6.4 The range of fabrics for the assemblage is shown in Appendix B (Table 2). The bulk of the pottery occurs in handmade calcareous (fossil shell or limestone-tempered) fabrics, with a small number of sherds in quartz-bearing types. In its (fabrics) range, the assemblage shares similarities with Iron Age groups located to the north-east, in the area bordering Northamptonshire. It is less similar to groups from central/south- western Warwickshire, where quartz sand dominated fabrics are dominant and where Malvernian products may also be present.

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6.5 A broadly Middle Iron Age date range (c. 4th to 1st centuries BC) is favoured for most of the assemblage. This is suggested by the small number of vessels with globular (deposits 8205, 11403), neckless/barrel-shaped (deposits 3702 and 9106) or ‘slack’ profiles (10613) and by an absence of the more angular vessel styles/finger-tipped decoration which can typify earlier Iron Age assemblages. In addition a small number of sherds exhibit scored decoration common to Middle Iron Age ‘Scored wares’ of this period in the Midlands (Elsdon 1992). Due to the scarcity of diagnostic material there are few indications as to whether material recovered from Areas 2, 4, 6 and 7 are closely contemporary. Significantly, some context groups from Area 2 (ditch fill 3704) contained both handmade Iron Age type fabrics and wheelthrown forms suggestive of ‘transitional’ Late Iron Age/Early Roman dating.

Roman (including ‘transitional’ Late Iron Age/Early Roman pottery) 6.6 This material makes up the largest part of pottery recorded from the evaluation, amounting to 288 sherds (3922g) from 41 deposits. The majority of this material was recorded from ditch fills from Area 8 and 10; areas corresponding to intensive activity demonstrated by the geophysical survey. The condition of the Roman pottery is generally good, with sherd surfaces mainly well-preserved and unabraded. Fragmentation is moderately low, reflected in in a mean sherd weight of 13.6g. A small number of deposits (ditch fills 16306 and 13810, and layer 16507) contained larger or joining vessel sherds.

6.7 The overall composition of this group is shown in Appendix B, Table 2. The largest element comprises greywares in a number of distinct types, the source for most of which (types GW1 and GW2) is the Central Warwickshire group of kilns centred on Ryton on Dunsmore and Bubbenhall, approximately 10km to the north-west. Other sources for pottery coarsewares includes Northamptonshire/north Bedfordshire for the Roman shell-tempered ware (ROM SH), Oxfordshire for white and red-slipped mortaria (OXF WH; OXF RS), the West Midlands for Mancetter-Hartshill mortaria (MAH WH), south-east Dorset for Black-burnished ware (DOR BB1) and the Towcester/north Buckinghamshire area for Pink grog-tempered ware (PNK GT). Continental imports are present as the few sherds of Central and East Gaulish samian (LEZ SA2; EGSA).

6.8 Vessel forms among the Roman assemblage, particularly among the greywares, comprise mainly jars. Typically these consist of medium or wide-mouthed, necked

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forms suitable for storage cooking. Tablewares are largely lacking, present only as fineware bowls among the samian (a Drag. 31 or 31r from deposit 13905). A single flagon, of ring-necked form (a late 1st or 2nd century type) was recorded in fine whiteware WHf from deposit 16312. As already noted mortaria are present Oxfordshire whiteware (two) and red slipped ware (one), and a sherd in Mancetter Hartshill whiteware. The dominance of utilitarian forms and the scarcity of samian or other finewares are indications of a lower status group, of the kind typical for many small rural settlements.

6.9 Evidence for activity in the earlier or mid 1st century AD is present in the form of wheelthrown grog-tempered (GT) and coarse, wheelthrown black-firing sandy types (QZwt), the majority recorded from Area 2 (Trenches 34 and 36). Dating evidence for pottery for the period after mid 1st century AD is provided primarily from the traded ware types. The small quantities of central and east Gaulish samian provide evidence for 2nd or earlier 3rd-century activity, and a proportion of the greywares, ‘developed grog-tempered’ and shell-tempered wares probably also relate to this period or a little earlier. Included among the shell-tempered ware (ROM SH) activity from 16210 is a channel-rimmed jar, a form particularly common in Northamptonshire/Bedfordshire and current across the mid 1st to 2nd centuries.

6.10 The bulk of the assemblage would seem to date to the middle and later Roman period, after c. AD 200. Dating comes from the small quantities of south-east Dorset Black-burnished ware (DOR BB1) and Oxfordshire whiteware mortaria (OXF WH). The latter type includes mortaria of Young’s form M17 (ditch fill 13810 and layer 16507), for which dating in the range c. AD 240–300 can be expected (Young 1977, 72). Forms in Black-burnished ware consist of plain-rimmed dishes (ditch fill 13804 and layer 16507) and bowls with flat, grooved rims (ditch fill 16306), classes current after the later 2nd century. Ditch fill 16306 also included joining sherds from a necked bowl in Pink grog-tempered ware (PNK GT), a type prevalent in the 3rd or 4th centuries. The assemblage includes very few firm indications of continuation of activity into the late 3rd or 4th. Notably, incidence of Oxford red slipped ware (OXF RS), a type probably dating after c. AD 270, is limited to among the pottery counters recovered from the Anglo-Saxon burial 11203 described below, and potentially originating away from this site.

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Anglo-Saxon 6.11 A total of 10 sherds (74g) was recorded from five deposits located in Areas 4, 7 and 10 (Appendix B). In addition, approximately 80 mainly very small sherds (134g,) representing a single vessel, were recorded from Trench 112, in the vicinity of Anglo-Saxon inhumations. No cremated bone was associated with this vessel and its interpretation is problematical. The fabric contains abundant quartz and is very soft, with the result that the sherds are highly friable and the surfaces poorly preserved.

6.12 The remainder of the assemblage comprises small bodysherds in two handmade fabrics. Seven sherds, in fabric QZpoly which is characterised by polycrystalline quartz (sandstone) inclusions, were recorded from Trench 112 and associated burial 11203. The remainder comprises sherds in a fabric characterised by organic (chopped grass or chaff) inclusions (fabric ORG). An abraded sherd of this type was recorded from Area 10 layer 16505, which also included 27 sherds of Roman pottery.

6.13 None of the Anglo-Saxon pottery was decorated and in its absence only broad dating across the later 4th to 8th centuries is probable.

Other finds Lithics and burnt stone 6.14 The four pieces of worked flint are considered indicative of low level earlier prehistoric activity. A core and a retouched flake were associated with the otherwise undated pit burial 9104 (fill 9105), although the condition of these makes it unlikely they represent intentional inclusions. The raw material for both pieces from 9105 is a dark grey flint with similar mottled blue-grey re-cortication. The core is small (22g) and of single-platform type, with evidence for platform rejuvenation. The removal scars are irregular but generally blade-like and this piece probably dates to the Mesolithic. The second piece from 9105 is a hard hammer struck flake, one edge of which exhibits secondary working as a small area of shallow invasive retouch suggestive of use as a knife. Use of a broad, hard-hammer struck flake as a blank and the invasive retouch are most suggestive of a later Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date. Both pieces from this deposit feature moderate edge damage which may suggest they are both re-deposited.

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6.15 The remaining worked flint comprises two flakes from ditch fills 13905 and 15505. Neither features secondary working nor evidence for utilisation, and neither is closely dateable. The small quantities of burnt stone (409g) comprise quartzite pebbles with a smaller number of limestone fragments.

Fired/burnt clay and ceramic building material 6.16 Fired/burnt clay amounting to 39 fragments (300g) was recovered, most from Iron Age and Roman-dated deposits (Appendix B). The majority is heavily fragmented/amorphous and none suggestive of a particular function. The ceramic building material (5 fragments, weighing 139g) is no more closely definable beyond ‘tile’ or ‘brick/tile’. Broad Romano-British dating is probable for all pieces.

Metal 6.17 A total of seven objects, all of iron, were recorded. Five comprise nails, all of which were recorded from Roman-dated deposits (Appendix B). Four belong to the common Roman form (Manning’s 1 B class), with flattened heads and shaft length up to 55mm. The example from deposit 16304 features a T-shaped head, matching Manning’s Roman form 3 (Manning 1985). A tapering rod-like object from Iron Age deposit 15504 may be an implement tang or an awl. A curving blade fragment (Ra. 17), from Iron Age dated deposit 10618 is probably the end portion of a reaping hook, an agricultural tool common from the Iron Age and Roman periods (ibid).

Metallurgical residues 6.18 Small quantities of metallurgical residues were recorded from three Iron Age and Roman-dated deposits (589g). Material from deposits 6207, 9107 and 16204 consists of ironworking slag, probably relating to small-scale smithing activity. Included from deposit 9107 (fill of burial 9103) is a smithing hearth bottom; a compact cake of slag, approximately plano-convex, and formed at the base of the smithing hearth. In addition to the metallurgical related material are quantities (14g) of ‘fuel ash slag’ form deposits 16217 and 16218. This consists of lightweight vitreous material formed from high temperature activities, not necessarily related metallurgical processes.

6.19 Evidence for non-ferrous metalworking is present in the form eight sherds from a probable crucible (49g) which was also recorded from burial fill 9106. The vessel is of simple cup-like form in a vesicular fabric, its surfaces clearly subjected to intense heat.

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Burial 11203: Grave goods 6.20 Burial 11205 was partially truncated and it remains possible that some items associated with it have been lost. The report presented below is based on an initial investigation made preliminary to X-radiography of the metalwork and full cleaning/conservation. Five Registered artefacts were recovered; Ra. 15 including 58 individual beads of amber and glass.

6.21 The grave goods are suggestive of 6th-century date for Burial 11203, with some indications from the glass bead forms present, that the items were deposited in the second half of the 6th, or as late as the early 7th century.

Copper alloy: Brooch (Ra. 1) 6.22 Annular brooch (38–39mm diam.; 7–7.6mm wide, narrowing to 4.6mm at the pin axis; thickness 1.7mm). The band is irregular and appears to have been formed from a folded strip, the seam visible to the inner edge. Only the loop of the (iron) pin is preserved; this presumed to obscure the riveted join to the band. In its unconserved state the lightly tooled decoration is indistinct. This is confined to one face and appears to consist of a row of S-shaped stamps interrupted by paired, radial grooves.

6.23 Annular brooches commonly occur in pairs in (female) graves, largely from Anglian lands of eastern, central and northern England. Ra. 1 was positioned on the right shoulder and given the truncation to Burial 11203, it is likely that it was one of two originally present. In use the form is contemporary with cruciform brooches, dating across the later 4th to 7th centuries (MacGregor and Bolick 1993), with the majority from the 6th century. Examples from Warwickshire include a pair from Wasperton from a 6th century (Period 4) phased grave (Carver et al. 2009, 243–244, nos. 1 and 2); and three from Churchover which are listed in the Ashmolean museum catalogue (MacGregor and Bolick 1993, 87, no. 10.26; 90, no. 10.43).

Buckle (Ra. 18) 6.24 Plain sub-oval form buckle (35mm long x 26mm wide x 7mm thick) with a one side of the frame constricted to form a narrow axis for an iron tongue (pin), and triangular notched ‘pin rest’ in opposing side of frame. The iron tongue is present, but heavily corroded and of uncertain form.

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6.25 The form of Ra. 18 matches Marzinzik’s (earlier Anglo-Saxon) Class I: describing ‘buckles without an attached plate’. Further classification awaits investigative conservation to determine the form of the tongue, although preliminary attribution is made to Marzinzik’s Typegroup I.5. A buckle with a loop of very similar form from Wasperton comes from a grave dated to the later 6th century (Carver et al. 2009, 145, no. 4).

Iron: Knife (Ra. 10). 6.26 Ra. 10 is fragmentary; the tip and part of its tang missing. The blade back and edge are straight, tapering gradually towards the tip and the tang appears to be central to the blade. The form and proportions (surviving length 127mm; max width 16mm) wide) are typical of small ‘domestic’ knives common from earlier Anglo-Saxon burials. The recorded location of Ra. 10, at the right hip and level with buckle Ra. 18, suggests it was worn on a belt.

Ring (Ra. 7) 6.27 The original function of ring 7 is unknown, although its recorded location, close to knife Ra. 10 may suggest it is a belt fitting. Rings of similar size (Ra. 7 is 22.5mm in diam.) occur from Wasperton, for example from a Period 4 (6th century) inhumation (Carver et al. 2009, 146–49, nos. 3 and 9).

Amber, crystal and glass beads (Ra. 5 and Ra. 15) 6.28 Items grouped under Ra 5 and Ra 15 comprised a total of 33 amber beads, 29 glass beads of varying types (detailed below), and one of rock crystal. Images of the Burial 11203 under excavation shows the position of the beads at the neck, and worn in several strings (Plate 1).

Amber: Large, irregular/sub-rectangular 6.29 The 15 beads are grouped in this category are typically sub-rectangular and with a single perforation through the longest axis. The beads range in size from 20mm x 20mm to 14mm x 13mm.

Smaller irregular/sub-rectangular 6.30 The 13 beads of this type are distinguishable from those already described only by size, which is in the range 13mm x 10mm to 10mm x 9mm.

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Discoid 6.31 The third grouping (of 5 beads) describes disc-like forms with a central perforation through the short axis. Four of the beads in this grouping measure approximately 13–15mm in diameter x 6–7mm. The fifth (in two fragments) is significantly larger, measuring 21–24mm in diameter x 11mm thick.

6.32 Baltic amber is a relatively common component of Anglo-Saxon burials, the main period of use being the 6th century AD (Dickenson 1976). The bead forms recorded from Burial 11203 are typical of the minimally-worked forms common to Anglo- Saxon finds. Large groups occur from the large Anglian cemeteries of eastern and central England, including Wasperton, Warks (Carver et al. 2009) and Beckford, Worcs (Evison and Hill 1996). At Wasperton, 28 of the ‘culturally Anglo-Saxon’ burials, contained amber beads in forms matching those from Ra. 15, numbering from single examples to over 200 (Carver et al. 2009, 60, table 4.6). Dating at Wasperton, where indicated by more diagnostic glass beads or metalwork, is primarily in the 6th to mid 7th century range. A bead string from a Period 3 (late 5th to early 6th century) burial at Wasperton (Carver et al. 2009, 294–6: Inhumation 155), was recorded in situ, its position suggesting it was hung between a pair of applied brooches. This bead string included 53 amber and a single crystal bead.

Rock crystal: sub-spherical 6.33 The single rock crystal bead is domed/bun-shaped, measuring 19mm diam. x 13mm thick, and with a single, central perforation. Rock crystal beads are thought to be a mainly 6th-century phenomenon (Dickenson 1976), with most of those from the Upper Thames Valley probably dating before c. 550 (ibid. 206–7).

Glass beads: monochrome/short cylinder (opaque white) 6.34 Three beads of this type were recorded, all 8mm in diam. and 9mm in length. Guido describes similar beads (Guido 1999, 32) and notes continental parallels suggesting manufacture in south-west Germany. Her suggested dating is c. AD 590–700 (Guido 1999, 32). Brugmann (2004) however associates monochrome cylinder beads with her B assemblages, considered to span c. AD 550–660. The association here of the white and blue cylinder beads with the (Dot 34 and Koch 34) described below, further supports such dating.

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Monochrome/short cylinder (translucent and opaque blue) 6.35 Two blue beads were recorded; one ‘wound’ translucent example (8mm diam. x 7mm in length); and one of opaque glass (7mm diam. x 7mm in length). Blue cylinder beads (Guido’s Type 6ii) share a long ancestry, beginning in the Roman period and common from the later 5th and 6th centuries (Guido 1999, 49). Brugmann (2004) grouped cylindrical /round (CyRound) forms, of which the opaque blue bead is an example, with her B1 chronological division (c. AD 550–660).

Polychrome: annular/barrel-shaped white with crossed blue waves 6.36 This was the most numerous of the polychrome beads, with 8 examples recorded measuring in the range 10mm diam. x 5mm thick to 8mm x 5mm, and a ninth example which is larger and barrel-shaped, measuring 12mm in diam. x 12mm thick. A single example also occurs of a doubled/’hourglass’ type bead which can be regarded as a variant. The form equates to Koch 34 (Koch 1977) and Guido 3iiia types (Guido 1999). Guido noted continental examples from the Rhineland, the Netherlands and northern France and postulated manufacture at a number of locations (ibid. 32–33). Brugmann placed beads of this form with her B assemblages, probably c. AD 550–660.

Polychrome: annular/sub-spherical terracotta with crossed white/yellow waves 6.37 There are nine examples of this type (measuring 7mm diam. x 6mm thick). As already noted this bead form was grouped with white blue forms as Koch type 34 (Koch 1977), and Brugmann’s suggested dating is discussed above. Guido (1999, 63; her Type 8xiva) again postulates manufacture at more than one continental source and suggests later 6th to 7th century range.

Polychrome: short cylinder white with crossed blue waves and terracotta dots 6.38 There are five examples of this type, which is significantly larger compared to other polychrome forms listed (in the range 18mm diam x 15mm thick to 12mm x 12mm). The form matches Guido’s Type 3iiic (Guido 1999, 33) for which she suggested 6th to mid 7th century dating and origins in south-west Germany. Brugmann (2003) lists the type as her Dot 34 beads, which she groups with her B1 assemblages, dating c. AD 550–660.

Polychrome: discoid yellow with crossed terracotta waves and terracotta dots 6.39 Single example measuring 12mm diam. x 7mm thick. The form equates to Koch Type 20, a form also known in terracotta with white/yellow waves and dots. Guido

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separated the terracotta and yellow-grounded beads, labelling the latter Type 4iv and suggested that the 6th to early 7th centuries was the period of greatest popularity (Guido 1999, 40). Brugmann placed the Koch 20 beads in her B1 division, suggesting dating c. AD 550–660.

Pottery and stone discs (counters) 6.40 A total of 18 pottery discs (including Ras. 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 13 and 14) and one of stone were recorded from burial 11203 (fill 11204). The discs were clustered close to the left shoulder and were probably deposited in a bag, of which no trace survived. One further example from subsoil 11201 almost certainly originates from this deposit.

