The Phylum Chordata
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Crossflow Filtration, Palatal Protrusions and Flow Reversals
W&M ScholarWorks Arts & Sciences Articles Arts and Sciences 2003 Feeding mechanisms in carp: crossflow filtration, palatal protrusions and flow er versals Todd Callan S. Laurie Sanderson College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Callan, Todd and Sanderson, S. Laurie, Feeding mechanisms in carp: crossflow filtration, palatal protrusions and flow er versals (2003). Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, 883-892. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00195 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 883-892 883 © 2003 The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.00195 Feeding mechanisms in carp: crossflow filtration, palatal protrusions and flow reversals W. Todd Callan and S. Laurie Sanderson* Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 4 December 2002 Summary It has been hypothesized that, when engulfing food chemosensory function rather than a mechanical particle- mixed with inorganic particles during benthic feeding, sorting function. However, palatal protrusions did retain cyprinid fish use protrusions of tissue from the palatal large food particles while large inorganic particles were organ to retain the food particles while the inorganic spit anteriorly from the mouth. We also investigated particles are expelled from the opercular slits. -
The Occurrences and Reclassification of Torpedo Panthera in Iraqi Marine Waters
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 3736 - 3741 Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021. The Occurrences and Reclassification of Torpedo Panthera in Iraqi Marine Waters Mujtaba. A.T. Ankush1, Ahmed Chasib Al-Shamary2 1Department of Fish and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. 2Marine Science Center, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT When two specimens of the Torpedo Panthera electric straw were caught in Iraqi marine waters in November 2020, their presence was known and reclassified through the study of 17 Morphometric characters, some of which were correlated with salinity Disk length, Disk width, and Eye diameter, and others with temperature First dorsal fin length, Second dorsal fin and Tail length, During the research, the chemical composition of the ray was investigated. KEYWORDS Torpedo Panthera, Iraqi Marine Water, Morphometric Characters, Rays. Introduction They are unmistakably monophyletic, with large pectoral electric organs derived from bronchial muscles, anteriorly expanded and branched antorbital cartilages, a neurocranium lacking supraorbital crests, and posteriorly arched scapulocoracoids, among other features, distinguishing them from other batoids (Compagno, 1977; McEachran et al., 1996). Electric ray species belonging to the genus Torpedo panthera Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764, is a genus of medium to large electric rays that can grow up to 180 cm in total length and can be found in tropical and temperate waters all over the world, from the shoreline to about 600 m on the continental slope. Larger specimens are capable of producing strong electric shocks that have been reported to reach a discharge of 220 volts (Coates and Cox, 1942; Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953). -
Cyclostome Embryology and Early Evolutionary History of Vertebrates Kinya G
329 Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates Kinya G. Ota and Shigeru Kuratani1 Evolutionary Morphology Research Group, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan Synopsis Modern agnathans include only two groups, the lampreys and the hagfish, that collectively comprise the group Cyclostomata. Although accumulating molecular data support the cyclostomes as a monophyletic group, there remain some unsettled questions regarding the evolutionary relationships of these animals in that they differ greatly in anatomical and developmental patterns and in their life histories. In this review, we summarize recent developmental data on the lamprey and discuss some questions related to vertebrate evolutionary development raised by the limited information available on hagfish embryos. Comparison of the lamprey and gnathostome developmental patterns suggests some plesiomorphic traits of vertebrates that would have already been established in the most recent common ancestor of the vertebrates. Understanding hagfish development will further clarify the, as yet, unrecognized ancestral characters that either the lampreys or hagfishes may have lost. We stress the immediate importance of hagfish embryology in the determination of the most plausible scenario for the early history of vertebrate evolution, by addressing questions about the origins of the neural crest, thyroid, and adenohypophysis as examples. Introduction—phylogeny and evolution anatomy (Janvier 1996; see subsequently), which In their basal position on the phylogenetic tree of the may, of course, simply reflect a secondary degen- vertebrates, the extant agnathans (the lampreys and erative condition in this animal. We should also the hagfish) are considered important for any under- remember that the lampreys also lack a cartilaginous standing of the history of the vertebrates (reviewed skeleton in the trunk in the larval stages, and even by Kuratani et al. -
Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES ISSN 1020-6868 FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS AND RAYS OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN PERSGA FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS AND RAYS OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN by Ramón Bonfil Marine Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, New York, USA and Mohamed Abdallah Strategic Action Program Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Jeddah, Saudi Arabia FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2004 iii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This document was prepared under the coordination of the Species Identification and Data Programme of the Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division, Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This field guide is largely based on material prepared for training courses on elasmobranch identification delivered in the region by the first author, and promoted by the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), as an activity of PERSGA’s Strategic Action Programme (SAP) towards capacity building and technical assistance in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region. Printing was supported by Japanese Government funds. The increasing recognition of the significance of sharks and batoid fishes as ecosystem health indicators, as well as their particular importance in exploited ecosystems in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, have been key considerations to promote the preparation of this Field Guide. Furthermore, in recent years the reported catches of elasmobranchs in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden showed a marked increase. -
An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved. -
Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997
The IUCN Species Survival Commission Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 Edited by Sarah L. Fowler, Tim M. Reed and Frances A. Dipper Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 25 IUCN The World Conservation Union Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 The IUCN/Species Survival Commission is committed to communicate important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision-makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC's Action Plans, Occasional Papers, newsletter Species and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation. To date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to SSC Specialist Groups. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of conservation education, research and international cooperation. -
Biological Aspects of Juveniles of the Common Stingray, Dasyatis Pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), from the Central Mediterranean Sea
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Biological Aspects of Juveniles of the Common Stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), from the Central Mediterranean Sea Francesco Tiralongo 1,2,3,* , Giuseppina Messina 1 and Bianca Maria Lombardo 1 1 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (B.M.L.) 2 Ente Fauna Marina Mediterranea, 96012 Avola, Italy 3 GRIS, Gruppo Ricercatori Italiani sugli Squali, Razze e Chimere, 16132 Genova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 February 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 10 April 2020 Abstract: Data on the biology of Dasyatis pastinaca are absent from the Ionian Sea and only a few studies were conducted in the Mediterranean Sea. Some biological and ecological aspects of D. pastinaca were investigated between November 2019 and February 2020 in the central Mediterranean Sea. In particular, we investigated several morphologic, population and ecological aspects of the species. The analysis of the stomach contents showed that D. pastinaca is a generalist carnivorous, mainly feeding on small crustaceans and polychaetes. The Levin’s index value (Bi) was 0.85. The sex ratio showed no significant differences from 1:1 ratio. Females were larger than males, but no statistical differences were found in disc width-weight and total length-disc width relationships between sexes. Most of the specimens caught were juveniles and inhabit shallow sandy bottoms. Keywords: eastern Sicily; Batoidea; elasmobranchs; diet; coastal fishery 1. Introduction Elasmobranchs are key top predators in most marine environments and play an essential role in regulating and structuring marine ecosystems [1,2]. -
