Pelestarian H arim au Sum atera Kerinci-Seblat & associated program activities

Kerinci-Seblat Tiger Protection & Conservation

2006 Acknowledgements

We are grateful to many individuals and organisations for their magnificent support whether direct to the PHS program or for the campaign to prevent construction of inter- provincial highways through this World Heritage Site National Park The team particularly thanks National Fish & Wildlife Foundation Exxon-Mobil ‘Save the Tiger’ Fund, United States Fish & Wildlife Service, 21st Century Tiger, Dreamworld and the late Steve Irwin and his colleagues at Australia Zoo Wildlife Warriors Worldwide. Staff and friends from six Australian and New Zealand zoos gave the FFI team member wonderful hospitality during a tour organized by Giles Clarke and his Australia Zoo colleagues and made substantial donations to Sumatran Tiger conservation. Thank you, so much, everybody IUCN Holland, Bosak & Kruger, a generous private donor and the UNESCO Rapid Response Fund provided vital support to local NGOs campaigning against roads building and for NGO led action against organized encroachment into the national park and its buffer zone in and around the Sipurak area,. We received visits from Bruce Murdoch and Giles Clarke of Australia Zoo and from Pak Effendy and Dr Mahendra Shrestha which resulted in very useful advice. We also thank the many experts who provided specialist help-in-kind, particularly Dr John Lewis of the International Zoo Veterinary Group and Dr Jon Hanger of the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, DrH Yohana of Taman Safari Indonesia’s veterinary unit and Pat Quillen. Friends from Frankfurt Zoological Society and KSDA Jambi working on the orangutan rehabilitation program in Bukit Tigapuluh NP supervised the release of a young Malay sunbear housed at our Bangko base since its confiscation by KSDA Jambi in September 2005. Ruth Padel, the poet and author of ‘Tigers in Red Weather’, the best book in years about tiger conservation, offered enthusiastic and vocal support and was a great morale raiser. In Sumatra we thank the director of Kerinci-Seblat National Park Dr IR Suwartono, his deputy, Pak Kholid and Untung Wantoro, of the park Legal Unit for their support for the team and the local NGOs now working with us; in Jakarta, we particularly thank the Director of Species and Biodiversity Conservation – who now leads the Sekretariat of the Direktorat Jendral of PHKA, pak Adi Susmianto and his colleagues on Lantai 7 and Direktur Jenderal of Forestry pak Arman Mallolongan Staff of Fauna and Flora International: Indonesia Program in Jakarta and Frank Momberg and the FFI Asia-Pacific, FFI USA and FFI International team provided much technical and administrative support. We are very grateful to a number of police officers around this national park: in particular, our old friend chief of detectives Heri Manurung of Polres Merangin who has now moved to provincial police headquarters but continues to offer support for tiger conservation, at a distance. Finally, we thank all members of the PHS team - former PHS Field Manager Rudijanta Tjaha Nugraha now based in Jakarta, co-ordinators Dian Risdianto and Nurhamidi, administrator Bayumi and the field teams for their hard work, loyalty and dedication to the cause of conservation of wild Sumatran tigers and Kerinci Seblat National Park.

Deborah J Martyr Nandang Gumilar Fauna & Flora International : Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat Indonesia Program

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Summary 2006 Activities

The primary purpose of this program is to support the Indonesian Government’s commitment regarding protection of threatened species, particularly the critically endangered Sumatran tiger In the longer term, the program is committed to maintaining a sustainable, and effective species conservation program in one of Asia’s most important national parks. Six Tiger Protection and Conservation Units (TPCU) were active over the course of 2006 mainly focused on the provinces of Bengkulu and Jambi but conducting some activities in South and West Sumatra provinces. A total of 66 separate Sumatran tiger records were made by TPCU teams in the course of field patrols covering over 2100Km and 728 active deer snares and 17 active tiger snares destroyed. Four law enforcement operations were conducted against suspected tiger poachers and traffickers leading to the arrests of seven men and seizure of Sumatran tiger skins and bone. All of these men, with one exception, had previously become known to the program and placed on the program data base Three of these cases resulted in custodial sentences ranging from six months to one year: the fourth case is currently (January 2006) proceeding through the courts system. Two further law enforcement operations (3 suspects) proceeded through or are currently going through the legal process. A large number of arrests for more minor offences ranging from bird catching, illegal fishing methods, poaching offences where evidence was not sufficient for prosecution, encroachment and other forest crimes were dealt with by formal warnings (surat pernyatahan). PHS team members intervened directly in 27 separate cases of human-wildlife conflict: locations correlated strongly with new or on-going forest clearance. More than 80 active intelligence investigations were conducted and as many reports were logged as ‘for information only’ (no immediate action required/possible). Although illegal logging continued to reduce in most districts around the national park, encroachment escalated, correlated closely with confirmed or suspected incidents of tiger and deer poaching and human-wildlife conflict and is now the most critical problem facing this national park and its wild tigers. On-the-job training was routinely provided to park rangers and a 3-day training seminar on wildlife crime investigation and law enforcement held for police detectives, forest rangers and public prosecutors and key local NGOs from park- edge districts in Bengkulu and South Sumatra provinces. The program continued its partnership with three local NGOs in Kerinci and Merangin district and, in July 2006, assisted in the formation of the AKAR network of local NGOs.. FFI subsequently secured emergency funding for the AKAR network from the Rapid Response Fund of UNESCO to support the local NGO-led campaign against plans to drive inter-provincial highways through the national park and to identify and monitor other threats. FFI and the Kerinci team leader are seeking continuation funding for AKAR and for its individual members whose networking and local contacts were immensely important in the initial defeat of road building plans.