6.41 All of the pottery discs have been shaped from Roman pottery types. Including that from subsoil 11201, 14 are from oxidised-firing (orange) types and 5 from reduced (dark grey-firing) types. The stone disc, a water-worn pebble (probably ironstone), is also dark grey in colour. Identification of the pottery fabrics was made difficult by wear, however among the oxidised discs, samian and oxford red-slipped ware appears to have been favoured (Appendix B, Table 3). One disc in the latter fabric retains the quartz ‘trituration’ grit to one face indicating that it was made from a mortarium. The majority of the pottery and stone discs are of consistent size and thickness (15–16mm in diam. and 4–5mm thick). Ra. 6 is of little larger diameter (19mm) and alone among the samian discs retains its lustrous red slip to both faces.

6.42 Pottery discs, most commonly identified as gaming pieces, are common site finds. Large numbers occurring in Roman fabrics were recorded from the post-Roman town ditch fills at Colchester (Crummy 1983, 93). ‘Curation’ and re-use of Roman pottery in the earlier Anglo-Saxon period is a recognised phenomenon and there is some evidence for the deliberate selection of the red-firing pottery types (West 1985).

6.43 Incidence of gaming pieces from Anglo-Saxon burials appears to be fairly uncommon, largely limited to bone or antler pieces from cremation deposits (Richards 1987). Examples in bone/ivory are also known from the ‘princely’ burials at Sutton Hoo, Taplow (Care Evans 1986, 69) and Prittlewell. There remains, however, insufficient evidence to determine the games played in this period.

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Finds from soil samples or from processing of human remains 6.44 Artefacts recovered from bulk soil sample residues or found associated with inhumation 11203 (fills 11207–8) are listed in Appendix B, Table 3 and discussed in brief below.

Pottery 6.45 Further small quantities of late prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon pottery were recorded from five deposits (Appendix B, Table 3). All comprises small bodysherd where broad dating is possible based on fabrics.

Fired clay 6.46 Fired clay was noted from seven deposits. In all instances this material is very fragmentary and it is not possible to determine function.

Metallurgical residues 6.47 One deposit, burial fill 9106, produced quantities of metallurgical residues including ironworking slag and vitreous clay identified as hearth/furnace lining.

Iron 6.48 Iron hobnails (5) were recorded from two deposits: layer 16508 and ditch fill 16708. All are of a similar form with conical head and short shaft and are typical of examples found with Roman footwear.

Worked bone 6.49 Two small and degraded fragments were recorded in association with burial 11203, recorded as in the area of the ribs. The fragments are identifiable as from a stiffener plate from a composite bone comb. The larger fragment retains a portion of an iron fixing rivet. Both pieces feature indistinct scored decoration in a geometrical (zig- zag) pattern and notches to one edge resulting from the cutting of the teeth.

Investigative conservation 6.50 X-radiography (Plate K16/60) of the metalwork and investigative conservation/stabilisation of selected metal and other finds including beads of amber, glass and rock crystal, was undertaken by specialist conservator Karen Barker.

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6.51 Cleaning of the amber and glass beads was effected using distilled water and cotton buds. Following this, the beads were placed in changes of a mix from 100% distilled water to 100% acetone; increasing acetone concentration by 10% daily over 10 days and then air-dried. All amber beads were then stabilised using 3% Paraloid B72 acrylic resin in acetone.

6.52 The non-ferrous metal objects were cleaned using a scalpel, class bristle brush and cotton buds with acetone. The ironwork was cleaned using compressed air. All metal finds are stored in air-tight containers containing desiccating silica gel to inhibit further corrosion.

Results 6.53 Re-examination of the cleaned/stabilised amber, glass and rock crystal beads associated with Anglo-Saxon burial 11203 has confirmed provisional quantities and identifications.

6.54 Cleaning of annular brooch Ra. 1 has confirmed that the decoration is confined to one face. This was heavily worn but appears to consist of triple radial grooves at quarter intervals and with a continuous row of S-shaped stamps (Plate 1). The x-ray shows that the iron pin hinge was located in a U-shaped recess to the exterior of the brooch frame. On cleaning traces of mineralised textile were visible in the area of the iron pin. The thickness of the fibre suggests wool, however no other details were discernible.

6.55 Cleaning of the buckle Ra. 18 (Plate 2) has clarified the form of its pin as rod-like, with simple bent-over fixing, and confirms the buckle as belonging Marzinzik’s Type group I.5. The buckle frame is identified as silver (rather than copper alloy, as had been suggested), almost certainly over a core or iron.

6.56 Cleaning of iron knife Ra. 10 has clarified slightly its form, suggesting that the blade back is slightly curving rather than straight as had been thought, and that the top edge of the tang is level with the blade back, rather than central to the blade.

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Plate 1: Annular brooch Ra. 1 following conservation.

Plate 2: Buckle Ra. 18 following conservation.

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7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Animal Bone by Andy Clarke 7.1 A collection of animal bones numbering 1835 fragments (7835g) was recovered through a combination of hand excavation and bulk soil sampling from 63 features spread across site (Appendix C, Table 1). For the purpose of this report, the bones were identified to species and skeletal element using an osteological reference collection (Cotswold Archaeology Ltd) as well as standard reference literature (Schmid 1972, Hillson 1996), and quantified by fragment count and weight. Where modern breakage was observed and re-fitting was possible, those fragments were recorded as a single bone. The material displayed a varying degree of preservation and was highly fragmented with frequent historical and modern damage. This has rendered 88% of the assemblage unidentifiable beyond the level of cattle or sheep- size mammal. However, it has been possible to identify the remains of cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), pig (Sus scrofa sp.), horse (Equus callabus), dog (Canis familiaris) and deer antler.

Iron Age

7.2 The Iron Age assemblage was recovered from two pits, eight ditches, a furrow and a grave in Areas 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9. A total of 129 fragments (828g) were recovered, accounting for 7% of the assemblage as a whole. Cattle, sheep/goat, pig and dog were identified, all of which were commonly exploited species in this period (Baker and Worley, 2014). Thirteen cattle and eleven sheep/goat remains were recovered; both species are represented mainly by meat-poor skeletal elements such as fragments of the skull, loose molars or the bones of the lower limbs. While no actual cut and/or chop marks relating to butchery activity were observed, much of the bone shows fracture patterns commonly seen in the waste from secondary butchery (i.e. the dressing of a carcass into individual cuts of meat). In addition, a cow tibia shaft from furrow 10405 is fractured in a manner indicative of marrow extraction. Pig and dog were each represented by only a single fragment, respectively an incisor tooth and a femur.

7.3 A total of 26 fragments (3g) of burnt bone were recovered from deposit 9106, the fill of grave 9103, revealed in Area 5. All the bone from this feature was unidentifiable to the extent that a human or animal origin is unclear. The blue/black to bright white appearance of the bone is suggestive of cremation activity as it indicates burning at temperatures considerably higher than those associated with cooking (Lyman, 1994).

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However, when taking into account the low recovery rate combined with the similarity of this deposit with the final grave fill, refuse deposit 9107, it is more than likely that these fragments are residual in nature.

Roman

7.4 Accounting for 23% of the overall assemblage, the Roman activity on site produced the largest amount of datable bone with 434 fragments (3561g) recovered from the fills of 14 ditches and four refuse layers, concentrated in Areas 8 and 10 in the southern limit of the site. Bones from cattle were recovered from nine deposits with 34 fragments representing 50% of the identified material. As with the preceding Iron Age assemblage, meat-poor elements were present but this assemblage also included meat-rich fragments such as the scapula and bones of the upper limbs. No cut or chop marks were present but fracture patterns common to the stepped stages of butchery, from carcass dressing to the kitchen, were observed.

7.5 A total of 25 sheep/goat bones accounting for 37% of all identified material, were recovered from 12 deposits. As with the cattle remains, both meat-rich and meat- poor elements were present and evidence of butchery was noted only from the pattern of historical fractures.

7.6 Pig was the least abundant of the three major domestic species, only three fragments, a scapula and two mandibles, were recovered respectively from buried soil 13906, ditch 16305 and refuse layer 16508. No evidence of butchery practice in the form of cut or chop marks was present.

7.7 The remains of horse were also identified with fragments of the lower leg bones recovered from ditch 13806 and buried soil 13906 and an isolated molar from refuse layer 16127.

7.8 Although no physical remains were recovered, it is likely that dogs were also present on site during this period as much of the assemblage shows clear signs of having been gnawed. This should be considered along with the fact that the identified species are, in the main represented by the more robust skeletal elements such as distal long bones and teeth. Therefore a taphonomic bias in the results cannot be ruled out.

7.9 The Roman assemblage contains both meat-poor and meat-rich elements of cattle, sheep/goat and to a limited extent pig, and much of this material shows historical fracture patterns that are common to the stepped stages of butchery. The

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combination of these two factors, the type of bone present and how it is damaged, is highly indicative of domestic refuse, comprising of both butchery and kitchen waste, with beef and mutton clearly being the favoured dietary choice. The remains of horse were not recovered in high enough amounts to make a useful interpretative inference beyond species identification.

Anglo-Saxon

7.10 A total of 17 fragments (17g) of burnt bone were recovered from deposit 11206, the fill of grave 11205. Due to the level of fragmentation it was not possible to identify whether the bone was human or animal, but their bright white colouration and calcined nature indicates prolonged heating to temperatures in excess of 700° Celsius (Lyman, 1994), suggesting an origin in cremation activity. However, due to the truncation of this feature it is unclear if these fragments represent the remains of an in situ deposit or an accidental introduction to the grave fill due to later plough action.

Undated

7.11 A total of 1254 fragments (3431g), accounting for 68% of the assemblage, were recovered from the undated deposits of 32 layers, pit and ditch features spread across site. Cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse and a deer species were identified. The remains of the former three species display similar characteristics as those seen in both the Iron Age and Roman phases of activity. Of note is a small fragment (3g) of deer antler recovered from pit 8109 in Area 4 and a horse metacarpal (126g) recovered from ditch 16216 in Area 10. Clear cut marks are present on both fragments, neither of which is indicative of butchery; rather, they are an indication of bone and antler working taking place on site.

Human Bone by Sharon Clough

Introduction

7.12 Four burials were recovered from Trench 112 of the evaluation. These were SK 11207, a 30+ year old probable female, SK 11208, a mature-older age probable female, SK 11211, a 45+ year old male and burial 11214 a six-month old child. These individuals were all recovered from graves similarly north-east/south-west aligned and in close proximity, one of which continued beyond the edge of excavation. This implies that it is a group of burials and potentially part of a larger

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cemetery. They have all been dated to the Anglo-Saxon period. Grave goods were recovered from all but one, the grave of SK 11211 (which ran beyond the limit of excavation and was not fully excavated).

7.13 The bone had not survived well in two graves and not at all for burial 11214, with the exception of some tooth crown and a petrous bone. The skull of SK 11211 was the best preserved. Observed pathologies were limited by the level of preservation and only SK 11211 had evidence for osteoarthritis in the neck and degeneration of the jaw joint. This individual also had evidence for occupational wear on the lower two front teeth and caries were present on other teeth.

Methodology

7.14 All skeletal material was examined and recorded in accordance with national guidelines (Hillson 1996; Brickley and McKinley 2004; Mays et al. 2004).

Biological Age Assessment

7.15 Aging is a highly variable process whose causative factors and biological mechanics are not fully understood (Cox 2000). In addition, ‘biological age’ does not always equate to ‘chronological age’ or ‘social age’ (Lewis 2007) of which adulthood is primarily a culturally defined concept (Cox 2000, Lewis 2007). With this in mind, a multi-method approach was taken (Appendix C, Table 2) to provide a range of estimates. Then each indicator was weighted on reliability. Where only one (less reliable) method was available, then this individual was determined to be only Adult or Subadult. For analytical purposes the ages were split into categories (Appendix C, Table 3). These categories reflect physical thresholds and the limitations of the techniques and in no way represent cultural stages.

Sex Estimation

7.16 The biological sex of all adult skeletons was based on examination of standard characteristics of the skull and pelvis (Ferembach et al. 1980; Schwartz 1995), with greater emphasis on features of the latter as they are known to be more reliable (Cox and Mays 2000). Measurements of the femoral and humeral heads were employed as secondary indicators (Giles 1970). Adult skeletons were recorded as male, female, probable male (male?), probable female (female?), or indeterminate depending on the degree of sexual dimorphism of features. No attempt was made to sex subadults defined as individuals below 20 years of age for whom there are no accepted methods (Cox 2000), with the exception of adolescent skeletons whose innominate bones had fused and where preservation was adequate.

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Skeletal condition and completeness

7.17 The completeness of each skeleton was classified as a percentage of the whole and divided in to four groups , 0–25%, 25–50%, 50–75% and 75+%. The condition of the bone surface of each skeleton was recorded in detail with reference to different anatomical areas (skull, arms, hands, legs and feet) after McKinley (2004, 16) and given an overall summary score.

Metrics

7.18 It was not possible to take any measurements for any of the burials.

Nonmetric

7.19 The presence or absence of frequently recorded non-metrical cranial and post- cranial traits were scored (Berry and Berry 1967; Schwartz 1995; Hillson 1996).

Dental

7.20 Dentition was recorded using the Palmer notation. Caries were graded into small (<1mm), medium (2–4 mm) and large (>4 mm). Abscesses were recorded with reference to Dias and Tayles (1997). Periodontal disease and dental enamel hypoplasia were graded using Ogden 2008. Calculus was graded per tooth (flecks, slight, medium, heavy after Brothwell 1981) and recorded as sub and supra gingival.

Pathology

7.21 Skeletal pathology and/or bony abnormality was described and differential diagnoses explored with reference to standard texts (Ortner and Putschar 1981; Resnick 1995; Aufderheide and Rodriguez-Martin 1998). Where it was considered appropriate the extent and range of pathology was explored by calculating crude prevalence rates (the number of individuals with a condition out of the total number of individuals observed) and true prevalence rates (the number of elements or teeth with a particular condition out of the number of elements or teeth observed).

Results and Discussion

7.22 The skeletons will be discussed individually.

Skeleton 11207

7.23 This burial lay in a south-west/north-east supine extended position the left and right arms bent 90 degrees at the elbow across one another. The legs came together on the left side at the knee level. This skeleton was poorly preserved and probably

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suffered from plough damage which may have removed some areas. The burial environment had resulted in none of the spongy bone (such as spine and ends of long bones) being preserved and very high fragmentation. All areas of the skeleton were represented, making up 50–75% of the entire skeleton. The bone surface was all affected to some degree by erosion, but general morphology was maintained (McKinley 2004, grade 3). The skull comprised fragments of zygomatic bones, the mandible, part of the left orbit, and fragments of the occipital bone. Post-cranial there were cervical and lumbar vertebrae facet fragments, some iliac fragments and a few rib fragments. The limbs were all present to varying degrees, though mostly the epiphyses were absent. The hands and feet were represented by shafts of metacarpals and metatarsals. There were 18 teeth of which six were present in the left mandible, the remainder were loose. Of these only the mandibular third molar had slight calculus on the lingual surface. Dental attrition was light, with little wear on the occlusal surfaces of the molar teeth.

7.24 Due to the poor preservation there was only a single area which could be used for identification of sex, the angle of the mandible. This was slightly obtuse with no gonial flaring. This could be considered female. Due to there being only a single indicator then the suggestion of an identification of female is to be very tentative.

7.25 The poor preservation also affected the estimation of age. This too relied on a single indicator; the teeth. The dental attrition was estimated to be 25–30 years (Miles 1962) and since these burials are dated to the Anglo-Saxon period, pre-industrial, then Miles’ method is considered fairly reliable. The third molar was fully erupted, so this places the individual over 18–25 years. This individual is placed in the 25–35 year category.

7.26 There was no pathology observed.

Skeleton 11208

7.27 This burial was aligned south-west/north-east in an adjacent grave to SK11207. It was also supine extended with the right arm flexed out to the side away from the body and the left arm bent at the elbow across the body, with the hand resting on the top of the right leg. The legs were leaning slightly to the right flexed at the knee. There were numerous grave goods recovered, including beads which were from the neck area, a knife blade, belt buckle, brooch and gaming pieces. The burial had been truncated by ploughing which had removed nearly the entire skull.

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7.28 There was 50–75% of the skeleton recovered and it was very fragmented. The bone surface was eroded to some degree, more extensively in the skull and leg areas (McKinley 2004 grade 3–4). There was a green stain on the right clavicle and upper ribs. This was due to close proximity of a copper alloy object. The bone surface where it was stained was well preserved (grade 0). All areas of the skeleton were represented, mostly the spongy bone was absent. The skull was represented by right mastoid, small fragment of occipital and posterior mandibular fragment only. The pelvis had only a few small fragments of ilium and a small fragment of acetabulum. The lack of bone in these areas meant that estimation of sex was severely impeded. The small fragment of sciatic notch appeared wide and therefore female. The small fragment of occipital suggested a flat nuchal crest, again a female trait. The mastoid process was small-medium sized. It is therefore tentatively suggested that the individual was female.

7.29 Due to the poor preservation and lack of dentition there were no age indicators available. This individual cannot be aged beyond determining they were adult. The occipital cranial fragments were quite thickened (7–8mm), this can be age-related, suggesting that this was not a young individual. The right acetabulum had an acetabular crease, which is a non-metric trait.

Skeleton 11211 7.30 This individual comprised the skull only. The post-cranial skeleton potentially lies undisturbed beyond the edge of the evaluation trench. The skull was at the south- west end of the grave and was in the supine position.

7.31 As it was the skull only, there was 0–25% of the skeleton available for examination. The bone surface preservation was grade 3 (McKinley 2004) on the skull and grade 2 for the vertebrae. All the bones were fragmented. All the cranial bones were represented, in addition there was the mandible and the first 3–4 cervical vertebrae.