29 | Vertebrates 791 29 | VERTEBRATES
Chapter 29 | Vertebrates 791 29 | VERTEBRATES Figure 29.1 Examples of critically endangered vertebrate species include (a) the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris), (b) the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei), and (c) the Philippine eagle (Pithecophega jefferyi). (credit a: modification of work by Dave Pape; credit b: modification of work by Dave Proffer; credit c: modification of work by "cuatrok77"/Flickr) Chapter Outline 29.1: Chordates 29.2: Fishes 29.3: AmphiBians 29.4: Reptiles 29.5: Birds 29.6: Mammals 29.7: The Evolution of Primates Introduction Vertebrates are among the most recognizable organisms of the animal kingdom. More than 62,000 vertebrate species have been identified. The vertebrate species now living represent only a small portion of the vertebrates that have existed. The best-known extinct vertebrates are the dinosaurs, a unique group of reptiles, which reached sizes not seen before or after in terrestrial animals. They were the dominant terrestrial animals for 150 million years, until they died out in a mass extinction near the end of the Cretaceous period. Although it is not known with certainty what caused their extinction, a great deal is known about the anatomy of the dinosaurs, given the preservation of skeletal elements in the fossil record. Currently, a number of vertebrate species face extinction primarily due to habitat loss and pollution. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, more than 6,000 vertebrate species are classified as threatened. Amphibians and mammals are the classes with the greatest percentage of threatened species, with 29 percent of all amphibians and 21 percent of all mammals classified as threatened. -
Order: Torpediniformes) from Odisha Coast, India
Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol 119(4)/ 480-485, 2019 ISSN (Online) : 2581-8686 DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v119/i4/2019/122903 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 Short Communication First Record of three Electric Rays (Order: Torpediniformes) from Odisha Coast, India Sanmitra Roy1, Swarup Ranjan Mohanty1, Anil Mohapatra1 and S. S. Mishra2* 1Estuarine Biological Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Hilltop, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Ganjam – 761002, Odisha, India 2Marine Fish Section, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata – 700016, West Bengal, India; [email protected] Abstract This paper reports three species of elasmobranchs of the order Torpediniformes, Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 and Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855 (Torpedinidae), and Narcine prodorsalis time from Odisha coast. The specimens were collected from Gopalpur coast, southern part of Odisha state. Diagnostic Bessednov, 1966 (Narcinidae), for the first characters of the species were presented to record their occurrence and distribution along Odisha coast. Keywords: Gopalpur, Narcinidae, New Records, Odisha, Torpedinidae Introduction Bay of Odisha coast is now relegated to the synonym of Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider) (Sujatha, 2002; The state of Odisha [= Orissa] lies along the north-eastern Compagno and Heemstra, 2007). coast of India with a stretch of 482 kilometres of coastline While observing fish faunal components in catches, adjoining the Bay of Bengal. Day (1869) pioneered the three specimens were collected from Gopalpur coast, study on fishes of Odisha in two parts and his account southern Odisha, of which two were identified as Torpedo included both marine and fresh water fishes. S ince t hen, sinuspersici Olfers (Torpediniformes: Torpedinidae) and several works piled up with regard to the fish faunal study one as Narcine prodorsalis Bessednov (Torpediniformes: of this maritime state. -
Sharks, Skates and Rays