3 Construction of a purpose-built program operating centre in the Bangko town forest at Sungai Misang, funded by the late Steve Irwin’s Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, began, late, in September 2006: unfortunately, building work has been suspended since November pending clarification of legal issues (two individuals have come forward claiming the site belongs to them and not the local government so that there now appear to be three valid land ownership certificates for one 2ha plot of land).

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Program Components: Activities and Results

Forest patrols – in-field protection of Sumatran tiger, tiger prey base and habitat

A total of 80 patrols were conducted in and bordering Kerinci-Seblat National Park covering a total distance (by GPS waypoint) of 2145Km. Tiger Protection and Conservation Unit (TPCU) rangers recorded a total of 66 separate Sumatran tiger presence encounters likely to relate to not fewer than 44 individual Sumatran tigers. Because very few patrol routes could be repeated on more than three occasions in 2006, a significant percentage of tigers resident in a patrol area are likely to have ‘missed’ during patrols and this issue is being addressed through the research and monitoring of the FFI/DICE Tiger Monitoring Program (MHS). Distance walked to record tiger presence increased to 32.5Km in the course of 2006 compared with 27.5km in 2005 and 24.52Km in 2004: this reduction is mainly due to the team’s patrol focus on protection of threatened habitat in the first six months of 2006 during the height of the roads building threat. However there was also a clear correlation between encroachment and reduced Tiger encounter rates: this was particularly marked in the Renah Pemetik enclave area of Kerinci, where encroachment – triggered by construction of a road into the enclave and rumours of a local government trans- migration project - was accompanied by orchestrated land grabbing, encroachment deep into the national park, poaching and other criminal activities including marijuana cultivation. In Rejang Lebong district, Bengkulu to the extreme south of the park, there was no increase in individual tiger numbers recorded in spite of a greater patrol distance walked in 2006 and threat (poaching, illegal logging, encroachment reduced considerably compared with 2004 and 2005. Patrol activities in this area will therefore be diverted in 2007 to more important and threatened tiger populations and habitats however the team will maintain a watching brief and respond to any information on threat received. However patrol distance walked to record tiger presence reduced in Merangin and Bungo districts of Jambi and in Muko-Muko and Bengkulu Utara districts of Bengkulu In December 2005, a Sumatran tiger was rescued and relocated from Pesisir Selatan district of West Sumatra to national park-edge forests in Bungo district of Jambi. Subsequent camera trapping and monitoring by the FFI/DICE Tiger Monitoring Program confirmed the importance of forest in this area both for tiger and biodiversity in general. Plans to commence a routine patrol program in Solok Selatan district of West Sumatra were therefore revised and patrols instead diverted to Bungo district

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Chart 1: Average distance walked to meet Tiger sign by District.

Kms walked to record Tiger presence in 2006

70 60 50 40 30 Kms walked for tiger sign 20 10 0 Bengkulu Lebong Muko Rejang Bungo Kerinci Merangin Merangin- Park wide Utara Muko Lebong Kerinci borders

Tiger presence was encountered on the majority of field patrols undertaken with the exception of patrols in Rejang Lebong district (see Chart 2). Tigers were recorded on all patrols made in Bungo and Muko-Muko districts.

Chart 2 – Patrols recording tiger presence in 2006

Patrols recording tiger presence by District 2006

25 20 15 10 5 No of Patrols 0 patrols recording tiger Rejang Bengkulu Muko Musi Bungo Kerinci Merangin Kerinci - Lebong Utara Muko Rawas (inc Solok Merangin Selatan) borders

A total of 17 snares set specifically or primarily for Tiger (12 in 2005) were recovered by PHS rangers from 5 sites in Bungo, Kerinci and Merangin districts of Jambi and (1) Rejang Lebong district, Bengkulu. Almost half of these snares were placed by one gang, , a further three snares were placed by opportunist poachers (now identified) following the relocation of a tiger to forest in Bungo district in December 2005. Would-be poachers, both of deer and tiger, focused effort on areas where there was an abundance, or frequent presence, of the target species and where, additionally, TPCU teams have not previously patrolled or can only occasionally conduct patrols. Patrol teams found three recently ‘sprung’ tiger snares during patrols – one of which was in response to information that snares might be active: two tigers died in these snares, a third tiger released itself and was subsequently monitored by TPCU rangers until she was able to hunt normally. A total of 728 active deer snares – some capable of holding a tiger – were destroyed by TPCU rangers.

6 Table: Poaching Pressure Snares destroyed by district and Tiger Deer Tiger Deer province in 2006 snares snares snares snares 2006 2006 2005 2005 Kerinci, Jambi (including borders with 4 212 1 83 Solok Selatan, West Sumatra) Merangin, Jambi (including borders 9 426 3 392 with Kerinci district) Bungo, Jambi 3 15 2 48 Muko-Muko, Bengkulu 3 74 4 150 Lebong , Bengkulu 0 0 1 0 Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu 1 1 1 25 Bengkulu Utara, Bengkulu 0 0 n/a n/a Musi Rawas, South Sumatra 0 0 n/a n/a

As in previous years, deer poaching peaked in the six weeks leading up to the festival of Hari Raya which marks the end of the fasting month of Ramadan: venison is popular because cheaper (wild-caught and requiring only an investment in poaching time and snare wires) than beef. No such seasonal peak is observed with tiger poaching pressure The great majority of deer snares destroyed were intercepted during this six weeks period and, while poaching pressure on deer increased, slightly, as in previous years at the beginning of the dry season (June/July), ungulate snare poaching pressure reduced if the Ramadan hunting period is taken out of the equation.