7.32 The cranial bones were suggestive of a male individual. Age estimation was limited to suture closure and dental attrition. Sutures where observable were fused but not obliterated. Antemortem tooth loss and excessive dental attrition of the lower first incisors (further discussed below) suggest that the dental attrition on the remaining molars was not representative of consistent attrition. The occlusal wear (Miles 1962) aged the individual 25–30 years. This is unlikely to be an accurate reflection of the age at death. Further there was osteoarthritis on the cervical spine and degeneration

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of the mandibular joint, all which are age-related. The age at death for this individual is more likely to be in the older age range over 45 years.

7.33 There were 28 teeth available for examination. These were from the maxilla and mandible. Of these all but one had calculus on the roots on the buccal and lingual surfaces. There was much loss of vertical height of the alveolar which resulted in the exposed roots for the calculus to adhere. A diagnosis of periodontal disease requires a trough or ragged porous margin to the alveolar and not vertical height loss alone (Ogden 2008). Therefore, it is suggested that there was some kind of irritation of the gums which resulted in their reduction.

7.34 Caries were assumed to be the reason for the entire loss of the crown of the upper left second molar. Further caries were present as very small lesions just below the enamel on the root of all the right maxilla molars and the mandibular left second molar.

7.35 There was extensive dental attrition on the lower first incisors, so that little to no enamel remained. Adjacent teeth were not affected to the same extent. It is therefore thought that this is activity-related attrition.

Pathology 7.36 The superior left and right facets of the third (probably) cervical vertebrae had slight osteophytes and the surface had become grooved. A further two cervical inferior facets (position unknown due to fragmentation) had small patches of eburnation on the surface, and were slightly enlarged in the size due to osteophytes. This is indicative of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most commonly reported pathology in archaeological bone. It is a chronic and progressive non-inflammatory disease process of the synovial joints (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998, 93). In severe cases, degradation of the joint cartilage may progress to the stage where bone-on-bone contact occurs (eburnation). Eburnation is considered the most diagnostic of all bony changes associated with osteoarthritis (Rogers and Waldron 1995, 43–5). While osteoarthritic changes can occur at any synovial joint, areas most commonly affected comprise the facet joints of the vertebrae, the hands, the hip and knee joints, the acromio-clavicular joint, and the first metatarsophalangeal joints of the feet (Rogers 2000, 166). There is a positive correlation with age and females are more likely to suffer from the disease at a younger age than males (Rogers and Waldron 1995).

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7.37 The anterior eminence adjacent to the left and right mandibular fossa was porous and slightly flattened. This suggests that the mandibular condyle, during movement, had been wearing away the bone surface. The condyle reaches the anterior surface when the mouth is fully open.

7.38 This has been interpreted as temporomandibular joint dysfunction. It is characterised by displacement of the disc, with anterior as the most common. It is characterised by pain, clicking and functional restriction and interestingly more common in women than men (Goel and Gaillard et al. 2016). Over time secondary osteoarthritic changes will develop. It is tentatively suggested that the observed degenerative changes seen on the mandibular anterior eminence may be related to the activity- related attrition of the first incisors. Whereby repeated use of the mouth as a tool would result in excessive open-mouthed posture and muscle use, whilst wearing away the enamel on the teeth.

Burial 11214 7.39 The deposits 11213 and 11214 were presented as cremated human remains from in and around ‘urn’ 11209. Upon examination no cremated bone was recovered. A single unburnt tooth crown was recovered from deposit 11213, fill of the ‘urn’. In addition, there were three tooth crowns, also unburnt, from the deposit around the ‘urn’, (11214) and a tiny fragment of unburnt petrous portion.

7.40 The teeth were assessed for age using the dental eruption methods and were determined to be from an individual 4.5–7.5 months (averaging at 6 months) old at the time of death. The size of the petrous portion was analogous with this age. It is therefore suggested that this was a burial of a six-month year old child with a pottery vessel as a grave good lain near the head. The unerupted second molar recovered from the fill of the vessel can be explained by movement of teeth within the grave matrix and upon excavation. Around the six-month age, weaning usually commences and this can be a dangerous time for infants as they are exposed to pathogens from consuming food and water.

Conclusion 7.41 Trench 112 had four burials all dating to the Anglo-Saxon period. They comprised two probable females, one male and a child of six months. The bone preservation was generally quite poor, spongy bone was not present and the bone surfaces were

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eroded. This impeded age and sex estimation and may have prevented some observation of pathology.

7.42 Skeleton 11211, although only the skull, provided the most extensive information with regards dental health and pathology. It has been very tentatively suggested that this individual was using the mouth as a tool.

Palaeoenvironmental Evidence by Sarah Wyles

7.43 A series of 14 environmental samples (221 litres of soil) were taken from a range of features within six areas of the site to evaluate the preservation of palaeoenvironmental remains across the area and with the intention of recovering environmental evidence of industrial or domestic activity on the site. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2).

7.44 Preliminary identifications of plant macrofossils are noted in Appendix C, Table 4, following traditional nomenclature, as provided by Zohary and Hopf (2000) for cereals. The presence of mollusc shells has also been recorded. Nomenclature is according to Anderson (2005) and habitat preferences according to Kerney (1999) and Davies (2008).

Area 2 7.45 The fills 3806 (sample 1) and 3805 (sample 2) within possible Iron Age burnt mound 3803 contained large quantities of charcoal fragments greater than 2mm. These included mature wood fragments. No plant macrofossil remains were recorded in these samples. The mollusc shells present in the samples included those of the open country species Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica, Vertigo pygmaea, Helicella itala and Pupilla muscorum, the intermediate species Cepaea sp. and the shade-loving species Aegopinella nitidula.

Area 5 7.46 No plant remains were recovered from fill 9106 (sample 3) within Iron Age pit burial 9103 but a moderately small quantity of charcoal fragments were noted. The mollusc shells recorded in the sample included those of the open country species Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica, Helicella itala and Introduced helicellids, the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp. and Cepaea sp. and the

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shade-loving species Aegopinella nitidula, Aegopinella pura, Oxychilus cellarius and Carychium sp.

Area 6 7.47 An indeterminate grain fragment and a moderately small quantity of charcoal fragments were recorded from fill 10619 (sample 5) from Iron Age ditch 10617, a moderately small quantity of charcoal fragments from fill 10621 (sample 6) from Iron Age ditch 10620 and a single barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain and a moderately small quantity of charcoal fragments from fill 10721 (sample 7) of Iron Age pit 10721. This small quantity of remains may well be representative of wind-blown hearth debris.

7.48 The mollusc shells observed in these samples included those of the open country species Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica, Helicella itala, Vertigo pygmaea and Pupilla muscorum, the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Punctum pygmaeum and Cepaea sp., the shade-loving species Aegopinella nitidula, Balea perversa and Carychium sp. and the aquatic species Galba truncatula.

Area 7 7.49 There were no charred plant remains or charcoal fragments from fill 11213 (sample 14) from a truncated Saxon possible cremation vessel 11209. A few shells of Vallonia excentrica were noted.

Area 8 7.50 An indeterminate grain fragment and a moderately small quantity of charcoal fragments were recorded from fill 12404 (sample 4) from Iron Age ditch 12403 and a single grain of hulled wheat, emmer or spelt (Triticum dicoccum/spelta) grain and a small quantity of charcoal fragments from Romano-British buried soil 13906 (sample 10). This small quantity of remains may well be representative of wind-blown hearth debris. No charred remains were recovered from fill 12905 (sample 8) from Iron Age ditch 12903, from fill 13004 (sample 9) from Romano-British ditch 13003 and from fill 13810 (sample 13) from Romano-British ditch 13806.

7.51 The mollusc shells observed in these samples included those of the open country species Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica, Helicella itala, Vertigo pygmaea, Pupilla muscorum and the Introduced helicellids, the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp. and Cepaea sp., the shade-loving species Aegopinella

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nitidula, Clausilia bidentata, Cochlodina laminata and Carychium sp. and the aquatic species Anisus leucostoma.

Area 10 7.52 A single grain of free-threshing wheat (Triticum turgidum/aestivum type) was recorded from Romano-British refuse layer 16508 (sample 11). This is likely to represent intrusive material within the deposit. No charred remains were recovered from fill 16708 (sample 12) from Romano-British ditch 16707.

7.53 The mollusc shells observed in these samples included those of the open country species Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica, Helicella itala, Vertigo pygmaea and Pupilla muscorum, the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp. and Cepaea sp. and the aquatic species Galba truncatula.

Summary 7.54 Charred plant remains were only recovered in very low quantities from these features and these small assemblages are likely to be generally indicative of wind- blown hearth material.

7.55 The mollusc assemblages appear to be indicative of a generally well established open downland environment, with some areas of longer grass and scrub/woodland/hedgerow in the vicinity. There is also some evidence for some occasional seasonal flooding and desiccation within some of the assemblages from Areas 6, 8 and 10.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 The evaluation was successful in broadly confirming the results of the geophysical survey (AS 2015) and gathered further information to date and characterise the archaeological remains within the site. Six areas of archaeological interest were identified, dating to the Middle/Late Iron Age (Areas 5-8), Late Iron Age/early Roman (Area 2), Roman (Areas 8 and 10) and Anglo-Saxon periods (Areas 4 and 7). There was a good correlation between the quantities of pottery recovered from the individual sites and the greatest density of archaeological features shown on the geophysical survey results, and there were sufficient diagnostic sherds in the assemblage to enable some chronological separation. The results of the analysis of

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charred plant material from bulk soil samples were limited, with much of the material interpreted as being wind-blown debris.

Areas 1-3 8.2 In the north-eastern half of the site (Area 2) were the remains of a rectilinear enclosure dating to the Late Iron Age/early Roman period (Fig. 3). The enclosure, probably the remains of a small farmstead, extended beyond the site’s eastern limits, but enclosed an area of at least 1.3ha. Two ring ditches within the enclosure are probably the remains of roundhouse ditches and several ditches to the north of these may be the remains of animal pens. Outside of the enclosure, close to its south-west corner, a large, shallow pit, possibly the ploughed-out remains of a burnt mound measuring at least 6m across, was found to contain burnt stones and charcoal; although undated, it is probably associated with the occupation of the settlement. The pottery assemblage recovered from the features and from the surrounding subsoil contains hand-made and wheel-thrown forms, suggesting that the settlement dates to the Late Iron Age/early Roman ‘transitional’ period (1st century BC/AD). The occurrence of animal bone from stratified deposits associated with the enclosure was sparse, with the only identifiable fragments being those of cattle.

8.3 Part of a broadly contemporary ditch system was identified in Area 1, to the north of the enclosure. The ditch system, probably the remains of field boundaries associated with the farmstead, was relatively ephemeral and fragmentary. A sherd of Iron Age pottery was recovered from one of these features.

Area 4 8.4 Due to ground conditions at the time of the survey, this part of the site had not been included in the geophysical survey so there is some uncertainty over the nature and extent of the archaeological remains encountered in this area. The archaeology was concentrated in four trenches to the north and north-east of the Griffin Farm buildings and dates primarily to the Middle to Late Iron Age, although some evidence was recovered for early Anglo-Saxon activity at the site.

8.5 The Iron Age activity comprised several ditches, which are probably the northwards continuation of Iron Age settlement and activity identified in Area 6. The sherds in the pottery assemblage from these ditches generally lacked diagnostic features, but

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where closer dating was achievable they have been dated to the Middle Iron Age, which is consistent with the age of the pottery in Area 6.

8.6 The Anglo-Saxon remains, comprising at least two ditches and a posthole, were focused on Trench 78, immediately to the north of Griffin Farm. Pottery from these features has been broadly dated to the 5th to 8th centuries AD. Anglo-Saxon burials, which probably date to the late 6th/early 7th centuries AD were investigated in Area 7, at the west end of the site; they were located within the corner of an Iron Age enclosure and probably lie within a small cemetery. Given the funerary activity at the site, it is probable that the Anglo-Saxon features in Area 4 are those of a small contemporary farmstead located in the same general area as the modern farm.

Area 5 8.7 In the western corner of the field, in Trench 91, the remains of a crouched burial were identified. The crouched position of the burial and the recovery of sherds of Iron Age pottery from a lens of dark charcoal-rich soil in the backfill of the grave suggest that it dates to this period. Evidence of ironworking, including fragments of a crucible and smithing slag, was recovered from a deposit of dark charcoal-flecked soil that filled an area of disturbance close to the skull. It is likely, given the similarity between this deposit and the backfill of the grave, that the two events are broadly contemporary.

Area 6 8.8 In Area 6, the small pasture field to the east of Griffin Farm, geophysical survey had shown the presence of a small sub-rectangular enclosure abutting a ditch that appears to extend downslope to the south-east, into Area 8. The evaluation confirmed the presence of the enclosure and an internal ring ditch, the latter probably the remains of a roundhouse with an opening on its eastern side. The pottery assemblage comprised sherds of pottery broadly dating to the Iron Age, but included sherds from a vessel in a shell-tempered fabric that dates to the Middle Iron Age. Other finds included fragments of animal bone and part of an iron blade, possibly part of a reaping hook.

Area 7 8.9 In Area 7, near the crest of the south-facing slope at the south-west end of the site, the evaluation investigated a rectilinear enclosure that extended beyond the limits of the site to the north-west. The geophysical survey shows that it enclosed an area of

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at least 0.8ha, had a probable opening on its south-east side and that there was a central structure, probably a roundhouse. Sherds of pottery recovered from the basal fills of the ditch forming the western side of the enclosure has been dated to the Middle Iron Age.

8.10 In the southern corner of the enclosure were four inhumations, specifically dated by the glass and amber beads that accompanied one of the burials to the early Anglo- Saxon period (late 6th/early 7th century). The burials, which are likely to lie within a small cemetery focused on the corner of the Iron Age enclosure, were those of a 45+ year old male, a 30+ year old probable female, a mature-older age probable female and a six-month old child. The graves are probably associated with the settlement remains investigated in Area 4, which have been broadly dated to the same period.

Area 8 8.11 Largely located within Area 8 but extending slightly into the south corner of Area 5, the geophysical survey results show a large oval enclosure measuring c. 85m north- east to south-west by 60m north-west to south-east. The enclosure would have been entered through an opening on its south-west side, the approach flanked by parallel ditches projecting to the south-west. The flanking ditches extend c. 20m to the south-west of the oval enclosure before opening out to roughly enclose an extensive area to the south and south-west. Another ditch radiates out from the south-east side to enclose and area on the slope to the south. The morphology of the enclosure classes it as a ‘Banjo’ enclosure, which typically date to the Iron Age. The evaluation confirmed the presence of the ‘Banjo’ enclosure, although flooding by groundwater severely hampered investigation of the features. A ring ditch, probably the remains of a roundhouse, was investigated just inside the former entrance to the enclosure.

Area 9 8.12 Iron Age settlement remains, including parts of what appears to be a rectilinear ditch system, were investigated at the western edge of the area. A small assemblage of Iron Age pottery and fragments of animal bone were recovered from excavated fills.

Areas 8 and 10 8.13 Largely located within Area 10 but extending into the southern corner of Area 8 to the north, geophysical survey shows a complex pattern of anomalies, predominately on a north-west to south-east alignment. The evaluation demonstrated that these

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are the remains of a Romano-British settlement that occupied the south/south-east facing slope. Many of the anomalies were masked by extensive deposits of dark buried soil that probably accumulated when the site was occupied. Where excavated, it was found to contain relatively large quantities of Romano-British pottery, ceramic building material (i.e. tile and brick fragments) and animal bone. Assessment of the pottery from these features suggests that the main period of activity dated from c. AD200 to the mid-3rd century AD, with few later pottery forms/fabrics present. The assemblage was dominated by jars and there were few finewares present, consistent with the type of assemblage recovered from low status rural farmstead.

Medieval furrows and later features 8.14 The remains of a medieval open field system were encountered across the entire site. This comprised the largely ploughed out bases of furrows, although in Area 6 they survived as ridge and furrow earthworks in a small pasture field east of Griffin Farm. The furrows were aligned north-west to south-east and were spaced c. 4-6m apart.

8.15 Later features comprised former field boundaries associated with 18th/19th-century Acts of Enclosure, when the open field system was partitioned into a regular grid of modern fields, and modern land drains.

9. CA PROJECT TEAM

9.1 The fieldwork was undertaken by Alistair Barber and Julian Newman, assisted by Sam Bithell, Pete Boyer, Kim Devereux-West, Sam Dixon, Mathieu Ferron, Michael Hughes, Alice Krausova, Anna Mossbauer, Kostas Papagiannakis, Edwin Pearson, Jon Pick, Dan Riley, Callum Ruse, Mai Walker, Andy Whelan, Jon Whitmore and Mark Woodley. The report was written by Julian Newman, with spot-dating provided by Ed McSloy, and the illustrations were prepared by Leo Heatley. The archive has been compiled by Emily Evans and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Richard Young and Simon Carlyle.

