The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) CHEMISTRY International
November-December 2007 Volume 29 No. 6
Building Bridges in Torino at the IUPAC General Assembly
Radionuclides and Nanotechnology—The Radiochemistry New Chemistry t From the Editor
CHEMISTRY International t its recent meeting in August 2007, in Torino, Italy, the IUPAC The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Council approved the adhesion of three new National Adhering Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) AOrganizations (NAOs), bringing Cuba, Ethiopia, and Uruguay into the Union. Prior to being “full” members, Cuba (Sociedad Cubana www.iupac.org/publications/ci de Química) and Uruguay (PEDECIBA) were associate members, which essentially gave them an “observer” status and allowed them to gradually Managing Editor: Fabienne Meyers learn what IUPAC is about. Now, as formal members, they can engage in Production Editor: Chris Brouwer full in Union affairs, contribute to IUPAC’s mission, and benefit from their Design: CB Communications new status. Being an NAO is one thing, but All correspondence to be addressed to: being an active member is more Fabienne Meyers beneficial. In his column (page 2), IUPAC, c/o Department of Chemistry Past President Leiv Sydnes shows Boston University that active engagement is a win-win Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering situation for the NAOs and their 590 Commonwealth Ave. individual members, and for IUPAC. Boston, MA 02215, USA Becoming or retaining an NAO sta- tus may be a struggle for some E-mail: [email protected] organizations, but there may be ways and options worth exploring that Phone: +1 617 358 0410 can lead to a more valuable membership. Fax: +1 617 353 6466 It is important to note that IUPAC is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). By becoming NAOs, the members of IUPAC Printed by: benefit from this connection to an over-arching network of scientists. One Cadmus Professional Communications, implication of this relationship is that the Union and its members should Easton, MD, USA observe and actively uphold the principle of the Universality of Science: “This Principle entails freedom of association and expression, access to Subscriptions data and information, and freedom of communication and movement in Six issues of Chemistry International (ISSN 0193- connection with international scientific activities, without any discrimina- 6484) will be published bimonthly in 2007 (one tion on the basis of such factors as citizenship, religion, political stance, volume per annum) in January, March, May, July, ethnic origin, language, sex, or age.” September, and November. The 2007 subscrip- Adherence to IUPAC is also an expression of support for this prin- tion rate is USD 99.00 for organizations and USD ciple, and as the Union enlarges, this principle becomes more significant. 45.00 for individuals. Subscription orders may be Broadening the Union’s membership is also a way to maximize diversity placed directly with the IUPAC Secretariat. Affiliate and maintain a global perspective. Members receive CI as part of their Membership As IUPAC welcomes three new NAOs, I wish to echo that welcome to subscription, and Members of IUPAC bodies receive individual chemists and scientists from these regions. If you, as a current CI free of charge. member, have a colleague in Cuba, Ethiopia, and Uruguay, drop him/her a note about IUPAC and welcome them personally. If you don’t (yet) have Reproduction of Articles a colleague in these regions, be curious and who knows what encounters Unless there is a footnote to the contrary, repro- you might make. duction or translation of articles in this issue is encouraged, provided that it is accompanied by a reference to the original in Chemistry Fabienne Meyers International. [email protected] www.iupac.org/publications/ci Periodicals postage paid at Durham, NC 27709- 9990 and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Chemistry International, IUPAC Secretariat, PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Cover: View from the roof of the Lingotto Center of the Olympic Arch, Park, NC 27709-3757, USA. which was built for the 2006 XX Olympic Winter Games. Photo by Anders Kallner. ISSN 0193-6484 Contents CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Volume 29 No. 6
Past President’s Column Why on Earth Be(come) an IUPAC Member? by Leiv K. Sydnes 2
Features IUPAC in Torino, Italy 4 Division Roundups 7 Radionuclides and Radiochemistry Part I: Their Role in Society by Mauro L. Bonardi and David S. Moore 10 Nanotechnology—The New Chemistry by Alan Smith 13
IUPAC Wire Performance Materials: A Symposium and New Award 16 2008 IUPAC–Richter Prize in Medicinal Chemistry: Call for Nominations 16 IUPAC to Support the International Chemistry Olympiad 16 A Report on the 39th International Chemistry Olympiad by V. Lunin, N. Tarasova, and E. Lokteva 17 Standard Atomic Weights Revised 18 Release of InChl Version 1.02 beta; Introducing InChlKey 18 Chemical Risk Assessment Methodology 19 A Tribute to Professor Aubrey D. Jenkins by Michael Hess 19
The Project Place Herding AnIMLs (no, it’s not a spelling mistake): Update on the IUPAC and ASTM Collaboration on Analytical Data Standards by Tony Davies 21 Multiple Uses of Chemicals: Clear Choices or Dodgy Deals? 23 Echoes from the Most Recent Workshop 24 Establishing an East Asian Network for Organic Chemistry 26 Provisional Recommendations IUPAC Seeks Your Comments 31
Making an imPACt Explanatory Dictionary of Key Terms in Toxicology 27 Critically Evaluated Rate Coefficients for Free-Radical Polymerization Part 6: Propogation Rate Coefficient of Methacrylic Acid in Aqueous Solution 27
Bookworm Stamps Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry: The IUPAC International Green Book, 3rd edition 15 Natural Product Chemistry at a Glance reviewed by Mary Garson 29
Conference Call Macromolecules for a Sustainable, Safe, and Healthy World by Christopher K. Ober 30
Where 2B & Y 32 Mark Your Calendar 36 Index for 2007 38 Past President’s Column
Why on Earth from IUPAC, both the national body in contact with IUPAC, and members of that country’s national chemi- Be(come) an IUPAC cal community should be actively involved in IUPAC activities. Member? In my opinion, there are both scientific and eco- by Leiv K. Sydnes nomic benefits associated with IUPAC membership. Let me begin with the scientific benefits, not only uring my term in office, because they are the more important of the two (and the number of member the most appropriate to consider in scientific circles), Dcountries in the Union has but also because they are a prerequisite for the latter. grown slowly but gradually, and When a country joins IUPAC, her chemical commu- today IUPAC has 51 full members.* nity is eligible to become involved in all of the Union’s Although this is a significant accom- activities pursuant to certain procedures. Individual plishment, the number could be chemists who become involved in the scientific and considerably higher, so IUPAC has science-based activities of the Union’s divisions and invested a lot of energy in recruit- committees gain valuable knowledge about IUPAC’s ment initiatives. This effort has made clear that a large operations. Although it may take some time for these portion of the global chemical community is unaware chemists to understand and become comfortable with of IUPAC membership benefits. Moreover, even chem- Union procedures, feel at home, and become a part ists from member countries do not always understand of the Union’s network, their initiatives and contribu- the advantages of being an IUPAC member. This tions are both appreciated and needed. Despite the column, therefore, is an Union’s global reach, it is attempt to reiterate the . . . a large portion of the global in need of project pro- benefits IUPAC provides posals. IUPAC is interested to individual chemists chemical community is unaware of in projects that are sci- and member countries. I IUPAC membership benefits. entific in nature, address believe that IUPAC mem- educational challenges, or bers who have a solid explore how knowledge in understanding of IUPAC membership benefits help to chemistry and the chemical sciences can be applied to strengthen IUPAC and our recruitment efforts. remedy specific world problems or needs. The Union therefore needs the active involvement of chemists While IUPAC does provide two excellent publica- with a range of interests and backgrounds, and I tions to each member country (one free subscrip- encourage colleagues to volunteer for IUPAC through tion to Pure and Applied Chemistry and three free the national body handling contact with IUPAC. subscriptions to Chemistry International; total value When individual chemists become members of USD 1997 for institutions), I discuss below some far IUPAC committees and project groups, it is important more significant benefits that member countries stand to participate fully. Active participation in commit- to gain from joining IUPAC. First, however, I would like tee and project work is highly regarded. In this way, to note that the benefits of membership in IUPAC are individual chemists, whatever their national affiliation, maximized when a member country and its chemis- are valuable candidates when titular members (TMs) try community are actively engaged members. For a are elected to the divisions and committees. Election country to achieve scientific and professional gains to office is not only a form of international recogni- tion for individual chemists, but for the chemical community in the elector’s country. In addition, TMs * In August 2007, IUPAC Council approved as full members are entitled to financial compensation for expenses the Sociedad Cubana de Química (Cuba), the Chemical incurred in attending General Assemblies. This can be Society of Ethiopia (Ethopia), and Programa de Desarrollo de Ciencias Básicas (Uruguay). The Council also accepted the a particular benefit for chemical communities in coun- resignation of the Asociacion Quimica Argentina. Therefore tries with lower membership fees. the current number of 49 will increase to 51 on 1 January The Union’s international standing and the impor- 2008 when these decisions are to take effect. tant work it does on standardization of chemistry
2 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 methods and terminology, as well as its critical assess- that knowledge has not led to any viable IUPAC initia- ment of data, are a direct result of the high standards tive because there were no chemists from the relevant and excellent work of individual chemists in IUPAC’s region to champion the project. Countries in regions divisions, committees, and project groups. This work that face significant challenges or problems that could is crucial, not only for maintaining the quality of the be solved with chemistry therefore stand to gain par- chemical science profession, but also for the basic ticular benefit from IUPAC membership; by becoming products and services provided in societies around full members the chemical communities in these coun- the globe. Chemists who are participating in IUPAC tries will be in an excellent position to draw IUPAC’s activities and who have experience in analyzing the attention to important issues, propose projects to environmental, human, and technical impact of chemi- study these issues, and work out action plans. cal products through chemical analyses have firsthand IUPAC and chemical congresses are closely associ- experience with accreditation, quality assurance, and ated, and only member countries can apply for IUPAC quality control. These chemists’ expertise becomes sponsorship for specific events. The chemical commu- a resource to all national chemical communities via nities in many countries, particularly smaller countries, IUPAC membership. This is an important reason to join can attest to the scientific and professional inspira- IUPAC as a full member. tions that result from organizing an IUPAC conference. Although most of the concrete scientific and sci- But conferences are more than scientific gatherings; ence-based work in IUPAC is performed by individual they also bring business to a host country, as partici- chemists in divisions, committees, and project groups, pants spend money on travel, accommodations, food, the framework, budget, rules, and strategy are decided souvenirs, and personal pre- and post-conference by Council at the General Assembly, held every other trips. Consequently, IUPAC membership is a national year. All full members of the Union are also Council investment that may reap rewards on several levels. members, with the right to put forward proposals, Thus, from an economic viewpoint, an IUPAC mem- fully participate in the deliberations and debates, and bership and an active chemistry community constitute vote. When all members attend the Council meeting, a sustainable investment that any responsible politi- the Union benefits. IUPAC encourages participation cian should be willing to support. in Council meetings by providing financial support For an individual chemist with an idealistic attitude, for the travel expenses of one delegate from each it might take a while to get used to such thinking; but member country—another valuable benefit of full from my own recent experience having to meet with a membership. few ministers, I came to appreciate that their attention It is IUPAC’s mission to advance the chemical increases when an economical benefit is included in sciences globally and contribute to the beneficial the argumentation. I am therefore willing to empha- application of chemistry to all people. It is therefore size this economical benefit as a strong argument in important for the Union to address major global or favor of IUPAC membership. regional issues, to be involved in solving pressing world problems, and to develop and introduce new Leiv K. Sydnes
Learn more about recent IUPAC activities.