Chart III – Seasonal variations in poaching pressure

Seasonal variations in snare poaching pressure 2006

500 400 300 Deer snare 200 Tiger snare 100 0 l t r r r r y ry h ri y e ly s e e e r c a n u u b e b b a a r p M u J g b u ru a A J u m to m m n b M te c e e a e A p O v c J F e o e S N D

Three poachers were caught ‘red-handed” by PHS rangers in Kerinci district, one case is still (January) proceeding through the court system, in a fourth poaching-related case, investigations continue into the actual ownership of a gun confiscated from a farmhouse inside the national park at the mouth of the Sipurak river in an area where a reafforestation project has caused some difficulties. While year-round snare poaching continued to decline in all areas where a ranger presence has been established, a hardcore of deer poachers continue to operate, changing hunting modus operandi and moving to other areas. Reports, seizures and observations strongly suggest a rise in the number of poachers with access to firearms. Safety concerns due to the hostility of some local community leaders due to the halting of construction of the Lempur, Kerinci- Sungai Ipuh trans-park road meant no TPCU patrols were conducted in an area where poachers have been previously active.

See Appendix 1 for details of field patrol activities

2: Intelligence – threat identification

Intelligence collection, either by PHS rangers operating under-cover or through the use of community informants, continues to form a key component of program activities.

7 Some 80 investigations were launched during the course of 2006 while many more reports were logged with team coordinators or the program field manager as ‘information only.’ ‘Information only’ reports generally related to the identities or activities of suspect individuals or to incidents which could not be immediately verified because evidence was not available. Active investigations were launched where it was believed that evidence existed that would support a law enforcement intervention immediately or subsequently or related to on- going infiltration of poaching or trafficking gangs. As in previous years, PHS team members work to a strict code of conservation ethics and entrapment through proposing or encouraging an illegal activity which might endanger an animal or habitat is strictly not permitted. In addition to collecting data and seeking evidence for a subsequent response, information and intelligence collection was also used to direct field patrols to areas of suspected active threat. Three of the four successful tiger conservation law enforcement operations conducted in 2006 were a result of lengthy investigations - the important gaharu and swiftlet nest dealer ‘E’, arrested in Bangko in December 2006 in possession of two Sumatran tiger skins, had been under low-grade surveillance since June 2002. A fifth arrest, made in Kerinci in October 2006, was conducted, opportunistically, by a TPCU team en route to a patrol but the arrested man had been known as a ‘broker’ of protected species since early 2003 and activities regularly monitored since that time. Although opportunist poaching and trafficking of Sumatran tiger has much reduced around TNKS professional or semi-professional poachers and dealers remain active but very cautious, increasingly making use of brokers in other districts where not trading direct to provincial capitals. In the course of tiger conservation and protection investigations, much additional data is collected regarding wildlife crime: the program is now deeply concerned regarding the scale of illegal trafficking of Malay pangolin Manis javanica. The trade in pangolin, a species protected under Indonesia law, is mainly for the animals’ scales although its flesh is increasingly marketed and is primarily for export to East Asia. Urgent and effective law enforcement is needed in certain provincial capitals of Sumatra and in Java to act against the powerful businessmen men running the pangolin trade: law enforcement in park-edge districts is required but this will only result in action against local agents and dealers and not the businessmen driving the trade. The program introduced a long-time NGO colleague and very able wildlife trade investigator to our colleagues at Conservation International who were able to provide short- term funding for the investigator to update information on the individuals running the pangolin trade in central-southern Sumatra. In 2005, we advised of a very disturbing rise in demand for and price of tiger bone on the black market (a trade that is intimately linked with the trade in pangolins) with prices of up to US$80 per Kg being offered. In 2006 monitoring of the black market revealed a steep fall in black market tiger bone prices with the highest price (USD44) quoted by a dealer in West Sumatra province and prices of around US$33-35 quoted elsewhere. The reason for the subsequent very rapid fall in price (it occurred over a 4 months period in the first half of 2006) was unknown to park-edge dealer informants but is suspected to have been due to exporters stockpiling Tiger bone in 2005 in anticipation of the Republic of China relaxing rules on domestic tiger bone trafficking – a move which did not, or has not yet, occurred. A detailed annex - omitting details which might permit identification of suspect individuals - is available upon request.

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3 Implement law enforcement regarding species and habitat protection and support and advance the legal process

A total of four law enforcement operations relating to the trafficking or poaching of Sumatran tiger were conducted by PHS team members working in co-ordination with local police and resulting in the arrest of six tiger poachers or traffickers. These operations resulted in the seizure of the pelts of five Sumatran tigers and the skeletons or partial skeletons of not fewer than seven individual animals. In two cases, careful examination revealed the skins and skeletons seized were from different individuals and, in the case of a Bengkulu man arrested in April 2006, the 5 Kgs of tiger bone seized was from three different individuals. Examination of the bones indicated most were relatively old, however without reference material on water loss from bone, it is difficult to judge how old these bones were. The tiger skin and tiger body parts seized in the April 2006 law enforcement operation in Curup, Rejang Lebong district are believed to have been poached in southern Bengkulu province and the animals did not come from KSNP. The suspects, arrested in December 2006 in Bangko, Merangin district of Jambi subsequently claimed the tiger pelts they were planning to sell came from the Pauh area of Sarolangun district, Jambi, and not from KSNP forests: this is possible since the vendor is known to have links to gaharu collectors in this area and these tigers were shot and not snared and shot as is the usual MO in this national park. Intelligence investigations by the team increasingly finds poachers and brokers seeking to market tiger skins and bones outside of the area in which they were poached; this may be an attempt to evade detection by this and other Tiger conservation programs as the ‘point of sale’ is the most dangerous period for the poacher/dealer. Of the four law enforcement operations conducted, successfully, against tiger poachers/traffickers, one case is currently (January 2007) going One of the 2 sub-adult Sumatran tiger pelts seized by the through the legal process: PHS team in a joint operation with local Police in custodial sentences were made Merangin district in Decemeber 2006. The case is in the other three tiger related proceeding through the courts cases.