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62 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench Context Type Context Context Description L W D/T No Interpretation (m) (m) (m) 1 100 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.28 1 101 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.47 1 102 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 2 200 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.2 2 201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.25 2 202 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 2 203 Cut Ditch terminus Linear north/south aligned irregular sides and base, root >0.65 0.48 0.11 truncation 2 204 Fill of 203 Ditch fill Mid orange brown silty clay, friable >0.65 0.48 0.11 2 205 Cut Furrow Northwest/southeast aligned furrow, gently curved sides flat >1 1.96 0.24 base 2 206 Fill of 205 Furrow fill Light grey brown clay silt with charcoal, loose compaction >1 1.96 0.24

3 300 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.25 3 301 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.25 3 302 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 3 303 Cut Ditch terminus Ditch north/south aligned rounded end, concave sides to >0.55 0.4 0.15 flat base 3 304 Fill of 303 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction >0.55 0.4 0.15 3 305 Cut Ditch Curvilinear north/south aligned with rounded end, concave >1 0.76 0.22 sides to rounded base 3 306 Fill of 305 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction >1 0.76 0.22 3 307 Cut Post hole Circular, steep sides to 'V'' shaped base 0.4 0.4 0.24 3 308 Fill of 307 Post hole fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction 0.4 0.4 0.24 3 309 Cut Pit Sub circular with uneven sides and base 0.4 0.4 0.4 3 310 Fill of 309 Pit fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction 0.4 0.4 0.4 3 311 Cut Ditch Ditch north/south aligned with shallow sides to shallow >2 0.6 0.1 curving base 3 312 Fill of 311 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction >2 0.6 0.1 4 400 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.3 4 401 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.3 4 402 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 4 403 Cut Pit Sub circular, steep sides into flat base >0.46 0.89 0.47 4 404 Fill of 403 Pit fill Mid orange brown silty clay, friable >0.46 0.37 0.47 4 405 Fill of 403 Pit fill Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable >0.46 0.89 0.47 5 500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.15 5 501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.37 5 502 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 6 600 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.3 6 601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.29 6 602 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 6 603 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest aligned with vertical sides to >1.1 0.65 0.46 rounded base 6 604 Fill of 603 Ditch fill Mid orange brown silty clay, friable >1.1 0.65 0.46 6 605 Cut Bioturbation Rounded with irregular sides and base 0.2 0.27 0.17 6 606 Fill of 605 Bioturbation fill Mid grey brown silty clay, firm 0.2 0.27 0.17 7 700 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.3 7 701 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.13 7 702 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 8 800 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.22 8 801 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.17 8 802 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 9 900 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.28 9 901 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.26 9 902 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 10 1000 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.25 10 1001 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.25 10 1002 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 11 1100 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.19 11 1101 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.2 11 1102 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 12 1200 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.27

63 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

12 1201 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.14 12 1202 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 13 1300 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.21 13 1301 Layer Subsoil Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable with gravel 0.12 13 1302 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay, friable 14 1400 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay some small pebbles 0.3 14 1401 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.35 14 1402 Layer Natural Mottled grey clay some limestone 14 1403 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2.2 1.9 14 1404 Fill of 1403 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2.2 1.9 14 1405 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2.2 2 14 1406 Fill of 1405 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2.2 2 15 1500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 15 1501 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 15 1502 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 16 1600 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.22 16 1601 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.09 16 1602 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 17 1700 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.27 17 1701 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.09 17 1702 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 18 1800 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 18 1801 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 18 1802 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 19 1900 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.26 19 1901 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.08 19 1902 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 20 2000 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 20 2001 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 20 2002 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 21 2100 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.19 21 2101 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.07 21 2102 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 22 2200 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.21 22 2201 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.11 22 2202 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 23 2300 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.22 23 2301 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.12 23 2302 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 24 2400 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.25 24 2401 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 24 2402 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 25 2500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.21 25 2501 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.08 25 2502 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 26 2600 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.23 26 2601 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.06 26 2602 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 27 2700 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.26 27 2701 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.08 27 2702 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 28 2800 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.25 28 2801 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.15 28 2802 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 28 2803 Cut Ditch Ditch east/west aligned moderate steep sides to rounded >1 0.5 0.2 base 28 2804 Fill of 2803 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay with charcoal, moderate compaction >1 0.5 0.2 28 2805 Cut Ditch terminus Curvilinear north/south aligned steep sides with 'V' profile >1.7 0.36 0.25

28 2806 Fill of 2805 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay with limestone, moderate compaction >1.7 0.36 0.25

29 2900 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 29 2901 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.1 29 2902 Layer Natural Light yellow brown clay, with light grey brown clay 29 2903 Cut Field boundary ditch >2.1 0.6

29 2904 Fill of 2903 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay with charcoal (Unexcavated) >2.1 0.6 30 3000 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.26

64 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

30 3001 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 30 3002 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 31 3100 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 31 3101 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.2 31 3102 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 31 3103 Cut Ditch terminus Ditch with rounded terminus north/sound aligned, convex >0.8 >0.4 0.3 sides to irregular base 31 3104 Fill of 3103 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, moderate compaction >0.8 >0.4 0.3 32 3200 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay, friable 0.28 32 3201 Layer Subsoil Light brown grey silty clay 0.19 32 3202 Layer Natural Light brown grey silty clay, firm 32 3203 Cut Pit Circular, steep concave sides, rounded base 0.7 0.7 0.25 32 3204 Fill of 3203 Pit fill Mid grey brown silty clay with burnt clay, moderate 0.7 0.7 0.25 compaction 33 3300 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.25 33 3301 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 33 3302 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 33 3303 Cut Field boundary ditch >1 2.5

33 3304 Fill of 3303 Ditch fill Dark brown silt, moderate compaction (unexcavated) >1 2.5 34 3400 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 34 3401 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.2 34 3402 Layer Natural Light grey yellow clay with light blue grey clay 34 3403 Cut Ditch terminus Ditch east/west aligned steep convex sides to curving base >1 0.84 0.22

34 3404 Fill of 3403 Ditch fill Light grey brown silty clay, moderate compaction >1 0.84 0.22 34 3405 Cut Ditch Ditch east/west aligned steep sides to curving base >1 0.5 0.22 34 3406 Fill of 3405 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, moderate >1 0.5 0.22 compaction 34 3407 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to curving >1 0.59 0.28 base 34 3408 Fill of 3407 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay >1 0.59 0.28 35 3500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown grey silty clay with stones 0.2 35 3501 Layer Subsoil Mid brown grey silty clay 0.1 35 3502 Layer Natural Mid grey brown silty clay with limestone 35 3503 Cut Ditch Ditch north/south aligned shallow sides to truncated base >2 >0.3 >0.13

35 3504 Fill of 3503 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay, moderate compaction >2 >0.3 >0.13 35 3505 Cut Ditch Ditch north/south aligned steep concave sides to curving >2 0.8 0.3 base 35 3506 Fill of 3505 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay with charcoal, moderate >2 0.8 0.3 compaction 35 3507 Cut Tree throw Circular irregular side to irregular base (unexcavated) 0.3 0.3 35 3508 Fill of 3507 Fill of tree throw 0.3 0.3

36 3600 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay, friable 0.22 36 3601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.32 36 3602 Layer Natural Light yellow grey sandy clay 36 3603 Cut Furrow Linear aligned northwest/southeast (unexcavated) >2.2 1.25 36 3604 Fill of 3603 Furrow fill Light grey brown silty clay (unexcavated) >2.2 1.25 36 3605 Cut Furrow Linear aligned northwest/southeast (unexcavated) >2.2 1.3 36 3606 Fill of 3605 Furrow fill Light grey brown silty clay (unexcavated) >2.2 1.3 36 3607 Cut Furrow Linear aligned northwest/southeast (unexcavated) >2.2 1.2 36 3608 Fill of 3607 Furrow fill Light grey brown silty clay (unexcavated) >2.2 1.2 36 3609 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest steep concave sides to curving >2 1.91 0.29 base 36 3610 Fill of 3609 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay, compact >2 1.91 0.29 36 3611 Cut Ditch Ditch east/west aligned concave sides to curving base >2 0.46 0.1 36 3612 Fill of 3611 Ditch fill Dark brown grey silty clay, compact >2 0.46 0.1 36 3613 Cut Ditch Linear north/south steep concave sides to flat base >2 2.28 0.24 36 3614 Fill of 3613 Ditch fill Mid yellow grey silty clay, compact >2 2.28 0.24 36 3615 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest concave sides to curving base >2 0.88 0.13

36 3616 Fill of 3615 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay, compact >2 0.88 0.13 37 3700 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 37 3701 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.07 37 3702 Layer Natural Light blue grey clay with gravel

65 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

37 3703 Cut Ditch Ditch northeast/southwest orientated steep concave sides >1 0.8 0.33 to rounded base 37 3704 Fill of 3703 Ditch fill Mid yellow brown clay, moderate compaction >1 0.8 0.33 38 3800 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.13 38 3801 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.09 38 3802 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 38 3803 Cut Burnt mound Irregular in plan with steep irregular sides to flat base 6 2.07 0.29 38 3804 Fill of 3803 Burnt mound fill >0.5 >0.5 0.12 38 3805 Fill of 3803 Burnt mound fill >0.5 >0.5 0.17

38 3806 Fill of 3803 Burnt mound fill >0.5 >0.5 0.05 39 3900 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 39 3901 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 39 3902 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 40 4000 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 40 4001 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 40 4002 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 41 4100 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 41 4101 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 41 4102 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 42 4200 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.29 42 4201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.09 42 4202 Layer Natural Light yellow brown clay with limestone 43 4300 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 43 4301 Layer Subsoil Light grey brown silty clay 0.1 43 4302 Layer Natural Light grey brown clay with limestone 44 4400 Layer Plough soil Mid brown grey silty clay with stones 0.2 44 4401 Layer Subsoil Mid brown grey silty clay 0.1 44 4402 Layer Natural Mid grey brown silty clay 45 4500 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.25 45 4501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.24 45 4502 Layer Natural Light yellow brown clay with limestone 46 4600 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.26 46 4601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.16 46 4602 Layer Natural Light yellow brown clay with limestone 47 4700 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.28 47 4701 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.22 47 4702 Layer Natural Light orange brown silty clay 48 4800 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.29 48 4801 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow grey silty clay 0.22 48 4802 Layer Natural Light yellow brown clay with limestone 49 4900 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.25 49 4901 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay 0.1 49 4902 Layer Natural Light yellow grey and grey blue clay 50 5000 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 50 5001 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 50 5002 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 51 5100 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.19 51 5101 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.1 51 5102 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 52 5200 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 52 5201 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 52 5202 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 53 5300 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.26 53 5301 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.06 53 5302 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 54 5400 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.3 54 5401 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.1 54 5402 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 55 5500 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.21 55 5501 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 55 5502 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 56 5600 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 56 5601 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 56 5602 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 57 5700 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.28 57 5701 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.1 57 5702 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks

66 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

58 5800 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.26 58 5801 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.05 58 5802 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 59 5900 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 59 5901 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 59 5902 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 60 6000 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.31 60 6001 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.05 60 6002 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 61 6100 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.3 61 6101 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.1 61 6102 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 62 6200 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.2 62 6201 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 62 6202 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 62 6203 Cut Field Drain Northwest/southeast aligned 2.03 0.31 0.34 62 6204 Fill of 6203 Field drain fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, loose 2.03 0.31 0.34 62 6205 Cut Kiln / oven Oval in plan steep sides to flat base (not bottomed) 2.5 >0.75 >0.6 62 6206 Fill of 6203 Field drain fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal 2.03 0.68 0.69 62 6207 Cut Tree bole Irregular in plan shallow sides to irregular base 0.47 0.31 0.17 62 6208 Fill of 6207 Tree bole fill Mid grey brown silty clay, loose 0.47 0.31 0.17 62 6209 Cut Field Drain Linear northwest/southeast aligned steep sides to irregular 0.47 0.22 0.28 base 62 6210 Fill of 6209 Field drain fill Mid grey brown silty clay with limestone 0.47 0.22 0.28 62 6211 Fill of 6205 Kiln fill Dark orange brown to light creamy white fired clay 2.5 0.06 (Unexcavated) 62 6212 Fill of 6205 Kiln fill Light creamy white limestone (Unexcavated) >1.2 >0.2 62 6213 Fill of 6205 Kiln fill Mid orange brown to grey brown sandy clay with limestone 2.5 >0.4 0.6

63 6300 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 63 6301 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 63 6302 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 64 6400 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 64 6401 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.08 64 6402 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 65 6500 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 65 6501 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 65 6502 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 66 6600 Layer Plough soil Mid red brown silty sand 0.3 66 6601 Layer Subsoil Mid orange red silty sand 0.03 66 6602 Layer Natural Light orange blue grey clay 66 6603 Cut Furrow Linear northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to curving >2.65 0.67 0.33 base 66 6604 Fill of 6603 Furrow fill Mid orange red silty sand, moderate compaction >2.65 0.67 0.33 66 6600 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 66 6601 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.15 66 6602 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 66 6603 Cut Ditch Northwest/southeast aligned ditch, steep concave profile >2.65 0.67 0.33 66 6604 Fill Ditch fill Mid orange red silt sand, friable >2.65 0.67 0.33 67 6700 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.18 67 6701 Layer Subsoil Light brown yellow silty clay 0.09 67 6702 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks 68 6800 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.3 68 6801 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown sandy clay 0.1 68 6802 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 69 6900 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.25 69 6901 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown sandy clay 0.1 69 6902 Layer Natural Mid yellow grey clay 70 7000 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.3 70 7001 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.1 70 7002 Layer Natural Mid yellow grey clay 71 7100 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 71 7101 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.2 71 7102 Layer Natural Mid brown silty clay 72 7200 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.25 72 7201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.1 72 7202 Layer Natural Mid yellow grey clay

67 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

73 7300 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.35 73 7301 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown sandy clay 0.09 73 7302 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 74 7400 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 74 7401 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay with mudstone 74 7402 VOID VOID 74 7403 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast shallow sides to circular base >2.5 0.5 0.15

74 7404 Fill of 7403 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, moderately loose >2.5 0.5 0.15 75 7500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 75 7501 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.1 75 7502 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay with mudstone 76 7600 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.35 76 7601 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.2 76 7602 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay with mudstone 77 7700 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.25 77 7701 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown clay sand 0.25 77 7702 Layer Natural Mid red brown sandy clay 78 7800 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.25 78 7801 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown clay sand 0.25 78 7802 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay with mudstone 78 7803 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned curved sides to concave base >0.4 1 0.3 78 7804 Fill of 7803 Ditch fill Mid yellow brown sandy clay, moderate compaction >0.4 1 0.3 78 7805 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned curved sides to concave base >3.5 0.5 0.25 78 7806 Fill of 7805 Ditch fill Dark grey black sandy clay, moderate compaction >3.5 0.5 0.25 78 7807 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned curved sides to concave base >3 0.65 0.3

78 7808 Fill of 7807 Ditch fill Mid grey brown sandy clay, moderate compaction >3 0.65 0.3 78 7809 Cut Post hole Circular in plan vertical sides to rounded base 0.2 0.2 0.2 78 7810 Fill of 7809 Post hole fill Mid grey brown sandy clay, moderate compaction 0.2 0.2 0.2 78 7811 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to flat base >0.9 0.45 0.6

78 7812 Fill of 7811 Ditch fill Dark grey black sandy clay, moderate compaction >0.9 0.45 0.6 78 7813 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to curving >2 1.6 0.87 base 78 7814 Fill of 7813 Ditch fill Mid grey brown sandy clay >2 1.6 0.87 78 7815 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to curving >2 0.59 0.52 base 78 7816 Fill of 7815 Ditch fill Mid grey orange brown sandy clay with charcoal, very >2 0.59 0.52 compact 78 7817 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest with sloped sides to curving >2 0.59 0.52 base 78 7818 Fill of 7817 Ditch fill Mid orange grey silty clay with charcoal, compact >2 1.56 0.37 78 7819 Cut Pit Truncated and irregular >2 2.06 0.64 78 7820 Fill of 7819 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, compact >2 2.06 0.64 78 7821 Fill of 7813 Ditch fill Mid grey brown sandy clay, compact >2 1.6 0.87 79 UNEXCAVATED TRENCH 80 8000 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.18 80 8001 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.12 80 8002 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay with mudstone 81 8100 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.25 81 8101 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brown silty clay 0.25 81 8102 Layer Natural Light brown yellow clay 81 8103 Fill of 8104 Furrow fill Light yellow brown silty clay, moderate >1 >2 0.15 81 8104 Cut Furrow Linear northwest/southeast with sloping sides to flat base >1 >2 0.15

81 8105 Fill of 8109 Pit fill Mid black grey silty clay >1 >1 0.27 81 8106 Fill of 8109 Pit fill Light orange brown silty clay, moderate compaction >0.8 >0.4 0.15 81 8107 Fill of 8109 Pit fill Light yellow brown silty clay with charcoal, firm >1 >2 0.4 81 8108 Fill of 8109 Pit fill Light orange brown silty clay with sandstone, compact >1 >1 0.1 81 8109 Cut Pit Unknown shape in plan to flat base >1 >1 0.67 81 8110 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest rounded end with steep sides to >1 0.81 0.29 uneven base 81 8111 Fill of 8110 Ditch fill Mid yellow brown silty clay with charcoal, firm >1 0.81 0.29 82 8200 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.35 82 8201 Layer Natural Mid grey brown silty clay 82 8202 Cut Ditch/pit Sub circular with steep sides to flat base >0.3 >0.3 0.4 82 8203 Fill of 8202 Ditch/pit fill Mid grey brown silty clay, firm >0.3 >0.3 0.4

68 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

82 8204 Cut Ditch Linear east/west with steep sides to uneven base >1 >0.59 0.57 82 8205 Fill of 8204 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, firm >1 >0.59 0.57 82 8206 Cut Pit Sub oval with stepped sides to uneven base 0.71 0.69 0.26 82 8207 Fill of 8206 Pit fill Light grey brown silty clay, firm 0.71 0.69 0.26 82 8208 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sides to uneven base >1 0.46 0.27

82 8209 Fill of 8208 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, firm >1 0.46 0.27 82 8210 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sides to curving base >1 0.37 0.17

82 8211 Fill of 8210 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, firm >1 0.37 0.17 82 8212 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sides to curving base >1 0.97 0.33

82 8213 Fill of 8212 Ditch fill Light grey brown silty clay, firm >1 0.97 0.33 82 8214 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest with sloped sides to concave >1 0.39 0.07 base 82 8215 Fill of 8214 Ditch fill Light yellow brown silty clay, firm >1 0.39 0.07 83 8300 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.32 83 8301 Cut Ditch Linear east/west sloped sides to curving base >2 1.7 0.7 83 8302 Fill of 8301 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, firm >2 1.7 0.7 83 8303 Fill of 8301 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay silt, compact >2 1.76 0.3 83 8304 Cut Ditch Curvilinear west through southeast aligned steep sides to >2 1.1 0.42 flat base 83 8305 Fill of 8304 Ditch fill Mid red brown silty clay, firm compaction >2 1.1 0.42 83 8306 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned with shallow sides to curving base >2 0.68 0.4