www.iupac.org/news/archives/2006/report.html IUPAC in Torino, Italy James Bull (left), PAC editor, and Christoph UPAC held its 44th General Assembly in Torino, Buxtorf, treasurer. Italy, from 4–12 August 2007. Over the 10 days of Photo by LM. Ithe biennial GA, 440 participants took part in an tives for the future. intense and intricate schedule of various committee More coverage on and division meetings and events. Among the major these events will events were four Round Table discussions and the appear in the Jan-Feb World Chemistry Leadership Meeting (WCLM). 2008 CI. The IUPAC Council Integrated within the Congress schedule were a meeting from 11–12 August had 111 delegates from 43 variety of workshops, including the Safety Training out of 49 National Adhering Organizations. Every Program of the Committee on Chemistry and Industry; full member of the Union is represented on the a discussion panel on Ethics in Science and Education Council, and one of their functions is to elect the officers and mem- bers of the Bureau. For 2008–2009 the IUPAC Council elected Jung-Il Jin (Korea) as president, Nicole Moreau (France) as vice president, and John Corish (Ireland) as treasurer, while David Black (Australia) was elected to a second President Bryan Henry pre- Current and future members of the Executive Committee four-year term as sec- senting his State of the Union (from left): Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, David Black, Nicole retary general. Bryan address. Photo by AK. Moreau, Oleg Nefedov, Jung-Il Jin, Elsa Reichmanis, Bryan Henry will become past Henry, Christoph Buxtorf, and Leiv Sydnes. Photo by AK. president. The Council also elected the following indi- viduals to be members of the Bureau for the 2008– that followed the presentation of the play Should’ve 2011 term: Anders Kallner (Sweden, reelected), Werner (see May-June 2007 CI), which was coordinated by the Klein (Germany, reelected), Ram Lamba (Puerto Committee on Chemistry Education; and a session on Rico), and Natalia Tarasova (Russia). The following the Multiple Uses of Chemicals and Chemical Weapons. elected members of the Bureau were elected to the In addition, the Congress offered CHEM-BIO-TECH, the Executive Committee: Chunli Bai (China), Srinivasan joint meeting of the IUPAC 1st Symposium on Chemical Chandrasekaran (India), and Elsa Reichmanis (USA). Biotechnology (ISCB-1) and the 8th Symposium on Bio- Council reviewed an agenda of more than 270 organic Chemistry pages. This year, to help them with their task, the offi- (ISBOC-8). cers prepared an annotated agenda that lists a time The WCLM, for each item to be reviewed and whether it was for which attracted information, discussion, or decision. Over the course 75 participants, of the day-and-a-half meeting, delegates were briefed focused on the on progress made during the two-year period since health and envi- the last meeting in Beijing in August 2005. The Council ronmental safety received the Statutory Report of the President on the of chemical prod- State of the Union as well a report from the secretary ucts, emerging general. Christoph Buxtorf presented the treasurer’s Members of the U.S. delegation: Mark issues of societal Cesa (left), Ted Becker, and Elsa concern, and the Photo by MHo. Reichmanis. Photo by AK. resulting regula- tory trends. The innovative Round Table Discussions, which had 67 participants, generated valuable initia-
4 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 report in which he noted that while the Union’s reserves Químicas for Associated are adequate for the near to midterm, there are possi- Organization status was also ble long-term financial approved. issues that could arise • Council approved a proposal due to the decline in from the Colegio de Quimicos income realized from de Puerto Rico to host the 2011 the Union’s journal, IUPAC Congress and General Sultan Abu-Orabi, Pure and Applied Assembly. The 2009 Congress president of the Chemistry (PAC). and General Assembly will be Jordanian Chemical The treasurer also held in Glasgow, Scotland. Society, participating noted a number of in his first Council other developments, At the Welcome Reception, on meeting as an NAO. including the intro- Saturday 4 August, IUPAC President Photo by AK. Rebecca Quine (left), coordi- duction of a Strategic Bryan Henry made his address on the nator of the 2009 Congress in Glasgow, and Alan Smith, UK Opportunities Fund state of the Union. The president emphasized that the Elected Member on the IUPAC and the success of principal strength of IUPAC lies in the talent, knowl- Bureau and member of COCI. the project system in edge, and commitment of the more than 1000 volun- Photo by AK. promoting the work of teers who are involved in the IUPAC project system. He IUPAC. As standard procedure, the Council was asked to approve the recommendations approved by the Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols and published, or sched- uled to be published, in PAC from July 2005 through October 2007. The Council also received a series of reports from all divisions and standing committees. Among the most significant actions taken by Council were the following: • Council endorsed the plan to obtain United Nations approval of 2011 as an International Year of Already planning for the years ahead and reflecting on the Chemistry
Kuala Lumpur, and Panama. The hope is to use these contacts within these regional offices to help IUPAC become more involved with emerging countries and to extend our programs more effectively to these regions. The president concluded that these are exciting times for IUPAC; although the Union can celebrate many Members of the Russian delegation: Petr Fedotov achievements, it should continue to (left), Natalia Tarasova (newly elected member of search for effective ways to contrib- the Bureau), and Oleg Nefedov (retiring from the ute to the application of chemical Bureau). Photo by AK. Francis Gudyanga, sciences to improvements in our representing the global environment and to human • Dr. Kenneth D. Racke, retiring as president of the International Council conditions. Chemistry and the Environment Division for Science. Following his address, Henry pre- • Prof. Paul W. Photo by AK. sented service recognition awards Erhardt, retiring to the following retiring officers: as president of • Prof. Leiv K. Sydnes, retiring as vice president, the Chemistry president, past president and Human • Dr. Christoph F. Buxtorf, retiring as treasurer Health Division • Dr. H. Luzius Senti, retiring as chairman of the Finance Committee This year, Young • Dr. John M. Malin, retiring as chairman of Observers again CHEMRAWN participated in GA Young Observers Oleg Demchuk (left), from Lublin, Poland, and • Prof. Gus Somsen, retiring as chairman of the sessions. Following Ponnadurai Ramasami from Project Committee the same model Mauritius. Photo by LM. • Prof. Christopher M.A. Brett, retiring as presi- used in 2003 and dent of the Physical and Biophysical Chemistry 2005, IUPAC and the Division National Adhering • Prof. Anthony R. West, retiring as president of the Organizations of Inorganic Chemistry Division Canada, USA, and • Prof. Minoru Isobe, retiring as president of the UK selected 17 Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division chemists, with var- • Prof. Ryszard Lobinski, retiring as president of the ied backgrounds Analytical Chemistry Division and interests, from 7 countries: Canada, Young Observer Kathleen Kelly Poland, Romania, (Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA) and Mauritius, Russia, John Grosso, member of the US UK, and the USA. National Committee for IUPAC. Their participation Photo by LM. added vitality and a valuable perspective to the committee work in which they participated. In the past, several younger chem- ists have become directly involved in IUPAC, and from this year’s crop, project proposals have already been submitted. A small representation of the Italian support staff (always cheerful!), including Cristina Zanzottera (3rd from left) and wwww.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/highlights.html Elena Amico di Meane (4th from left), and IUPAC staff Paul Leclair (center), Enid Weatherwax (3rd from right), John Jost (2nd from right), and Fabienne Meyers (right). Photo by MHe. Additional coverage of the IUPAC GA/Congress will appear in the Jan-Feb 2008 CI.
6 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 IUPAC in Torino, Italy
established in 2006—is currently working on 10 projects Division Roundups (one of them in cooperation with the Subcommittee of Polymer Terminology) with two publications within A substantial amount of the GA was devoted to divi- the last biennium. sion and standing committee meetings, each of which The Subcommittee on Polymerization Kinetics and spanned two days. Following are brief accounts of Processes consists of 32 members from industry and some of these meetings (part II will appear in the next academia. It has two publications within the last two issue). Prior to the GA, all divisions and standing com- years. New project ideas include critically evaluated mittees provided a written report that is part of the rate coefficients for ionic polymerizations, survey of Council Agenda book available online
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 7 IUPAC in Torino, Italy
of activities is the field of sponsoring international conferences and workshops. Division IV has active and productive relations with the Pacific, European Photo by AK. and Asian Polymer Federations, the Research Council In the legendary chase scene in the 1969 movie The Italian of Japan, the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Job, a gang races in Mini Coopers throughout Torino, Sciences, the Japanese Union of Chemical Science including around the rooftop test track of the famous Fiat and Technology, and the Chemical Society of Japan. Lingotto factory building where the GA meeting took place. During recent years a directory of societies in polymer science has been established, expanded, and updated. New entries include exchange programs and post- highlighted the work of the division to a wider audi- doctoral fellowships. ence. The posters of major division projects were also There were 21 IUPAC-sponsored conferences dur- presented. ing the last biennium that produced eight publications In addition to a discussion on current projects, (Macromolecular Symposia, Wiley). Starting in 2008, including those of the Interdivisional Working Party two awards will be offered at the biennial IUPAC- of the Harmonisation of Quality Assurance and the MACRO Conferences. One is an award for a senior Subcommittee of Solubility and Equilibrium Data, the polymer researcher, made possible through a grant ACD held a special open session to hear a report by from the Dutch DSM Company (see Wire section, p. Paul DeBièvre on the “Metrological Traceability of 16), and the other is the Polymer International IUPAC Measurement Results in Chemistry” project. DeBièvre Award, which will be given to a younger researcher. explained how it is necessary to directly trace any The next meeting will be held in July 2008 in con- measured value to its primary standards (e.g., the nection with IUPAC-MACRO 2008 in Taipei. kilogram, metre, etc.) for an analyst truly to have confidence in the accuracy of his or her results and an Division V: Analytical Chemistry understanding of the uncertainty in the measurement. Roger M. Smith, Secretary Usually this will occur through a series of intermedi- The location of the Torino GA, in the converted Fiat ate measurements, but each of these must include a factory, was an interesting contrast to the usual dull measure of the experimental uncertainty. To make this lecture room of a summer weekend in an empty complex subject clearer to the analytical community, a university campus, or to an exhibition hall. We met task group plans to develop a user’s guide with practi- in the fishbowl-like glass walled rooms of the Torino cal examples based on real assays, to illustrate how the Polytechnic. Two floors down was an active shopping relationships are identified (see more on page 27). mall, whose food courts provided a good lunch venue To identify ideas for future work, division members for informal interactions. Outside the coffee area took part in a brainstorming session in which they was the circular ramp used in the original Italian Job spent 5–10 minutes, thinking about specific topics movie. During any dull for projects, what they thought should be the future moments, those members direction of analytical chemistry, and, importantly, who remembered, could how the expectations and requirements of stakehold- reminisce about the three ers can be satisfied. This discussion lead to a number brightly colored Mini of ideas for new projects and ways in which we might Coopers zooming down develop greater outreach. The ACD was conscious the structure. that the committee has largely academic roots and At the meeting, the examined ways to involve more industrial analysts, Analytical Chemistry either as committee members or by closer links with Division (ACD) continued project teams, possibly even as corresponding mem- its tradition of reviewing bers. In this context we were pleased to welcome two work in progress, planning young observers from industry. new projects, and high- The ACD is continuing its core tasks of devel- lighting topics of particu- oping terminology for the Orange Book (i.e., the Division V President Ryszard lar significance. A novelty IUPAC Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature) and Lobinski presenting the division was a full-day analytical the Solubility Equilibrium Database. Both projects report at the Council meeting. chemistry session at the are closely involved with the developing interaction Photo by AK. IUPAC Congress, which between IUPAC and FIZ Chemie.
8 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 The editor thanks the following amateur photographers for their contributions: Anders Kallner (AK), Lucille Meyers (LM), Michael Hess (MHe), and Morton Hoffman Division Roundups (MHo).
The division officers for the 2008–2009 biennium CHEMRAWN will be Ales Fajgelj (president), Ryszard Lobinski (past John M. Malin, Chairman president), Walter Lund (vice president), and Brynn The CHEMRAWN Committee continues to pursue its Hibbert (secretary). The committee also welcomed goal of improving the quality of life by fostering chem- a number of new titular and associate members and ical research applied to world needs. Most recently, national representatives. the needs addressed have been for pure water, a clean environment, and a sustainable food supply. Division VI: Chemistry and the Environment At its meeting in Torino, the committee accepted a Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg, Secretary volume summarizing a 2004 meeting on water sup- Fourteen members of the Chemistry and the plies, received a report on this year’s conference on Environment Division, and one invited observer, Dr. greenhouse gases, and heard plans for a CHEMRAWN Christoph von Holst, who is also a task group leader, meeting on food supplies in Africa that is about to participated in the 2007 meeting at the GA. Over take place. Additionally, the CHEMRAWN commit- the course of the meeting, the division (i) reviewed tee discussed two major planning and orientation projects and made decisions on existing projects documents. and new proposals, and decided how to allocate the • The committee was informed that the Perspectives remaining project budget; (ii) finalized the member- and Recommendations volume from CHEMRAWN ship for 2008–2009, including Associated Members XV: Chemistry for Water has been published. and National Representatives and appointed divisional The volume was distributed at the meeting to representatives to other IUPAC bodies; (iii) reviewed all members of the IUPAC Council. It is available subcommittees activities and provided time for sepa- through the Maison de la Chimie, Paris, and is rate meetings; and (iv) met with representatives of posted on the IUPAC website. the IUPAC Committees on Chemistry and Industry and • Gary van Loon reported on the successful Chemistry Education. CHEMRAWN XVII: Greenhouse Gases—Mitigation Thirty-two projects are in progress at the moment, and Utilization conference, held in Kingston, including projects led by other IUPAC divisions and Ontario, Canada, from 8–12 July 2007. A report to which Division VI is contributing. Progress of the on the conference is being prepared for publica- projects is, in general, most satisfactory, with just two tion in Chemistry International. projects in need of reviving since progress is limited. • Pieter Steyn informed the committee about The division allocated remaining project funds for the preparations for CHEMRAWN XII: Sustainable biennium to three existing projects that had requested Agriculture and Human Well-Being in Africa, continuation and/or additional funds. scheduled for 3–5 December 2007 in Stellenbosch, Each subcommittee provided ideas for new proj- South Africa. ects for the next biennium. The ideas will be reformu- • John M. Malin, chair, reminded the committee lated into draft project proposals, to be discussed in a that the document History and Effectiveness of teleconference to be held in the spring of 2008. CHEMRAWN Conferences, 1978–2006 is posted The composition of the new division committee for reference at
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 9 Radionuclides and Radiochemistry
According to the International Energy Outlook Part I: Their Role in 2004 of the OECD, the worldwide demand for energy will double by 2050, while the demand for electric- Society* ity will double by 2025. Large and densely inhabited by Mauro L. Bonardi and David S. developing countries such as China and India will place a particular burden on resources. Electricity produced Moore from nuclear power represents a sustainable solution nergy production is not the only use for the to the global energy problem that will result from energy of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear and this demand, especially considering the very small Eradiochemistry and related sciences and tech- level of radioactive wastes produced annually by the nologies—like radioanalytical, radiopharmaceutical, global nuclear industry (i.e., 200 000 m3 of medium and radiation chemistry—are frequently applied in and intermediate level nuclear wastes and 10 000 m3 many branches of science and through technology for of high-level wastes). It is noteworthy that the global the betterment of people around the world. amount of energy presently consumed worldwide in one year—corresponding to an “equivalent” power of The Energy of the Atomic Nucleus 13 TW thermal—could be produced by the fission of merely 5 million kg of either 232Th (in thermal breeder The popular perception of the energy released by reactors), 235U or 239Pu. Compare this to the burden on
nuclear processes—such as neutron induced fission of ecosystems of CO2 released by the combustion of fos- 235U, 239Pu (bred from natural U), or 233U (bred from sil fuels at a rate of 0.8 million kg.s-1. It should be noted natural 232Th) or nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes— that 232Th is present in the Earth’s crust in amounts is that it is used for energy production (i.e., heat, and four to seven times greater than U. from that electricity and, in the future, nuclear-hydro- gen or hydricity) or nuclear weapons. Indeed, scientists Non-Energetic Applications of the knew as early as the 1940s that the energy release Energy of the Atomic Nucleus from 1 kg of 235U is equal to that of the combustion of either 2 000 tonne of oil equivalent or 3 000 tonne of Nuclear materials, however, are used for more than coal equivalent. In a nuclear weapon, this energy cor- energy production. Non-energetic applications of the responds to the detonation of 20 000 tonne of TNT energy of the nucleus affect the biomedical field, the (1 tonne TNT = 4.184 GJ). During the nuclear fission environment, cultural heritage, research, advanced of this mass of 235U, a mass of roughly 1 g (less than technologies, security issues, and human wellbeing. 0.1 percent of the initial mass)—calculated through Nuclear processes, such as the decay of radioac- the equation ΔE = Δm c2—is converted into energy. tive species (i.e., radionuclides), are widely used for Therefore, nuclear fission has an enormous advantage combating human diseases (i.e., radiopharmaceutical as a clean source of energy and with the further advan- chemistry), foodstuff irradiation for sterilization and tage that there are no greenhouse gas emissions. preservation purposes (i.e., radiation chemistry), and Presently—in spite of the negative perception of the safeguarding of cultural heritage and the environ- nuclear technologies—only 441 nuclear power plants ment (i.e., radioanalytical and radiation chemistry). (NPPs) produce 16 percent of worldwide electricity They are also used for heating and lighting in difficult (33 percent in the 22 countries of the OECD, with environments and for an extensive range of other, maxima of 80 percent and 82 percent in France and often surprising, applications.1,2 The American Nuclear Lithuania). At the present time, 34 to 40 NPPs are Society
* Part II will focus on issues related to terminology; it is sched- uled to appear in the Jan-Feb 2008 CI.