Coffee wholesaler ‘Ujang’ aka Arifliani (see photograph below, left) the dealer, who is known to have supplied tiger skins to rogue Bengkulu politician Rabihel Kana, arrested by the PHS team in December 2003 and Acil aka Amsir (poacher) both received gaol sentences of 10 months following trial at Arga Makmuir, Bengkulu Utara district court; Khoiri (dealer) was sentenced to six months in prison following his arrest in Curup, Rejang Lebong district of Bengkulu.

In mid July, the PHS team received a tip-off from a long-time informant who works as a scrap metal collector that a tiger had been poached in the

9 park buffer-zone in Muara Siau sub-district of Merangin: an initial check of the tip-off strongly indicated it was correct and two TPCU rangers from the Bengkulu team were called in to make the final confirmation because it was feared the Jambi team TPCU rangers’ identities might have been compromised during routine patrols in the area. Less than two weeks after the initial tip-off, a law enforcement operation was conducted with support from Merangin police. The poacher, Suhaimi, was subsequently sentenced to a one year gaol term at Bangko, Merangin district court . Sentences in two of the three tiger Pre-operational briefing – police & PHS rangers cases heard in 2006 were lighter than immediately before July’s arrest of Suhaimi might have been hoped, this was because the suspects had no previous criminal record and data relating to their past tiger poaching/trafficking activities was not admissible in court so allowing the suspects to claim they were first-time offenders. The team is seeking ways to address this problem although, in our experience, detection and a law enforcement response is probably a greater deterrent than long gaol terms In October 2006, a TPCU patrol team in the south of the Kerinci valley spotted a motor- cyclist carrying two suspect packages: the man was followed and stopped and a gun and partial carcass of a freshly-killed sambar deer seized. ‘A’ was subsequently formally arrested by a joint police-PHS team (the arrest site was outside of national park legal jurisdiction) and the case is proceeding through the courts system on firearms charges with the poaching offence as a subsidiary, lesser charge. This was a significant arrest: the suspect, previously a village headman, was, at the time, leader of the local government forestry protection team for his sub-district and long known to the program as a broker of protected species, a poacher and small-scale illegal logger. In late October, a few days before the great religious festival of Hari Raya which marks the end of the holy fasting month of Ramadan, a TPCU patrol team arrested a Siulak poacher from the north of Kerinci in the forest in possession of the smoked carcasses of two muntjac deer. A second man escaped arrest and the two remaining members of the gang who had not been detected eventually returned to their village some days later having become lost as they ran away. Although ample evidence existed for formal charges – both the muntjak carcasses and a total of more than 150 snares destroyed - the poacher was a very poor but highly-respected member of his community A decision was taken not to prosecute after a legally-binding pledge that he would not reoffend and he was surrendered into the responsibility of his village leader and is receiving counseling from the LTA team. In May, a TPCU patrol team arrested two men on illegal logging charges in national park forests in Rejang Lebong district, Bengkulu: both men were subsequently sentenced to one year in prison. One case continues to be investigated to identify the actual ownership of a gun seized from a farmhouse within the national park borders: the owner of the farmhouse is in breach of a promise made to leave his farm made in 2000. but insisted the gun belonged to another, named individual. More than 20 individuals were arrested and subsequently released ‘on parole’ after signing promissory letters in cases of more minor breaches of forestry law: most of these related to encroachment. ‘Surat pernyatahan’ were also issued in wildlife crime cases where TPCU team leaders felt they did not have sufficient evidence for a subsequent prosecution or where the crime might be treated lightly or not deliver conservation benefit In line with program policy, TPCU teams routinely burned or destroyed farmhouses and other illegal structures found within national park borders and, in December, in a joint operation with Kerinci police in the Renah Pemetik enclave which resulted in the discovery of more than 7000 marijuana seedlings, 17 farmhouses were destroyed.

10 Not all breaches of species law can be responded to openly and on two occasions, during investigations into poaching syndicates, team members had to secure the safety of live protected species through unorthodox means while maintaining their ‘cover.’

For details please see Appendix III

4 Human-wildlife conflict

A total of 23 individual cases of human-wildlife conflict were logged for action requiring a total of 27 formal PHS field interventions ranging in time from one -12 days. Local NGO partners in Kerinci provided additional valued support in recording and monitoring low-grade incidents of human-wildlife conflict, providing counseling and advice to communities on improved husbandry and the (very often) human triggers behind human- wildlife conflict.

