A Critical Study of Irrigation System in Bhandara District

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352 A Critical Study of Irrigation System in Bhandara District

Prof. (Dr.) Rajeshwar Dinkar Rahangdale Assistant Professor and Head of Department in Economics, RashtrasantTukdoji College, Chimur, Dist- Chandrapur, (Maharashtra)-442903

Prof. Praful Manohar Rajurwade Assistant Professor and Head of Department in History, RashtrasantTukdoji College, Chimur, Dist- Chandrapur, (Maharashtra)-442903

Prof. Kartik Ramdash Patil (Acting Principal) Associate Professor and Head of Department in Marathi, RashtrasantTukdoji College, Chimur, Dist- Chandrapur, (Maharashtra)-442903

Prof. (Dr) Kirti Agarwal Director (MBA,PGDM) ITERC College, Delhi (NCR), India

Abstract Food and Agriculture Organisation was founded by the United Nations in 1945 immediately after the end of the Second World War , in cognizance of the importance of agriculture, most peculiarly to offer remedies or measures on agriculture related problems. The basic underlying aims that sustain at its very core foundation objective were to enhance nutrition standard alongside the living standards, productivity, and overall improvement in the life standard of rural people,etc. This organisation has encompassed 183 nations as its members. The fundamental functions under the aegis of FAQ being implemented is the accumulation of updated and latest information of each and every nation with the focus on food production and business and rural development ,etc , usually called Faostat. It was initiated in 1986 as agrostat. Special Food Security Programme was however initiated in 1994.

Keywords: Bhandara District, Irrigation, irrigation facilities, Research,cannels. ______

Introduction (Various points pertaining to Bhandara District have been explained in introduction.)

According to sensex2001 the total population of Bhandara District is 11,36,146 which is competency 00.11% in India, 01.17% in Maharashtra and 05.11% in Vidharbha. The total males are sensexed 5,73,445 which is comparatively determined 00.11%, 01.14% and 5.41% in India, Maharashtra and Vidharbha. In this Same way females of the District are counted up to 5,62,701 and their percentage on India level is shown 00.11% on state level 01.21% and on Vidharbha level it is 5.61%

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

Total Population of the villages in Bhandara district is 9,60,418 and in percentage on country, state and Vidharbha level is 00.13%, 02.34% & 14.50% respectively. The total cultivators are 1,34,773 in the district. In comparison of country state and Vidharbhas‟s cultivators they are 00.11%, 00.94% and 04.00% respectively. The field labourers in the district are sensexed 2,43,680 the contains male and female the both. The percentage of the labourers are 00.99%, 02.63% & 10.70% in comparison of the country, state and Vidharbha‟slabourers.

The surrounding area of the forests in Bhandara district is 64,558 hectors which is compared as 00.09%, 01.24% and 2.40% in the country, state and Vidharbha respectively.

Apart from the barren land the fertile land in the district which is not used for agriculture is 37,140 Hectors 00.27%, 04.06% and 17.52% in the country, State and Vidharbha respectively. The total baron land is counted 46,607 hectors in the district that is compared 00.20%, 01.85% & 10.54% in the country, State and Vidharbha respectively under the fertile land there is some area called Dusata Area. The Net fertile land in the district which is used for agriculture is 1,51,358 Hectors and The percentage is 00.11%, 00.87% and 03.04%. The total Geographic area is 3,42,012 and the percentage 00.10%, 01.11% and 03.52% respectively in the country.

That contains 75,646 hector of land which is 00.16% an country level, 1.29% on state and 6.89% on Vidharbha level. The total fertile land in this district is 2,27,004 hector and 00,12%, 0097% and 3.74% are composed respectively on India, State and Vidarbha level.

The capable futile land area in Bhandara district is 2,64,144 hectors which is can be composed with country, state and Vidharbha level as 00.13%, 01.09% and 04.21% respectively. The total capable land for PeddyCrops is1,75,400 hectors which is up to 00.41% on country level, 11.55% on state and24.48%Vidhabha levels. The Total Wheat productive land in the district is 10,730 hector that is respectively compared 00.41%, 01.37% and 02.74% on the country, State and Vidharbha levels.