10 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Table I—Milestones in Nuclear Science (C, P: leading to Nobel Prizes in Chemistry or Physics) 1895 P discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; atomic prelude to nuclear sci- ences, led to first human radiography 1896 P “activity” of U salts by Henri Becquerel; Was it related to Röntgen’s X-rays? 1898, first radiochemical separation: Po and Ra from U ores by Marie Sklodowska 1911 C and Pierre Curie: term radioactivity was “invented,” perspectives in life sciences 1908 C radioactive decay and properties of radioactive elements by Ernest Rutherford 1920s, radiotracer technique by György von Hèvesy, first application of 32P in medicine 1943 C 1921C chemistry of radioactive substances and isotopes in nature by Frederick Soddy 1922C mass spectrometry of large number of isotopes by Francis Aston 1929 P, cyclotron by Lawrence, first nuclear reactor by Enrico Fermi and Walter Zinn 1942 1934C heavy hydrogen (deuterium) by Harold Urey 1934P neutron thermalization and activation by Enrico Fermi and co. 1934 “hot atom” nuclear recoil effect by Leo Szilard and Thomas Chalmers 1932, neutron discovery by James Chadwick 1935 P 1935 C syntheses of new radioactive elements by Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie 1939 C, nuclear fission by Hahn, Strabmann, Meitner, Frisch and Petrzhak, Flerov 1940 1949 C 14C dating by James Arnold and Willard Libby 1951 P nuclear transmutation by accelerator by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton 1951 C first 5 transuranium elements (Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk) by Glenn Seaborg and Co. 1956 first 99Mo/99mTc “generator” for radiodiagnostics by Walter Tucker* 1958 P radioanalytical applications of Pavel Chěrenkov – Sergei Vavilov effect 1960s gamma camera for radionuclide emission radiodiagnostics (Hal Anger camera) 1961 P Mössbauer effect and spectroscopy by Rudolph Mössbauer 1963 P nuclear shell structure by Maria Göppert-Mayer and Hans Jensen 1967 P nuclear energy production mechanisms in stars by Hans Bethe 1970s thyroid cancer radiodiagnostic and radiotherapy by 131I; 123I for radiodiagnostics 1976, 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-FDG) for brain studies, tumor seeking 1985 1980 tomographic radiodiagnostic techniques (SPET, PET, PET/CT, spiral PET) 1990 labelling of brain and tumor receptors, investigations on dementiae senilis 1994 P neutron diffraction and spectroscopy by Bertram Brockhouse and Clifford Shull 1997 polyphosphonates for bone metastases pain palliation labelled with 186gRe, 153Sm 1999 oligopeptides for metabolic radiotherapy labelled with 64Cu, 90Y, 177gLu 2001 alpha emitters for high-LET metabolic radioimmunotherapy: 211At, 225Ac///213Bi 2002 P cosmic X-rays by Riccardo Giacconi; circle of Röntgen X-rays closed ? *10 million radiodiagnostic investigations in North America annually, same in Europe and Japan.
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 11 Radionuclides and Radiochemistry
the number of people working in the nuclear power investigation for selective irradiation of DNA inside industry. cell nuclei, after internalization of properly labelled species through cellular and nuclear membranes.2,3 Radionuclides, Labelled Table II shows the primary specifications of a labelled Compounds, and compound to be used on living organisms, humans, animals, and cells. Radiopharmaceuticals Table I shows a select list of relevant discoveries and Table II—Analytical and Radioanalytical QC/QA of a Labelled related Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics associ- Compound (e.g., radiopharmaceutical) ated with the nuclear sciences, emphasizing those with Symbol or significant applications in the diagnosis and treatment Measurand: quantity or parameter acronym Typical range of illness. Since the discovery of radioactivity in 1896, chemical purity CP sub-ppm traces just after the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm C. Röntgen, there has been a wide range of beneficial radiochemical purity RCP % applications of nuclear technology to human health. radionuclidic purity (isotopic, non- RNP % Even excluding all the radiodiagnostic and radio- isotopic) therapeutic techniques based on the use of X- and activity (i.e., radio-activity) a SI A MBq to GBq gamma rays (radiography, CT, cobaltotherapy, gamma- derived quantity knife), or accelerated particle beams that irradiate -1 specific activity AS or a GBq.μg pathological tissues (electron beams, IMRT, proton and isotope dilution factor IDF dimensionless heavy ion hadrontherapy), there are many techniques -1 based on the use of both sealed and unsealed internal activity concentration CA or cA MBq.g radioactive sources. Among these are endocavitary biological purity BIOP radiotherapy and brachytherapy of tumors and other stability with time (all previous tissues, which have been in use for half a century. parameters) More recently, brachytherapy of prostate cancer has involved using Ti or stainless steel seeds containing 125I—or 103Pd—that are inserted permanently into a Since the discovery of X-rays a century ago, the patient’s body, and cause minimal discomfort. application of radionuclides and labeled compounds More relevant for the nuclear and radiochemistry in many branches of nuclear science and technology community are the applications of radiopharmaceu- has led to a vast array of improvements in both energy tical compounds labelled with radioactive nuclides production and quality of life. The role of different produced either by a nuclear reactor or an accelera- branches of nuclear and radiochemistry proved funda- tor. The first are obtained by neutron capture or fis- mental to this purpose.2 sion and are neutron rich and in general decay by beta minus (negatron) emission; they are suitable for References metabolic radiotherapy after being administered to 1. Radiation and Modern Life, Fulfilling Marie Curie’s Dream, humans (and animals) as labelled chemical species. Waltar A.E., Prometheus Book, New York, USA, 2004. The latter are normally neutron poor and decay by 2. Handbook on Nuclear Chemistry, 5 Vols, Vértes A., Nagy S., Klencsár Z., Eds., Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam, The electron capture and/or positron emission; these are Netherlands, 2003. used for radiodiagnostic and molecular imaging in 3. Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and 2D by gamma-camera, and more recently by SPET, Applications, Welch M.J., Redvalny C.S., Eds., Wiley, New PET, PET/CT, and spiral-PET tomographic equipment York, USA, 2003. with 3D capability. In addition, a number of novel alpha emitters recently have been proposed for high- Mauro L. Bonardi
12 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Nanotechnology—The New Chemistry
In an earlier article (Jan-Feb 2006 CI, p. 8), the Inorganic Chemistry (Division II) author asked “Does Nanotechnology Have a Sporting Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide is being used in a Chance?” and reviewed briefly the hype surrounding diverse range of products, from sunscreens that offer the field. In a later article (Nov-Dec 2006 CI, p. 10), he protection from cancer causing ultraviolet (UV) radia- illustrated how lessons from Mother Nature are result- tion to nano-coatings on windows where the titanium ing in the design of new nanotechnology applications. dioxide actually uses UV light to break down dirt in In this third piece, Smith reviews how the subject of self-cleaning windows. There also are air purifiers on nanotechnology has penetrated each divisions/disci- the market that use similar catalytic processes, such pline represented in IUPAC. as NanoBreeze. Other examples include the cerium oxide nanopar- ticles used in diesel fuel, which make it more efficient by Alan Smith for engines, provide better mileage, and reduce emis- sions from exhaust pipes. lthough nanotechnology is not something Precious metals offer another interesting area of new, the term itself is a relatively recent way nanotechnologoy in chemistry. Scientists have found, Aof describing work at the atomic or molecu- for example, that gold nanoparticles offer significantly lar level. If you look back at the Nobel laureates in improved catalytic properties. And nanoparticulate sil- chemistry or physics, many of the recipients could ver, which provides anti-microbial properties, is being be described as nanotechnologists. Physicist Richard used in a variety of products, such as wound dressings, Feynman, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics baby milk cartons to prevent cross-contamination, in 1965, is regarded as the father of nanotechnol- food storage containers, and in the plastic parts of ogy since he had the vision to realize that changes refrigerators to prevent mold formation. If Napoleon in properties would be found at the nano-scale. only knew that he lost his campaign in Russia because However, it was not until 21 years later, in 1986, that (although he had silver cutlery) his troops were using two other Nobel laureates in physics, Heinrich Rohrer wooden spoons that supported microbial growth! and Gerd Binnig, used scanning tunnelling microscopy to observe objects on the nano-scale. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry (Division III) Organic chemistry is having a large influence on the Another 21 years on, and we wonder how we man- pace of nanotechnology development. For example, aged without the term nanotechnology. In the interim, improved composites are not achievable if the nano- some chemists have received the Nobel Prize for ingredient is not dispersed well in the polymer, so their nano-scale work, the most notable being Rick selection of the right “compatibilizer” is essential. Smalley, Harry Kroto, and Robert Curl for their work on There also is a great deal of work going on related to fullerenes. functionalizing carbon nanotubes for sensors. We hear so much about the flagging popularity of A roadmap for the application of dendrimers into chemistry, but it is encouraging to see that nanotech- new materials—another discovery produced by nan- nology is spicing things up for the chemist. There is otechnology—has been produced by scientists in not one division or standing committee in IUPAC that Europe, and it describes their use in new inks, paints, is unaffected by the advances in nanotechnology. In and composites. Medical applications are at an early this feature, I would like to review how nanotechnol- stage for these organics, but they offer great potential ogy relates to the many disciplines represented in since dendrimers represent engineering at a biologi- IUPAC. cal-size scale. They show excellent potential as carriers for imaging contrast agents for enhanced organ, vas- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry (Division I) cular, or tumor imaging, and for diagnostics. Physical chemistry is an essential part of understand- ing the interactions that go into achieving novel prop- Polymer (Division IV) erties that are now being found at the nano-scale. Nanocomposites are already finding extensive appli- Practical applications range from modelling to pro- cations, where modified clays, carbon nanotubes, and duce nanoparticles of a consistent size to examination particulates are providing barrier properties, lighter of interactions at interfaces that provide improved weight and stronger polymers, and functionalized biocompatibility for tissue engineering. surface applications. In order to save energy, most car manufacturers are using clay composites to replace
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 13 Nanotechnology—The New Chemistry
heavy metal parts in ticles became the focus of environmental and health cars. Even the fuel groups and non-governmental organizations. The lines in new cars are resulting publicity led some groups to demand a going plastic through complete moratorium on manufactured nanoparticles, the incorporation of while others suggested that the best policy is to pro- carbon nanotubes ceed with caution. into the polymers to The essential point is that the majority of what is dissipate a charge. described as nanotechnology has been around since However, it is with car- creation. However, for certain nanoparticulates we bon nanotubes that need to carry out the usual tests and risk assessments we will see real weight that would be carried out with any new substance. reductions because Free nanoparticles, as opposed to those locked into they may offer com- a composite, for example, are more likely to be a ponents that are 50 problem, and manufacturers are most likely to be Dendrimer complex docking on to 100 times stronger affected. In the same way, major companies are not cellular folate receptors. Source: than steel, at one sixth going to take risks by putting untested material into Michigan Center for Biologic the weight. The impli- their products. Nanotechnology. cation of this for the Many developments in nanotechnology are viewed aviation industry is revolutionary. as having a beneficial effect on the environment. It is interesting to note, too, that car tires have Pesticide companies are looking at nanotechnology been using carbon black nanoparticles for about a to ensure that their products reach the intended century now. This is the largest use of nanoparticles targets, eliminating waste and soil contamination. worldwide, at 6 million tonne per annum. Clay-based Longer-lasting surfaces, improved by particular nano- nanocomposites also provide barrier properties, and coatings, should extend the life of many products and are being used in food packaging applications to processes. give longer shelf life by eliminating oxygen and UV. IUPAC chemists are involved with these issues as Functional films are just thin nanocomposite layers, well; at the recent IUPAC Congress in Torino, Italy, sci- which offer surfaces that are anticorrosive, antiglare, entists described how nanoparticulate titanium diox- antimicrobial, antiscratch, and heat resistant. ide is incorporated into cement for buildings thereby The Polymer Division’s project in nanoscience is helping to break down environmental pollution in the aimed at proposing a list of terms and definitions for atmosphere. aggregation and self-assembly in polymers. Chemistry and Human Health (Division VII) Analytical Chemistry (Division V) Some of the most significant developments in nano- There is considerable analytical activity in nanotech- technology will come in the field of healthcare. Work nology, especially with developments in atomic force on new diagnostics indicate that increased sensitivity microscopy. Viewing nanoparticles, for example, is at the nano-scale will enable problems to be detected essential, since novel properties are only achieved at before they have affected the body, thereby reduc- the nano-scale. In addition, there is a need to develop ing patient suffering and the length of hospital stays. equipment to assess the extent and variety of new Developments in nanotechnology also are benefiting properties that are achievable with nanotechnology. tissue engineering, with new materials and surfaces Although there is currently emphasis on particle size that are more biocompatible. Nanotechnology also is and distribution, it is becoming clear that surface area providing benefits to the field of drug delivery. is a crucial factor. Nanotechnology is being focused on some of the most significant healthcare problems, including cardio- Chemistry and the Environment (Division VI) vascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal and inflam- In 2002, Michael Crichton (author of Jurassic Park and matory conditions, neurodegenerative and psychiatric other science fiction books) published Prey, a story diseases, diabetes, and infectious diseases. In the USA, that depicted clouds of nanorobots turning every liv- significant funding is going to nanotechnology and ing thing into grey goo before the hero manages to cancer therapy, some of which is directed toward stop them. Unfortunately, many people thought that investigating better targeting of problematic cells. this type of catastrophe was possible, and nanopar- Division VII has a project that could be described
14 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Nanotechnology—The New Chemistry as nanotechnology entitled Prototype Analysis of Because there are concerns in some quarters about Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer. nanotechnology, reports about its beneficial effects are being issued, specifically as they relate to the Chemical Nomenclature and Structure developing world. These effects have the potential to Representation (Division VIII) be a future CHEMRAWN conference topic. This division has undertaken the complex task of nomenclature for rotaxanes and for fullerenes. Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI) Some people have suggested that nanotechnology Committee on Chemistry Education (CCE) is the next industrial revolution, and there is not one CCE has nanotechnology on their agenda. It is esti- industry sector that is currently unaffected by nano- mated that there are now over 500 products on the technology. market that are based on nanotechnology. These are interesting and varied products, so it is easy for both Although it is not possible to mention all the excit- children and the general public to grasp the signifi- ing nanotechnology developments in this space—we cance of nanotechnology. are only seeing the “tip of the iceberg”—it is likely that many more Nobel Prize winners will be nano- Chemrawn Committee technologists. CHEMRAWN XIV: Towards Environmentally Benign Processes and Products, described new catalytic Alan Smith
See also www.iupac.org/publications/ci/indexes/ stamps.html Stamps International For a Healthy Smile . . . other hand, the Brazilian stamp was issued on 15 July he addition of fluoride to drinking water sup- 1977 to celebrate the 3rd International plies, at a level of ca. 1 ppm, is a health practice Congress of Odontology, held in Rio Tprevalent in communities across the USA and de Janeiro on 15–21 July of that year. It other countries that has undoubtedly contributed to prominently displays a rod of Asclepius, the reduction of tooth decay in the general public the emblem of the medical profession. since its inception in the 1940s. Even though water flu- The Portuguese words for water and oridation is not universal, fluoride is also often added fluorine (agua and fluor, respectively) in small amounts (ca. 0.5%) to toothpastes and other and the chemical formulas of water and oral hygiene products and thus its sodium fluoride appear several times beneficial effect does reach a large in the background, thereby underscor- segment of the population. ing the value of water fluoridation to The stamp from Iceland that prevent dental caries. Sodium fluoride,