Chart IV – TPCU human-wildlife conflict interventions by species

TPCU Human-wildlife conflict Interventions by species 2006

20 15 10 5 Interventions 0 Asiatic Bear ElephantLeopard Tiger golden cat cat

Although human-tiger and human-elephant conflict grabs the headlines and main research and intervention focus, low-grade conflict between villagers and wild pig is the most consistent and widespread form of human-wildlife conflict around this national park. Because villagers respond by placing snares or by inviting often irresponsible wild pig hunting clubs – including the notorious Perbakin hunting club - to conduct mass pig hunts/culls, tigers and other rare carnivores may be accidental or incidental victims. In Pesisir Selatan district, West Sumatra, two tigers are known to have been caught in the multiple-loop pig snares known as ‘Pasaman snares’ in the last six months of 2006 In December 2006, one tiger released itself from a wild pig snare in the Kumbung area however a second tiger died in October 2006, before veterinary aid could arrive on site. In Solok Selatan district, to the north-west of Kerinci, another tiger is believed to have been accidentally killed in a wild pig snare and buried by farmers who feared prosecution. A woman was killed by a Sumatran tiger on the Dharmas Raya-Sijunjung district borders close to the Trans Sumatra highway and approximately 70km east of TNKS forests in December: response to this incident was handled by KSDA West Sumatra, Other species frequently coming into conflict with small farmers include sambar deer (frequently blamed for damaging rubber trees in village plantations and young vegetables) and macaques As in previous years, rangers frequently found that incidents of livestock predation blamed on Sumatran tiger were due to predation by other, smaller carnivores The most common misidentification was to blame Sumatran tiger for livestock livestock predation (usually goats) by Asiatic Golden cat. A total of 18 separate incidents of human-tiger conflict were logged as requiring field intervention by the PHS team in 2006 (a slight increase on 2005) – the majority required counseling, advice and monitoring rather than any active intervention.

11 One man – an illegal logger working inside the national park – died, in hospital in Java, following a tiger attack in national park forests on the West Sumatra-Bengkulu province borders. A second incident, initially reported as a a tiger attack on a fisherman, was subsequently found to have occurred when a Tapan poacher snared a tiger and, incorrectly, assumed it was dead or moribund. The poacher sustained injuries requiring 119 stitches, the tiger escaped, having already loosened the snare wires holding it before the poacher’s arrival. Villagers advised that the attack was the fault of the poacher and that no retaliation or attempt to hunt the tiger would be made although the poacher’s partner (a man already known to the program after a suspected poaching incident in the park to the north of Tapan in 2005) is believed to have returned to the location. The injured man was added to the program data base of suspects.

For details, please see Appendix III

5 Capacity raising and professional development

The program has always been committed to a goal of building a cadre of forest rangers and young managers with the skills required to effectively manage species and habitat conservation whether in TNKS or elsewhere in Indonesia Nine TNKS staff – three young managers and six forest rangers – were on full-time secondment to the program in 2006 – all have, or are developing, immense practical expertise in species management and protection interventions and issues. In April, Rudijanta Tjaha Nugraha, who became field manager in late 2003 and oversaw expansion of TPCU activities into Bengkulu province was promoted, without notice, to a national level position in the Department of Forestry, Jakarta. His new position has meant he has been able to supply advice and input to colleagues regarding practical species conservation issues and the team maintains close contact with him. Nandang Gumilar, a young TNKS strategic planning specialist who returned in early 2005 to TNKS after a Masters degree program, subsequently agreed to take up the field manager position and it is hoped his involvement with PHS will assist in developing his expertise in species conservation as an integral part of protected areas management. As part of the program’s commitment to support professional development of PHKA staff working with the program, FFI facilitated support, through the BP Conservation Awards program, for the team’s senior co-ordinator, Dian Risdianto to undertake a Masters degree program in Conservation Biology at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta from February 2007. It is hoped Dian will be permitted to return to KSNP and subsequently take over leadership of the Tiger program in mid or late 2008. He will remain in close contact with the program while at university and his focus of study is intimately connected with the program’s activities. Upon Dian’s return, it is hoped that similar support may be found to allow Nurhamidi, the Bengkulu team co-ordinator, to also undertake a further degree, so that the national park has access to a growing body of highly trained and experienced young managers The FFI team leader is currently trying to identity part-time or distance-learning first degree courses which might support the career progression of PHS team rangers and some community members without impacting on program activities. TNKS rangers regularly joined patrols and other activities with the PHS team so building navigation and other field skills and therefore their confidence. TNKS rangers based in Merangin district also worked with our NGO partners, WALHI Simpul Merangin and members of the local community in three sub-districts in a program, funded through IUCN Holland and Bosak & Kruger Foundation to combat illegal land clearance in the Sipurak eco-system buffer zone. Initially this was a tense and uncomfortable partnership: the young TNKS rangers were not used to working with NGOs activists while the NGO team tended to assume forest rangers were uncommitted to conservation or worse: following six months of joint field

12 activities, a close and effective partnership has been built in which all sides have learned from each other and become more effective for doing so. A member of the Pro-Fauna network in West Sumatra joined the program for a period in November to gain practical experience of in-the-field anti-poaching and trafficking initiatives and to see how NGOs and forestry institutions can work together, constructively. A visit to the team by the CI Cambodia team proved valuable for all concerned as the teams discussed common and individual problems and identified possible solutions. In late August, the program ran a second training seminar on wildlife crime investigations and law enforcement, this time in Curup, district capital of Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu. A total of 58 people, detectives, forest rangers from TNKS and Bukit Barisan Selatan NP and local KSDA units and public prosecutors from districts of Bengkulu province bordering TNKS and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and from districts bordering TNKS in South Sumatra attended. Speakers included experts from forestry department headquarters in Jakarta, legal advocacy foundations, PHS team members and senior police officers as well as from key local NGOs expert in the wildlife black market. The issue of the illegal pangolin trade, its scale and its integral connection with the trade in Sumatran tiger bone was among the major topics of discussion and many of those attending the seminar were not previously aware of this issue. Two arrests of pangolin dealers were subsequently made, one undoubtedly as a result of this issue being raised.