83 8307 Fill of 8306 Ditch fill Light yellow brown clay, compact >2 0.68 0.4 84 8400 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.3 84 8401 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.1 84 8402 Layer Natural Mid brown silty clay 85 8500 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.3 85 8501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.1 85 8502 Layer Natural Mid brown silty clay 86 8600 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.33 86 8601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.07 86 8602 Layer Natural Mid brown silty clay 87 8700 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clayish silt 0.3 87 8701 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown sandy clay 0.05 87 8702 Layer Natural Mid brown silty clay 88 8800 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.35 88 8801 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 89 8900 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clay silt 0.25 89 8901 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.1 89 8902 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 90 9000 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 90 9001 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown clay 0.1 90 9002 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown sandy clay 91 9100 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 91 9101 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.1 91 9102 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 91 9103 Cut Pit burial Oval in plan, steep sides to concave base (not fully 1.2 0.9 >0.57 excavated) 91 9104 Skeleton Skeleton Burial, unexcavated 91 9105 Fill of 9103 Burial fill Mid grey brown silty clay, compact 1.2 0.9 0.4 91 9106 Fill of 9103 Burial fill Dark grey black silt with charcoal, loose 1 0.65 >0.18 91 9107 Fill of 9103 Burial fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, firm compaction 1 0.5 0.37 92 9200 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.22 92 9201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown clay 0.23 92 9202 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown sandy clay 93 9300 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 93 9301 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 93 9302 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 94 9400 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 94 9401 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 94 9402 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 95 9500 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 95 9501 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay with mudstone 96 9600 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 96 9601 Layer Natural Mid red brown clay

69 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

97 9700 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.25 97 9701 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy clay with limestone 0.15 97 9702 Layer Natural Mid brown sandy clay 98 9800 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown clay silt 0.3 98 9801 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 98 9802 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 98 9803 Cut Post hole Oval in plan with concave sides to pointed base 0.2 0.15 0.15 98 9804 Fill of 9803 Post hole fill Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.2 0.15 0.2 98 9805 Fill of 9803 Post hole fill Dark grey brown silty clay with charcoal, friable 0.2 0.15 0.03 98 9806 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast with sloping sides to flat base >1 0.7 0.24

98 9807 Fill of 9806 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, friable >1 0.7 0.24 98 9808 Cut Post hole Oval in plan with concave sides to flat base 0.32 0.4 0.03 98 9809 Fill of 9808 Post hole fill Mid grey brown silty clay, friable 0.32 0.4 0.03 99 9900 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 99 9901 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 99 9902 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 100 10000 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 100 10001 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 100 10002 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 100 10003 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest, (unexcavated) >2 1.05 100 10004 Fill of 10003 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay with charcoal (Unexcavated) >2 1.05 101 10100 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 101 10101 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.1 101 10102 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 102 10200 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 102 10201 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 103 10300 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 103 10301 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.1 103 10302 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 103 10303 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, (unexcavated) >2 2.2 103 10304 Fill of 10303 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay, (unexcavated) >2 2.2 104 10400 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 104 10401 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.1 104 10402 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 104 10403 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned steep sides at upper >2 2.65 >0.21 levels. Not fully excavated. 104 10404 Fill of 10403 Ditch fill Dark brown grey silty clay, compact. Not fully excavated >2 2.65 >0.21 104 10405 Cut Furrow Linear northwest/southeast aligned, not fully excavated >2 2.1 >0.15 104 10406 Fill of 10405 Furrow fill Dark brown grey silty clay, moderate compaction. Not fully >2 2.1 >0.15 excavated 105 10500 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 105 10501 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.4 105 10502 Layer Natural Light grey brown silty clay 105 10503 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned sloped sides to >2 0.4 0.18 concave base 105 10504 Fill of 10503 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, compact >2 0.4 0.18 105 10505 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, (unexcavated) >2 0.45 105 10506 Fill of 10505 Ditch fill Dark red brown silty clay, (unexcavated) >2 0.45 106 10600 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.18 106 10601 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.19 106 10602 Layer Natural light brownish yellow silty clay 106 10603 Cut Ditch North/south aligned linear. (Unexcavated) 2.93 0.38 106 10604 Fill of 10603 Ditch fill Dark grey brown, silty clay 2.93 0.38 106 10605 Cut Pit Small sub-circular pit. (Unexcavated) 0.55 0.46 106 10606 Fill of 10605 Pit fill Dark grey brown, silty clay 0.55 0.46 106 10607 Cut Bioturbation Oval in plan shallow sides to irregular base 0.88 0.31 0.09 106 10608 Fill of 10607 Bioturbation fill Dark grey silty clay, friable 0.88 0.31 0.09 106 10609 Cut Ditch East/west aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) 2.36 0.64 106 10610 Fill of 10609 Ditch fill Dark grey brown, silty clay (Unexcavated) 2.36 0.64 106 10611 Cut Pit Small sub-circular pit. (Unexcavated) 1.24 0.7 106 10612 Fill of 10611 Pit fill Dark grey brown, silty clay (Unexcavated) 1.24 0.7 106 10613 Cut Ditch Small north/south aligned linear. (Unexcavated) 1.5 2.06 106 10614 Fill of 10613 Ditch fill Dark grey brown, silty clay (Unexcavated) 1.5 2.06 106 10615 Cut Ditch Small northwest/southeast aligned linear. (Unexcavated) 3 0.38 106 10616 Fill of 10615 Ditch fill Dark grey brown, silty clay (Unexcavated) 3 0.38 106 10617 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned sloped sides to stepped >1 1.5 0.62 base

70 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

106 10618 Fill of 10617 Ditch fill Light brown yellow silty clay with limestone flecks, compact >1 1.5 0.62

106 10619 Fill of 10617 Ditch fill Dark brown grey clay silt, loose compaction >1 1.4 0.4 106 10620 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned sloped sides to stepped >1 >2 0.56 base 106 10621 Fill of 10620 Ditch fill Dark brown grey clay silt, loose compaction >1 >2 0.56 107 10700 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.29 107 10701 Layer Subsoil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.19 107 10702 Layer Natural Light brown yellow silty clay 107 10703 VOIDED 107 10704 VOIDED 107 10705 Cut Ditch Northeast/southwest aligned linear. (Unexcavated) 2.4 2.05 107 10706 Fill of 10705 Pit fill Mid yellow brown silty clay. (Unexcavated) 2.4 2.05 107 10707 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with gradual sides to concave >2 3.13 0.51 base 107 10708 Fill of 10707 Ditch fill Mid yellow brown silty clay, moderate compaction >2 3.13 0.51 107 10709 Fill of 10707 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay with charcoal, friable >2 2.22 0.29 107 10710 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with stepped sides. Not >1 1.08 0.51 (Augered bottomed depth)

107 10711 Fill of 10710 Ditch fill Dark grey orange silty clay with charcoal, compact >1 1.08 0.31 107 10712 Fill of 10710 Ditch fill Pebble deposit mid size rounded, compact >1 1.08 0.03 107 10713 Fill of 10710 Ditch fill Dark grey silty clay with charcoal, compact >1 1.08 0.17 107 10714 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sides to curving base >0.3 0.85 0.26

107 10715 Fill of 10714 Ditch fill Dark grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >0.3 0.7 0.26 107 10716 Fill of 10714 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >0.3 0.85 0.1 107 10717 Cut Pit Sub-square with rounded corners concave sides to flat >0.78 1.7 0.68 base 107 10718 Fill of 10717 Pit fill Mid grey blue clay with charcoal, compact >0.78 1.7 0.68 107 10719 Fill of 10721 Pit fill Dark brown grey silty clay with charcoal, friable >0.78 1.7 0.36 107 10720 Fill of 10721 Pit fill Mid yellow brown clay, friable >0.78 1.7 0.27 107 10721 Cut Pit re-cut Sub-square with rounded corners concave sides to >0.7 1.65 0.52 concave base 108 10800 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 108 10801 Layer Subsoil Dark yellow brown silty clay 0.29 108 10802 Layer Natural Light yellow grey clay 108 10803 Cut Pit Sub-oval with moderate sides to concave base 1.6 >0.9 0.43 108 10804 Fill of 10803 Pit fill Dark black grey silty clay with burnt stone and charcoal, 1.6 >0.9 0.43 moderate compaction 108 10805 Cut Furrow Northwest/southeast aligned furrow. (Unexcavated) >2 0.44 108 10806 Fill of 10805 Furrow fill Light grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.44 108 10807 Fill of 10803 Pit fill Mid grey brown silty clay, moderate compaction 0.9 >0.85 0.21 109 10900 Layer Plough soil Dark brown grey silty clay 0.21 109 10901 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brown silty clay 0.04 109 10902 Layer Natural Mid orange sandy clay 110 11000 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty sand 0.3 110 11001 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.15 110 11002 Layer Natural Mid yellow red clay 111 11100 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.25 111 11101 Layer Natural Light brown orangey silty clay with limestone 111 11102 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, sharp concave profile >1 0.58 >0.43

111 11103 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown greyish clayey silt, firm >1 >0.58 >0.43 111 11104 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, concave profile >1 >1 0.3 111 11105 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey silty clay with occasional limestone, moderate >1 >1 0.3 compaction 111 11106 Cut Cut Linear northeast/southwest, sharp concave profile >1 0.3 0.43 111 11107 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown clayey silt, firm >1 0.3 0.43 111 11108 Layer Subsoil Mid grey orangey silty clay 0.1 112 11200 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brownish silty clay 0.3 112 11201 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silty clay 0.1 112 11202 Layer Natural Yellowish red clay >0.4 112 11203 Cut Grave cut Sub-rectangular, northeast/southwest aligned, gentle slope, 1.7 0.73 0.11 flat base 112 11204 Fill Grave fill Yellowish brown silty clay, loose 1.7 0.73 0.11 112 11205 Cut Grave cut Sub-rectangular, northeast/southwest aligned, gentle slope, 2 0.6 0.15 flat base

71 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

112 11206 Fill Grave fill Light yellowish brown silty clay, loose 2 0.6 0.15 112 11207 Skeleton Skeleton Inhumation, supine, southwest/northeast orientation 1.8 0.4 0.1 112 11208 Skeleton Skeleton Inhumation, supine, southwest/northeast orientation 1.8 0.8 0.1 112 11209 Pot Cremation? Pottery vessel. No discernible cut 0.14 0.14 0.05 112 11210 Cut Grave cut Cut of grave, northeast/southwest aligned, gentle slope, flat 0.76 0.68 0.16 base where exposed 112 11211 Skeleton Skeleton Inhumation, supine, southwest/northeast orientation 112 11212 Fill Grave fill Yellowish brown silty clay, loose 0.76 0.68 0.16 112 11213 Fill Cremation fill Truncated fill of cremation pot, light yellow brown silty clay 0.13 0.13 0.04

112 11214 Fill Cremation cut fill?

112 11215 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay (Unexcavated) 112 11216 Cut Ditch cut Northwest/southeast aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) 112 11217 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay. (Unexcavated) 112 11218 Cut Ditch cut Northeast/southwest aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) 113 11300 Layer Plough soil Dark greyish brown silty clay 0.2 113 11301 Layer Natural Mid greyish brown silty clay >0.3 113 11302 Cut Ditch Terminus northeast/southwest aligned, steep concave >1 >0.8 0.7 profile 113 11303 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay friable >1 >0.8 0.7 113 11304 Layer Subsoil Orangey grey silty clay 0.1 114 11400 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown silty clay 0.21 114 11401 Layer Subsoil Mid orangey grey silty clay 0.11 114 11402 Layer Natural Mid grey orangey silty clay with limestone inclusions 114 11403 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, moderate concave >1 0.72 0.13 profile 114 11404 Fill Ditch fill Mid orangey brown silty clay, compact >1 0.72 0.13 115 11500 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 115 11501 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.15 115 11502 Layer Natural Yellow clay with outcropping limestone 116 11600 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.35 116 11601 Layer Natural Dark orangey brown silty clay 116 11602 Cut Pit Sub-oval, irregular sides and base >1 2.08 0.5 116 11603 Fill Fill of pit Dark brown grey sandy silty clay, compact >1 2.08 0.5 117 11700 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.33 117 11701 Layer Subsoil Mid orangey grey silty clay 0.2 117 11702 Layer Natural Dark orangey brown silty clay 118 11800 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.3 118 11801 Layer Subsoil Mid orangey grey silty clay 0.17 118 11802 Layer Natural Dark orangey brown silty clay 119 11900 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 119 11901 Layer Subsoil Mid orangey grey silty clay 0.1 119 11902 Layer Natural Dark orangey brown silty clay 120 12000 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.2 120 12001 Layer Subsoil Mid orangey grey silty clay 0.1 120 12002 Layer Natural Dark orangey brown silty clay 121 12100 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown silty clay 0.28 121 12101 Layer Subsoil Dark orange brown silty clay 0.2 121 12102 Layer Natural Light brown blue silty clay with limestone inclusions 121 12103 Cut Posthole Oval, steep sided, uneven base 0.21 0.47 0.22 121 12104 Fill Fill of pothole Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable 0.21 0.47 0.22 122 12200 Layer Plough soil Dark greyish brown silty clay 0.26 122 12201 Layer Subsoil Mid greyish brown silty clay 0.2 122 12202 Layer Natural Light reddish brown silty clay 122 12203 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, steep sides, flat base >0.93 0.71 0.29

122 12204 Fill Ditch fill Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable >0.93 0.71 0.29 122 12205 Cut Ditch terminus Linear east/west aligned, moderately steep sides, flat base >0.99 0.73 0.22

122 12206 Fill Ditch fill Mid reddish brown silty clay, friable >0.99 0.73 0.22 122 12207 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned, steep sides, flat base >0.86 0.44 0.2 122 12208 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay, friable >0.86 0.44 0.2 123 12300 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 123 12301 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brownish silty clay 0.2 123 12302 Layer Natural Light brown clay with mudstone inclusions 124 12400 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.2 124 12401 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.1

72 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

124 12402 Layer Natural Yellow brown silt clay 124 12403 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned, steep sides, not fully excavated >2 0.85 >0.3

124 12404 Fill Ditch fill Dark grey brown, black silty clay, moderate compaction >2 0.85 >0.3 124 12405 Cut Field drain cut Field drain cut east/west aligned >3 0.2 0.3 124 12406 Fill Field drain Limestone packing >3 0.2 0.3 125 12500 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.22 125 12501 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brownish silty clay 0.14 125 12502 Layer Natural Light brown clay with mudstone inclusions 126 12600 Layer Plough soil Dark brownish grey silty clay 0.1 126 12601 Layer Subsoil Light yellowish brown silty clay 0.1 126 12602 Layer Natural Light orange brown sandy silty clay 126 12603 Cut Ditch Linear terminal northeast/southwest, U shaped profile >1.6 0.7 0.12 126 12604 Fill Ditch fill Grey brown silty clay, moderate compaction >1.7 0.7 0.12 126 12605 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned. U shaped profile >0.3 >0.4 126 12606 Fill Ditch fill Grey brown silty clay, moderate compaction 0.7 0.4 0.2 126 12607 Cut Pit Oval shaped pit, moderate sides, irregular base 0.8 0.7 0.15 126 12608 Fill Pit fill Yellowish brown silty clay, compact 0.8 0.7 0.15 127 12700 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.2 127 12701 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay with gravel 0.23 127 12702 Layer Natural Light yellow brownish silty clay 128 12800 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 128 12801 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brownish silty clay 0.28 128 12802 Layer Natural Grey clay with limestone inclusions 129 12900 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.28 129 12901 Layer Subsoil Light yellow brownish silty clay 0.28 129 12902 Layer Natural Grey clay with limestone inclusions 129 12903 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned steep sides to unexcavated base >0.8 2 0.9

129 12904 Fill of 12903 Ditch fill Dark grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >0.8 2 >0.35 129 12905 Fill of 12903 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >0.8 0.8 0.22 129 12906 Cut Trench Linear north/south aligned with vertical sides to >0.8 0.86 >0.26 unexcavated base 129 12907 Fill of 12906 Trench fill Mid grey brown angular rubble blocks with charcoal, friable >0.8 0.87 >0.27

129 12908 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned steep sides to irregular >1 0.55 0.24 base 129 12909 Fill of 12908 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >1 0.55 0.24 129 12910 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (unexcavated) >2 0.4 129 12911 Fill of 12910 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal (unexcavated) >2 0.4 130 13000 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown clay silt 0.24 130 13001 Layer Subsoil Mid red brown silty clay with charcoal 0.28 130 13002 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown 130 13003 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned with moderate sides to concave >2 0.94 0.36 base 130 13004 Fill of 13003 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay silt with charcoal, friable >2 0.94 0.36 130 13005 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (unexcavated) >2 1.1 130 13006 Fill of 13005 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay silt with charcoal (unexcavated) >2 1.1 130 13007 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (unexcavated) >2 1.7 130 13008 Fill of 13007 Ditch fill Dark grey brown clay with charcoal (unexcavated) >2 1.7 131 13100 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 131 13101 Layer Subsoil Light brown silty clay 0.1 131 13102 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 132 13200 Layer Topsoil Mid greyish brown silty clay with few stones 0.33 132 13201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay with few stones 0.19 132 13202 Layer Natural Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone brash 132 13203 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, moderately steep >2.09 1.04 0.39 sides, flat base 132 13204 Fill Ditch fill Mid reddish brown silty clay with shell and manganese >2.09 1.04 0.39 inclusions, compact 132 13205 Cut Ditch Linear roughly northeast/southwest aligned (unexcavated) >2.09 0.8 Augered 0.30