accompanies this note was issued together with stannous fluoride (SnF2) on 9 October 1987 to promote oral and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), are hygiene and shows a girl brushing the three most common sources of fluoride currently her teeth with a fluoride-containing added to toothpaste formulations. toothpaste before going to sleep, a pretty clear message about the Written by Daniel Rabinovich
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 15 News and information on IUPAC, its fellows, and member organizations. IUPAC Wire See also www.iupac.org/news
Performance Materials: A Richter, Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary) to acknowledge the Symposium and New Award key role that medicinal chemistry plays in improving nder a new agreement, the IUPAC Polymer human health. Division and DSM Innovation Center B.V. will Applicants can be by nomination only, with just one Uorganize a symposium on performance mate- person needing to serve in that capacity, although five rials to be held during each biennial IUPAC World individuals should be listed as referees. The application Polymer Congress. A Performance Materials Award package must be submitted electronically and should in the amount of EUR 50 000 also will be presented contain a complete resume, a professional autobiog- during one of the plenary sessions of the congress raphy of not more than two pages, and a one-page program at each symposium. DSM will cover the cost summary of the activities, accomplishments, and/or of the symposium, including speakers’ fees and travel publications of the applicant that have had the most costs, and any technical equipment required. significant impact on the field of medicinal chemistry. The material will be forwarded confidentially to an A six-member Nomination Committee will nominate independent selection committee appointed by the candidates for the Performance Materials IUPAC Subcommittee on Medicinal Chemistry and Award. DSM and IUPAC will each be Drug Development. represented by two members on the Committee, and DSM will also appoint The application deadline is 31 December 2007. For further information, please two independent members. The Judging contactC. Robin Ganellin at
16 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 The unused portion of any grant will be provided to circus. Participants made a lot of friends and became next year’s host. In future Olympiads, the IUPAC presi- acquainted more thoroughly with Russian history and dent (or his or her nominee) will be invited to speak culture. at the closing ceremony of the IChO and to take part The total number of awards was large: 60 percent in the gold medal presentations. Financial support of participants received an award of some type. The will begin for the 40th IChO in Budapest, Hungary, in following medals were awarded: 31 gold, 56 silver, and 2008. 71 bronze. Splendid results were achieved by the teams from China, Russia, and Poland—every member of A Report on the 39th International Chemistry these teams received a gold medal. The South Korean Olympiad team received three gold and one silver medal. Among by V. Lunin, N. Tarasova, and E. Lokteva the gold medal winners were students from Germany, France, Vietnam, India, Lithuania, Taipei, Thailand, From 16–23 July 2007, Moscow hosted the 39th Turkey, Slovakia, Hungary, Canada, and Iran. The gold International Chemistry Olympiad, which gathered medal winners with the four highest results were Lei together 256 high school students from 68 countries. Xu and Yuan Fang of China and Leonid Romashov and This Olympiad was the third one to take place in Vasiliy Vorobyev of Russia. Moscow: In 1972 only 7 countries participated, while 45 As the history of the Chemistry Faculty of MSU participated in the one held in 1996. manifestoes, the future scientific career of the winners is optimistic. Many of them enter MSU and later on The opening ceremony took place in a square become the members of the Olympic movement as at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. The the coaches, authors of the tasks, or members of the participants were welcomed by V.N. organizing committees. Just one example: the coach Fridlyanov, deputy minister of of the Russian team Alexei Zeifman was the absolute Education and Science of the winner of the 2004 and 2005 Olympiads, another Russian Federation, the pres- coach, Alexandre Belov, got the gold medal in the ident of the Olympiad; V.A. year 2003. Sadovnotchi, rector of Moscow The closing ceremony took place in the Act Hall of State University; and V/V/Lunin, MSU. The winners received awards from the hands of dean of the faculty of chemistry. members of the Russian Academy of Science, repre- The parade of countries was fol- sentatives of chemical business, and the representative lowed by a concert and fireworks. of IUPAC. After that, the concert gathered together The program of the Olympiad con- the stars of the Bolshoi Theatre and the young winners sisted of experimental and theoretical problems. The of the prestigious musical competitions. tasks were prepared by members of the Scientific Participants were asked to name the problems Committee, led by professor V.V. Eremin. As the they consider the most important. It turned out participants and their coaches commented later, the complexity of the tasks was unprecedented. The theoretical portion of the exams included problems “Modern chemistry has a problem—we dealing with practically all fast-developing branches of are incredibly good at transformation, but chemistry, including proton tunneling in propane-dial, people don’t feel our magic. Relax, show catalysis with nanoparticles, theory of autocatalytic people that chemistry (and chemists) gives reactions, the Fisher procedure of water titration, you pleasure, that you can smile around it. silicates as the basis of the Earth crust, arthrosclerosis In the process you will demonstrate that treatment, and intermediates of the biosynthesis of chemists are humans and not machines. cholesterol. The experimental portion of the test were You will make friends for life, and help no less interesting. chemistry be part of the human condition.” The problems took two days, and during the free days the students visited many interesting places in the Russian capital, including a boat ride on the Volga —a quote from Roald Hoffmann that appeared in River; the ancient city of Sergiev Posad, where one Catalyzer, the daily newspaper produced by the of the most famous Russian monasteries, Troitse- Olympiad. Sergiev Lavra, is located; the Moscow Zoo, and the
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 17 IUPAC Wire
that the young chemists are thinking about global In addition, the recommended value for the isotope issues: Aminatul Munirah Kasim, Malaysia, said that amount ratio of 40Ar/36Ar, which may be of impor- “unity and education tance to geochronologists, has been changed from are the most important 296.03(53) to 298.56(31). problems of the world. These changes will be published in a new Table I want to take part in of Standard Atomic Weights 2007, to be submitted improving the world’s for publication in Pure and Applied Chemistry by the education because I feel end of the year. For more details about the commis- it is the way of solving sion, see
Standard Atomic Weights Revised The principal new features of this release is that it provides a fixed-length (25-character) condensed he IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances digital representation of the Identifier to be known as and Atomic Weights (II.1) met in Pisa, Italy, InChIKey. In particular, this key will: Tjust prior to the 44th IUPAC General Assembly • facilitate web searching, previously complicated held 4–12 August 2007, in Torino, Italy. The commis- by unpredictable breaking of InChI character sion meeting recommended significant changes to strings by search engines
the standard atomic weights, Ar(E), of five chemical • allow development of a web-based InChI lookup elements. The following changes are based on new service determinations of isotopic abundances and reviews of • permit an InChI representation to be stored in previous isotopic abundances and atomic masses: fixed-length fields • make chemical structure database indexing From To easier • allow verification of InChI strings after network lutetium 174.967(1) 174.9668(1) transmission molybdenum 95.94(2) 95.96(2) nickel 58.6934(2) 58.6934(4) An example of InChI, with its InChIKey equivalent, is ytterbium 173.04(3) 173.054(5) shown on page 19. There is a finite, but very small prob- zinc 65.409(4) 65.38(2) ability of finding two structures with the same InChIKey. The values are presented in a concise notation whereby the standard uncertainty For duplication of only the first block of 14 characters is given in parenthesis next to the least significant digits to which it applies; for this is 1.3 percent in 109, equivalent to a single collision 9 example, Ar(Zn) = 65.38(2) is the concise form of the expression Ar(Zn) = 65.38 in one of 75 databases of 10 compounds each. ± 0.02. Another new feature of this release is a restructured InChI-generating software that separates key steps
18 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 IUPAC Wire
O CH 3 Mutagenicity Testing for Chemical Risk Assessment H3C N N for public review, with comments due by 23 O N N November 2007. The document may be downloaded CH3 at
Flag character How does this relate to IUPAC?
First block (14 letters) Indicates InChI version, Michel Mercier, the first director of IPCS, was a presence/absence of fixed H Second block (8 letters) Encodes molecular layer, isotopes, and founding member of the former IUPAC Commission skeleton (connectivity) stereochemistry Encodes proton positions (tautomers), stereochemistry, on Toxicology. Many of the original members had isotopes, reconnected layer concerns about the toxicity of metals, an issue that continues to generate interest and that recently in its creation from an input chemical structure file. culminated in the IUPAC definition of “chemical Among other uses, this allows intermediate results to speciation.” The definition is crucial to current be checked, enabling easier testing and development developments that focus on the differential toxic- of InChI-based applications. ity of the different chemical species of metallic ele- The new release may be downloaded from the ments. The current developments in turn, revealed IUPAC website
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 19 IUPAC Wire
academia at the University of Sussex and as a visit- as the “patterns scheme,” he continued to work on ing professor in the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and the underlying concepts after his retirement in 1992, USA. He served as dean of the School of Molecular work that has resulted in 10 more publications. He has Science at the University of Sussex for five years. published more than 130 research papers, was tapped He also served the community as a board member as an expert in lawsuits, and lectured at conferences for the Brighton District Health Authority, Haywards throughout his career. He continues to engage in Heath College, and the West Sussex Institute of Higher research and publish. Education. Jenkins also was a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a fellow of the former Royal Institute Jenkins had many mentors during his career, includ- of Chemistry, a member of the Society of Chemical ing T.B. Price, M.F. Gardener, R.E. Norris, Silvanus Industry, and has been a member of IUPAC since P. Thompson, Alexander 1976. He served as chairman of the Committee on Findlay, A.J. Allmand, Sir Macromolecular Nomenclature from 1977 to 1985 and Christopher Ingold, Sir was for eight years secretary of the Macromolecular Harry Melville, C.H. Bamford, Division. He was a member of the UNESCO European Colin Eaborn, O. Wichterle, Expert Committee on Polymer Science, Industry, and R. Cahn, Paul Flory, and Environment; the British Library Scientific Committee; Sir John Cornforth. In turn, the British National Committee for Chemistry; and many of his former students the British Committee for IUPAC. He served as sec- later became distinguished retary of the UK High Polymer Research Group scientists in academia or from 1991–2002. He has also served on the editorial industry, including Richard boards of the European Polymer Journal, the Journal Wane, Roy Lehrle, Francis of Macromolecular Science, Resource Recovery and Andrew, “Gaf” Roberts, and Conservation, Die Makromolekulare Chemie, and con- Ernesto Engel. tinues to be a highly valued member of the editorial Aubrey D. Jenkins Jenkins’ scientific pur- board of Polymer International. He has been awarded suits focused largely on the Heyrovsky Gold Medal for Chemistry of the Czech the kinetics of radical polymerisation. He was the Academy of Sciences and is an honorary member of first scientist to propose “buried” or “trapped” radi- the Argentine Society for Organic Chemistry. cals, and he made significant contributions to the His personal hobbies include classical music, pho- understanding of retardation and inhibition of polym- tography, and travel. Jenkins is married to Jitka erization. More recently, his work on the prediction Jenkins, who is also a polymer chemist. of radical and monomer reactivity led to an alterna- tive to the Q-e-scheme of Alfred and Price. Known by Michael Hess, July 2007
Errata Gerard P. Moss, professor at Queen Mary, University of London, provided the following clarification regarding an article about William Perkin’s discovery of mauveine that appeared in the March-April 2007 CI, pages 4–7.
“In the preamble of John Malin’s feature describing CHEMRAWN, he quotes Bryant Rossiter, first chair of the CHEMRAWN Committee. Unfortunately, the first statement attributed to Rossiter is erroneous: The 18-year-old William Perkin did discover mauveine in 1865, but it was in his father’s house in King David Lane, in the East End of London, not Cambridge. At the time, he was studying at the Royal College of Chemistry in Oxford Street, London, under August W. Hofmann (not Hoffman). The Royal College is the earliest con- stituent institution, renamed Imperial College, London, in 1907.”
20 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Information about new, current, and complete IUPAC projects and related initiatives. The Project Place See also www.iupac.org/projects Herding AnIMLs (no, it’s not a spelling mistake): Update on the IUPAC and ASTM Collaboration on Analytical Data Standards by Tony Davies Working on international standardization projects is difficult. Working on international standardization projects where two standardization bodies with their own rules, guidelines, and working practices are col- laborating together is doubly difficult. The recent 2007 IUPAC General Assembly (GA) in Torino, Italy, gave the IUPAC CPEP Subcommittee on Electronic Data Standards (SEDS) the occasion to invite their ASTM partners in the Analytical Information Markup data, it was clear that the previous situation had to be Language (AnIML) project to participate in a joint avoided at all costs.1 meeting. With both groups well represented by their The successful completion of such an exercise, respective officers and interested parties, some very with the widespread deployment of well-documented important decisions were made. internationally recognized standard data formats, will During the 2001 GA in Brisbane, the clear need for constitute clear advantages. Users will benefit from IUPAC to establish itself as the international standard- the greatly simplified long-term storage and retrieval ization body for chemistry in the digital age was docu- of analytical data, and the more advanced techniques mented and addressed with the initiation of the XML of data mining and knowledge generation. Proving in Chemistry initiative. Several projects have arisen out conformity to regulatory compliance demands record of this decision, including the newly available XML ver- retention, which is far simpler if data are in a vendor- sions of the Gold Book online and the successful com- neutral standard format. Practically, exporting data pletion of the XML Data Standard for Thermochemical from a computer associated with a specific instrument Information ThermoML. Those involved with the third in the laboratory to your office desktop, where often major project—the joint development of the Analytical further data analysis and reporting is expected to take Information Markup Language (AnIML) with the ASTM place, will be made much simpler. With the increasing International Subcommittee E13.15—have recently use of process analytical technologies and design for made strong progress following a period in which a manufacturing strategies in the pharmaceutical sector, lot of background work was necessary.1 often data from many diverse instrument types and vendors have to be brought together in a single analysis Why Create an Analytical Information package where the actual “results” will be computed.4 Markup Language? Instrument vendors and third-party software houses Historically, the availability of “rival” standards in the have also realized major cost savings by adopting the field of analytical instrumentation has only served to standard formats, not only for their own internal use confuse users and vendors alike. The partial comple- between systems, which often originate from different tion of the old Analytical Instrument Association software development groups on different continents, netCDF-based binary standards for mass spectrom- but also so they can claim their products are “compli- etry and chromatography, and their abandonment of ant ready.” Nowadays, a vendor’s products will not sell work on an infrared spectroscopy standard ended a if it cannot clearly demonstrate how they will smoothly period of conflicting and misleading presentations at integrate into the existing laboratory IT environment international meetings around the world.2 This had and workflows of their customers. Stand-alone island hampered work on the IUPAC JCAMP-DX ASCII stan- solutions are a thing of the past. Often major contracts dards and led to a dispersion of scarce talent between are awarded for software solutions that better inte- the two standardization activities.3 When the SEDS grate with existing IT infrastructures as the return on subcommittee realized that both their experts and investment is easier to prove to senior management. those of the ASTM were working simultaneously on a The deployment of standard formats is a major con- new XML-based data exchange standard for analytical tributor to such advanced integration.
