Relationship Between the Types of Authority and Authority and Authoritarianism Authoritarianism
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Charisma, Medieval and Modern
Charisma, Medieval and Modern Edited by Peter Iver Kaufman and Gary Dickson Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Religions www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Peter Iver Kaufman and Gary Dickson (Eds.) Charisma, Medieval and Modern This book is a reprint of the special issue that appeared in the online open access journal Religions (ISSN 2077-1444) in 2012 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/charisma_medieval). Guest Editors Peter Iver Kaufman Jepson School, University of Richmond Richmond, VA, USA Gary Dickson School of History, Classics, and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH, Scotland, UK Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Production Editor Jeremiah R. Zhang 1. Edition 2014 0'3,%DVHO%HLMLQJ ISBN 978-3-03842-007-1 © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. All articles in this volume are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, the dissemination and distribution of copies of this book as a whole is restricted to MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. III Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................... V Preface -
Max Weber and the Legitimacy of the Modern State
David Beetharn Max Weber and the Legitimacy of the Modern State Abstract: Max Weber's typology of Iegitimale 'Herrschaft' has provided the basis for the treatment of Jegitimacy in twentieth century sociology and political science. The thesis of the article is that this typology is a misleading tool for the analysis of the modern state, and especially for the comparative analysis of political systems. This is because of basic flaws in Weber's conceptualisation of Jegitimacy itself, and in his account of the norma tive basis of authority. The article offers an alternative, multi-dimensional, account of political Jegitirnacy, and suggests how it might be used to develop a typology of forms of 'Herrschaft' more appropriate to the analysis ofthe modern state. The argument of this article is that Weber's typology of legitimate 'Herrschaft' is fundamentally flawed as a basis for analysing political legitimacy, and especially the legitimacy of the modern state. If my argument is sound, then it has signifi cant consequences, in view of the fact that the large majority of sociologists and political scientists in the twentieth century who have written about legitimacy have either adopted the Weberian typology as it stands, or have used it as the basis for further developments of their own. Even those who have rejected it have failed to establish a wholly convincing alternative, so that Weber's typology is left holding the field, if only by default. I shall begin by briefly reviewing Weber's typology and the uses to which he put it. I shall then show why the categories he developed misrepresent the nature of legitimacy, and serve to confuse rather than elucidate its complexity. -
Max Weber's Disciples
STXXXX10.1177/0735275117740402Sociological TheoryJoosse 740402research-article2017 Original Article Sociological Theory 2017, Vol. 35(4) 334 –358 Max Weber’s Disciples: © American Sociological Association 2017 https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275117740402DOI: 10.1177/0735275117740402 Theorizing the Charismatic st.sagepub.com Aristocracy Paul Joosse1 Abstract While several studies have explored the interactional dynamics of charismatic power, most have neglected the role of what Weber termed the charismatic aristocracy. This article revives the classical concept to respond to contemporary calls for performative, follower- centric approaches to charisma. Specifically, the charismatic aristocracy is placed at the center of an analysis of a reiterative moment in charismatization: when influential followers generate content for the emerging charismatic persona. In these germinal moments, the dialogical nature of charisma is most clear, precisely because it is then that charismatic leaders often are not themselves confident in their status and can be found responding to instructional cues—indeed following the lead—of those positioning themselves as obsequious followers. Drawing on 10 years of observations, multistage interviews, and media collections, I provide an interactionist account of the charismatic emergence of John de Ruiter, leader of a successful new religious movement. I conclude by tabling a model that conceives of the charismatic aristocracy as an important fulcrum for expectation, affectation, and recognition in charismatic interactions. Keywords charisma, Max Weber, symbolic interactionism, cultural sociology, relational sociology, power When Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills introduced Weber’s concept of charisma to English readers in 1946, they did so with some major reservations. Weber’s emphasis on the charis- matic leader, we were warned, is a continuation of a “philosophy of history” which, after Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero Worship [1841], influenced a great deal of nineteenth-century history writing. -