TRUN DHANYE (GressPeddy) growing land in the district covers 18,629 hectors are which can be compared 00.2%, 00.20% and 01.13% on country, state and Vidarbha levels. The KADA DHANYE growing land covers 37,430 hectors of area in this district which is equivalent to 00.16%, 01.13 and 02.26 on country, state and Vidarbha level. The oil seed crops cover the total land 13,733 hectors and it is in comparison of the country, state and Vidarbha level, presumed 00.51%, 00.35% and 00.85% respectively. This is no cotton cultivation in this district hence Zero hector area may be considered for it but the total area of 2,402 hector land is occupied for the cultivation of sugarcane which comparatively is calculated 00.06%, 00.57% and 09.17% for country, state and Vidarbha levels.

The total land area 1,06,949 hectors are under irrigation which is compared 00.02% for country, 03.24% for state and 14.45% for the Vidarbha levels. In the same way the irrigated land area is 32,372 hectors that comes under DUSOTA area, which is compared respectively as 00.02, 04.89% and 28.25% for country, State and Vidarbha levels.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

The irrigated land vastly covers the area 1,39,321 hectors that is counted 00.02%, 03.52% and 16.30% for country, state and Vidarbha levels. The irrigated surface of land covers 75,990 hectors of area which is up to 00.24%, 07.51% and 19.22% respectively for country, State and Vidarbha levels. The land which is irrigated through well is 30,959 hectors and it is calculated as 00.01% for country, 01.36% for state level and 08.98% for Vidarbha level.Irrigation through canals covers 70,600 hectors land and it is composed with country state and Vidarbha levels as 00.04%, 00.06% and 40.48% respectively under big project the land is zero for irrigated and the medium projects irrigates 11,075 hectors of land which is 00.12%, 01.35% and 02.60% for country, state and Vidarbha level respectively. The small project irrigates 69,089 hectors of land which is measured as 00.01%,02.71% and 10.55% for country, state and Vidarbha levels.

The big project is nil where as middle projects are only four. The small projects are in compunction of country state and Vidarbha counted in percentage as 00-31%, 02.17% and 06.15%. The small projects are 1,737 in number and are compared 00.44%, 03.06% and 42.72% on country, state and Vidarbha levels. The total wells for irrigation are 14,432 and they are counted 00.17%, 01.10% and 04.93% on country, state and Vidarbha levels 2,495 wells are un useful for irrigation and they are 00.16%,00.98% and 04.92% on country, state and Vidarbha levels 15,195 water pump are used which works through electricity and diesel and they are 00.10%,01.29% and 04.45% competed are century, state and Vidarbha levels.

The above measurement revels that the Bhandara districts Aphelion is not rates factory up to the level of the country, state and Vidarbha. The district Bhandara is facing meagerness in this reground. If the irrigation capacity for the district Bhandara grows than condition may improved.

Bhandara District The study deals with the various qualities of the Bhandara District. „BHANDARA‟ district was called as “BHANARA” in previous olden times. Which considering the area of the district it can be observed that on the bank of the river Vainganga it is situated 20-29 to 21-36 north latitude and east longitude at 79-27 to 80-42. Hills and manganese mines are there in the land around the district kainite, ciliminite and manganese are mixed with the sail deep in the land. The total population of the district is 11,36,146 out of which 78.50% peoples are educated. This district is far away from the sea surface and hence the temperature is somewhat hot regarding transportation, this Bhandara district is 132 KM away from Gondia district by railways. The nation Highway No. 06 is there connecting Mumbai to Kolkata.

There are 137 post offices and 32 Telegraphs offices in the district as well as 386 agriculture cooperative societies are in force. 251 No. agriculture society 6 Pathan society, 481 productive cooperative societies and 344 social welfare societies are there working for the public welfare in the same way eight Hospitals, 900 primary schools, 260 High school and 97 Higher secondary schools are there in the district fishery production is there producing 12,410 metric ton in average. Also near about 20,971 liter milk is also achieved. In the district Timber production. Clay pots productions are on progress. The total 51 villages and cities are having Banks out of which 46 are classified with 99 offices. 582 sq. miters forest land is reserved, 316 sqmeter protected forest areas 319 sq miters non classified forest areas are in the district covering total 1217 sq. meters of land.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

Apart from all these facilities the district is not well flourished. In such circumstances if the irrigation arrangement is done properly the district can get progress into.