Common Name: Atlantic torpedo ray SPCN Scientific Name: Torpedo nobiliana Taxon: Sharks, Skates, and Rays Federal Status: Not Listed Natural Heritage Program Rank: New York Status: Not Listed Global: Not Ranked New York: Not Ranked Tracked: No Synopsis: The Atlantic torpedo ray is a species of electric ray with a wide range in the Atlantic Ocean (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 2009). It is a batoid fish and of the two genera and fourteen species of electric rays worldwide, it is the only one found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. (Bigelow and Schroeder 2002). In the western Atlantic, it can be found from Nova Scotia, Canada south to Brazil (Robins and Ray 1986,). Coastwide it is found on the continental shelf and has been seen off the south shore of Long Island in New York many times and was caught in a trawl survey in 2009 (Briggs and Waldman 2002, M. Richards, personal communication). This species is found from the surface to depths of about 800 meters; juveniles are mostly benthic (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 2009). Atlantic torpedo adults have been reported to migrate long distances (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 2009). Because there is such little catch data for this species, current trends cannot be determined (Notarbarto lo di Sciara et al. 2009). Distribution Abundance NY Distribution NY Abundance (% of NY where species occurs) (within NY distribution) Trend Trend 0% to 5% Abundant 6% to 10% Common 11% to 25% Fairly common Unknown Unknown 26% to 50% X Uncommon > 50% Rare X Habitat Discussion: This species can be found from the surface to depths of about 800 meters (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. -
Narcinidae Gill, 1862 - Electric Rays, Numbfish, Blind Torpedos [=Narcininae Gill, 1862, Discopygae Gill, 1862] Notes: Narcininae Gill, 1862P:387 [Ref
FAMILY Narcinidae Gill, 1862 - electric rays, numbfish, blind torpedos [=Narcininae Gill, 1862, Discopygae Gill, 1862] Notes: Narcininae Gill, 1862p:387 [ref. 1783] (subfamily) Narcine [also as group? Narcinae] Discopygae Gill, 1862p:387 [ref. 1783] (group?) Discopyge [stem Discopyg- confirmed by Gill 1895:165 [ref. 31875]] GENUS Benthobatis Alcock, 1898 - blind torpedos [=Benthobatis Alcock [A. W.], 1898:144] Notes: [ref. 92]. Fem. Benthobatis moresbyi Alcock, 1898. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Benthobatis Alcock, 1898 -- (Fechhelm & McEachran 1984 [ref. 5227], Carvalho 1999:233 [ref. 23940], Carvalho et al. 1999:1435 [ref. 24638], Compagno 1999:486 [ref. 25589], Rincon et al. 2001:46 [ref. 25509], Carvalho & Séret 2002:395 [ref. 25996], Carvalho et al. 2002:138 [ref. 26196], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:519 [ref. 26985], Carvalho et al. 2003:926 [ref. 27551], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Valid as Benthobatis Alcock, 1898. Narcinidae. Species Benthobatis kreffti Rincon et al., 2001 - Brazilian blind electric ray [=Benthobatis kreffti Rincón [G.], Stehmann [M. F. W.] & Vooren [C. M.], 2001:49, Figs. 1-3, 6-8] Notes: [Archive of Fishery and Marine Research v. 49 (no. 1); ref. 25509] Off Cabo de Santa Marta Grande, southern Brazil, 27°25'S, 47°05'W, depth 504-527 meters. Current status: Valid as Benthobatis kreffti Rincón, Stehmann & Vooren, 2001. Narcinidae. Distribution: Western South Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Benthobatis marcida Bean & Weed, 1909 - blind torpedo [=Benthobatis marcida Bean [B. A.] & Weed [A. C.], 1909:677, Fig., Benthobatis cervina Bean [B. A.] & Weed [A. C.], 1909:679] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 36 (no. 1694); ref. -
Vertebrate Evolution Conserves Hindbrain Circuits Despite Diverse Feeding and Breathing Modes
Review Sensory and Motor Systems Vertebrate Evolution Conserves Hindbrain Circuits despite Diverse Feeding and Breathing Modes Shun Li and Fan Wang https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0435-20.2021 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 Abstract Feeding and breathing are two functions vital to the survival of all vertebrate species. Throughout the evolution, vertebrates living in different environments have evolved drastically different modes of feeding and breathing through using diversified orofacial and pharyngeal (oropharyngeal) muscles. The oropharyngeal structures are con- trolled by hindbrain neural circuits. The developing hindbrain shares strikingly conserved organizations and gene expression patterns across vertebrates, thus begs the question of how a highly conserved hindbrain generates cir- cuits subserving diverse feeding/breathing patterns. In this review, we summarize major modes of feeding and breathing and principles underlying their coordination in many vertebrate species. We provide a hypothesis for the existence of a common hindbrain circuit at the phylotypic embryonic stage controlling oropharyngeal movements that is shared across vertebrate species; and reconfiguration and repurposing of this conserved circuit give rise to more complex behaviors in adult higher vertebrates. Key words: breathing; central rhythm generator; evolution; feeding; hindbrain Significance Statement Understanding how a highly conserved hindbrain generates diverse feeding/breathing patterns is important for elucidating neural