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 21 The Project Place
Recent Progress of the XML language, including the recent introduc- Much work has already been achieved by bringing tion of naming standards. Fortunately, some vendors IT specialists up to speed on the complexity of ana- and users have been gaining experience in converting lytical chemistry data types and formats. This process large volumes of data from very different historical sometimes yields interesting results in which multidi- legacy analytical systems into vendor-neutral XML mensional data types, such as liquid chromatography files. UV/mass spectrometry hyphenated experiments, need In order to accommodate the different demands to be stored. Conversely, the chemistry experts have of a very diverse user group, difficult decisions have had a lot to learn about the intricacies and capabilities been made. For example, the expectations involving audit trails and electronic signature Overview of workflow to finalize AnIML standards. capture that a user working in a fully regulated pharmaceutical industry IUPAC SEDS ASTM E13.15 company might have can be met, but AnIML Working Group significantly increase the complexity y finalize workflow to integrate Data of the structure of the AnIML file. Q3 - 2007 Dictionaries into Technique Definitions Even though prototype systems have been available since 2004 DRAFT that support early alpha versions IUPAC TECHNICAL of the AnIML standard and despite NOTES numerous lectures and seminars held around the world, not much has
Domain Expert Review AnIML WG actually been published or finalized. y Confirm format of Data This is one of two major issues that y Identify & Recruit Domain Dictionaries conforms to Expert Teams their requirements (ongoing we successfully addressed in Torino. y Review Technical Notes Q4 - 2007 task) The second issue involves complet- y Produce “clean” test data y Use Test Data in Core & Software Development ing the streamlining and clarification of the competencies of the various members of this project. The plan is SEDS Working Party for ASTM to concentrate on the tech- y Revise Drafts Q1 - 2008 y Publish Technical Notes nical aspects of the new standard in Pure & Applied Chemistry and for IUPAC to standardize the terms and data dictionaries. DRAFT AnIML TECHNIQUE DEFINITIONS Next Steps for Completing the AnIML WG Standards y Finalizes AnIML Technique There has been some confusion Definitions Documents and criticism from some task group members over the fact that the AnIML E13.15 PITTCON requirements document, generated 2008 y Accepts Technique Definitions in relatively early in the project, has Subcommittee Vote Q3 - 2008 remained an internal document. It was agreed at this meeting that AnIML Working Party AnIML E13 Aug Ballot the document should be published y Revise Drafts REJECT y Technique Definitions in Main as a IUPAC technical report since it y Resubmit to E13.15 Committee Ballot essentially sets the goals and bound- ACCEPT aries for the AnIML format and is a key document for any new vendor or user coming across AnIML for the first time. The document had been Publish Publish PublishAnIML AnIML PublishAnIML AnIML reviewed by the authors, both prior Q4 - 2008 TechniqueTechnique Definitions Technique Layer Schemas Definitions to and during the meeting. Its adop- tion will appear on the agenda of
22 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 The Project Place the next full task group meeting after which it will be References submitted for publication. 1. R.J. Lancashire and A.N. Davies, “The Quest for A As agreement on the data dictionaries is an essential Universal Spectroscopic Data Format,” Chem. Int., 28(1) precursor to the finalization of any of the standards, 10–12, 2006
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 23 Crystal of pseudoephedrine under the micro- scope of Michael Davidson (Molecular Expressions). Pseudoephedrine, a powerful cold and allergy medicine, The Project Place can be misused to create crystal meth.
In WWI, chemists considered it their held a conference in Oxford, UK, in the duty to contribute to their country’s summer of 2005. Two things came out war effort. Munitions had to be pro- of this conference: first, the decision duced to suit military strategy. But the to form a working group to consider carnage of WWI had a lasting impact. the best methods to promote codes of It led to calls for treaties out- conduct for chemists and, lawing chemical warfare. The second, the recognition that 1925 Geneva Protocol and, there is a need for edu- 70 years later, the Chemical cational material that will Weapons Convention (CWC), both encourage chemists both enforced chemical dis- to consider the implications armament. of their work and inform Under enforcement rules, them about the CWC and governments must ensure the OPCW. that their citizens do not Subsequently, an interna- develop or promote chemi- tional working group* was cal weapons. Chemists have established to develop an a crucial role to play in this educational package that process. If the proscriptions will foster debate on the of the CWC are to succeed, issues. Four working papers chemists must support both were produced that cover the letter and the spirit of the many uses of chemicals, these treaties. Because the CWC, the toxicology chemists will be needed of selected chemical war- to make chemical warfare fare agents, and codes of agents and test the suitability of new agents for use conduct. Approximately six pages long, the papers in munitions, chemists may be put in the position of have been peer reviewed and tested in workshops deciding whether they will help make chemical weap- in the UK, Russia, South Korea, and Italy (see text ons or refuse to do so. box below). Workshop participants have included The law is clear: making chemical weapons is illegal. However, not all chemists are aware of the law, and *Members of the IUPAC/OPCW Working Group: E.D. Becker many do not know about the CWC. There is a need to (USA); A. Fratadocchi (Italy); A.W.M. Hay (UK and chairman); inform chemists about the treaty and the choices they P.G. Mahaffy (Canada); R. Mathews (Australia); B. Rappert may have to make in their careers. (UK); R. Robson (CEFIC); O.P. Sharma (India); R.A. Spanevello To address these issues, the Organization for the (Argentina); N.P. Tarasova (Russia); and R. Trapp (formerly Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and IUPAC of OPCW).
Echoes from the Most warfare, chaired by R. Pfirter and been put to beneficial uses. Recent Workshop A. Fratadocchi. Participants formed small work- During the 41st IUPAC World Some 30 conference delegates shop groups to debate a range of Chemistry Congress in Torino, took part in the workshop. In a 20- issues that were raised in the intro- Italy, IUPAC members organized a minute introductory talk to explain duction, including how to control workshop on 6 August 2007 titled the background of the project, the misuse of chemicals and who Multiple Uses of Chemicals and workshop participants were told should exercise these controls— Chemical Weapons, led by Alastair that the objective of this IUPAC questions that are also contained Hay, Natalia Tarasova, and Alberto project was to produce teaching in the teaching materials prepared Fratadocchi. The workshop con- material that both emphasizes the by the IUPAC project team. The cluded with a session on the dual- importance of chemistry in the debates were lively, indicating that ity of chemistry for both useful global economy, but also points the project material will stimulate purposes and chemical weapons out that chemistry has not always classroom discussion.
24 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 The Project Place chemistry students, teachers, university professors, in place for chemicals; who is responsible for these diplomats, and specialists in chemical warfare. The controls; the responsibility chemists have regarding four papers have been translated and are available in access to chemicals; and the identification of other the working languages of the OPCW—Arabic, Chinese, chemicals that create dual-use concerns. Ideally, these French, English, Russian, and Spanish. discussions should be held in small tutorial groups The working papers are designed for use by univer- where there is likely to be a wide range of views, and sity and high school chemistry teachers. They provide views that may be strongly held. Some chemists will enough material for a one-hour lecture, or more. The be familiar with the issues either as individuals or as papers were written with the objectives of promoting parents that are concerned about the welfare of their chemistry, providing information about the CWC, and children; these experiences may make for a more encouraging debate. Because the field of chemistry engaging debate. has had negative press in the past, some might argue Two additional working papers provide background that encouraging chemists to discuss chemical warfare and basic information on chemical warfare issues. issues will only worsen its public image. Another argu- These papers are also intended to promote discus- ment is that most chemists do not have any interest sion. The control of drugs and the control of chemical in producing chemical weapons. However, the fact weapons raise very similar issues, which may help stu- that chemistry professionals played a central role in dents who have less knowledge of chemical weapons. the development of chemical weapons and their use The final paper in the series is on codes of conduct. in Iraq in the 1980s, together with existing (though Codes of conduct in a specific discipline often provide declining) stockpiles, means that this issue is of more ethical rules and guidelines, though they may be very than just historical interest. The public knows about general and not enforceable. Sometimes these are these issues, and chemists should discuss them. educational or advisory codes on workplace ethics or Chemists should be ready to confront this history and conduct, but they may be more specific enforceable ensure that it is not repeated. Finally, these should be codes that govern accreditation in a profession. These conscious choices. latter codes may be very specific or too inflexible for These working papers are meant to foster discus- a rapidly changing profession, and may not address sion, encourage chemists to debate the past, and ethical issues in detail. A healthy debate among chem- consider the implications of their work today. The ists will determine the type of code that encourages papers make it clear that chemical weapons are ille- legal and moral behavior on these issues. gal, and that chemists who choose to make them will Accessible information and photographs on this be breaking the law. They cover the multiple uses of topic may be found at
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 25 The Project Place
Establishing an East Asian Network The first meeting facilitated of the Network was for Organic Chemistry held on 16 October 2006, as a satellite of the Asian CORE Program’s first International Conference on Estimates indicate that Asia produces some 30 percent Cutting-Edge Organic Chemistry in Asia. The meet- of the chemistry research done worldwide. Although ing was entitled Strategic Planning for a New East this is a positive development, this research is cur- Asian Network for Organic Chemistry, and provided rently concentrated in only a few countries in Asia. the following sessions: “Modern Mass Spectrometry,” Earlier cooperative networks, such as the Network presented by Matthias Pelzing of Bruker Daltonics, for the Chemistry of Biologically Important Natural Australia, and “Computational Organic Chemistry,” pre- Products and the UNESCO Network for Natural sented by Yundong Wu of the Hong Kong University Products have either ceased operating entirely or of Science Technology. languish through a lack of funding. There is now an opportunity—indeed, a responsibility—for IUPAC to Asian Core Program take the initiative in this matter and establish a new The JSPS Asian CORE program is designed to create Asia network. An Asia network would also comple- world-class research hubs in selected fields within the ment a major initiative of the Japan Society for the Asian region while fostering the next generation of Promotion of Science (JSPS) to catalyze cooperative leading researchers by establishing sustainable collab- research in Asia. orative relations among research and education insti- The collaborative new East Asian Network for organic tutions in Japan, Korea, and China (in both Beijing and chemists have broad objectives, and is now closely Taipei). Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, and Malaysia linked to JSPS Asian Core Program, and the Cutting- are also IUPAC non-NAO member countries. Edge Organic Chemistry in Asia which started in The Asian Core Program’s first International October 2005 in order to build and foster a sustainable Conference on Cutting-Edge Organic Chemistry in program of high-quality organic chemistry research, Asia took place in Naha, Okinawa from 16–20 October education, and chemistry-based applications. 2006. Minoru Isobe gave the opening address. R. Noyori presented the gold medal in the Nagoya Medal Special Award ceremony to H.R.H. Dr. Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol of Thailand. The keynote speak- ers included H.R.H. Princess Chulabhorn, and Nobel prize-winning chemists R. Noyori and Y.-T. Lee. A report on the first International Conference is available free online, and published in Chem. Asian J. 2007, 2, 452–454, [doi: 10.1002/asia.200600423].
For more information and comments, contact Task Group Chair Minoru Isobe
www.iupac.org/projects/2005/2005-039-2-300.html
Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol delivered the Nagoya Medal Special Awards Lecture on “Recent Investigations of Cytotoxic Natural Products from Thai Plants” at the first International Conference on Cutting-Edge Organic Chemistry in Asia (ICCEOCA-1) held in Naha, Okinawa, Japan on 16–20 October 2006.
26 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Recent IUPAC technical reports and recommendations that affect the many fields of pure and applied chemistry. Making an imPACt See also www.iupac.org/publications/pac
Critically Evaluated Rate of pulsed-laser-initiated polymerization (PLP) in con- Coefficients for Free-Radical junction with molar mass distribution (MMD) analysis of the resulting polymer by size-exclusion chromatog- Polymerization Part 6: Propagation raphy (SEC). Different methods of measuring the MMD Rate Coefficient of Methacrylic of the poly(MAA) samples have, however, been used: Acid in Aqueous Solution (IUPAC (i) direct analysis via aqueous-phase SEC and (ii) stan- Technical Report) dard SEC with tetrahydrofuran as the eluent carried out on poly(methyl methacrylate) samples obtained Sabine Beuermann, Michael Buback, Pascal by methylation of the poly(MAA) samples from PLP.