Objectives of research The district Bhandaraare called the district of tanks and ponds but the crop production is less it is the main question on which I put my stress very gravely and to trace out the answer, irrigation facility draws out my attention for the research. How the poor condition of irrigation world be removed? What are the problems and reasons behind poor irrigation capacity how the problems world be solved? All these are the purvey. The main objectives of the research work are agriculture, arrangement of irrigation support of the unnatural constructions of irrigation to the cultivation, to study the situation of ten years i,e from 19999 to 2009 to study the techniques of irrigation and distributions of water to the fields to study the situation of the cultivators in respect of their position i.e, poor middle and rich formers to trace out the reasons of obstacles in irrigation.

Need of Research Paddy crop is the main crop of in district but it is not up to the mark of satisfaction and the chief reason is the poor conduction of irrigation capacity hence the pollution of the irrigation and the readouts of its poor capacity should the raced on to impure the arrangement and so this research work is essential.

Subject Selection The main problem of cultivation is poor production of harvest for the want of deficient irrigation though this district is having a number of tanks and ponds but the production is less or unsatisfactory. On this project the former researches have studied much but they could not achieve the proper reasons.

Importance of subject Selection The important point of the subject selected by me is that, upto what extent the subject keeps its utility. In comparison of other districts of vidarbha, the Bhandara district is more capable even than it has less irrigation capacity. After having a proper study about the irrigation I shall achieve some most important lessons for the necessary up liftmentof the cultivation which certainly would help and support the farmers and the laborer working in the fields.

Subject Limits In present research work, the seven Tahsil – Bhandara, Tumsar, Mohadi, Sakoli, Lakhani, Lakhandur and Pavani of the district Bhandara have been depicted pertaining to the irrigation arrangement and some other problems.

The Title of the subject Dams, cannels wells and Tanks are arranged for irrigation work which are not natural and hence such arrangements are called „cultural irrigation Arrangement‟ This unnatural arrangement of irrigation has been taken for the study in details to operate.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

Areas of Research and Time Limit Among all the 35 districts of Maharashtra State, only Bhandara district has been selected for the study of Agricultural irrigation arrangement. In the same way in this Bhandara district „The Panlot andharwada Programme had been taken for performance from 1st of June to 15th of June 1999. Keeping the effect of the programmed in view. I took the period of ten years from 1999 to 2009.

Scope of Research work Under the scope of the research work I have taken only wells, Tanks and ponds Cannels and chief productions as Rice, Wheat, Dal, grams and sugarcane despite other irrigation supports.

Works considered for project The irrigation work is not satisfactory. The production in the fields depends upon the rains. There is no proper distribution of water for agriculture. The dams are still incomplete due to unhealthy disputes and without the help of government, the construction of dams cannot be concluded. These are the chief considerations which have been taken in the research project.

Research Method In the present research the main stress is put upon the primary and secondary techniques. In the primary base questionnaires, interview and observations are preferred and the secondary base contains the information‟s collected from government and other possible places. The collected information are divided and tabulated into units.

Sample selection Out of 778 villages of the district only 20 villages have been selected as sample villages and among the selected villages 12 poor cultivators, 6 middle class and 2 rich cultivators have been conformed to work upon. In this way among the 20 villages the altogether 400 cultivators are chosen out of which 240 poor, 120 middle and 40 rich cultivators are interviewed as a sample.

Obstacles and way to get through During the course of collection of information the employees and the villagers tried to put deaf ear in providing the information but no sooner did they understand the utility of this research they enthusiastically provided the matter and thus through their cooperation the project could be shaped.

Need of irrigation In this chapter, the indefinite rain is contained to explain the importance of irrigation. It is observed that during the course of ten years the famers could not get sufficient rain except one or two years. The total average of rain of the previous ten years were calculated up to 1344.70 mm which is an annoying one. The rainfall is unequal and the probability of getting sufficient rainwater is fully to Sep. every year. This is the period in which a farmer needs much water for irrigation in the same way the paddy harvest needs much water as it is the chief production of the district that covers 65 % of area the Sihar Land in the district covers 71% area which is uncap able to collect the rainwater for the rice paddy. Also to product more than one harvest the irrigated water is mostly required. And thus the district needs irrigation facilities much more than anything.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