6 Information sharing, responses, networking – linkages with other conservation programs and institutions

The program maintained friendly and constructive links – mainly by email - with many other NGOs and other organizations working in Sumatra and elsewhere in SE Asial. During 2006, the team maintained contact and exchanged information with many organizations including Traffic SE Asia, Conservation International Cambodia program, Mycat in Malaysia, Zoological Society of London’s Jambi Tiger Project, WWF tiger team in Riau, ‘friends’ of Perth Zoo in Australia, Frankfurt Zoological Society and Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program in Bukit Tigapuluh NP, WCS, Rhino Protection Unit team leaders in Bukit Barisan Selatan NP, Program Konservasi Harimau Sumatera (PKHS) in Riau province and in Bukit Tigapuluh NP, Pro-Fauna in West Sumatra and LASA (species legal advocacy), World Conservation Monitoring Centre and researchers from LIPI and national and overseas universities. Proposals for construction of inter-provincial and inter-district highways through this national park resulted in development of closer links between the PHS team and local NGOs opposed to the proposals. TPCU rangers, working undercover, collected the first images and evidence of illegal road building between Kerinci and Muko-Muko district of Bengkulu to the west and lobbied villagers in the Renah Kemumu enclave between Kerinci and Merangin districts to reject plans for road building between Lempur and Jangkat sub-district in Merangin to the south of Kerinci. FFI Kerinci assisted in the formation of the AKAR network of local conservation NGOs which now composes seven local NGOs from three provinces around the park and gave input on tactics. AKAR network members provided practical support, using their local knowledge and contacts, at district and provincial level, to the National Park and, secured a legal statement by the Minister of Forestry, MS Kaban, that no road building through this park would be permitted. The FFI team member and the program field manager attended an excellent workshop organized by Zoological Society of London (ZSL) in Jambi in July which discussed capture, radio collaring and relocation and release protocol issues. During a visit to Australia and New Zealand in April 2006, discussions, facilitated by WWW, were held with the Free the Bears foundation regarding human-bear conflict, trafficking and ownership of Malay sunbears and rehabilitation and relocation issues.

13 This was of particular importance to the PHS team since human-bear conflict and illegal ownership of infant sun bears in a continuing and time-consuming problem around the national park and in recent months, PHS investigators and local NGO activists in southern Sumatra have begun to report a growing trade in bears paws in addition to an existing black market for bears’ gall bladders.

Other associated activities associated with the PHS program

Wildlife welfare & emergencies

Although the primary focus of the program is protection and in-situ conservation of Sumatran tigers, prey species and habitat, TPCU rangers conducted rescues and confiscations of other protected species when feasible and always seek, where feasible, to relocate and release. In June 2006, a very young (

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Tiger Awareness in Kerinci

Lembaga Tumbuh Alami, a small NGO based in Kerinci, continued a third year of activities in and around Kerinci district in 2006 with support from the Bosak & Kruger Foundation. The LTA team spent much of 2006 campaigning against proposals to construct inter- provincial highways through the core zone of this national park – a plan which would almost spell the extinction, in the medium to long term of tiger I this national park. The LTA team’s previous work in raising awareness among local government and customary law leaders, played a key role in winning the support of the Kerinci district leader, Hj Fauzi Si’in who ordered a stop to illegal construction of a road from Lempur to Muko Muko district in Bengkulu. In addition to campaigning for tiger, habitat and prey base conservation in selected villages, LTA also supported conflict monitoring activities, collected information on poaching – including of tigers - and successfully lobbied farmers to reject proposals for a transmigration project in the Renah Pemetik enclave area. LTA subsequently became a founder member of the AKAR network of local NGOs.

By Take Intervention, human-wildlife conflict and protected wildlife conservation outside the national park borders

In June 2005, Perak, a small Kerinci-based NGO started working with forest-edge farmers in selected communities in the southern Kerinci valley with support from Bosak & Kruger Foundation. In 2006, Bosak & Kruger kindly provided continuation funding for Perak to maintain work in the Kerinci area and extend activities to areas bordering Kerinci in Pesisir Selatan district of West Sumatra and Merangin district. The Perak team provided monitoring support to the TPCUs in cases of low-grade human-wildlife conflict in Kerinci and bordering areas and collected useful information on deer hunting syndicates operating in farmland, at forest edge in the south of the Kerinci valley. In late 2006, the Perak team commenced establishing links with communities in Pesisir Selatan and Merangin districts and started to establish links with communities in the Tapan area to the immediate west of Kerinci Perak’s work plan in 2006 was affected by the urgent need to respond to and campaign against plans to construct roads through the national park and Perak became a founding member of the AKAR conservation alliance

Conservation of SIpurak ecosystem and buffer zone

In January 2006, young activists from the Jambi branch of the national NGO network WALHI held a two-day workshop in Lembah Masurai sub-district of Merangin after seven months advocacy in villages bordering the Sipurak area aimed at protection of the key tiger habitat of Sipurak. The two day meeting concluded with 11 villages from three sub-districts bordering the Sipurak area forming the 3 Kecamatan Team for forest monitoring and protection. The major threat to these forests, which house one of the highest densities of tiger recorded in KSNP, is sponsored illegal conversion to coffee plantations by in-migrants from other areas of Sumatra It is suspected the illegal clearances may be linked to proposals to construct a highway from Sarolangun district, through Merangin and to Kerinci: this plan first surfaced as a ‘rumour’ from informed sources in October 2005 and was subsequently openly backed (November 2006) by the deputy Governor of Jambi province. Field work commenced with the 3 Kecamatan community team placing hundreds of warning notices warning the in-migrants that further forest clearance would not be tolerated by the local Customary Law (Adat) authorities.