Authority and Rationality—Max Weber (German, 1864–1920)
05-Allen.qxd 12/23/2004 11:51 AM Page 143 CHAPTER 5 Authority and Rationality—Max Weber (German, 1864–1920) 143 05-Allen.qxd 12/23/2004 11:51 AM Page 144 144—— EXPLORATIONS IN CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY ● The Perspective: Complex Sociology 147 ● The Evolution of Religion 154 ● The Rise of Capitalism: Religion and States 159 ● Class, Authority, and Social Change 164 ● Rationality in Action 172 ● Thinking About Modernity and Postmodernity 176 ● Summary 180 ● Building Your Theory Toolbox 181 Weber’s writings are somewhat schizophrenic....[I]n his volumi- nous works, one can find almost anything one looks for. There is plenty of material for Parsons’ functionalism...and also for Schluchter or Habermas’s rationalist evolutionism. Weber is a legit- imate ally of the symbolic interactionists, as well as an influence upon Alfred Schutz, who in turn influenced social phenomenology and ethnomethodology. On the other hand, modern organization theory and stratification theory could reasonably emerge from Weber’s work, and he could influence conflict sociologists...all these elements are in Weber. (Collins, 1986, p. 11) ax Weber is one of sociology’s most intricate thinkers. Part of this complexity is undoubtedly due to the breadth of his knowledge. Weber M was a voracious reader with an encyclopedic knowledge and a dedi- cated workaholic. In addition, Weber was in contact with a vast array of prominent thinkers from diverse disciplines. As Lewis Coser (2003) comments, “In leafing through Weber’s pages and notes, one is impressed with the range of men with whom he engaged in intellectual exchanges and realizes the widespread net of rela- tionships Weber established within the academy and across its various disciplinary boundaries” (p. -
Charismatic Leadership and Democratization : a Weberian Perspective 1
CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP AND DEMOCRATIZATION : A WEBERIAN PERSPECTIVE 1 Michael Bernhar d Associate Professor of Political Science The Pennsylvania State University SUMMARY 2 In at least three cases of democratization in Eastern and Central Europe (ECE), charismati c leaders have played an important role in overthrowing the old regime and in shaping the pattern of new institutions . In addition to Lech Wa łęsa in Poland, Vaclav Havel of the Czech (and formerly Slovak) Republic, and Boris Yeltsin of Russia, can be classified as charismatic leaders with littl e controversy . While there are other charismatic leaders in the region, their commitments t o democracy are quite shaky, and thus they fall outside the scope of this paper . The greatest contribution to our understanding of charisma as a social force has been the wor k of Max Weber. His sociological writings on charisma serve as the point of departure for this paper . After surveying Weber's analysis of charisma, this study turns to what his writings tell us about th e relationship between charisma and democracy. It then addresses the question of the impact tha t democratization has on charismatic leadership and use this to interpret the political fortunes of Lec h Wałęsa, Vaclav Havel, and Boris Yeltsin . It concludes with a discussion of the role of charisma i n both democracy and dictatorship in the contemporary era . Despite their pivotal role in the demise of the communist regimes in their countries and thei r leadership during key phases of the democratization process, none of the three leaders have bee n fully successful in translating their visions for their respective countries into reality . -
The Routinization of Charisma
The Routinization of Charisma: Leader-Follower Relationships in the Suzuki Association of the Americas by Christina Rowan An honors thesis submitted to the Organizational Studies Program University of Michigan Winter 2013 Thesis supervisor: Michael Heaney 2 In 1978, one hundred Japanese students joined together with one hundred American students — all musically trained by the Suzuki method — for a tour of three “friendship concerts.” An emerging music education movement originating in Japan, the Suzuki method was based on the idea that all children can develop musical ability. After presenting numerous concerts in the United States with only Japanese students, it was Dr. Shinichi Suzuki’s dream to see an equal number of American and Japanese students perform together.1 Made possible by the financial backing of David Smith, these students performed at the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, and Atlanta Symphony Hall. While in Atlanta, Smith drew up a series of documents to establish a franchising system for the Suzuki method in the United States. Smith met in private with Dr. Suzuki, founder of the Suzuki method, saying, “We’d like to franchise the Suzuki method in the United States. Would you please sign this paper?”2 Dr. Suzuki did not have any lawyers with him; no aids, no one. He was a very trusting man. Dr. Suzuki signed the paper. At the time of this meeting, the Suzuki Association of the Americas (SAA), the organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the spread of Dr. Suzuki’s method in the Americas, was six years old. Soon after Dr. Suzuki’s meeting with Smith, William Starr and Sandy Reuning, two trusted members of the SAA, rode in a cab with Dr. -