Hesse, Frank-Dieter Kuchta, Igor Lacík, and Benchmark kp values for aqueous solutions contain- Alex M. van Herk ing 15 mass % MAA are presented for temperatures Pure and Applied Chemistry between 18 and 89 °C. The Arrhenius pre-exponential Vol. 79, No 8, pp. 1463–1469, 2007 and activation energy of kp at 15 mass % MAA are 1.54 x 106 L mol-1 s-1 and 15.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. Also doi:10.1351/pac200779081463 reported are critically evaluated kp values for 25 °C Critically evaluated propagation rate coefficients, kp, over the entire MAA concentration range from dilute for free-radical polymerization of methacrylic acid, aqueous solution to bulk polymerization. MAA, in aqueous solution are presented. The under- lying kp values are from two independent sources, www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2007/7908/7908x1463.html which both used the IUPAC-recommended technique
Explanatory Dictionary of Key Terms in Toxicology (IUPAC istry to toxicology. It should also facilitate the use of chemistry in relation to risk assessment. Recommendations 2007) www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2007/7909/7909x1583.html Monica Nordberg, John H. Duffus, and Douglas M. Templeton Pure and Applied Chemistry A second part to this explanatory dictionary has Vol. 79, No 9, pp. 1583-1633, 2007 recently been initiated as project 2006-020-1- doi:10.1351/pac200779091583 700. The “Explanatory Dictionary of Terms Used in Toxicology” (PART 2) identifies about 20 addi- The objective of the “Explanatory Dictionary of Key tional terms that have caused communication Terms in Toxicology” is to give full explanations of difficulties, and expands their explanations in an the meaning of toxicological terms chosen for their effort to clarify their meanings and, in the end, importance and complexity from the point of merging the meaning of related scientific papers, reviews, chemistry and toxicology. This requires a full descrip- or other documents. Together, Parts I and II of tion of the underlying concepts, going beyond a nor- the Explanatory Dictionary should help chem- mal dictionary definition. Often linguistic barriers lead ists meet the increasing needs of government to problems in obtaining a common understanding for chemical risk assessment by clarifying com- of terminology at the international level and between munication between chemists, toxicologists, and disciplines. The explanatory comments should help risk assessment specialists. This will, in turn, help to break down such barriers. The dictionary consists ensure that chemistry practices remain safe and of about 68 terms chosen from the IUPAC “Glossary continue to benefit human health. of Terms Used in Toxicokinetics,” organized under 22 main headings. For more information contact
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 27 Books and publications hot off the press. See also www.iupac.org/publications Bookworm
Quantities, Units, and Symbols in chemistry and physics. As with previous versions, this Physical Chemistry: 3rd edition edition has been written to enable clear understanding in an interdisciplinary environ- —also known as the IUPAC Green Book ment and to convey informa- prepared for publication by E.R. Cohen, T. Cvitas, tion in a global multidisciplinary J.G Frey, B. Holmstrom, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. arena in which chemistry plays Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. Strauss, M. a central role. Examples are Takami, and A.J. Thor provided to explain how to RSC Publishing, 2007 avoid ambiguity in conveying ISBN 0 85404 433 7; ISBN-13 978 0 85404 433 7 information. The third edition has a sig- The first IUPAC Manual of Symbols and Terminology nificantly extended index that for Physicochemical Quantities and Units (the Green provides a dictionary of terms Book) of which this is the direct successor, was pub- and symbols and useful conver- lished in 1969, with the object of “securing clarity and sion tables. Information in the precision, and wider agreement in the use of symbols, Green Book is synthesized from by chemists in different countries, among physicists, IUPAC, IUPAP, and ISO. The sec- chemists and engineers, and by editors of scientific ond edition has been available online as a PDF file, and journals.” In 1988, it underwent major extension and the third edition will be available as a PDF one year revision and was given the simplified title Quantities, after publication. Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. This is the definitive guide for scientists and orga- This third edition of the Green Book, Quantities, nizations working across a multitude of disciplines Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, is based requiring internationally approved nomenclature. upon the most up-to-date sources for fundamental constants, data, and nomenclature in the fields of www.iupac.org/publications/books/author/cohen.html
Not convinced that the Green Book is an invaluable 12. Give the present definition of the metre. reference to have? Try the quiz below . . . 13. The integrated absorption intensity of the 1479 cm-1 band ion of the infrared spectrum of 1. What is the symbol for amount of substance (also benzene is recorded to be 2.34 km mol-1. Convert called chemical amount)? this (i) into an integrated cross-section in pm2, 2. What is the definition of the SI base unit for and (ii) into an intensity in atm-1 cm-2 at 20°C. amount of substance, the mole? 14. The étendue of an optical instrument is a measure 3. What is the affinity of a chemical reaction? of its throughput, or light gathering power. Define 4. How is it defined, and what is its SI unit? fluence; give its symbol, and SI units.
5. Define the extent of reaction ξ (SI unit: mole) for 15. Define the coulomb integral Jij and the exchange a chemical reaction? integral Kij between two molecular orbitals φi and 6. What is the SI unit, and the commonly used unit, φj in Hartree-Fock SCF-MO theory. of molar electric conductivity? 16. There are two accepted definitions of the electro- 7. What do the acronyms RADAR, REMPI, RHEED, negativity χ of an atom; give them both. In what and STEM stand for? units is χ usually recorded? 8. Name 12 different quantities for which the symbol 17. What are the meanings of the units ppb and ppt? μ is commonly used? When should they not be used? 9. Define the number-average, mass-average, and 18. Give the SI prefixes for 10-15, 10-18, 10-21, and 10-24. Z-average molar masses of a polymer. 19. What is the definition of the year?
10. How is the reduced spin-spin coupling KAB in 20. Will the year 3200 be a leap year? NMR spectroscopy related to the more familiar
(indirect) spin-spin constant JAB? Why is KAB Compiled by Ian Mills (Vol 16, No. 1. 1994, CI) following the publication of the second sometimes a more useful quantity? edition of the Green Book in 1993. 11. The magnetic susceptibility of a sample is described as “-15 cgs ppm.” Convert this into SI units.
28 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Natural Product Chemistry at a Glance products biosynthesis, however, it is too brief in some Stephen P. Staniforth, Blackwell Publishing, 2006 subject areas. The section on polyketide biosynthe- ISBN 1-4051-4562-5 sis, for example, does not provide a good sense of the current state of this discipline. In relation to the reviewed by Mary Garson important training example of 6-methylsalicylic acid, Natural Product Chemistry at a Glance is a concise the biosynthesis is discussed starting from a tetra- primer on natural products in which the author points ketide precursor, consequently the progressive mode out the striking mechanistic par- of polyketide biosynthesis is not allels between biosynthesis and adequately explained. The brief many common organic reactions. section on labeling studies is not This book is intended for senior adequate either, since there were undergraduates studying chemis- few accompanying diagrams that try who have some familiarity with show individual labeling results. In organic reactions and mechanistic fact, the reader is referred back to concepts. The book may well suit the earlier discussion on 6-meth- the British and European markets, ylsalicylic acid, but to an incorrect but it is unlikely to be suitable for diagram. A mechanistic textbook the North American market where also should discuss the chorismate natural products is a topic covered to prephenate rearrangement, at the graduate course level. In given its medicinal chemistry sig- my experience, natural products is nificance. In addition, the older taught within a course on medici- term “pyrophosphate” is used in nal chemistry, something this text- place of the more common term book does not provide. “diphosphate” in the section on The book begins with a brief terpene biosynthesis. introduction to primary and sec- Finally, the graphics in a chem- ondary metabolites, and is then divided into six istry textbook are important, and I found a number of short sections that address the origin of fatty acids, problems with the diagrams in this book. In some dia- polyketides, shikimate metabolites, terpenes, and grams, for example, the biosynthetic origin of carbon alkaloids. (A final section provides answers to the atoms are identified using letters, which was visually mechanistic problems that are scattered throughout distracting and contrary to the asterisks, squares, or the text; the 141-page book also includes an index.) other symbols used in most biosynthesis textbooks. Although the book jacket states that it “will serve as Despite the condensed format, the text and diagrams an initial platform for more advanced excursions” into were also repetitious in content. For example, Figures natural products, the text does not capture the cur- 2.12 and 3.8 use different abbreviations to repre- rent “chemical biology” approach to natural products sent the enzyme, “SCoA” and the “SEnz” descriptor, chemistry, nor does it put the numerous examples of respectively, which is confusing for a student. In addi- natural product structures in an appropriate biological tion, some of the structures in the graphics are not context—which would make it hard for a reader to use aligned , such as the carbonyl groups in Figure 4.61. it as the basis for more advanced reading. The entire Although the educational concepts behind this field of chemical ecology is covered in two brief para- series of “at-a-glance” books are sound, I would not graphs, and there is only occasional mention of the strongly recommend this textbook for students. It origin or medicinal effects of metabolites. A page of would, however, be a good reference guide. references provides some suggestions for additional reading, but the most recent reference is 2003, and www.blackwellpublishing.com those covering polyketides are from 1997—not recent enough given that this rapidly evolving research field Mary Garson
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 29 V Reports from recent conferences and symposia See also www.iupac.org/symposia Conference Call Macromolecules for a dent, opened the conference. Two presentations fol- Sustainable, Safe, and lowed, one by Christine-Alsen Norodom of UNESCO Healthy World covering education for sustainable development, and a panel discussion, chaired by Dennis Smith, that by Christopher K. Ober focused on current challenges for the field of poly- mer science. These sessions set the tone for a highly A strategic conference entitled Macromolecules for a interactive conference focused on global issues and Sustainable, Safe, and Healthy World (IUMACRO-07) the role of polymer chemistry in solving important took place in Brooklyn, New York, USA, 10–13 June societal problems. 2007. Jointly organized by the IUPAC Polymer Division, The conference format provided two plenary lec- and the Polymer Chemistry and PMSE Divisions of the tures each morning and afternoon, followed by four American Chemical Society, the conference assessed related parallel lecture sessions. The eight plenary the challenges facing the intersecting fields of polymer speakers and their topics were as follows: science and technology. The conference was the first meeting sponsored jointly by the three organizations. • Joseph DeSimone from the University of The conference was held on the campus of Brooklyn North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, presented Polytechnic University in the heart of Brooklyn, with “Engineered Drug Therapies via Lithographic accommodations at the New York Marriott at the Processes from the Electronics Industry” Brooklyn Bridge. There were 251 participants, many • Richard Gross of Brooklyn Polytechnic, in of them students. The conference had strong interna- Brooklyn, New York, spoke on biopolymers tional appeal, with participants from 24 countries and • Michael Grünze of the Universitäte Heidelberg, 6 continents, though many attendees were American. Germany presented “Polymer Nano-Brushes: The welcome reception and conference banquet were Preparation and Physical Characterization” held at the New York Botanical Gardens. • Nobel laureate Alan Heeger, of the University The conference was inspired by the 2002 IUPAC of California at Santa Barbara, USA, presented Strategic Polymer Conference held in Kyoto, Japan. It “‘Plastic’ Electronics and Opto-electronics— was the second strategic meeting sponsored by the Recent Progress in Santa Barbara” Polymer Division to assess the current fields of poly- • Yasuhiro Koike of Keio University in Japan pre- mer science and technology and strategize about the sented “Photonic Polymers: Bringing Us back to future. Professor Jung-Il Jin, Polymer Division presi- Face-to-Face Communication” • Lene Lange of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, presented “Plant Cell Wall Polymers as the Basis for Bioenergy—Challenges and Options” • Myongsoo Lee of Yonsei University in Korea spoke on the topic “Reversible Nanostructures from Rod Amphiphiles” • Qi-Feng Zhou of Peking University and Jilin University in China presented “Mesogen-Jacketed Liquid Crystalline Polymer (MJLCP) and its Use in Property and Structure Design of New Materials” Speakers and conference attendees on the steps of the Brooklyn Polytechnic campus.
30 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 In addition to the plenary speakers, there were 72 discussing potential areas of collaboration with the invited lecturers and 51 contributed oral presentations, IUPAC Polymer Division. The focus was on interna- a total of 123 lectures. More than 30 speakers were tional education in polymer science for developing from outside the USA, adding to the international countries and on international conferences aimed at character of the conference. The 68 poster sessions younger scientists, with follow-up discussions planned were lively and well attended. for the next World Polymer Congress in Taipei. Of the four sub-sessions for the meeting, two The program ended with a closing ceremony that focused on health and global security, with one each included statements by Jung-Il Jin, and Professor Abe on sustainable energy and environment and industrial of Tokyo Polytechnic University in Japan. The confer- design. Attendance at these sessions was generally ence was organized by Kalle Levon and Richard Gross high. Details of the program can be found at
Provisional Recommendations Provisional Recommendations are drafts of IUPAC recommendations on terminology, nomenclature, and symbols made widely available to allow interested parties to comment before the recommendations are finally revised and published in Pure and Applied Chemistry.