15 From late March the 3 Kecamatan team subsequently moved to implement collaborative forest patrols accompanied by TNKS and Merangin forestry service rangers and with input from the PHS team and FFI Kerinci Patrols initially focused on giving advice and informal warnings to farmers who had illegally cleared protected state forest and warning strongly against new clearances. The collaborative community patrols were supported by TPCU activities who conducted patrols into the at-risk area but entering the area from the north (Kerinci) From June the 3 Kecamatan team, took a more decisive stance, issuing, under the supervision of accompanying forest rangers, formal legal warnings, supporting demonstrations by local bus drivers against fleets of incoming buses, confiscating chainsaws and chainsaw equipment and demolishing or burning illegal structures. This tougher stand began to work and by the end of July, no new clearances were being recorded by either the 3 Kecamatan or Tiger team in national park forests and the rate of new forest clearance in the park buffer zone had slowed sharply. Law enforcement over and above issue of warning letters and confiscation of chainsaws and other equipment was stepped up in last four months of the year and in December formal arrests commenced when four men from southern Sumatra were arrested for illegally clearing forests: these are believed to be the first ever arrests of encroachers in Jambi for encroachment outside a strictly protected area. In addition to maintaining twice-monthly patrols of the Sipurak buffer zone, towards the latter part of 2006, the young activists – who have now formed their own local NGO, Lembaga Tiga Beradik (the name is taken from three mountains, Mt Sumbing, Mt Nilo and Mt Masurai - conducted investigations, with forest rangers, into habitat threat elsewhere in Merangin district bordering TNKS. Among important findings, was that a senior local politician had issued permits for conversion of more than 60,000 ha of protected state forests across the district, for palm oil plantations including within the national park buffer zone. Although forest loss has (Dec) slowed sharply in the Sipurak-buffer zone and so reduced threat on the key tiger habitat in Sipurak, the situation is still serious and in—migrants have started to clear forest in the Jangkat sub-district area to the west. In late December, 17 village leaders, facilitated by LTB, met Merangin district government to demand an end to illegal forest clearance in their area and this request was passed to central government with a request for a national led response. The WALHI Simpul Merangin (now Lembaga Tiga Beradik) team is a founder member of the AKAR conservation network.

AKAR Network – campaigning to stop Road Building through Kerinci- Seblat National Park

In late 2005, permission was given to for construction of a footpath to run approximately 40km east-west from Lempur village in Kerinci to the Sungai Ipuh village complex in Muko-Muko district of northern Bengkulu province. By January 2006, it was clear that this permission, which had been hoped would build co- operation with two key local communities and support for the national park was likely to be seriously abused. Furthermore, there were strong indications that other districts around the national park were preparing to announce plans for roads building. In late January 2006 a road was built through an area of the national park in Lebong district, Bengkulu under orders of the district bupatis (government leader) although campaigning by WALHI Bengkulu prevented completion. In February 2006, bulldozers chartered by traditional law leaders of Lempur moved into the national park to begin clearing a road through a core zone crucial for tiger conservation. National Park rangers were being threatened and could not enter the area – in order to obtain documentary evidence, PHS team members entered the area undercover, using handphone cameras to obtain images of bulldozers and excavators at work in the national park.

16 Other local NGOs who regularly work with the PHS team around the park began to collect information on roads feared likely to be formally proposed in the near future. In March, after lobbying by Lembaga Tumbuh Alami, Perak and other key local NGOs, the Bupati of Kerinci announced he would veto construction of any roads through the national park. Another local Kerinci NGO, Lahar, succeeded in lobbying and winning the support of senior Adat law leaders who advised the Minister of Forestry that claims by the Lempur Adat leaders that they represented the Kerinci Adat community were untrue. FFI:IP meanwhile provided support through facilitation of a visit to Kerinci by the highly respected national news magazine Tempo who produced a special report on the roads building threat and what it would mean for this national park – and for tiger conservation. By this June, three more road proposals were in the drafting stage or had already been entered into district strategic planning documents. In July, the program supported and assisted in the formation of a new NGO network around Kerinci-Seblat National Park: the AKAR (Grand Alliance for Conservation of Nature) currently composes seven local NGOs, some with national affiliations, committed to campaigning for conservation of TNKS and its globally important biodiversity including tigers. By early October, the AKAR team had identified 28 separate proposals to build roads through the national park, some public, some still in the drafting process and had identified a former Government minister now with extensive oil palm plantation interests as among those heavily involved in pushing the roads agenda In October 2006, at a meeting to mark the signing of an MoU between TNKS, the Jambi unit for Conservation of Natural Resources and Nature (KSDA) and Merangin district in Bangko, AKAR members met the Direktur Jendral of Forestry, bp Arman Mallulang. A week later, the Minister of Forestry MS Kaban issued a legal advisory statement to provinces throughout Indonesia that no roads building will be permitted through national parks under any circumstances. Issue of this notice coincided with statements from Jambi province’s deputy governor that it was proposed to build a road from Sarolangun to Kerinci crossing the national park in the Sipurak ecosystem. The announcement of the proposed road was made in a deeply misleading press article regarding the condition of the Sipurak forests written by a public servant with personal links to a second Jambi civil servant whose father-in-law had been involved in the illegal clearances in the Sipurak buffer zone. In spite of approaches from both KSNP and FFI, the newspaper (Jambi Ekspres) which printed this grossly inaccurate statement refused to publish a correction. Many problems remain and the political and financial interests behind the roads building proposals continue to lobby for permissions to build roads in Kerinci Seblat NP but the immediate threat to the future of this park and its globally important tiger population appears, for now, to have receded

17

Appendix 1

Field Patrols 2006

Provinc No Month Area District Tiger Tiger Deer Distance Notes e records snares snares walked(KM)