132 13206 Fill Ditch fill Dark grey fill (unexcavated) >2.09 0.8 Augered 0.30 133 13300 Layer Topsoil Dark grey loamy soil 0.21 133 13301 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay with few stones 0.29 133 13302 Layer Natural Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone brash 133 13303 Cut Ditch Curvilinear northwest/southeast aligned turning southwest. >1 1 0.33 Moderately steep slope, concave base

73 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

133 13304 Fill Ditch fill Mid yellow brown clay with no inclusions, compact >1 1 0.33 133 13305 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, steep sides, flat base >1 1.29 0.53

133 13306 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay with some lenses of natural >1 1.29 0.32 limestone, small lenses of charcoal, small pebbles, compact 133 13307 Fill Ditch fill Dark grey silty clay with some large pebbles, charcoal, >1 1.29 0.21 limestone, compact 133 13308 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned. (Unexcavated) >3 0.7 133 13309 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay no inclusions. (Unexcavated) >3 0.7 133 13310 Layer Spread Mid grey brown clay with occasional charcoal and burnt >11 >2 0.2-0.25 clay, rounded pebbles and possibly worked stones, friable

133 13311 Layer Spread Light grey brown gravely clay with frequent small rounded >11 >2 Augered 0.1 pebbles, compact 133 13312 Layer Spread Light grey blue clay with no inclusions, compact >11 >2 0.06 133 13313 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown red clay with few small angular stones, friable >1 0.7 0.33

133 13314 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned, steep sides, flat base >1.8 0.6 0.23 133 13315 Fill Fill of above Mid yellow brown clay, compact, with 3 large roughly hewn >1.8 0.6 0.23 stones 133 13316 Cut Ditch Curvilinear northwest/southeast aligned turning southwest, >1 0.7 0.33 moderately steep sides, flat base 133 13317 Cut Ditch terminus Linear, terminus, north/south aligned (Unexcavated) 0.55 0.55 Augered to 0.01 133 13318 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay no inclusions (Unexcavated) 0.55 0.55 0.01 133 13319 Cut Pit Ovular (Unexcavated) 0.65 0.32 133 13320 Fill Pit fill Dark Grey brown clay no inclusions(Unexcavated) 0.65 0.32 134 13400 Layer Topsoil Mid greyish brown silty clay with few stones 0.3 134 13401 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay with few stones 0.2 134 13402 Layer Natural Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone brash 134 13403 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, moderately steep >1 2.48 0.95 sides. Not bottomed. (Augered) 134 13404 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay with few stones, loose >1 2.18 0.85 134 13405 Cut Ditch Linear north/south alignment (Unexcavated) >2 0.7 134 13406 Fill Ditch fill Mid bluish grey silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.7 134 13407 Cut Ditch Linear west/east alignment, moderately steep sides, flat >2.95 0.76 0.21 base. 134 13408 Fill Ditch fill Mid brownish grey silty clay with few stones, compact >2.95 0.76 0.21 134 13409 Cut Ditch (or furrow?) >2 2.9

134 13410 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay with occasional stones >2 2.9 (unexcavated) 134 13411 Fil Ditch fill Mid greyish brown clayey silt with rounded pebbles, angular >1 2.48 0.43 limestone and charcoal, friable 135 13500 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 135 13501 Layer Subsoil Light brown silty clay 0.1 135 13502 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 135 13503 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 135 13504 Fill of 13503 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 135 13505 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 1.3 135 13506 Fill of 13505 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 1.3 135 13507 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 1.1 135 13508 Fill of 13507 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay >2 1.1 136 13600 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 136 13601 Layer Subsoil Light brown silty clay 0.1 136 13602 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown clay 137 13700 Layer Topsoil Mid greyish brown silty clay with few stones 0.3 137 13701 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay with few stones 0.2 137 13702 Layer Natural Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone brash 137 13703 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aliened (Unexcavated) >2 3.3 137 13704 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown grey silt clay. (Unexcavated) >2 3.3 Augered 0.2 137 13705 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered 0.2 137 13706 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown grey silt clay. (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered to 0.15 137 13707 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered to 0.15

74 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

137 13708 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown grey silt clay. (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered to 0.25 138 13800 Layer Topsoil Mid brown silty clay with rare gravel stones 0.3 138 13801 Layer Subsoil Light/mid yellowish brown silty clay 0.1 138 13802 Layer Natural Yellowish brown clay 138 13803 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, steep sides, sharp >2 0.8 0.57 curving base 138 13804 Fill Ditch fill Mid reddish brown fine silty clay with rare rounded stones, >1 0.8 0.57 firm compaction 138 13805 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown fine silty clay with rare sub-angular stones, firm >1 0.56 0.24

138 13806 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, irregular sides, curving >2 2.3 0.74 base 138 13807 Fill Ditch fill Mid reddish brown silty clay mixed with iron panning, loose >1 0.7 0.46

138 13808 Fill Ditch fill Light yellowish brown fine silty clay with rare sub-rounded >1 1.4 0.45 stones, compact 138 13809 Fill Ditch fill Light brown fine silty clay, loose >1 1.22 0.48 138 13810 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown fine silty clay with rare rounded gravel >1 1.6 0.44 stones, loose 138 13811 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 3 Augered 0.35 138 13812 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown fine silty clay with rare sub-angular stones >2 3 Augered 0.35 (Unexcavated) 138 13813 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 2.9 Augered 0.35 138 13814 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown fine silty clay with rare sub-angular stones >2 2.9 Augered 0.35 (Unexcavated) 138 13815 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 2 Augered 0.2 138 13816 Fill Ditch fill Light brown fine silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 2 Augered 0.2 139 13900 Layer Topsoil Dark grey loamy soil 0.3 139 13901 Layer Subsoil Secondary plough horizon 0.18 139 13902 Layer Natural Light brown clay 139 13903 Layer Buried soil Dark grey black homogenous silty clay with frequent small- 15 >2 Augered 0.35 medium stones, rare charcoal (Unexcavated) 139 13904 Cut Ditch terminus? >1 >0.5 0.6

139 13905 Fill Ditch terminus fill >1 >0.5 0.45

139 13906 Layer Buried soil Dark grey black silty clay with occasional small-medium 8 >2 0.32 stones, rare charcoal, firm 139 13907 Layer Buried soil Dark grey black silty clay with occasional small-medium 11 >2 0.18 stones, rare charcoal, firm compaction 139 13908 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, concave profile >1.1 0.3 0.08 139 13909 Fill Ditch fill Dark greyish brown silty clay with rare charcoal, compact >1.1 0.3 0.08

140 Unexcavated trench 141 Unexcavated trench 142 14200 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.32 142 14201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.11 142 14202 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 142 14203 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) 3.7 0.6 142 14204 Fill of 14203 Ditch fill Mid brown silty clay (Unexcavated) 3.7 0.6 142 14205 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 3.2 142 14206 Fill of 14205 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 3.2 143 14300 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.25 143 14301 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.09 143 14302 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 143 14303 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned with concave sides to rounded >1 0.82 0.17 base 143 14304 Fill of 14303 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay, compact >1 0.82 0.17 143 14305 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast with moderate sides to irregular >1 0.97 0.58 base 143 14306 Fill of 14305 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, loose >1 0.95 0.58 143 14307 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >1 1.6 143 14308 Fill of 14307 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >1 1.6 143 14309 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned (Unexcavated) >1 0.36 143 14310 Fill of 14309 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >1 0.36 143 14311 Fill of 14305 Ditch fill Mid red brown silty clay with charcoal, loose >1 0.9 0.36

75 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

144 14400 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 144 14401 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.3 144 14402 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 144 14403 Cut Furrow Linear northwest/southeast aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 144 14404 Fill of 14403 Furrow fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 145 14500 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.35 145 14501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.2 145 14502 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 145 14503 Cut Land drain Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 145 14504 Fill of 14503 Land drain Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 145 14505 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered to 0.7m 145 14506 Fill of 14505 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.8 Augered to 0.7m 146 14600 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 146 14601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.2 146 14602 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 146 14603 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with gently sloped sides to flat >3 1.85 0.34 base 146 14604 Fill of 14603 Ditch fill Mid red grey silty clay with charcoal, loose compaction >3 1.85 0.34 146 14605 Cut Grave Northeast/southwest aligned grave. (Unexcavated) 1.6 0.65 146 14606 Fill of 14605 Grave fill Light grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) 1.6 0.65 146 14607 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sloping sides. Base >0.5 0.6 0.48 truncated away. 146 14608 Fill of 14607 Ditch fill Light orange grey silty clay, loose >0.5 0.6 0.48 147 14700 Layer Plough soil Mid brown silty clay 0.3 147 14701 Layer Natural Mid grey brown clay 148 14800 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.35 148 14801 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.25 148 14803 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned (Unexcavated) 148 14804 Fill of 14803 Ditch fill Mid brown grey silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 148 14802 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone >2 1.5 149 14900 Layer Plough soil Mid grey brown silty clay 0.35 149 14901 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.25 149 14902 Layer Natural Mid yellow brown silty clay with limestone 149 14903 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >2 1 0.45 (Augered) 149 14904 Fill of 14903 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 1 0.45 (Augered) 150 Unexcavated trench 151 Unexcavated trench 152 15200 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 152 15201 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.25 152 15202 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 153 15300 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.28 153 15301 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.38 153 15302 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 153 15303 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned steep sides to flat base >1 1.57 0.54

153 15304 Fill of 15303 Ditch fill Mid orange brown silty clay, compact >1 1.57 0.54 153 15305 Cut Pit Circular in plan steep sides to flat base 0.49 0.49 0.13 153 15306 Fill of 15305 Pit fill Mid grey brown silty clay with charcoal, compact 0.49 0.49 0.13 154 15400 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 154 15401 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.25 154 15402 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 155 15500 Layer Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 155 15501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.45 155 15502 Layer Natural Mid yellow grey clay with limestone 155 15503 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned with steep sides to concave >2.5 2.2 0.7 base 155 15504 Fill of 15503 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay, compact >2.5 1.96 0.28 155 15505 Fill of 15503 Ditch fill Mid grey brown silty clay with stones, compact >2.5 2.2 0.42 155 15506 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned with sloped sides to >1 1.79 0.81 concave base 155 15507 Fill of 15506 Ditch fill Mid red brown clay, friable >1 1.79 0.4 155 15508 Fill of 15506 Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay with charcoal, friable >1 1.24 0.41 156 15600 Plough soil Plough soil Dark grey brown silty clay 0.3 156 15601 Subsoil Subsoil Mid yellow brown silty clay 0.2

76 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

156 15602 Natural Natural Mid yellow grey clay with limestone 157 15700 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.25 157 15701 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.15 157 15702 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 158 15800 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.2 158 15801 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.15 158 15802 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 159 15900 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay >0.2 159 15901 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.25 159 15902 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 160 16000 Layer Plough soil Dark brown silty clay 0.2 160 16001 Layer Subsoil Yellow brown silty clay 0.2 160 16002 Layer Natural Yellow blue sandy clay 161 16100 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.3 161 16101 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay 0.2 161 16102 Layer Natural Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone 161 16103 Cut Ditch Area of unexcavated intercutting linears (Unexcavated) >6 >2 0.5 161 16104 Fill of 16103 Ditch fill Dark grey brown clay (Unexcavated) >6 >2 0.5 161 16105 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned with steep sides to flat base >1.2 0.83 0.52 161 16106 Fill of 16105 Ditch fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >1.2 0.83 0.52 161 16107 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned with moderate sides to concave >2 2.1 0.5 base 161 16108 Fill of 16107 Ditch fill Dark grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction >2 1.8 0.44 161 16109 Cut Pit Sub-circular pit. (Unexcavated) 0.8 0.4 0.15 (Augered) 161 16110 Fill of 16109 Pit fill Mid grey brown clay (Unexcavated) 0.8 0.4 0.15 (Augered) 161 16111 Cut Pit Circular in plan with moderate sides to concave base 0.8 >0.56 0.3 161 16112 Fill of 16111 Pit fill Mid grey brown clay with charcoal, friable compaction 0.8 >0.56 0.25 161 16113 Cut Ditch East/west aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) >2 0.5 0.4 (Augered)

161 16114 Fill of 16113 Ditch fill Mid brown silt clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.5 0.4 (Augered)

161 16115 Cut Pit Sub-circular pit (Unexcavated) 0.6 0.5 0.2 (Augered)

161 16116 Fill Fill Dark yellow brownish clay with stone inclusions 0.6 0.5 0.2 (Augered) (Unexcavated) 161 16117 Cut Ditch North/south aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) 3.5 0.3 0.25 (Augered) 161 16118 Fill Ditch Mid grey brownish clay (Unexcavated) 3.5 0.3 0.25 (Augered) 161 16119 Cut Ditch Northwest/southeast aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 0.6 (Augered)

161 16120 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brownish clay with sub-rounded pebbles >2 1.5 0.6 (Augered) (Unexcavated) 161 16121 Cut Ditch Northeast/southwest aligned ditch, moderate sides, >2 0.65 0.27 concave base 161 16122 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown greyish clay, occasional small stone inclusions, >1.8 0.65 0.27 friable 161 16123 Cut Ditch East/west aligned ditch. (Unexcavated) >2 0.5 0.2 (Augered)

161 16124 Fill Ditch fill Mid brown silt clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.5 0.2 (Augered)

161 16125 Cut Furrow Furrow, northwest/southeast aligned concave profile >2 0.85 0.13 161 16126 Fill Furrow fill Mid greyish brown clay, friable >2 0.85 0.13 161 16127 Layer Hill wash deposit? 1.3 >1 0.28

161 16128 Fill Ditch fill Mid yellowish brown clay, friable >0.9 0.8 0.4 161 16129 Fill Ditch fill Mid yellowish brown clay, friable 0.67 >0.5 0.6 161 16130 Fill Ditch fill Mid yellow brown clay, friable 1.2 0.56 0.25 162 16200 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.25 162 16201 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown silty clay 0.48 162 16202 Layer Natural clay Mid yellowish grey silty clay with limestone 162 16203 Cut Ditch Curvilinear ditch northwest/southeast aligned, concave >3.2 0.82 0.15 profile 162 16204 Fill Ditch fill Dark brownish grey silty clay, compact >3.2 0.82 0.15 162 16205 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast alignment (Unexcavated) 1.35 1.65 0.6 (Augered)

77 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

162 16206 Fill Ditch fill Mid to dark greyish brown silty clay (Unexcavated) 1.35 1.65 0.6 (Augered)

162 16207 Cut Ditch Linear east/west alignment (Unexcavated) 0.65 0.45 0.1 (Augered)

162 16208 Fill Ditch fill Mid brownish grey silty clay (Unexcavated) 0.65 0.45 0.1 (Augered)

162 16209 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast alignment, very steep sides, flat >1.8 1.25 0.55 base. 162 16210 Fill Ditch fill Dark greyish brown silty clay, friable >1.8 1.25 0.55 162 16211 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned, concave profile >2.55 0.9 0.17 162 16212 Fill Ditch fill Mid brownish grey silty clay, compact >2.55 0.9 0.17 162 16213 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned (Unexcavated) >2.55 0.45 0.22 (Augered) 162 16214 Fill Ditch fill Mid brownish grey silty clay (Unexcavated) >2.55 0.45 0.22 (Augered) 162 16215 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay with orangey flecks, compact >2 0.89 0.1

162 16216 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast alignment, steep sides, flat >2 0.83 0.29 base 162 16217 Fill Ditch fill Light yellowish brown silty clay with yellow flecks, friable >2 0.83 0.29

163 16300 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.35 163 16301 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown clayey silt with stone inclusions 0.11 163 16302 Layer Natural clay Mid greyish yellow silty clay with limestone bedrock 163 16303 Cut Ditch Linear aligned east/west, moderately steep convex sides, >2 0.58 0.22 concave base 163 16304 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay, friable >2 0.58 0.22 163 16305 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, concave profile, flat >2 2.85 0.21 base 163 16306 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown clayey silt, friable >2 2.85 0.21 163 16307 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) 1 0.2 0.1 (Augered)

163 16308 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown clayey silt (Unexcavated) 1 0.2 0.1 (Augered)

163 16309 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned (Unexcavated) >2 0.36 0.2 (Augered)

163 16310 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown clayey silt (Unexcavated) >2 0.36 0.2 (Augered)

163 16311 Cut Ditch Linear east/west alignment, shallow concave profile >2 0.48 0.14 163 16312 Fill Ditch fill Mid to dark grey brownish clayey silt, friable compaction >2 0.48 0.14 163 16313 Cut Ditch Linear east/west alignment (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 0.25 (Augered) 163 16314 Fill Ditch fill Dark grey brown silty clay (Unexcavated) >2 0.4 0.25 (Augered) 163 16315 Cut Ditch East/west aligned ditch. Shallow concave profile >2 0.55 0.15 163 16316 Fill Ditch fill Mid to dark grey brownish clayey silt, friable compaction >2 0.55 0.15 163 16317 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 0.55 (Augered) 163 16318 Fill Ditch fill Mid grey brown clayey silt (Unexcavated) >2 1.5 0.55 (Augered) 163 16319 Deposit Refuse layer Dark grey brown silty clay, loose. 2.1 1.7 0.19 164 16401 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.3 164 16402 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown clayey silt with stone inclusions 0.2 164 16403 Layer Natural clay Mid greyish yellow silty clay with limestone bedrock 165 16500 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.31 165 16501 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown clayey silt with stone inclusions 0.18 165 16502 Layer Natural clay Mid greyish yellow silty clay with limestone bedrock 165 16503 Cut Ditch Linear east/west aligned gentle concave profile >1.12 0.59 0.09 165 16504 Fill Ditch fill Dark greyish brown silty clay, friable 0.12 0.59 0.09 165 16505 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, moderately steep >0.5 0.64 0.18 sides, flat base 165 16506 Fill Ditch fill Mid greyish brown silty clay, friable >0.5 0.64 0.18 165 16507 Deposit Refuse layer Brownish grey silty clay finds rich with charcoal inclusions, >1 >1 0.15 loose compaction 165 16508 Fill Refuse layer Dark blueish brown clayey silt rich in finds, loose >25 >1.8 0.28 compaction 165 16509 Cut Ditch Linear ditch east/west aligned, moderately steep sides with >1 1.3 0.19 concave base