The Role of Charismatic Authority in the Radicalization Towards Violence and Strategic Operation of Terrorist Groups
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Waterloo's Institutional Repository Warriors and Prophets: The Role of Charismatic Authority in the Radicalization Towards Violence and Strategic Operation of Terrorist Groups by David C. Hofmann A dissertation presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology and Legal Studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2015 © David C. Hofmann 2015 i Author’s Declaration This dissertation consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. David C. Hofmann ii Statement of Contributions Chapter 2 of this dissertation is co-authored with Dr. Lorne L. Dawson, Professor of Sociology and Religious Studies at the University of Waterloo. I contributed approximately 60% of the work on the chapter, and appear as first author. This is in accordance with the inclusion criteria for co-authored material within doctoral dissertations as outlined by the University of Waterloo and the department of Sociology and Legal Studies. iii Abstract In the past four decades, there has been increased multi-disciplinary scholarly interest in the study of charismatic authority and charismatic leadership. However, there is little systematic theoretical and empirical examination of charismatic authority and charismatic leadership in the context of terrorism, despite widespread acknowledgement of the importance of charismatic leaders in the formation, operation, and demise of terrorist groups. -
Frank Furedi
Bringing Historical Dimensions Into the Study of Social Problems: The Social Construction of Authority Frank Furedi Claims-making always has been a competitive What is less frequently discussed is the way that University of Kent, England enterprise; but, this competition has become com- claim-making involves both an appeal to and the plicated by the fact that the authority or authori- construction of authority. The aim of this essay is Bringing Historical Dimensions Into the Study ties it appeals to are also intensely contested. Who to explore the social construction of authority in of Social Problems: The Social Construction speaks on behalf of the child or the victim? Whose a historical perspective in order to draw out some of Authority account of global warming is authoritative? Those of its distinctive features in the contemporary era. in authority look for the authorization of others to Abstract Appeals to authority have always played a key role in the construction of social problems. Authority validate their claims. Scientists and advocacy or- The Problem of Authority legitimates claims, which is why claim-makers have always sought its validation. An exploration ganizations seek alliances with authoritative celeb- into the historical dimension of the social construction of authority provides insight into changing rities. Governments appeal to the evidence of ex- Authority is a relational concept, and its study in- foundations on which claims about social problems are made. In contrast to the Middle Ages, the perts to justify their policies, and their initiatives evitably touches on the question of what makes modern era has found it difficult to gain consensus on the meaning of authority. -
Prosperity and Monopoly on the Use of Force
THINK PIECE 02 1 SUMMARY Prosperity and Monopoly on the • Two trends dominate today’s international arena: globalization Use of Force and fragmentation. Although di- Ann L. Phillips ametrically opposed, both trends dilute the monopoly on the use Sovereign states have been the primary actors in what became known of force. as the modern state system. Monopoly on the use of force is a distin- • Non-state actors challenge exist- guishing characteristic of state sovereignty. Of course, neither sover- ing states from different perspec- eignty nor monopoly on the use of force has ever been absolute, but tives. In fact, among the list of current challenges to both appear greater than ever. From a West- non-state actors, only criminal ern perspective, the relative predictability of the European balance networks prefer a weak/corrupt of power system since the Peace of Westphalia and the Cold War state or no state at all. security architecture after World War II, however tense, has given way • Violent conflict precludes devel- to an era of prevailing uncertainty.1 That twenty-five years after the opment and undermines prosper- collapse of the Warsaw Treaty Organization and the implosion of the ity. At the same time, a sovereign USSR, »post-Cold War« is the label used for the current international state with a monopoly on the use environment underscores its fluid and opaque contours. of force does not always produce prosperity. However, the link Two countervailing trends dominate today’s international arena: glo- between legitimate monopoly on balization and fragmentation. Although both phenomena have been the use of force and sustainable present throughout much of history to varying degrees, they have prosperity is evident. -
Anthropologies of Revolution
