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History of Oriental Astronomy Astrophysics and Space Science Library HISTORY OF ORIENTAL ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 274 EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Executive Committee J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University ofAmsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MEMBERS 1. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, Germany J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. F. BERTOLA, Universitd di Padova, Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France O. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, U.S.A. p. G. MURDIN, Institute ofAstronomy, Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K. History of Oriental Astronomy Proceedings of the Joint Discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25-26, 1997 Edited by s. M. Razaullah Ansari President of IUHPS Commission for History of Ancient and Medieval Astronomy Former President of IAU Commission for History of Astronomy Former Professor of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India ..... Springer-Science+Business" Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN 978-90-481-6033-4 ISBN 978-94-015-9862-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9862-0 Printed on acid-free paper Cover picture Details from an Indian celestial globe made by Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri in 1816 AD (Courtesy Prof. M. Mahdi Ansari, Aligarh) All Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Dedicated to the Fond Memory of Dr. Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu (1927-1982) Founder Director, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore First Indian President of the International Astronomical Union (1979-82) Contents Preface IX Scientific Organising Committee xiii 1. Oriental Astronomy during the Ancient and Medieval Period 1.1 The Two Supreme Stars, Thien-i and Thai-i, and the Foundation of the Purple Palace 3 Y. Maeyama 1.2 Islamic Astronomical Tables in China: The Sources for the Huihui li 19 Benno van Dalen 1.3 The First Equation Table for Mercury in the Huihui Ii 33 Michio Yano 1.4 Three Star Maps: Results of the Impact of Western Astronomy on Korean Tradition in the 18th Century 45 Nha Il-Seong 1.5 Projection Methods in East Asian Star Maps 59 Kazuhiko Miyajima 1.6 Gnomon Measurements and the Obliquity of the Ecliptic 67 K.-Y. Chen 1.7 The Legends of Vasi~!ha - A Note on the Vediinga Astronomy 75 Yukio Ohashi 1.8 Spherical Trigonometry and the Astronomy of the Medieval Kerala School 83 Kim Plofker 1.9 Astronomical Dating and Statistical Analysis of Ancient Eclipse Data 95 Kevin D. Pang, Kevin K. Yau and Hung-hsiang Chou 2. Modern Astronomy in the Orient 2.1 Philippe de La Hire at the Court of Jayasirp.ha 123 David Pingree vii Contents 2.2 European Astronomy in Indo-Persian Writings 133 S. M. Razaullah Ansari 2.3 Toshio Takamine's Contact with Western Astrophysics 145 David DeVorkin 2.4 The Earliest Evidence of the Introduction of Kepler's Laws into China as is observed in the Lifa wenda 159 Keizo Hashimoto 2.5 Tebbutt vs Russell: Passion, Power and Politics in Nineteenth Century Australian Astronomy 169 Wayne Orchiston 2.6 A New Museum of Astronomy in Korea 203 Nha Il-Seong 2.7 Oriental Astronomy: History of East Asian Mathematical Astronomy Homage to K. Yabuuti and A. Sayili 209 Shigeru Nakayama 3. Additional Contributions 3.1 Revisiting An Eighth-Century Chinese Table of Tangents 215 QuAnjing 3.2 Recent Advances in the Studies of History of Astronomy in China 227 Li Qibin and Chen Meidong 3.3 Eclipse Records in Early Korean History: The Koryo-sa 237 F Richard Stephenson 4. Miscellaneous Full Programme of the Joint Discussion 245 About the Contributors 247 Subject Index 261 viii Preface The History of Astronomy in the Orient has been vigorously researched in the last several decades. We may recall here the publications of Joseph Needham's monumental volumes on Science and Civilisation in China, one volume of which is devoted to Chinese Astron­ omy, S. Nakayama's A History of Japanese Astronomy (Tokyo, 1969), and the School of Edward Kennedy's writings on Islamic Astronomy,1 which particularly culminated in the studies of the Critique of Ptolemaic Astronomy by the Islamic astronomers belong­ ing to Na~lruddin rusI's School, established at Maragha Observatory during the l3-l4th centuries.2 In this backdrop of the emphasis on astronomy in the Orient, the