78 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

165 16510 Fill Ditch fill Dark grey silty clay, compact >1 1.3 0.19 165 16511 Deposit Re-deposited natural >1 >1 0.1

165 16512 Cut Ditch Linear northeast/southwest aligned, moderately steep >1.5 0.4 0.5 sides, flat base 165 16513 Fill Ditch fill Light greyish brown silty clay, compact >1.5 0.4 0.5 166 16600 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.3 166 16601 Layer Subsoil Mid yellowish brown clayey silt with stone inclusions 0.2 166 16602 Layer Natural clay Mid greyish yellow silty clay with limestone bedrock 166 16603 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 0.53 166 16604 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 0.53 166 16605 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 5.3 166 16606 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 5.3 166 16607 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.7 166 16608 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.7 166 16609 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.5 166 16610 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.5 166 16611 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 0.8 166 16612 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 0.8 166 16613 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.4 166 16614 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.4 166 16615 Cut Ditch Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.6 166 16616 Fill Ditch fill Unexcavated due to flooding >2 1.6 167 16700 Layer Plough soil Mid greyish brown clayey silt 0.39 167 16701 Layer Subsoil Light brown grey clayey silt 0.43 167 16702 Layer Natural clay Mid greyish yellow silty clay with limestone inclusions 167 16703 Cut Ditch Linear north/south aligned, shallow concave profile >2 1.7 0.08 167 16704 Fill Ditch fill Mid to dark brown silty clay, friable >2 1.7 0.08 167 16705 Cut Natural hollow Sub -rounded natural hollow, irregular base >2 8.35 0.18 167 16706 Fill Fill Mid dark brownish grey silty sandy clay, loose >2 8.35 0.18 167 16707 Cut Ditch Linear northwest/southeast aligned, moderately steep sides >2 1.62 0.4 (Augered) at upper level. Not bottomed. 167 16708 Fill Ditch fill Dark brown greyish silty clay, loose >2 1.62 0.4 (Augered)

168 UNEXCAVATED TRENCH 169 UNEXCAVATED TRENCH

79 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX B: FINDS

Table 1: Finds concordance Context Class Details Ct Wt. Date Area 1 312 Late Pre. pottery QZ 1 3 IA? Area 2 3404 Late Pre. pottery SHm 2 9 IA Late Pre. pottery LIf 2 1 IA 3408 Late Pre. pottery QZ 14 56 LIA-C1 Late Pre. pottery SHm 3 36 LIA/ERB pottery QZwt 8 30 3501 Roman pottery GW1 1 24 RB 3601 Roman pottery GW2 1 3 RB 3610 LIA/ERB pottery QZwt 10 5 LIA-C1 3616 LIA/ERB pottery GT 5 2 LIA-C1 fired clay 9 15 3614 fired clay 1 1 - Area 3 6203 Modern pottery Pearl ware 1 45 LC18-EC19 6207 Metallurg. residues fe slag 69 Area 4 7806 Anglo-Saxon. pottery ORG 1 7 C5-C8 7808 Anglo-Saxon. pottery ORG 1 1 C5-C8 7818 Late Pre. pottery QZ 2 8 MIA Late Pre. pottery Lif 11 80 Late Pre. pottery Lic 1 6 Late Pre. pottery SHm 2 4 7820 ceramic building material tile/brick 1 74 RB fired clay 1 4 7818 fired clay 2 13 - 8105 fired clay 9 14 - 8107 Late Pre. pottery LIf 1 25 MIA Late Pre. pottery SHc 1 3 burnt stone quartzite 5 295 8111 burnt stone quartzite 1 32 8200 ceramic building material tile/brick 1 6 8203 fired clay 1 2 8205 Late Pre. pottery LIf 5 45 MIA burnt stone ls 1 10 8213 burnt stone quartzite 1 13 - 8302 Late Pre. pottery SHm 8 65 IA 8203 Late Pre. pottery SHm 24 353 MIA 8207 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 10 IA 8211 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 4 IA Late Pre. pottery SHc 1 66 8205 Late Pre. pottery QZ 3 4 IA 8111 Late Pre. pottery SHm 2 2 IA 8211 Late Pre. pottery SHm 2 4 IA 8212 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 13 IA 8302 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 19 IA Area 5 9105 worked flint core 1 21 - worked flint retouched flake 1 10 9106 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 5 IA Late Pre. pottery QZ 1 6 Late Pre. pottery CRUCves 8 49 9107 Metallurg. residues fe slag/smithing hearth bottoms 457 - 10406 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 7 IA 10613 Late Pre pottery SHc 14 450 MIA 10618 Late Pre pottery SHm 1 12 IA Iron object (Ra. 17) Blade fragment - ?reaping hook 1 - 10709 Late Pre pottery SHm 9 13 IA 10711 Late Pre pottery SHm 2 61

80 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

10919 Late Pre pottery SHm 1 11 IA 11102 fired clay 1 2 11201 Anglo-Saxon. pottery QZpoly 4 45 C5-C8 ceramic object pottery disc: OXID 1 Context Class Details Ct Wt. Date 11204 Anglo-Saxon. pottery QZpoly 1 4 C6-eC7 cu al. obj buckle (Ra. 18) 1 glass polychrome bead (Ra. 15) 21 glass monochrome bead (Ra. 15) 5 rock crystal bead (Ra. 15) 1 amber bead (Ra. 15) 32 glass polychrome bead (Ra. 5) 4 amber bead fragment (Ra. 5) 1 cu al. obj annular brooch (Ra. 1) 1 fe object knife (Ra. 10) 1 fe object ring (Ra. 7) 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 11): SAM 2 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 3): OXF RS 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 13): OX 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 14): SAM 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 4): SAM 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra.64): SAM 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 14): GW 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 2): GW 4 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 2): SAM 2 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 2): OXF RSm 1 ceramic object pottery disc (Ra. 2): OX 3 stone disc 1 11206 Anglo-Saxon. pottery QZpoly 2 10 C5-C8 Roman pottery GW2 (Ra. 16) 1 10 11209 Anglo-Saxon. pottery SQZ 80 134 C5-C8? 11403 Late Pre. pottery SHm 11 91 MIA Late Pre. pottery SHc 5 26 11404 Late Pre. pottery SHm 1 5 IA Late Pre. pottery QZ 1 1 11603 fired clay 3 19 - 12403 fired clay 1 9 - 13004 Roman CBM sandy 1 16 RB? 13307 Roman pottery GW1 1 7 RB 13310 Late Pre pottery SHm 2 3 IA-C1+ Roman pottery QZwt 3 3 13315 Roman pottery GW1 1 21 RB Roman pottery GW2 1 36 13804 Roman pottery DOR BB1 3 25 LC2-C4 Roman pottery GT 1 58 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 3 13807 Roman pottery LOC BS 2 10 RB 13810 Roman pottery OXF WHm 1 200 C3 13905 Roman pottery LEZ SA 1 3 MLC2+ Roman pottery OXID 1 3 Roman pottery GT 1 2 Worked flint flake 1 1 13906 Roman pottery GW1 1 19 RB Roman pottery GW2 5 50 13908 Roman pottery GW2 1 6 pmed Pmed pottery glazed earthenware 1 6 15304 Late Pre pottery SHm 5 12 IA 15501 modern pottery unglazed earthenware (Flowerpot) 1 9 C19-C20 15504 Late Pre pottery SHm 1 12 IA Iron object Tapering rod/bar 1 - 15505 Worked flint flake 1 1 16104 Roman pottery GW2 1 9 RB 16106 LIA/ERB pottery GT 1 11 C1+ Roman pottery QZwt 1 7 Roman pottery GW2 1 2

81 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

16112 Roman pottery GW2 1 3 RB 16118 Roman pottery GW2 1 75 RB 16122 Roman pottery GW2 10 52 RB Context Class Details Ct Wt. Date 16127 Roman pottery LOC BS 2 14 RB Roman pottery GW1 1 16 Roman pottery GW2 3 10 Roman pottery OXID 2 3 Fired clay 1 2 16180 Roman pottery GW3 3 20 LC1-C2 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 2 Roman pottery GW2 1 5 Roman pottery OXID 1 1 16200 Roman pottery GWg 1 29 LC1-C2 Roman pottery GW3 2 31 Roman pottery GW2 1 2 16202 Roman pottery OXID 1 4 LC1-C2 Roman pottery LOC BS 3 32 16204 Roman pottery OXID 2 25 RB Roman pottery OXIDf 1 23 Roman pottery GW2 2 14 ironworking slag; hearth/furnace Metallurg res. lining 2 63 Fired clay 2 28 16208 Fired clay 2 177 - 16210 Roman pottery GW3 1 8 LC1-C2 16217 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 7 LC1-C2 Roman pottery GW2 3 13 16210 Roman pottery ROM SH 2 18 LC1-C2 Roman pottery OXID 1 16 Roman pottery GT 1 12 Roman pottery GW2 2 65 16215 Late Pre pottery SHm 1 30 C1+ Late Pre pottery QZ 1 4 Roman pottery OXID 1 2 16217 Fuel ash 1 6 - 16218 Late Pre pottery SHm 6 40 IA Fired clay 1 4 Fuel ash 4 8 16300 Roman pottery GW1 1 36 RB Roman pottery GW2 3 92 16304 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 4 RB Roman pottery GW2 1 31 Iron nail Flat head 1 - 16306 Roman pottery DOR BB1 2 36 LC2-C3 Roman pottery PNK GT 10 334 Roman pottery LOC CC 1 3 Roman pottery ROM SH 22 215 Roman pottery GW1 3 213 Roman pottery GWg 2 59 Roman pottery LOC BS 3 44 Roman pottery GW2 47 332 Roman CBM sandy 1 10 16312 Roman pottery WHf 1 10 C2+ 16316 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 7 C2+ Roman pottery ROM SH 1 10 Roman pottery GW2 1 3 Roman pottery LEZ SA 1 1 16319 Roman pottery GW1 6 82 LC2-C4 Roman pottery OXID 1 3 Roman pottery DOR BB1 1 9 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 2 Roman pottery GW2 15 249 Roman pottery ROMSH 3 18 Fired clay 5 10 Iron nail Flat head 1 -

82 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

83 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

Context Class Details Ct Wt. Date 16504 Roman pottery GW2 2 21 mC2-C3 Roman pottery EGSA 1 2 Iron nail Flat head 1 - 16507 Roman pottery GT 1 26 C1+ Iron nail Flat head 1 - 16506 Roman pottery MAH WH 1 37 MC2-C3+ Roman pottery DEV GT 1 10 Roman pottery GW2 4 19 16507 Roman pottery OXF WHm 1 30 C3+ Roman pottery GW1 3 33 Roman pottery DOR BB1 1 4 Roman pottery DEV GT 1 32 Roman pottery OXID 2 6 Roman pottery GW2 10 207 Roman pottery ROM SH 7 209 Anglo-Saxon. pottery ORG 1 7 16508 Roman pottery GW1 1 26 RB Roman pottery GW2 7 53 Roman pottery ROM SH 1 8 16510 Roman pottery LEZSA 1 2 C2+ Roman pottery GW1 1 201 Roman pottery ROM SH 1 8 Roman pottery LOC BS 1 4 Roman pottery GW2 2 103 Roman pottery OXID 2 25 Roman CBM sandy 1 33 16704 Roman pottery GW2 1 2 RB Iron object Nail 1 - 16706 Roman pottery GW1 1 2 RB 16812 Roman pottery QZwt 1 8 C1+ * Pottery type codes in bold are defined in table 2

84 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

Table 2: Pottery fabric type codes/quantification Period Code* Details Ct. Wt.(g) Late QZ Handmade quartz-tempered (round/sub-round quartz) 23 82 Prehistoric SHm Handmade, shell-tempered 89 821 SHc Handmade, shell-tempered (coarser) 21 545 LIf Handmade, limestone-tempered (fine) 19 151 LIc Handmade, limestone-tempered (coarse) 1 6 CRUCves Crucible fabric (vesicular) 8 49 Roman GT Wheelthrown grog-tempered 10 111 DEV GT ‘Developed’ (white/buff-firing) grog-tempered 2 42 QZwt Wheelthrown fine quartz-tempered (black-firing) 23 53 GW1 Sandy reduced (grey with red margins) 21 680 GW2 Sandy reduced (grey throughout) 128 1467 GW3 Greyware (sparse quartz, with organic inclusions) 6 59 GWg Greyware (with grog) 3 88 LOC BS Sandy reduced (dark grey/black) 17 129 ROM SH Roman shell-tempered 37 486 OXID Sandy oxidised 14 88 OXIDf Fine oxidised 1 23 WHf Fine whiteware 1 10 PNK GT Pink grog-tempered 10 334 MAH WH Mancetter Hartshill mortaria 1 37 DOR BB1 Dorset Black-burnished ware 7 74 LOC CC Unsourced (Wpper Nene?) colour-coated 1 3 OXF WH Oxford whiteware mortaria 2 230 OXF RS Oxford red slipped ware (counters) 2 - LEZ SA2 Samian. Central Gaulish (Lezoux) 3 6 EGSA Samian. East Gaulish 1 2 (counters) SAM Samian. Central or East Gaulish 7 - OX oxidised 4 - GW Greyware 5 - Anglo-Saxon ORG Handmade, organic-tempered 3 15 QZpoly Handmade, quartz/sandstone-tempered 7 59 (polycrystalline quartz) SQZ Handmade, quartz-tempered 80 134 Pmed/ - Pearl ware 1 45 modern - unglazed earthenware (Flowerpot) 1 9 - glazed earthenware 1 6

*Roman fabrics listed in bold correspond with types described in the National Roman fabric Reference Collection (Tomber and Dore 1998)

85 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

Table 3: Finds concordance. Finds from samples and Inhumation burial 11203. Context SS no. Class Description* Ct. Wt.(g) 9106 3 Metallurg. residue Ironworking slag; hearth/furnace lining c. 50 140 10619 5 Late pre. pottery LI, misc 10 8 10621 6 Fired clay Misc. frags c. 30 26 10719 7 Fired clay Misc. frags c. 20 5 11208 na. Anglo-Saxon pottery SQZ 5 4 Worked bone Comb fragments 2 - amber Bead fragments 3 <1 12404 4 Late pre. pottery LI 4 8 4 Fired clay Misc. frags c. 50 20 13004 9 Fired clay Misc. frags 5 <1 13906 10 Roman pottery GW2 1 9 Fired clay Misc. frags 1 <1 16508 11 Roman pottery GW2; OXID 5 25 Fired clay Misc. frags 12 1 Iron obj. Hobnail + shaft frags 3 - 16708 12 Iron obj. Hobnails 2 - 129005 8 Fired clay Misc. frags 10 2 * pottery type codes are defined in Table 2 above

86 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX C: PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE

Table 1: Identified animal species by fragment count (NISP) and weight and context.

Area Cut Fill BOS O/C SUS EQ Canid Deer LM MM Ind un-id Total Weight sp. SS (g) Iron Age 2 3403 3404 3 4 7 58 4 7817 7818 1 3 4 8 65 4 8204 8205 1 1 2 4 25 4 8206 8207 1 1 3 4 8301 8302 2 2 178 4 9109 8107 2 1 3 33 5 9103 9106 26 26 3 5 10405 10406 1 1 78 6 10617 10618 1 1 7 6 10707 10709 1 5 35 41 98 6 10710 10711 1 2 6 9 61 9 15303 15304 1 5 1 19 26 219 Subtotal 12 11 1 1 25 13 39 26 129 828 Roman 8 13005 13004 63 63 6 8 13305 13307 6 6 38 8 13806 13810 1 2 34 37 254 8 13806 13807 1 1 48 8 13904 13905 4 4 8 8 13906 5 3 1 2 18 54 83 433 10 16105 16106 1 6 7 10 10 16117 16118 1 1 14 10 16121 16122 11 2 52 65 559 10 16203 16204 2 4 4 10 109 10 16209 16210 6 3 8 17 682 10 16303 16304 3 3 12 10 16305 16306 5 1 1 2 5 19 33 823 10 16315 16316 1 1 7 9 76 10 16503 16504 1 1 1 7 10 65 10 16505 16506 2 2 24 10 16510 16510 3 3 6 24 10 16507 3 3 67 10 16319 9 9 40 10 16127 2 2 1 6 11 220 10 16508 1 1 1 51 54 49 subtotal 34 25 3 5 28 15 120 202 434 3561 Saxon 7 11205 11206 17 17 17 undated 1 205 206 2 2 7 2 3405 3406 1 1 2 32 2 3703 3704 2 1 3 1 5 12 49 2 3803 3806 2 2 1 2 3803 3805 2 2 1

87 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

4 8109 8105 5 2 1 1 9 27 45 515 4 8110 8111 3 2 12 17 239 4 8202 8203 1 1 7 4 8212 8213 1 1 1 1 9 13 129 4 8101 1 1 2 102 4 8200 1 1 4 5 9103 9107 7 2 8 4 25 46 366 6 10615 10616 1 1 2 71 6 10617 10619 1 143 144 27 6 10620 10621 3 3 86 92 36 6 10717 10718 1 3 7 11 9 6 10721 10719 1 8 5 11 27 36 158 246 294 7 11602 11603 6 6 10 8 12010 12911 1 1 2 6 8 12403 12404 6 10 1 14 6 142 239 418 621 8 12903 12905 42 42 4 8 12906 12907 4 4 17 8 13305 13306 2 5 7 17 8 13403 13404 3 1 1 5 145 8 13403 13411 3 3 3 8 14603 14604 1 1 2 4 40 8 13907 32 1 33 37 9 15305 15306 1 1 129 9 15503 15505 1 1 34 9 15506 15508 4 1 4 7 16 264 10 16107 16108 2 4 6 37 10 16216 16217 1 2 1 4 153 10 16707 16708 1 1 61 63 25 Subtotal 72 39 7 5 1 68 58 272 733 1254 3431 Total 119 75 11 10 1 1 121 88 448 961 1835 Weight 3835 582 178 591 20 3 1187 256 993 182 7837 BOS = Cattle; O/C = sheep/goat, SUS = pig; EQ = horse; Canid = dog; Deer sp. = deer species; LM= large sized mammal; MM = medium sized mammal; Ind = indeterminate; un-id SS = unidentifiable fragments from environmental samples

Table 2: Macroscopic techniques used

Pubic symphysis - Brooks and Suchey 1990 Auricular surface - Lovejoy et al. 1985 & Buckberry and Chamberlain 2002 Dental attrition - Miles 1962 Cranial suture closure - Meindl and Lovejoy 1985 Sternal Rib ends - Işcan and Loth 1984 & Işcan et al. 1985 Epiphyseal fusion - McKern and Stewart 1957 & Owings-Webb and Suchey 1985 Dental eruption – Moorees et al. 1963 & AlQahanti 2009. Long bone length (subadults) – Maresh 1970

88 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

Table 3: Age categories

Foetal - <38 weeks gestation Newborn - 38 weeks – 1 month 1 month - 1 year 1.1 year- 3 years 3.1 years - 5 years 5.1 years - 7 years 7.1 years - 10 years 10.1 years - 13 years 13.1 years - 16 years 16.1 years - 20 years 20 years - 25 years 25 years - 35 years 35 years - 45 years 45+ years 60+ years 80+ years Subadult - under 20 years Adult - over 20 years

Grave catalogue

Skeleton Number 11207 Preservation Grade 3 Completeness 50-75% Age 30+ Sex ?Female Stature N/A Non-metric traits None Pathology None Dental Health 18/5. 1 calculus Other

Skeleton Number 11208 Preservation Grade 3-4 Completeness 50-75% Age Adult Sex ?Female Stature N/A Non-metric traits None Pathology None Dental Health None Other

Skeleton Number 11211 Preservation Grade 2-3 Completeness 0-25% Age 45+ Sex Male Stature N/A Non-metric traits None Pathology Temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Osteoarthritis facets of cervical vertebrae. Dental Health 28/13. 5 caries. 27 calculus. Reduced height of alveolar on all teeth. Other Severe attrition on lower first incisors, activity-related.

