Reframing the Urban Challenge in Africa
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Reframing the Urban Challenge in Africa This book explores the changing dynamics and challenges behind the rapid expanse of Africa’s urban population. Africa’s urban age is underway. With the world’s fastest growing urban population, the continent is rapidly transforming from one that is largely rural, to one that is largely urban. Often facing limited budgets, those tasked with managing African cities require empirical evidence on the nature of demands for infrastructure, escalating environmental hazards, and ever-expanding informal settlements. Drawing on the work of the African Urban Research Initiative, this book brings together contributions from local researchers investigating key themes and challenges within their own contexts. An important example of urban knowledge co-production, the book demonstrates the regional diversity that can be seen as the main feature of African urbanism, with even well-accepted concepts such as informality manifesting in markedly different ways from place to place. Providing an important nuanced perspective on the heterogeneity of African cities and the challenges they face, this book will be an important resource for researchers across development studies, African studies, and urban studies. Ntombini Marrengane is the Manager of the Secretariat for the African Urban Research Initiative (AURI), a Pan African, interdisciplinary applied urban research network, based at the African Centre for Cities at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Sylvia Croese is a research associate with the African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town and a senior researcher with the University of the Witwatersrand (South African Research Chair in Spatial Analysis and City Planning) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Routledge Studies in Cities and Development The series features innovative and original research on cities in the global South, aiming to explore urban settings through the lens of international development. The series particularly promotes comparative and interdisciplinary research targeted at a global readership. In terms of theory and method, rather than basing itself on any one orthodoxy, the series draws on a broad toolkit taken from across social sciences and built environment studies, emphasizing comparison, the analysis of the structure and processes, and the application of qualitative and quantitative methods. The series welcomes submissions from established and junior authors on cutting-edge and high-level research on key topics that feature in global news and public debate. The Politics of Slums in the Global South Urban Informality in Brazil, India, South Africa and Peru Edited by Véronique Dupont, David Jordhus-Lier, Catherine Sutherland and Einar Braathen Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities Edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher and John de Boer Reducing Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities Edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher, John de Boer and Mayssam D. Zaaroura Sustainable Urban Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa Risk and Resilience Edited by Llewellyn Leonard, Regis Musavengane and Pius Siakwah Reframing the Urban Challenge in Africa Knowledge Co-production from the South Edited by Ntombini Marrengane and Sylvia Croese For a full list of available titles please visit: www.routledge.com/ Reframing the Urban Challenge in Africa Knowledge Co-production from the South Edited by Ntombini Marrengane and Sylvia Croese First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Ntombini Marrengane and Sylvia Croese; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Ntombini Marrengane and Sylvia Croese to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-44220-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-00838-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman By Apex CoVantage, LLC To Phila, Sfiso, and Lunga, and Lucas and Oscar and the next generation of urban scholars in Africa Contents List of figures ix List of tables xi List of contributors xii Preface xvi Acknowledgements xviii List of acronyms xx 1 Introduction: Africa’s urban challenge 1 SYLVIA CROESE 2 The formal-informal interface through the lens of urban food systems: the Soweto food market in Lusaka, Zambia 18 GILBERT SIAME, DOUTY CHIBAMBA, PROGRESS H. NYANGA, BRENDA MWALUKANGA, BEVERLY MUSONDA MUSHILI, WIZA KABAGHE, GARIKAI