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Twelve Common Mistakes in Pilonidal Sinus Care (ASWC)

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Twelve Common Mistakes in Pilonidal Sinus Care (ASWC) JULY 2012 Twelve Common Mistakes in Pilonidal Sinus Care CME 1 AMA PRA ANCC Category 1.0 Credit TM 2.8 Contact Hours Connie L. Harris, MSc, RN, ET, IIWCC & Canadian Association of Wound Care Conference Chair 2012 & Senior Clinical Specialist Wound & Ostomy & CarePartners ET NOW & Project Lead & South West Regional Wound Care Framework Initiative & London, Ontario Karen Laforet, MClSc, BA, RN, IIWCC & Director of Clinical Services & Calea Home Care & Mississauga, Ontario, Canada R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC(Med Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA & Professor of Public Health and Medicine & University of Toronto & Ontario & Canada & Director & International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care) & Dalla Lana School of Public Health & University of Toronto & President World Union of Wound Healing Societies & Clinical Editor & Advances in Skin & Wound Care & Ambler, Pennsylvania Richard Bishop, BScN, RN, IIWCC & Skin and Wound Care Clinician & Halton Healthcare Services & Oakville, Ontario & Canada Ms Harris has disclosed that she has no financial relationships related to this article. Ms Laforet has disclosed that she is/was a consultant/advisor to Hollister; was a consultant/advisor to Systagenix; was a member of the speaker’s bureau for 3M and Systagenix; and is a stock shareholder in 3M. Dr Sibbald has disclosed that he is/was a recipient of grant/research funding from BSN Medical, 3M, Mo¨lnycke, Coloplast, Gaymar, Johnson & Johnson (Systagenix), and KCI; is/was a consultant/advisor to BSN Medical, 3M, Gaymar, Mo¨lnycke, Coloplast, Gaymar, Johnson & Johnson (Systagenix), KCI, Covidien, and the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario; is /was a member of the speaker’s bureau for BSN Medical, 3M, Mo¨lnycke, Coloplast, Gaymar, Johnson & Johnson (Systagenix), and KCI. Mr Bishop has disclosed that he was a consultant/advisor to Hill-Rom and ConvaTec, and was a member of the speaker’s bureau for ConvaTec. The authors spouses/life partners (if any) have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial organizations pertaining to this educational activity. All staff and planners, including spouses/partners (if any), in any position to control the content of this CME activity have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Lippincott CME Institute has identified and resolved all conflicts of interest concerning this educational activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed answer form, answering at least 13 of the 18 questions correctly. This continuing educational activity will expire for physicians on July 31, 2013. PURPOSE: To enhance the learner’s competence with knowledge of 12 common mistakes in pilonidal sinus care. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of pilonidal sinus care and the 12 common mistakes associated with this care. 2. Apply research-based information to educating patients about self-care for pilonidal sinus wounds. ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 25 NO. 7 324 WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM Copyright @ 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. ABSTRACT Table 2. SURGICAL METHOD AND ASSOCIATED Healing of pilonidal sinus wounds (PSWs) by secondary intention RECURRENCE RATES requires an average of 2 to 6 months, but delayed healing may require 1 to 2 years or even longer. Characteristically, these Method Recurrence, % midline wounds are in the natal cleft of the buttocks or 2,10 sacrococcygeal area of the back. These PSWs have costly Surgical: incision and drainage, curettage 40–60 financial consequences to the healthcare system and negatively Natal cleft excision + primary closure 37* 8, * affect the quality of life of the individual with the wound. Healing by secondary intention 8–43 This article contains an evidence-based literature review * Torkington J. In Te´ot L, Banwell P, Ziegler UE, eds. Pilonidal Sinus Disease. Surgery in supplemented by the clinical expert opinion of the authors. Wounds. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH & Co. K, 2004: 317-24. Twelve leading mistakes in assessment and treatment have been identified with appropriate solutions to optimize in sex hormones in this age group, causing increased sweat pro- patient outcomes. A case study is included to illustrate the duction in the pilosebaceous glands. The differential diagnosis for common clinical challenges with strategies to optimize healing. PSD by the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons in- KEYWORDS: pilonidal sinus wounds, pilonidal cyst, cludes a furuncle (staphylococcal infection of the deep hair fol- sacrococcygeal fistula licle), osteomyelitis, and anal disease.9 Surgical intervention with ADV SKIN WOUND CARE 2012;25:324-32; quiz 333-4. incision, drainage, and curettage of an acute abscess is associ- ated with a 40% to 60% recurrence rate.2,10 A chronic or recur- rent sinus will require wide excision and primary or secondary INTRODUCTION closure.8 All 3 approaches have risks of recurrence (Table 2). A pilonidal sinus wound (PSW) (pilonidal cyst, sacrococcygeal Postoperative PSWs include simple incision and drainage sites, fistula) is a cystic structure that contains hair and skin debris and open excisions healing by secondary intention, or primary clo- may become secondarily infected.1 Affected individuals present sures that have opened because of infection and dehiscence. Ex- with pain, pus, and swelling near the natal cleft of the buttocks or pected healing rates vary between 8 and 10 weeks or longer. in the midline of the sacrococcygeal area of the back. A pilonidal Elements that delay healing include infections and suspected causes sinus tunnels under the skin often with more than 1 tract or di- such as poor hygiene and wound care choices, physical activity rection.2 Pilonidal sinus wound is a chronic acquired condition causing increased friction and shearing forces, and obesity.4,11–15 caused by 1 or more factors as listed in Table 1.3–6 A recently published article by Harris and Holloway16 featured a Pilonidal sinus wounds occur in a ratio of 4 men to 1 woman. literature review to identify areas that may contribute to optimal The peak onset is at 19 years of age in women and 22 years in men, healing conditions or to delay healing in PSW healing by second- with new lesions seldom occurring after the age of 40 years.7,8 ary intention. This was followed by a modified Delphi procedure Pilonidal sinus disease may be related to the greater production to develop consensus for an evidence-based protocol for treat- ment.16,17 The protocol was presented at 4 national wound care conferences and implemented in several healthcare organiza- Table 1. tions, including those affiliated with the 4 authors. This article will FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSW help clinicians to identify 12 common mistakes that the authors believe are key barriers to the success in healing PSW, according Factor Comment to their observations over a 2-year period while using the pro- 3,4 Body hairs Hair follicles enter the natal cleft and cause tocol interventions (Figure 1). Clinicians will also be better able to a foreign-body reaction initiate appropriate treatments to optimize patient outcomes. Body hair Hair tips penetrate the dermis in existing 5 tips/debris midline pits/dimples or a site of previous TWELVE MISTAKES, OBSERVATIONS, excision and cause a foreign body reaction AND INTERVENTIONS Hair follicle Inflammation of hair follicles (folliculitis) The following review includes the commonly observed ‘‘mis- keratin plugs4,6 spreads to adjacent hair follicles causing takes,’’ rationale for diagnosis and treatment from the literature subcutaneous abscesses, destroying dermal tissue, leading to discrete holes or review, observations, and practical applications of knowledge pits after keratin plugs have been shed from the authors to help clinicians optimize PSW healing by secondary intention. WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM 325 ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & JULY 2012 Copyright @ 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. to the intact skin much like pocketing occurs within the Figure 1. wound base TWELVE COMMON MISTAKES IN PSW CARE & Exudate increased because of the body’s response to local injury. & Erythema and/or edema of the surrounding skin otherwise known as cellulitis. Many practitioners look for this sign to diagnose infection and order systemic agents, but any 3 of the other signs will also indicate infection and the need for sys- temic therapy even in the absence of frank cellulitis & Smell indicates the presence of Gram-negative bacteria, anaer- obes, or both agents. To select the appropriate antimicrobial agent, the clinical diagnosis of infection is made with a bacterial swab to identify the bacterial species and its resistance pattern. Clinicians need 1. Unrecognized and untreated deep infection in the to remember that persons with chronic wounds for more than absence of overt cellulitis (cellulitis/edema) 1 month often have Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaer- Pilonidal sinus wounds infected with hemolytic streptococci obic
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