www.iupac.org/reports/provisional
Metrological Traceability of uncertainty, measurement standard, calibrator, and Measurement Results in Chemistry reference material. Additional concepts such as met- In commerce, society, and science, metrological com- rological equivalence of measurement results are also parability of measured quantity values and various given. published values is essential to determine their spa- Flow charts of generic calibration hierarchies are tio-temporal differences, ratios, and drifts. Achieving presented as well as a variety of examples. metrological comparability of measurement results The establishment, assessment, and reporting of requires definition of calibration hierarchies provid- metrological traceability are discussed, including the ing metrological traceability chains which enable the needed metrological institutional hierarchy and the establishment of metrological traceability of measured role of interlaboratory comparisons. quantity values to a common metrological reference. Recommendations are made about the essential Experience has shown that the understanding of steps in planning and performing a measurement, and the concepts involved, their relation, role, definition, reporting a measurement result. and use is insufficient and varied. Consequently, an attempt is made in this study to arrive at a set of Comments by 29 February 2008 consistent concept systems with associated termi- Prof. Paul De Bièvre nology for measurement in chemistry. The systems TEL: +[32] 14 851 338 build on definitions of concepts and associated terms FAX: +[32] 14 853 908 from the new 3rd edition (2007) of the International E-MAIL: [email protected] Vocabulary of Metrology—Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms, such as quantity, measurand, www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract07/fajgelj_290208.html calibration, measurement procedure, measurement
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 31 Announcements of conferences, symposia, workshops, meetings, and other upcoming activities Where 2B & Y Molecules that Matter responded to different aspects of the exhibit and to September 2007–April 2008 how it all fits together. You don’t know until the open- Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, ing if you got the blend right. Now we know it works. New York, USA It feels great.” Introducing the exhibit and moderating the panel Organic molecules are the stars in a new exhibit that discussion were Weber and Ray Giguere, the Skidmore opened on 8 September 2007 at The Frances Young chemistry professor who proposed the original con- Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore cept and serves as the exhibition’s co-curator and sci- College in Saratoga Springs, New entific overseer. Giguere explained York, USA. Titled Molecules that that the exhibit grew out of a class Matter, this new traveling exhibit he taught on the history of science —created in partnership with the in the 20th century. Chemical Heritage Foundation The 10 molecules in the exhibit of Philadelphia—tells the story of were chosen to represent each organic chemistry in the 20th cen- decade of the 20th century and tury using molecular models, art, collectively represent the cultural and material culture objects. Each changes organic chemistry made organic compound represents a in America and around the world. decade of the century just passed The molecules in order by decade to show the influence of organic are aspirin isooctane, penicillin, chemistry on everyday life. polyethylene, nylon, DNA, progestin (The Pill), DDT, The exhibit demonstrated that organic chemistry Prozac; and the buckminster-fullerene (carbon 60). can draw an enthusiastic audience. Molecules that At the end of the panel discussion, Weber and Matter opened with a panel discussion in front of Giguere fielded such questions as “Why not Taxol?” more than 150 people. A larger crowd filled the gallery and “What other molecules were considered?” Giguere and reception areas to talk with the artists, archivists, said the initial list of 200 was pared to 100 then 50 scientists, and other experts who contributed to this then 20, “then things got difficult.” Others that did dramatic blend of art, science, and artifacts. not make the cut in addition to Taxol (which was John Weber, Dayton Director of the Tang Museum, second to Prozac for the 1980s) were cortisone and said that after three years of planning, he is delighted polystyrene. at “how well the art cohabits with the huge molecu- lar models and the material culture objects. People The Exhibit at the Tang Molecules that Matter inhabits 3 000 square feet of the second floor of the Tang, with huge molecu- lar models hanging from high ceilings. Next to the staircase hangs the most popular (judging by crowd reaction) of the molecular models, the seven-foot- diameter bucky ball (C-60 carbon sphere). The mate- rial culture objects that accompany this model, such as a carbon bike frame, represent the many ways car- bon nanotubes and buckminster fullerenes have been employed since their discovery by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, and Sir Harold Kroto. On the bridge between the stairs and the main gal- lery are amber and green stalagmites and stalactites made by artist Jean Shin from thousands of prescrip- tion bottles. Three displays hang from the ceiling and four are mounted on the floor, making a dramatic entrance to the main second-floor gallery. Her work introduces the viewer to penicillin. Off in a corner is the isooctane model. Four-
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 32 A new view of DDT. Photo by Philip Scalia
Environmental Technology Following are likely topics to be covered: and Renewable Energy 1. WHO climate report and impact on energy use 2. fossil and renewable energy resources
31 January–1 February 2008 3. CO2 reduction/renewable energy Vienna, Austria 4. environmental technology as an economic impe- tus for Austria, Europe, and the global economy Envietech2008 is the first-of-its-kind international con- 5. EU funded research in the areas of environment gress and exhibition on Environmental Technology and and energy within FP6 and FP7 Renewable Energy. It will be held at the Austria Center 6. EU Technology Platforms collaboration for suc- Vienna, 31 January–1 February 2008 under the aus- cessful developments: pices of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, • ETP for Plants for the Future Forestry, Environment, and Water Management, and in • European Biofuels Technology Platform cooperation with the European Commission’s Energy • ETP for Renewable Energy Week 2008. • European Solar Thermal Technology Platform The congress and exhibition will give new impulses • European Wind Energy Technology Platform and present new opportunities for the emerging sec- • Forest-Based-Sector Technology Platform tor of sustainable environmental technologies and • Coordinated Action on Ocean Energy renewable energy resources. The newest develop- • Photo-Voltaic Technology Platform ments and trends, their socio-economic impact, and 7. bio fuels: raw materials, technology, use, and implementation will be presented in four tracks: market • Environmental Technology 8. alternative pathways to secure energy sustainabil- • Renewable Energy ity and new technologies • 4th European Forum on Eco-innovation 9. research projects, industry presentations, and • Business Lounge financing strategies
www.envietech.at
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 33 Where 2B & Y Data Mining Thermophysical Properties 16–18 July 2008 31 August–4 September 2008 Leipzig, Germany Pau, France
The 8th Industrial Conference on Data Mining The 18th European Conference on Thermophysical (ICDM’2008) is the eighth conference in a series of Properties (ECTP2008) is jointly organized by the industrial conferences on data mining. Experts from University of Pau, France; the University of Bordeaux different fields will present their applications and the 1, France; the Slovak Academy of Science, Slovak results obtained by applying data mining. In addition, Republic; and the Constantine the Philosopher newcomers to the field can get a fast introduction to University, Slovak Republic. data mining by taking the tutorial that will run in con- The conference will provide a forum for academic nection with the conference. In a problem/solution and industrial researchers to meet and exchange hour, attendees will have the opportunity to present valuable experiences in the field of thermophysical their applications and ask for support or cooperation properties of a wide variety of systems covering fluids from others in solving the problem. and solids. Abstracts are due by 31 January 2008 and registration is due by 15 June 2008. www.data-mining-forum.de For more information, contact conference chairman Jean-Luc Daridon
http://ectp.univ-pau.fr
Luminescence Spectrometry Bologna is an ideal setting for scientific, social, and cultural experiences. Its rich artistic tradition, numer- 7–11 September 2008 ous gastronomic specialities, and the warm-hearted- Bologna, Italy ness of its citizens have been appreciated by visitors from all over the world. The University of Bologna– The XIII International Symposium on Luminescence Alma Mater Studiorum is the oldest university in the Spectroscopy (ISLS 2008)—“Analytical Luminescence: Western world. New Diagnostic Tools in Life Science, Food Safety and Contributions are invited for oral and poster pre- Cultural Heritage”—will be held on 7–11 September sentations at the ISLS 2008. The abstract submission 2008 in Bologna, Italy. It deadline is 15 April 2008. is being organized by the University of Bologna Alma Topics: Mater Studiorum. • basic and molecular mechanisms of fluorescence, ISLS represents a tradi- TR-fluorescence, bio- and chemiluminescence, tional scientific appointment electrogenerated luminescence for scientists involved in all the • new luminescent probes and substrates; selectiv- aspects of luminescence spec- ity in luminescence detection trometry, from photolumines- • far-red and NIR luminescence; laser-induced fluo- cence and electrogenerated rescence luminescence to bio- and che- • instrumentation for light emission measurements; miluminescence. The meeting multiplexed hybrid devices will create a forum for in-depth, • miniaturized systems; luminescent chip-based informed discussions regarding technologies, microarray, point-of-care testing both basic science and applica- • nanomaterials and quantum dots tions in biosciences, pharmaceutical, environmental, • high-throughput and high-content screening; and food analysis. biomarker and drug discovery
34 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Where 2B & Y
• cellular process monitoring; in vitro/in vivo • luminescence applications: environmental, foren- reporter gene luminescent techniques sic, counterterrorism, occupational medicine, • luminescent immunoassays and nucleic acids food, drug, clinical chemistry, proteomics, genom- detection ics, materials, industry • molecular luminescent imaging • (miniaturized) capillary electrophoresis and chro- Workshops: matographic techniques, hyphenated methods • luminescence-based detection methods to • luminescence in flow-assisted analysis improve food safety • new luminescence detectors and principles in • noninvasive luminescent techniques for cultural separation sciences heritage science and preservation • biosensors and whole-cell biosensors; resonance • point-of-care testing (POCT) devices based on energy transfer techniques luminescence • luminescent analysis: method validation and reg- • light on the crime scene: forensic applications ulatory issues; chemiometric tools, computer- assisted luminescence www.isls2008.unibo.it
Green Chemistry 14–20 September 2008 Moscow-St. Petersburg, Russia
The 2nd International IUPAC Conference on Green Chemistry (ICGC-2) will be held 14–20 September 2008 aboard the ship “Mikhail Kalinin,” which will travel from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Russia. One of the stops on the boat trip is Kizhi Island, The IUPAC ICGC-2 will take place under the aus- which features The Church of the Transfiguration pices of IUPAC, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian and The Church of the Intercession, two 18th- Foundation of Basic Researches, Russian Ministry of century wooden churches. Education and Science, and M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. The conference will be organized by alternative solvents, new reagents) the Chemistry Department of Moscow M.V. Lomonosov • future green energy sources (hydrogen technol- State University, Russian Academy of Sciences, and ogy; fuel-cell technology; energy saving) Scientific-Educational Center “Sustainable-Green • use of renewables (new biomass technologies; Chemistry.” plant polymers; biofuels) It is intended that the topics of the conference will • benign process technology (microreactor tech- attract academicians, researchers, industry represen- nique; microwave technology; photo chemistry) tatives, as well as students interested in green chemis- • education in green chemistry try. The conference will be based on plenary lectures, invited lectures, and oral and poster presentations. The deadline for abstract submission is 30 March Work groups discussions will be organized as well. 2008. The conference is expected to attract participants from all over the world. See Mark Your Calendar on page 37 for contact information. The main topics will include: • benign synthesis routes (heterogeneous cataly- www.icgc2008.ru sis, homogeneous catalysis, enzymatic catalysis,
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 35 Upcoming IUPAC-sponsored events See also www.iupac.org/symposia for links to Mark Your Calendar specific event websites
2007 IUPAC poster prizes to be awarded 5–7 November 2007 • Infrared Spectroscopy • Buenos Aires, Argentina International Workshop on Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to Biological and Biomimetic Systems: From the Isolated Molecule to the Cell Prof. Andrea Gómez-Zavaglia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Catedra de Quimica General e Inorganica, Junin 956. 2 P, C.P. 1113. Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tel.: +54 11 4964 8249, E-mail: [email protected] 28 November–1 December 2007 • Metallomics • Nagoya, Japan International Symposium on Metallomics Prof. Hiroki Haraguchi, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya- University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Tel.: +81-52-789-5288, Fax: +81-52-789-5290, E-mail: [email protected] 2–5 December 2007 • Food Security in Africa • Stellenbosch, South Africa CHEMRAWN XII—The Role of Chemistry in Sustainable Agriculture and Human Well-being in Africa, Ms. Christelle Snyman, Tel.: +27 21 938 9245, Fax: +27 21 933 2649, E-mail: [email protected]
2008 IUPAC poster prizes to be awarded
8–11 January 2008 • Agrochemicals • New Delhi, India International Conference on Agrochemicals Protecting Crop, Health and Natural Environment, Dr. N.A. Shakil, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, New Delhi 110 012, India, Tel.: +91 009818196164, Fax: +91 11-25843272 2–8 February 2008 • Photodynamics • Havana, Cuba 5th International Meeting on Photodynamics Prof. Jesús Rubayo Soneira, Instituto Superior de Tecnologias y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ave. Salvador Allende y Luaces, A.P. 6163, Havana 10600, Cuba, Tel.: + 53 7-2041188, Fax: +53 7-2041188, E-mail: [email protected] 9–12 March 2008 • Heterocyclic Chemistry • Gainesville, Florida, USA 9th Florida Heterocyclic Conference Prof. Alan R. Katritzky, University of Florida, Dept. of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA, Tel.: +1 352 392 0554, Fax: +1 352 392 9199, E-mail: [email protected] 2–6 June 2008 • Molecular Order and Mobility in Polymer Systems • Saint-Petersburg, Russia 6th International Symposium on Molecular Order and Mobility in Polymer Systems, Prof. T.M. Birshtein, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMC RAS), Bolshoi pr. 31, Saint-Petersburg, RU-199004 Russia, E-mail: [email protected] 22–27 June 2008 • Organic Synthesis • Daejeon, Korea International Conference on Organic Synthesis (ICOS-17) Prof. Sung Ho Kang, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, Tel.: +82-42-869-2825, Fax: +82-42-869-2810, E-mail: [email protected] 13–18 July 2008 • Biodiversity and Natural Products • Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada International Conference on Biodiversity and Natural Products (ICOB-6 & ISCNP-26) Prof. Russell Kerr, Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada, Tel.: + 1 902 566 0565, Fax: +1 902 566 0632, E-mail: [email protected]. Ann Worth, Conference Manager, E-mail: [email protected] 27 July–1 August 2008 • Carbohydrates • Oslo, Norway 24th International Carbohydrate Symposium (ICS 2008) Prof. Berit Smestad Paulsen, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, Tel.: +47 22 856 572, Fax: +47 22 854 402, E-mail: [email protected] 28 July–1 August 2008 • Photochemistry • Gothenburg, Sweden XXII IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry Prof. Devens Gust, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287- 1604, USA, Tel.: +1 602 965 4547, Fax: +1 602 965 2747, E-mail: [email protected]