Kinds of irrigation facilities Which studying the irrigation for cultivation it is observed that wells are used as underground water. In the district these are 14,432 wells which are providing water to 30,959 hectors of land for the harvest. The cannels, dams and Tanks are counted as surfaced water. The cannels are 69.37KM long which irrigate only 17,537 hectors of land of the district. The tanks of the district irrigate 75,990 hectors of land. The total expenditure upon the construction of dams and cannels repairing of tanks and diversioncannels and dams are calculated as under which the government has to pay for in the year 2009-10 Rs. 2.42 Lakhs were paid for 11 Ponds. Rs 88 laks for 11 field tanks. Rs 88 Laks for 200 tanks.For 38 cemented drainsRs 85.50 Laks were paid by the government. Rs. 17.69 laks were arranged for 29 Diversional dams. For 20 mud cannels 42 laksRs and the 100 unit of THIBAK SINCHAN consumed Rs 18.23 Laksrupees. To complete the 54 PANLOT AREA for 1000 BHATKHACHRA 200 laks of rupees well expended. For renewal of 200 BODI of the district, the government paid 70 lakes rupees. 31 units of cannels were constructed for when 71.30 Laks rupees were utilized. The previous dams of about 2000 were reconstructed by expending Rs 231 LaksRs. Thus among 1,476 Gram Panchayats of the district have 72 divisional Tanks. The information conveys us that the irrigation facilities and areas are not sufficient upon which the expenditure that has been made is also unsatisfactory and to improve the irrigation capacity more expenditure upon it be made. So that, much facilities the villagers can avail to grow more food.

The best effect of irrigation Which depicting the best effect of irrigation in this part of the chapter II, it is to be noted after the observation that in the district during 1998-99 to 2000-2001 years the increased up to 25.51% in companion of other previous years. The progress in every aspects could the seen that include growth of food production, electricity, insurance against the femine, etc. The positive response would also he seen in the production and income of the government.

Bad effect of irrigation The worst effect of the upliftment of irrigation growth upon crops, health and other surroundings are possible in general but it is a matter of wonder that no bad effect could be seen after the progress of irrigational work. And the reason which I have traced out is that the capacity of the irrigation is not much.

Obstacles in Irrigational Arrangements The main obstacles in irrigational arrangement are that there is not proper technique of cultivation and the misuse or ordinarily use of water, the salty land and carelessness of arrangement, interstateism, inabilityof farmers faulty administration are also some reasons that came to put obstacles.

Agriculture & Irrigational Arrangement in Bhandara District This chapter deals with the open study of agriculture and the arrangement of irrigational systems to confirm the units and their relations with agriculture and irrigation. After having the fair study or relationship between the agriculture and irrigation it comes out that out of total fertile land area only 52.20% area is irrigated 55.10% land of KHADPIKA, TRUN DHANYA 63.18%, KADA DHANYA 4.15% get water through irrigation.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

The surfaced irrigation system provide water to 24.21% area and the capable land for production gets irrigated water only 28.17% area, the 10.85% and 58.11% areas of land come under irrigation through other systems. The total area of 9.32% is irrigated through wells. Under the jurisdiction of ZillaParishadBhandara, the small irrigation‟s work provided water in 1999 to 2009 respectively as under – 11.87%, 12.24%, 12.82%, 13.08%, 13.24%, 13.33%, 13.36%, 13.41% and 13.57% excluding the year 2003-04in the same way able to fertile land areas land areas were irrigated respectively as 10-20%, 10.52%, 10.02%, 11.24%, 19.38%, 11.46%, 11.48%, 11.52 and 11.67%

During 1999 to 2009 years up to the state level, the district has the irrigational land respectively 6.29%, 6.29%, 7.90%, 10.88%, 16.48, 21.67%, 20.41%, 19.94% and 19.44% excluding the year 2003-04. In the same way the land area capable for growth covers respectively 5.40%, 5.40%, 6.79%, 9.35%, 14.16%, 18.62%, 17.54%, 17.54 and 17.14% of land.

In the district the farmers having capable land for irrigation are only 16.35% out of which only 11.19% area come under project area and the farmers expecting for irrigation are only 28.78% and the total beneficial area is 34.53%. Thus the total farmers are 45.12% and these beneficial areas are 37.58%

Thus the above data reveals that the position of the agriculture is not satisfactory for the want of capability of irrigation, to cover the weakness the capability of irrigation should mostly be increased.