Skeleton Number 11214 Preservation 5+ Completeness Teeth only & petrous portion. Age 4.5-7.5 months (average 6 months) Sex N/A Stature N/A Non-metric traits N/A Pathology none Dental Health 4. Deciduous incisor 1 and 2 erupted/erupting. Deciduous canine unerupted. Deciduous upper second molar unerupted. Other

89 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

Table 4: Assessment table of the palaeoenvironmental remains

Sampl Processed Unprocessed Flot Roots Charred Feature Context e vol (L) vol (L) size % Grain Chaff Other Notes Charcoal Other Area 2 Trench 38 - Possible Iron Age Burnt mound 3803 3806 1 19 20 625 10 - - - - +++++ Moll-t (++) 3803 3805 2 11 20 100 15 - - - - ++++ Moll-t (++) Area 5 Trench 91 - Iron Age Pit burial 9103 9106 3 11 10 10 40 - - - - ++ Moll-t (+++) Area 6 Trench 106 - Iron Age Ditches 1061 Indet. 7 10619 5 18 10 30 65 + - - grain frag ++ Moll-t (+++) 1062 Moll-t (++++), 0 10621 6 20 10 40 50 - - - - ++ Moll-f (+) Trench 107 - Iron Age Pit 1072 Barley Moll-t (++), 1 10719 7 19 10 25 65 + - - grain ++ Moll-f (+) Area 7 Trench 112 - Saxon Possible Cremation vessel 1120 9 11213 14 1 0 3 10 - - - - - Moll-t (+) Area 8 Trench 124 - Iron Age Ditch 1240 Indet. 3 12404 4 15 10 25 50 + - - grain frag ++ Moll-t (++++) Trench 129 - Iron Age Ditch 1290 3 12905 8 18 10 15 50 - - - - - Moll-t (+++) Trench 130 - Romano-British Ditch 1300 3 13004 9 17 10 10 60 - - - - - Moll-t (++) Trench 138 - Romano-British Ditch 1380 Moll-t (+++), 6 13810 13 17 10 10 50 - - - - - Moll-f (+) Trench 139 - Romano-British Buried soil Hulled wheat 13906 10 16 10 10 40 + - - grain + Moll-t (+++) Area 10 Trench 165 - Romano-British Refuse layer F-t wheat Moll-t (++), 16508 11 19 10 10 65 + - - grain - Moll-f (+) Trench 167 - Romano-British Ditch 1670 7 16708 12 20 10 15 50 - - - - - Moll-t (+++)

Key Moll-t = land snails, Moll-f =aquatic snails

+ = 1–4 items; ++ = 4–20 items; +++ = 21–49 items; ++++ = 50–99 items; +++++ = >100 items

90 © Cotswold Archaeology Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project name Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire Short description The earliest remains encountered by the evaluation date to the Middle/Late Iron Age and comprise a rectilinear enclosure and part of a ditch system bordering the western boundary of the site, a ‘banjo’ enclosure in the south central area and a small enclosure and associated ditch system south-east of Griffin Farm. A crouched burial of probable Iron Age date and deposits containing ironworking debris were encountered close to the north-west boundary of the site, west of the farm buildings. At the northern end of the site a rectilinear enclosure surrounding the remains of at least one roundhouse and other structures was investigated. A possible burnt mound was identified close to the enclosure’s western corner. Pottery from the excavated features dates the settlement to the Late Iron Age/early Roman ‘transitional’ period. A ditch system dating to the later Roman period (late 2nd to 3rd centuries AD) was located on the south-east facing slope at the south-west end of the site. This comprised a complex of ditches forming a cluster of small enclosures and associated trackways, with dark buried soils occurring on the lower slope. Four Anglo- Saxon burials, dated by glass and amber beads to the late 6th/early7th century, were located in the southern corner of the rectilinear Iron Age enclosure. They probably lie within a small cemetery associated with Anglo-Saxon settlement remains identified in the field immediately to the east of Griffin Farm. Medieval furrows were evident across the entire site. Project dates 23rd November 2015–25th January 2016 Project type Field evaluation Previous work Geophysical survey (Archaeological Surveys 2015) Future work Unknown Monument type Middle/Late Iron Age, Late Iron Age/early Roman ‘transitional’, Roman and Anglo- Saxon settlement, Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon burials Significant finds Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon pottery, animal bone, Anglo- Saxon grave goods (glass and amber beads, brooch etc.) PROJECT LOCATION Site location Griffin Farm, Southam, Warwickshire Study area 42ha Site co-ordinates SP 4279 6350 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology (CA) Project Brief originator - Project Design (WSI) originator CA Project Manager Richard Young and Simon Carlyle (CA) Project Supervisor Alistair Barber and Julian Newman (CA) PROJECT ARCHIVE Accession no: - Content Physical Warwickshire Museums Service Pottery, animal bone, glass and amber beads, brooch Paper Site records, digital photos Digital Warwickshire HER Report BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2016 Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 16049

91 N Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185

CITY OF Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 LEICESTER w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk RE e [email protected] SHI N PROJECT TITLE TO WO WARWICKSHIRE P Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire RC M ES A T E H R T S R H O FIGURE TITLE IR N E Site location plan 0 1km

OXFORDSHIRE DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. GLOUCESTERSHIRE Reproduced from the 2016 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 42 43 N

site boundary Area 1 evaluation trench archaeological feature T12

T13 Geophysical Survey Results (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) Fig.3

T37 T36 Area 2

T38 T55 T39 T40 T48

T41

Area 3 T43 T47

Fig.4 T46 T59 T45

Area 4 Area 5 T95 T89 T96

T94 T106 T91 T93 T100 E 63 E T97 T105 Area 6 T107 T99 T102 T109 Fig.5 T115 T98 T101 T108 T146 T110 T116 T103 T104 Fig.6 T114 T145 T117 T118 T147 T128 T144 T123 T111 T148 Area 7 T135 T143 0 200m T129 T113 T127 T119 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office T124 ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG Fig.7 T130 T142 T112 T149 T137 T152 T120 T125 Fig.8 T134 Andover 01264 347630 T153 T126 T132 Area 8 Cirencester 01285 771022 T154 Exeter 01392 826185 T160 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 T157 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk T155 e [email protected] T138 T161 PROJECT TITLE T164 T159 T139 Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire Area 9 T162 T166 T163 FIGURE TITLE Trench location plan showing T165 T167 archaeological features and Area 10 geophysical survey results Fig.9 DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 25/01/2016 SP APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:4000 2 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg T31

T24

T34

ditch 3407

ditch 0 500m 3503 ditch 3505 ditch N T35 3405

ditch terminus 3403

site boundary T30 evaluation trench T37 A ditch archaeological feature A 3615 ditch furrow 3613

ditch ditch field drain 3703 3611 A A section location

T36 ditch 3609 Geophysical Survey Results (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015)

Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of archaeological potential Positive linear anomaly - possible ditch-like feature burnt mound Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow 3803 Positive linear anomaly - possible land ditch 3807 drain T38 Positive linear anomaly - possible former field boundary Magnetic debris - spread of magnetically thermoremnant/ferrous material Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

T39 0 25m T40 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG T48

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk T41 e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE T43 Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 34 to 38 and 48

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:750 & 1:20,000 3 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg T76

T75

0 500m

N T77 T80 ditch 7403 site boundary evaluation trench archaeological feature T74 furrow furrow ditch 8104 8110 field drain T81 A A section location

T78 8109 ditch 7807 ditch ditch 8204 7805 pit ditch/pit 8206 ditch 8202 ditches ditch 7803 C 7813/7815/7817 8212 B ditch ditch pit ditch 8214 7811 7819 8208 B T82

0 30m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG

D

T83 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 D Exeter 01392 826185 ditches Milton Keynes 01908 564660 8306/8304/8301 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of archaeological features in Trenches 74, 78 and 81 to 83

T84 DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. T105 T106 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:600 & 1:20,000 4 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg ditch 10615

ditch ditch 10620 0 500m 10613 E N E pit ditch 10611 site boundary 10503 evaluation trench ditch 10609 T106 archaeological feature furrow pit ditch 10607 ditch field drain 10617 10505 bioturbation A A section location T105 pit 10605 Geophysical Survey Results ditch (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) 10603 Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of archaeological potential Positive linear anomaly - possible ditch-like feature Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow

Positive linear anomaly - possible land drain pit ditch 10717 T107 Positive linear anomaly - possible former 10714 field boundary

Possible curvilinear anomaly - ring ditch

Magnetic disturbance from ferrous material

ditch ditch ditch Discrete positive response - possible pit-like 10705 10707 10710 feature Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

T108 0 15m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk pit e [email protected] 10803 PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE T102 Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 105 to 108

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:300 & 1:20,000 5 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg ditch 11403 T114

0 500m

N

site boundary evaluation trench ditches 11102 & 11106 archaeological feature furrow field drain bioturbation A A section location ditch 11104 Geophysical Survey Results (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) T111 Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of archaeological potential Positive linear anomaly - possible ditch-like feature Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow

Possible rectilinear/curvilinear anomaly - enclosure ditch

Possible curvilinear anomaly - ring ditch

ditch Magnetic disturbance from ferrous material 11302 Discrete positive response - cut feature of archaeological potential

F T113 Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

0 20m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 T112 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 grave w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 11210 ditch e [email protected] 11218 grave PROJECT TITLE 11203 ditch Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire 11216 grave 11205 FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 111 to 114 ditch DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. 11216 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:400 & 1:20,000 6 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg T103

T104 ditch furrow 10303 10405

ditch 10403

0 500m

N

site boundary evaluation trench T128 archaeological feature furrow field drain A A section location

Geophysical Survey Results (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) ditch Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of 15303 archaeological potential Positive linear anomaly - possible former field boundary Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow

Possible rectilinear/curvilinear anomaly - ditch enclosure ditch ditch ditch G 12908 ditch T143 12910 15305 Possible curvilinear anomaly - ring ditch 15307 Positive anomaly - magnetically enhanced ditch material 12903 ditch 14303 Discrete positive response - cut feature of T129 archaeological potential T135 Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

0 20m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of ditch Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 13005 ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG T136

T130 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 ditch Milton Keynes 01908 564660 H w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 13003 e [email protected]

H PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 103, 104, 129, 130 & 135

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:400 & 1:20,000 7 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg ditch 13407 T134

ditch ditch T137 13403 13705

I ditch I 13707 0 500m

N

site boundary evaluation trench

ditch archaeological feature 13203 furrow field drain A A section location T138

ditch Geophysical Survey Results 13804 ditch (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) 13811 Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of ditch archaeological potential T132 ditch 13813 ditch Positive linear anomaly - possible ditch-like 13205 J 13310 feature Positive linear anomaly - possible former ditch ditch J field boundary 13806 13314 ditch Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow 13316 ditch Magnetic disturbance from ferrous material T133 13815 Discrete positive response - cut feature of archaeological potential Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

ditch pit 13317 13319

0 20m

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of ditch Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office buried soil ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG 13908 13906

buried soil 13903 Andover 01264 347630 buried soil T139 Cirencester 01285 771022 ditch 13907 Exeter 01392 826185 13903 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Trenches 132, 133, 138 & 139

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:400 & 1:20,000 8 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg T133 ditch 16121 T159

ditch 16119 T139 0 500m

T161 N L furrow 16125 T164 site boundary L ditch ditch evaluation trench 16107 ditch 16615 16613 archaeological feature ditch 16105 furrow field drain ditch ditch 16609 A A section location 16315 ditch 16311 ditch N 16611 Geophysical Survey Results (Archaeological Surveys Ltd 2015) N ditch ditch T162 Positive linear anomaly - cut feature of 16605 16607 M ditch archaeological potential 16211 T163 ditch ditch ditch Positive linear anomaly - possible ditch-like 16216 16603 T166 16707 feature M T167 Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow ditch 16209 Positive linear anomaly - possible land drain

ditch Positive linear anomaly - possible former 16203 ditch buried soil field boundary 16303 16705 ditch Possible curvilinear anomaly - ring ditch 16305 Discrete positive response - cut feature of archaeological potential

ditch Discrete positive response - possible pit-like 16703 feature Strong dipolar anomaly - ferrous object

0 20m

ditch Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 2016 mapping with the permission of 16509 ditch buried soil Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 16503 16507 T165 ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG

ditch Andover 01264 347630 16505 buried soil Cirencester 01285 771022 ditch 16508 Exeter 01392 826185 16512 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Detailed plan of geophysical survey results and archaeological features in Area 10

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 02/02/2016 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 1:500 & 1:20,000 9 P:\5425 Griffin Quarry Southam Warks CONS\Illustration\Drafts\5425_Griffin Quarry_Fig2.dwg Section AA

NW SE 97.4m AOD

3700

3701

3704

ditch 3703

0 0.5m

Pit 3803, looking east (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 37 & 38: section and photograph

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 10 Section BB

NW SE 104.6m AOD

7818 7820

ditch 7817 7814 7821

pit 7816 7819 ditch 7813 ditch 7815

01m

Ditches 7813, 7815, 7817 and pit 7819, looking north-east (2m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 78: section and photograph

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 11 Section CC

SW NE 103.3m AOD 8209 8211 8213

ditch 8210 ditch 8208 ditch 8212

01m

Section DD

SW NE 103.5m AOD 8300

furrow

8305 8303

ditch 8304 8302 8307

ditch ditch 8301 8306

01m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 82 & 83: sections

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 12 Skeleton 9104, looking north-east (0.5m scale)

Skeleton 11208, looking north-east (0.5m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

Pot 11209, looking south-west (0.2m scale) FIGURE TITLE Photographs of Skeletons 9104 and 11208, and Pot 11209

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A3 N/A 13 Section EE

SE NW 103.5m AOD 10600

10601

10602 10621

ditch 10620

01m

Section FF

11300 NE SW SE NW 109.4m AOD

11303

ditch terminus 11302

01m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 106 & 113: sections

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 14 Section GG

SW NE 102.7m AOD 129005 129007 129004 129005 129004

ditch 129006 129003

01m

Ditch 12903 and stone drain 12907, looking north-west (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 129: section and photograph

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 15 Section HH

NW SE 102.1m AOD 13002 13004

ditch 13003

Section II

NW SE 100.5m AOD

13400

13401

13402

13411

13404 ditch 13403

Section JJ

NW SE 97.8m AOD

13809 13810 13807

ditch 13806 13808

01m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 130, 134 & 138: sections

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 27/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 16 Buried soil 13310, looking west (1m scale)

Buried soil 13907 sealing ditch 13908, looking south-west (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 133 & 139: photographs

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 29/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 N/A 17 Unexcavated grave in trench 146, looking south west (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 146: photograph

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 29/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 N/A 18 Section KK

S N 105.6m AOD

15508

15507 ditch 15506

Section LL

SW NE 102.5m AOD 16100

16101

16126 16108 16127 ditch 16128 16125

ditch 16107

Section MM

SE NW 102m AOD 16200

16201

16217 16202

16210 ditch 16216

16215 ditch 16209

01m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 155, 161 & 162: sections

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 29/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 N/A 19 Section NN

N S 101m AOD

16300

layer 16301

16319

16302

16312

ditch 16311

01m

Buried soil 16508 sealing ditch 16512, looking west (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Griffin Quarry, Southam, Warwickshire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 163 & 165: section and photograph

DRAWN BY LJH PROJECT NO. 5425 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 29/01/16 APPROVED BY SCC SCALE@A4 1:20 20

92