MEMBELE, WILMA S. NCHITO, PETER MULAMBIA, AND DOROTHY NDHLOVU 3 Formal-informal interface: comparative analysis between three Egyptian cities 42 OMAR NAGATI AND BETH STRYKER 4 Dialogues on informality: land sharing as a sustainable approach to tenure security in Kiandutu informal settlement in Thika town, Kenya 82 PETER NGAU AND PHILIP OLALE 5 Urban infrastructure and inequality: lessons from Cairo and Johannesburg 113 DEENA KHALIL AND MARGOT RUBIN viii Contents 6 Weathering the storm: reflections on a community-based approach to flood-risk management in Kumasi, Ghana 152 DIVINE AHADZIE, IRENE-NORA DINYE, AND RUDITH SYLVANA KING 7 Housing for whom? rebuilding Angola’s cities after conflict and who gets left behind 183 ALLAN CAIN 8 Conclusion: towards a research agenda for knowledge co-production in Urban Africa 208 SYLVIA CROESE Index 216 Figures 3.1 Izbat Awlad al-‘Alamin Duqqi: Informal Enclave within the Formal City 44 3.2 Comparative Framework 49 3.3 Map of Cairo 50 3.4 Ghamra Station Activities and Flows Around a Major Transportation Hub 52 3.5 Railway Border between Ard al-Liwa and al-Muhandisin 54 3.6 Map of Alexandria 56 3.7 Map of Minya 59 3.8 Crossings Along the al-Ibrahimiya Canal in Minya 61 3.9 Activities and Flows 68 3.10 Reflections on the Formal-Informal Interface 71 3.11 Urban Experience Across the Formal-Informal Interface 74 3.12 Formal-Informal Interface in Four African Cities 77 4.1 Location of Kiandutu 90 4.2 Kiandutu Villages 91 4.3 Kiandutu Projected Population Growth 94 4.4 Density Distribution Map in Kiandutu 96 4.5 Temporary Housing in Kiandutu 97 4.6 Land Sharing Scenario 102 5.1 Structure of Johannesburg’s Regions 120 5.2 Cairo’s Administrative and Spatial Structure 123 5.3 Gauteng City Region Mean Incomes 126 5.4 Poverty Rates in Greater Cairo 127 5.5 Formal, Informal, and Traditional Tenure in Johannesburg, 2011 128 5.6 Tenure in the City of Johannesburg 129 5.7 Type of Housing Unit, Cairo, 2006 131 5.8 Type of Tenure, Cairo, 2006 132 5.9 Overcrowding Rate, Cairo, 2006 133 5.10 Access to Piped Water in Johannesburg, 2011 135 5.11 Source of Water, Cairo, 2006 136 5.12 Source of Lighting Johannesburg, 2011 138 5.13 Source of Lighting Cairo, 2006 139 x Figures 5.14 The Borders of Ezbet El-Haggana 142 6.1 Map Showing Kumasi in the Context of West Africa 157 6.2 Map of Kumasi, Detailing the Flood-Prone Areas Within the Kumasi Metropolis. The Study Area Sepe-Buokrom Is Clearly Shown 158 6.3 Local Governance Structure of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly Showing the Study Area, Sepe-Buokrom Electoral Area 159 6.4 Participants’ Affiliations in Second Stakeholder Meeting 162 6.5 Word Cloud on Achieving Flood Resilience 164 6.6 Participant Affiliations in the Second Stakeholder Meeting 169 7.1 Schematic Map Indicating Levels of Access to Water Ranked in Deciles 191 7.2 Kilamba New City in Luanda, China’s Largest Housing Project in Africa 192 7.3 Private Condominium Atlantico do Sul in Belas Municipality, Luanda 193 7.4 Lar do Patriota, the Most Successful Housing Cooperative in Luanda 195 7.5 An Incremental Housing Plan (Casa Evolutiva) to Be Built in Phases 197 7.6 Incremental (Upgradeable) House in Zango 198 7.7 Ranking of Household Income in Tala Hady Barrio-Upgrading District 199 7.8 Unassisted Self-Help, Owner-Built Housing on the Periphery of Luanda 200 7.9 Ranking of Household Income Against Housing Typologies 201 Tables 1.1 AURI member institutions 8 3.1 General profile comparing the three cities under study 62 4.1 Summary of infrastructure-services conditions in Kiandutu 99 5.1 Provision of services in Cairo and Johannesburg 134 5.2 Budget comparison of EMN, Helwan, and Ein Shams districts 141 5.3 Living conditions in EMN compared to Ezbet El-Haggana 143 6.1 Emergent themes and supporting notable comments from FGDs 167 7.1 Showing the comparative performance of housing sectors 200 Contributors Divine Ahadzie, BSc, MSc, PhD, MGIOC, CMCIH (UK), is Associate Profes- sor at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. Divine has in the past provided support to GHK Consulting Ltd (UK) in developing an Urban Flooding Risk Management Handbook for Developing Countries. He was an outstanding reviewer awardee in 2017 for the International Journal of Project Management. He has published on flood- related issues in the International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering. Allan Cain O.C. is an architect. He is also a specialist in project planning and urban development, and is the Director of Development Workshop (DW).