36 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 3–8 August 2008 • Chemical Education • Pointe aux Piments, Mauritius 20th International Conference on Chemical Education: Chemistry in the Information & Communications Technologies Age, (20th ICCE) Dr. Ponnadurai Ramasami, Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius, E-mail: [email protected] 3–8 August 2008 • Chemical Thermodynamics • Warsaw, Poland 20th International Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics Questions should be addressed to E-mail: [email protected]. Comments, concerns, proposals, etc., should be addressed to E-mail: [email protected]. 14–20 September 2008 • Green Chemistry • Moscow, Russia 2nd IUPAC Conference on Green Chemistry Prof. Valery V. Lunin, Chairman Russia Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, build. 3, 119992 Moscow Russia, Tel.: +7-495-9394575, Fax +7-495-9394575, E-mail: [email protected] 14–20 September 2008 • Humic Substances • Moscow, Russia 14th Meeting of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS-14) Prof. Irina V. Perminova, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +7 495 939 5546, Fax: +7 495 932 8846 12–17 October 2008 • Biotechnology • Dalian, China 13th International Biotechnology Symposium (ISB 2008): “Biotechnology for the Sustainability of Human Society” Prof. Fengwu Bai, Dept. of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong road, Dalian 116023, China, Tel.:+86 411 84706329, Fax:+86 411 84708083, E-mail: [email protected] 26–30 November 2008 • Soil Science • Pucon, Chile International Symposium of Interactions of Soil Minerals with Organic Components and Microorganisms Dra. Maria de La Luz Mora, Universidad de La Frontera, Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Temuco, Chile, Tel: +56 45 325479, Fax: +56 45 325053, E-mail: [email protected]
Visas How to Apply for IUPAC It is a condition of sponsorships that organizers of Sponsorship meetings under the auspices of IUPAC, in considering Conference organizers are invited to complete an the locations of such meetings, should take all possible Application for IUPAC Sponsorship (AIS) preferably 2 steps to ensure the freedom of all bona fide chemists years and at least 12 months before the Conference. from throughout the world to attend irrespective of Further information on granting sponsorship is race, religion, or political philosophy. IUPAC sponsor- included in the AIS and is available upon request from ship implies that entry visas will be granted to all bona the IUPAC Secretariat or online. fide chemists provided application is made not less
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 37 Index for 2007 page(issue)
Bookworm and Adolf Mikula, 27(2) Advanced Polymers for Emerging Technologies, Macromolecules for a Sustainable, Safe, and Healthy 30(4) World, Christopher K. Ober, 30(6) Biomineralization—Medical Aspects of Solubility, Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Hamide Z. Senyuva, 22(5) 26(5) Biorefineries—Industrial Processes and Products: Neurotoxic Metals, Monica Nordberg and Roberto Status Quo and Future Directions, reviewed by W. Lucchini, 27(1) Reschetilowski, 25(3) Occupational Health and Safety Management in East Chemistry for Water—CHEMRAWN XV, 31(4) Africa, Kelvin Khisa, 32(3) Developments and Applications in Solubility, 27(3) Organic Synthesis, Eusebio Juaristi and Roberto Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Melgar-Fernández, 26(1) Separation, and Characterisation, 21(2) Pesticide Chemistry, Ken Racke, 30(1) Fine Chemicals—The Industry and the Business, Photochemistry, Masahiro Irie, 26(1) reviewed by Alan Smith, 22(5) Physical Organic Chemistry, Tadeusz Marek Krygowski Macromolecular Symposia—recent volumes, 26(3) and Krzysztof Wozniak, 26(2) Natural Products and Biodiversity, 29(4) Polymers for Advanced Applications, Ronald D. Natural Products Chemistry at a Glance, reviewed by Sanderson and Aneli Fourie, 33(4) Mary Garson, 29(6) Polymers Promoting Quality of Life, Jung-Il Jin, 29(1) Practical Studies for Medicinal Chemistry, 21(2) Radical Polymerization—Kinetics and Mechanism, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry: Philipp Vana, 28(3) The IUPAC Green Book, 3rd edition, 28(6) The Investigation of Organic Reactions and their Features Mechanisms, reviewed by Markus Etzkorn, 23(5) Before “Modern” Chemistry: A Stroll Inside the French The Periodic Table at a Glance, reviewed by G.J. Leigh, Books from the Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical 23(2) Library, Laure Joumel, 10(2) The Periodic Table: Its Story and Significance, reviewed Building Research Capacity to Promote Innovation: A by Herbert D. Kaesz, 22(2) Case Study in Mauritius, Dhanjay Jhurry, 12(1) Thermodynamics, Solubility, and Environmental Issues, Chemistry According to Kids, Lida Schoen, 4(1) 30(4) Chemistry for Water: Recommendations from CHEMRAWN XV, 8(5) Conference Call Chemistry in Japan: Lessons from the Past, Hitoshi Advanced Materials and Polymer Characterization, Ohtaki, 12(5) Michael Hess, 34(4) Chemistry in Jordan, Sultan Abu-Orabi, 8(2) Advanced Polymers for Emerging Technologies, Jung- Green Chemistry on the Rise: Thoughts on the Short Il Jin, 29(3) History of the Field, Pietro Tundo and Francesco Biodiversity and Natural Products, Michio Murata, Aricò, 4(5) 29(1) IUPAC in Torino, Italy, 4(6) Chemical Thermodynamics, J.H. Dymond and M. Division Roundups, 7(6) Frenkel, 24(2) Nanotechnology—The New Chemistry, Alan Smith, Chemistry Education for Humanity, Morton Z. Hoffman, 13(6) 32(1) On the Effectiveness of CHEMRAWN, John M. Malin, Chemistry in Latin America, Roberto Cao, 28(2) 4(2) and Errata, 20(6) Coordination Chemistry, Klaus R. Koch, 32(4) Radionuclides and Radiochemistry—Part I: Their Role Eurasia Conference on Chemical Sciences, U.K. Pandit, in Society, Mauro L. Bonardi and David S. Moore, 24(2) 10(6) Global Scientific Challenges: Perspectives from Young Roald Hoffmann’s Should’ve: Ethics and Science on Scientists, Cristina Airoldi, 24(5) Stage, An Interview with Hoffmann Conducted by Green Chemistry, Fabio Arico, 30(3) Liberato Cardellini, 4(3) Heterocyclic Chemistry, Lisa McElwee-White, 27(5) Science4Life: A German Initiative for Start-Ups in the High Temperature Materials Chemistry, Herbert Ipser Life Sciences and Chemistry, Uwe Gerlach, 8(1)
38 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 page(issue)
Speaking to the Public About Chemistry: A Three- Javier Garcia Martinez Wins Silver Medal of the Point Prime, David A. Evans, 8(4) European Young Chemist Award, 13(2) Sustainable Development and Education: Where Does Jürgen Gmehling Awarded the 2008 Rossini Lecture, Chemistry Fit?, Rietje van Dam-Mieras, 4(4) 17(5) The Chemical Industry and Sustainable Development: Margaret Brimble Wins Major International Award, The Role of ICCA and SAICM, Irina Dumitrescu, 8(3) 21(3) The Eurobachelor: An Update by Terry Mitchell, 12(4) Observatory on Intellectual Property, 13(2) This I Believe, Roald Hoffmann, 6(3) PAC is CrossRef Enabled, 28(4) Performance Materials: A Symposium and New Award, From the Editor 16(6) A Great Excuse for a Coffee Break, inside cover(4) Release of InChI Version 1.02 beta; Introducing A Question of Balance, inside cover(5) InChIKey, 18(6) A Whole New Chem Mind, inside cover(2) RSC Publishing Launches Project Prospect, 22(3) The Hobby of Kings, inside cover(1) Samsung Total Petrochemical Co. Ltd. Donates What It Means to Be a Member, inside cover(6) USD 25 000 to the IUPAC Polymer Division, 14(2) What Shall We Busy Ourselves With, inside cover(3) Standard Atomic Weights Revised, 18(6)
Internet Connection Making an imPACt DrugBank: An Internet Source for Drug Information, Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005, 20(1) John Proudfoot, 23(3) Chemical Speciation of Environmentally Significant Free Information Resources for Chemists, update by Metals with Inorganic Ligands, 26(4) Leslie Glasser, 24(3) Critically Evaluated Rate Coefficients for Free-Radical Internet Glossaries the Wiki Way, Kermit Murray, 23(1) Polymerization Part 6: Propagation Rage Coefficient of Methacrylic Acid in Aqueous Solution, 27(6) IUPAC Wire Cytokine Profiles in Human Exposure to Metals, 21(1) 2006 CODATA Prize Awarded to John Rumble, 14(2) Education, Outreach, and Codes of Conduct to 2007 IUPAC Prizes for Young Chemists, 19(4) Further the Norms and Obligations of the Chemical 2008 IUPAC Richter Prize in Medicinal Chemistry: Call Weapons Convention, 22(1) for Nominations, 16(6) Explanatory Dictionary of Key Terms in Toxicology, A Tribute to Professor Aubrey Jenkins, 19(6) 27(6) Call for IUPAC Prize for Young Chemists, 22(3) Glossary of Terms Relating to Pesticides, 21(1) Celebrating the Naming of Element 111, 14(2) Glossary of Terms Used in Photochemistry, 3rd edition, Chemical Risk Assessment Methodology, 19(6) 26(4) Chemists Gather in Budapest for the 1st European Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd Edition, Chemistry Congress, 13(2) 21(5) ChemZoo Announces the Release of the ChemSpider Graphical Representation of Stereochemical Service, 20(4) Configuration , 20(1) Election of IUPAC Officers, 19(4) Guidelines for Potentiometric Measurements in Great Demand for Analogue-Based Drug Discovery Suspensions, 27(4) Results in Reprint, 17(5) Properties and Units in Clinical and Environmental Highlights of the Executive Committee Meeting, 19(4) Human Toxicology, 27(4) In Memoriam, 15(2) Terminology of Polymers Containing Ionizable or Ionic IUPAC Prize for Young Chemists—call for nominations, Groups and of Polymers Containing Ions, 20(1) 28(5) IUPAC to Support the International Chemistry Mark Your Calendar Olympiad, 16(6) Listing of IUPAC Sponsored Conferences and Symposia, A Report on the 39th International Chemistry 36(1), 36(2), 39(3), 38(4), 32(5), 36(6) Olympiad, V. Lunin, N. Tarasova, and E. Lokteva, 17(6)
CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 39 Index for 2007 page(issue)
Officers’ Columns Young Ambassadors for Chemistry in Grahamstown, IUPAC Web Developments, David StC. Black, 2(3) South Africa, 21(4) Streamlining IUPAC Operations, Bryan R. Henry, 2(4) Tenure Review and Outlook, Christoph Buxtorf, 2(5) Provisional Recommendations The IUPAC Project System: Evaluation of Completed Glossary of Terms Related to Kinetics, Thermodynamics Projects, Ron D. Weir, 2(1) and Mechanisms of Polymerization, 24(3) and 25(4) Torino—Passion Lives Here, Leiv Sydnes, Giuseppe Glossary of Terms Related to Solubility, 24(3) and Della Gatta, and Franco DeAngelis, 2(2) 25(4) Why on Earth Be(come) an IUPAC Member, Leiv Graphical Representation Standards for Chemical Sydnes, 2(6) Structure Diagrams, 19(2) and 24(3) Metrological Traceability of Measurement Results in The Project Place Chemistry, 27(6) Altered Crop Protection Agent Residues in Transgenic Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Mass Crops, 24(4) Spectrometry, 19(1) An Introduction to Computer-Assisted Drug Design, 19(5) Stamps International, Daniel Rabinovich Assessment of Fundamental Understanding of Isotopic A Stamp Your Crystallographer Would Like, 7(3) Abundances and Atomic Weights, 18(2) For a Healthy Smile . . . , 15(6) Categorizing Hydrogen Bonding and Other Mendeleev’s Triumph, 3(4) Intermolecular Interactions, 16(2) Moissan’s Isolation of Flourine, 12(2) Establishing an East Asian Network for Organic Stamps International, 3(1) Chemistry, 26(6) Wöhler’s Masterpiece, 3(5) Glossary of Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers, 19(5) Tools of the Trade Greenhouse Gases—Mitigation and Utilization, 17(1) Adjustment, Estimation, and Uses of Equilibrium Guidelines for Modulated-Temperature Differential Reaction Constants in Aqueous Solution, Vladimir Scanning Calorimetry, 20(5) Y. Buzko, Igor V. Sukhno, and Leslie D. Pettit, 14(4) Herding AnIMLs: Update on the IUPAC and ASTM Assuring Quality of Analytical Measurement Results— Collaboration on Analytical Data Standards, Tony the Role of IUPAC, Ales Fajgelj, 12(3) Davies, 21(6) Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Impact of Advances in Science and Technology on the Atmospheric Chemistry, Michel J. Ross, 15(1) Chemical Weapons Convention, 22(1) The Red Book—Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Liquid Intrusion and Alternative Methods for the (IUPAC Recommendations 2005), by Richard Characterization of Macroporous Solids, 17(1) Hartshorn, 14(5) Mapping of IFCC-IUPAC Laboratory Coding System to SNOWMED CT, 18(2) Up for Discussion Metal-Focussed -omics: Guidelines for Terminology IUPAC Council Round Table Discussions—Topics for and Critical Evaluation of Analytical Approaches, Torino Sessions, 10 August 2007, 16(3) 24(4) Resolving Ambiguous Naming for an Ionic Liquid Multiple Uses of Chemicals: Clear Choices or Dodgy Anion, Gregory J. Wilson, Anthony F. Hollenkamp, Deals, Update from the GA, 23(6) and Anthony G. Pandolfo, 16(4) Principles of Chemical Nomenclature, 23(4) Priority Claims for the Discovery of Elements with Where 2B & Y Atomic Number Greater than 111, 18(1) Advances in Emulsion Polymerization and Latex Recommendations for Isotope Data in Geosciences, Technology, 4–8 June 2007, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 17(2) USA, 30(2) Securing and Structural Updating of Information in the Asian Chemistry Education, 30-31 July 2007, Taipei, NPU Coding System and Its Environment, 19(2) Taiwan, 34(3) Wet Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy Experiments, Challenges in Organic Chemistry, 27–29 June 2007, 19(5) Berlin, Germany, 30(2)
40 CHEMISTRY International November-December 2007 Index for 2007 page(issue)
Chemical Education, 3–8 August 2008, Mauritius, Mendeleev Congress, 23–28 September, Moscow, 37(1) Russia, 36(3) Chemical Thermodynamics, 3–8 August 2008, Warsaw, Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis, 3–4 October Poland, 31(5) 2007, San Francisco, California, USA, 29(5) Data Mining, 16–18 July 2008, Leipzig, Germany, 34(6) Molecules that Matter, September 2007–April 2008, Emerging Chemical Regulatory Environment, World 32(6) Chemistry Leadership Meeting, IUPAC 2007 General Natural Products, 4–7 November 2007, São Pedro, São Assembly, 10 August 2007, Torino, Italy, 34(3) Paulo State, Brazil, 29(5) Environmental Technology and Renewable Energy, 31 OPCW Academic Forum, 18–19 September 2007, The January–1 February 2008, Vienna, Austria, 33(6) Hague, Netherlands, 36(4) Food Security in Africa, 2–5 December 2007, Petra International Conference of Chemistry, 26–28 Stellenbosch, South Africa, 37(3) June 2007, Petra, Jordan, 30(2) FTIR Applied to Biological Systems, 5–7 November Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 5–7 September 2007, 2007, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 37(4) Istanbul, Turkey, 36(4) Green Chemistry, 14–20 September 2008, Moscow–St. Photochemistry, 28 July–1 August 2008, Gothenburg, Petersburg, Russia, 35(6) Sweden, 30(5) Heterocyclic and Synthetic Chemistry, 9–12 March Physical Organic Chemistry, 30 September–5 October 2008, Gainesville, Florida, USA, 29(5) 2007, Córdoba, Argentina, 36(3) Heterocyclic and Synthetic Chemistry, 9–12 March Plasma Chemistry, 26–31 August 2007, Kyoto, Japan, 2008, Gainesville, Florida, USA, 30(5) 36(1) ISRANALYTICA 2008, 22–23 January 2008, Tel Aviv, Renewable Energy, 18–21 June 2007, Mauritius, 37(1) Israel, 37(4) Solar Chemistry and Photocatalysis, 4–8 October Luminescence Spectrometry, 7–11 September 2008, 2008, Palermo, Italy, 31(5) Bologna, Italy, 34(6) Space Research, 13–20 July 2008, Montreal, Canada, MacroMolecular Complexes, 27–31 August 2007, 37(3) Fukuoka, Japan, 35(3) Thermophysical Properties, 31 August–4 September Medicinal Chemistry, 8–11 July 2007, Istanbul, Turkey, 2008, Pau, France, 34(6) 36(1)
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