4 The Revolutionary Leader Charisma, Authority, and Exception In the midst of the popular tempest, we must be the invisible pilots guiding the revolution, not by any kind of overt power but by the collective dicta- torship of all our allies, a dictatorship without tricks, without official titles, without official rights, and therefore all the most powerful as it does not carry the trappings of power. —Mikhail Bakunin “A specter is haunting Europe,” Marx and Engels famously announced at the beginning of their manifesto, “the specter of Communism” and “all the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter” (Marx and Engels [1848] 2005: 5). An iconic opening, and a metaphor for the opposi- tion encountered by communist doctrine on the old continent but also, perhaps, a hint about a specific quality of revolutions: a certain “spectral” contradiction that characterizes them. On the one hand, revolution is often described, by Marx and elsewhere, as an inevitable event ([1848] 2005: 19; Arendt [1965] 2006: 51), as if an irresistible force with an agency of its own, whether collective impulse for change or the very course of history, takes hold of the revolutionaries, acting through them and compelling them to subvert an old world that is no longer sustainable. This is a process akin to mediumship, the experience of being possessed by an unrestrainable “spirit of revolt” (Kropotkin 1975: 3). On the other hand, as much as it stirs people, revolution needs to be ignited by someone. Like a specter it needs to be conjured.1 Now, these two seemingly divergent conditions—being moved by 1. -
1 Charismatic Authority and the Youtuber: Unpacking the New Cults
Charismatic Authority and the YouTuber: Unpacking the new cults of personality Abstract In this paper we draw upon Weber’s concept of charismatic authority to unpack the appeal that YouTube video-bloggers have galvanised amongst their fan communities. We explore how followers interact to articulate the appeal of British YouTube personalities and consequently, how they contribute to the nature of these ‘new cults of personality’. By observing the content of seven of Britain’s most popular ‘YouTubers’ and engaging in a sustained non-participant netnography of responses to these videos, we argue new cults of personality differ from their traditional counterparts through collaborative, co-constructive and communal interdependence between culted figure and follower. While Weber maintained charismatic authority has its source in the innate and exceptional qualities of an individual’s personality, we submit that in consumer culture’s current era of consent, the ‘culting’ of social actors becomes a participatory venture. We shed light on the fading and routinization of charisma and the dissipation of the relationship between the culted figure and followers. Keywords Celebrity, Charisma, Charismatic authority, Cult of personality, Netnography, Weber, YouTube 1 Introduction ‘I sell the things you need to be. I'm the smiling face on your TV; I'm the cult of personality. I exploit you, still you love me. I tell you one and one makes three.’ – Song lyrics, ‘Cult of Personality’, Living Color, 1988 A cult of personality has traditionally been understood as the outcome of concerted actions and texts across mass media technologies, aggregated propaganda efforts and other macro communications, which work together to ascribe magnetic, reverential and idealized meanings to a single social actor amongst a greater population (von Klimó, 2004). -
Gender and Charismatic Power
Theory and Society https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09392-3 Gender and charismatic power Paul Joosse1 & Robin Willey2 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract Working beyond the inclination to inaugurate alternative theoretical traditions along- side canonical sociology, this article demonstrates the value of recovering latent gender theory from within classic concepts—in this case, Weber’s “charisma.” Close readings of Weber reveal, (a) tools for theorizing extraordinary, non-masculinist agency, and, (b) clues that account for the conventional wisdom (popular and scholastic) that charisma is “not for women.” While contemporary movements may be tempted to eschew charismatic leadership per se because of legacies of dominance by men, there is value in Weber’s formulation, which anticipated the performative turn in social theory that would destabilize biologistic gender ontologies. Value in this exchange also flows back to Weber: by confronting his intermittent tendency to describe charisma in terms that we now recognize as “customs of manly power,” we reveal heretofore unseen imper- fections (i.e., traditionalist modes of legitimation) in his ideal-type. This engagement thus demonstrates an empowering mutuality between contemporary gender theory and “the classics.” The article ends by theorising the nexus of gender and charisma in the case of Trump, pointing to possibilities for vitiating Donald Trump’s charisma, as well as for anti-Trumpian charisma. Keywords Charisma . Donald Trump . Gender. Politics . Populism . Weber Myra Marx Ferree and Carol Mueller (2004) advocated for a push beyond shopworn debates about what the women’smovementis, outlining instead what it is not—in their words, “not new, not only Western, and not always feminist” (2004, p.