Information of Sampled farmers (Analysis and Classification) In the present chapter an interview method is applied through which the questionnaires for the farmers are taken as support to collect the information‟s. 2048 members are selected from the total families. Their annual income is calculated Rs. 67.54 laks which is Rs. 16,885/- for per cultivator. Their total annual saving is Rs. 10.26 laks that is Rs. 2565/- performer.

The total cultivators who are evolved in agricultural work are 95 having 1278 animals. The farmers who are having their own agricultural land are 395 in numbers out of which 42 farmers are having land on rent. The lands owner covers 812 hectors of land and the farmers working on rented land that covers 32 hectors of area. The total fertile land is 728 hectors and 116 hectors of land is barren.

As for as the production of food grains is concerned, the rice production is taken 5197 quintal and 7.00 quintal in a hector. The total wheat production in the land is 338 quintal that is 0.46 quintal in one hector. In the same way the total oil seeds are produced 243 quintal which is 0.33 quintal in a hector. The hybrid seeds are used 39 KG in a hector, fertilizer 375 KG and chemical 12 KG per hector.

The irrigation through tube wells covers 247 hectors of land and the tanks and ponds over‟s 331 hectors of land cannel and other irrigational objects covers 119 and 17 hectors of land respectively.

The total farmers are 121, having their own wells and tanks the farmers using wells and tanks collectively are 168. In the same way 102 farmers are using electrical pumps and 51 are using diesel pumps. 116 Farmers apply their own technique to distribute water for irrigation, 159 collectively and 116 farmers apply their own technique to distribute water for irrigation, 159 collectively and 67 farmers are using through the help of government employee. The kharips and Rabbi harvest land are 380 and 82 hectors

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

respectively get irrigational water 378 hectors of areas are under small projects & 31 hectors through middle areas, get water.

The Total 49 farmers have taken debt Rs 13.17 laks which is 3.07 lak of debt come on per farmer. The total farmer selected for sample are unsatisfied of irrigation arrangement.

The irrigation capacity should be increased to uplift the cultivators and their production.

Conclusion To sum up the study, following conclusions are achieved [1] The irrigation area is not sufficient comparatively for the farmers. [2] Under the irrigation limitation the wheat and the rice crops are not getting sufficient water. [3] „TRUN DHANYA‟ crops are under the meager area. [4] KADA DHANYA & sugarcane cultivations are having less irrigation. [5] „KHADYA „Harvest and GALIT harvests are under low irrigational area. [6] „AKHADYA‟ harvest are is not up the mark to get irrigational water. [7] The financial assistance is not sufficient for the construction of Deep Tanks, field tanks, cemented cannels, Diversional dams mud cannels, ThimbakSinchan, etc. [8] The Dusota irrigation area is very less. [9] The surfaced, irrigation area, wells and cannels covering areas are much less. [10] The middle projects are less and their areas are too less. [11] ZillaParishad and state level working is not up to the mark and the irrigational arrangement is less. [12] Farmers are not getting sufficient financial aids as debt. [13] The Bawanthadi project is still in complete due to the dispute between Maharashtra and MadhyaPradesh. [14] The production of food grain is made in the areas where irrigational water is supplied but where there is not arrangement of irrigation the production is less to meager. [15] The farmers are not satisfied with the arrangement of irrigation.

Information and Recommendation [1] Irrigation capacity should be increased for per cultivator. [2] The areas for wheat and Rice should be increased in respect of irrigation. [3] TrunDhanya, KadDhanya, Khadya Harvest and Akhadya Harvest are under low irrigational area they should be upgraded. [4] The financial assistance should be increased for Tanks, tranches, dams and cannals [5] The surfaced irrigational areas, useless wells and cannels should be repaired. [6] The Big projects should be completed soon and the middle projects be increased in numbers. [7] The working should be increased on the level of ZillaParishad and State. [8] The Gram Panchayats should be asked for help and support in distribution of cannel water.

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 12, No.5, (2019), pp. 344 - 352

[9] The limitation of debts should be increased to the previous farmers and the new should be given sufficient debts. [10] The number w3ells under Jawahar Plans should be increased and the previous out dated wells should be repaired. [11] The private tanks should be taken for care by the Grampanchayata‟s [12] The tanks should be dug under the foot of hills and mountains. [13] The tanks and cannels should be repaired through employment guarantee schemes

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