first IAU Colloquium (No.9 1) on "History ofOriental Astronomy" was organised during the IAU General Assem­ bly, held in New Delhi, Nov. 13-16, 1985. The Proceedings ofthe Colloquium were then published.3 The second effort by this Commission was to organise another International Colloquium on Interaction of European and Asian Astronomy, held in Vienna in Sept. 1990. Unfortunately its Proceedings could not be published.4 Noteworthy is that the Far East or the East Asia did not lag behind in this endeavour. A group of historians of astronomy, II Seong Nha (of Seoul) et al set up in 1992 an International Organising Committee to hold the First International Conference ofOriental Astronomy (lCOA), which was held in Seoul during Oct. 6-11, 1993. The main objective for instituting this series of conferences was the fact that "the study of the Astronomy in the Orient is essential in order to obtain a global view of the development of astronomy through the ages."s The Second ICOA was held in Yingtan (Jiangxi Province of China), during Oct. 15-21, 1995.6 The Third ICOA was held in Fukuoka (Japan), Oct. 27-30, 1998,7 and the Fourth in Nanyang (China), Aug. 19-25,2001. Its Proceedings are under­ preparation. We have gone here at length in order to record the efforts of historians of astronomy in studying the history of Oriental astronomy all the world over. With all the aforementioned in mind, the undersigned, as the President of IAU Commis­ sion 41 (History of Astronomy) for the triennial 1994-97, submitted to the Programme Committee of 23rd IAU General Assembly (Kyoto, 1997) the proposal to organise a Joint Discussion (JD) " ... befitting to Kyoto venue. The idea was to take stock of the research status of history of astronomy in Asia and the Far East, to understand the intellectual framework of the astronomers of traditional astronomy and the cross-cultural transmis­ sion of astronomical ideas among themselves, and to possibly stress the new directions and vistas opened for future in the field: History of Oriental Astronomy".8 With these objectives in mind this Commission proposed originally the main title of the Joint Dis­ cussion as "Astronomy in Asia and the Far East". The Programme Committee approved the proposal with the stipulation that the title of the JD should be the "History of Oriental Astronomy". The Commission 41 accepted that suggestion naturally. This Joint Discussion was held during Aug. 25-26, 1997 in Kyoto. It consisted of five sessions for oral presentations and a poster session. The talks were scheduled and distributed according to two broad themes: 1. Oriental Astronomy during the Ancient and Medieval Period, and 2. Modern Astronomy in the Orient. The former covered ix Preface Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Japanese and Korean traditional astronomy. The second theme was devoted to the transmission of European astronomy into the Non-European countries, and also to the modem astronomy as carried out presently in these countries. The detailed programme is given in these Proceedings, see p. 245. We may refer here also to the sum­ mary of the various contributions which were published in the Highlights ofAstronomy.9 However, since the published summaries were constrained only to a maximum of 3 pages, it was decided that the whole Proceedings should be published, comprising detailed contri­ butions. The permission for this publication granted by J. Andersen, the General Secretary of the IAU, is hereby gratefully acknowledged. These Proceedings comprise nineteen contributions. They cover the various cultural areas as follows: On the East Asian - Chinese, Japanese and Korean - indigenous astron­ omy four oral presentations, four additional contributions along with two talks on the transmission of European astronomy; on Ancient Indian astronomy two talks along with two on modem astronomy in India; two talks on transmission of Islamic astronomy in China, and three presentations on modem European astronomy. It may be mentioned that the additional contributions were supposed to be presented orally but for the respective scholars who could not participate due to some reasons. It may be noted that whereas the East Asia and India is well represented, the contribu­ tions on astronomy in Islamic cultural area is rather nil, despite the fact that in the last half of the twentieth century enormous amount of researches in the Islamic astronomy have been carried out as mentioned above.
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