1 J an uary P T . S uk se s Bun g o J am b i 2 0 0 30 S ite o f tig e r re lo c atio n in M aju A b ad i D e c e m b e r 2005 œ Batan g U le œ Batan g P e m un y ian 2 J an uary Birun K e c . M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 7 15 D e e r p o ac h e r id e n tifie d : S un g ai T ig e r sn are s re p o rte d M an au K ab ac tive , se arc h e d fo r b ut n o t fo un d : O n e m o n th late r fo un d th at o n e tig e r w as k ille d in a sn are an d so ld to L ub uk L in g g au (p o ac h e r an d b uy e r id e n tifie d , ro g ue g o ve rn m e n t o ffic e r fac ilitate d .) 3 J an uary G un un g K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 10 2 c h ain saw s ac tive n e ar T ujuh K e c . M t T ujuh w ate rfall P e lo m p e k , 4 J an uary Ban d un g R e jan g Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 46 M arg a œ L e b o n g Ban g un J ay a. K e c am atan Be rm an i H ulu 5 F e b ruary S P N - R e jan g Be n g k ulu 1 1 1 35 P o ac h e rs b e lie ve d fro m C ah ay a L e b o n g C urup an d L ub uk N e g e ri. L in g g au

6 F e b ruary Ban d un g R e jan g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 30 3 m e n arre ste d o n M arg a œ L e b o n g ille g al lo g g in g c h arg e s K ay u M an is. 7 F e b ruary Birun , M e ran g in J am b i 2 2 9 30 P o ac h e rs id e n tifie d - n o L an g e h , e vid e n c e to c h arg e R an tau Be rin g in . S un g ai M an au

8 F e b ruary S un g ai M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 0 40 L alan g K e c . L e m b ah M asurai,

9 F e b ruary D an au P ay o M e ran g in J am b i 3 0 0 40 S e p ah œ S un g ai L alan g , K e c . L e m b ah M asurai

18 10 F e b ruary P e n e tai œ M e ran g in J am b i 2 0 0 15 T ig e r in jure d in sn are in S un g ai Birun : T P C U te am L an g e h - se e k in g an y ad d itio n al Birun , K e c . tig e r sn are s . M o n ito r S un g ai safe ty o f in jure d tig e r M an au 11 F e b ruary Birun œ M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 0 15 S e e k furth e r re p o rte d S un g ai tig e r sn are s . M o n ito r L an g e h œ safe ty o f in jure d tig e r S un g ai 4 ille g al g o ld m in in g C e lau K e c . site s. S un g ai M an au 12 F e b ruary P e n e tai K e c . M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 6 A s ab o ve S un g ai M an au

13 F e b ruary M uara M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 7 A s ab o ve . T w o P e n e tai œ susp e c te d p o ac h e rs œ M uara in c lud in g S K - m e t in th e S ip urak , fo re st b ut n o e vid e n c e K e c . S un g ai to arre st M an au

14 M arc h R e n ah K ay u K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 30 O ld d e e r sn are E m b un p lac e m e n ts fo un d

15 M arc h M uara M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 35 C h e c k re p o rt o f S ip urak œ e n c ro ac h m e n t: T e luk c o n firm e d an d re p o rte d . K e m an g

16 M arc h M asg o - M e ran g in , J am b i 2 0 0 40 S up p o rt ac tio n ag ain st S ip urak - K e rin c i e n c ro ac h m e n t b y in - S e i. T e b al m ig ran t c o ffe e farm e rs. 17 M arc h S . T e b al œ M e ran g in , J am b i 2 0 11 40 S up p o rt ac tio n ag ain st S ip urak K e rin c i e n c ro ac h m e n t b y in - m ig ran t c o ffe e farm e rs 18 M arc h S . T e b al œ M e ran g in , J am b i 2 0 6 40 S up p o rt ac tio n ag ain st S ip urak K e rin c i e n c ro ac h m e n t b y in - m ig ran t c o ffe e farm e rs 19 M arc h L ad an g L e b o n g Be n g k ulu 2 0 0 45 ille g al g o ld m in in g P ale m b an g - K e te n o n g 20 M arc h P al V II - L e b o n g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 30 R e m ain s o f b ird sn arin g S ig urin g 21 A p ril D e sa Birun - M e ran g in J am b i 0 2 3 28 R e sp o n d to re p o rts o f R e n ah tig e r sn are s ac tive . D urian C o n firm e d G e d an g K e c . S un g ai M an au 22 A p ril N ilo D in g in œ M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 25 C o lle c t id e n titie s o f N ilo œ S ula - in d ivid uals e n c ro ac h in g D e sa T uo in T N K S fo re st fro m S e i K e c . T e b al. F o rm al w arn in g s L e m b ah issue d . M asurai

19 23 A p ril P T . S M A œ Bun g o J am b i 2 3 4 35 P o ac h e rs lo c al Buk it U le œ Buk it P e m un y ian

24 A p ril R e n ah A lai M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 0 40 œ T an jun g K asri K e c . L e m b ah M asurai 25 A p ril P T T id ar Bun g o J am b i 1 0 11 20 S n are s p lac e d b y K e rin c i K e rin c in e se se ttle rs A g un g œ c le arin g p ro te c te d b uffe r S un g ai z o n e fo re sts K an au K ab . Bun g o

26 A p ril P T . A L N O œ Be n g k ulu Be n g k ulu 2 0 0 35 L arg e In d o n e sian - S e b lat U tara N o rw e g ian jo in t ve n ture M e rah o il p alm c o m p an y is c o n tin uin g e x p an sio n 27 M ay Ban d ar R e jan g Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 30 A g un g œ L e b o n g T alan g m ac an g 28 M ay Buk it T ap an - K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 25 S un g ai S irih 29 M ay R e n ah K ay u K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 30 S n are s re p o rte d ac tive E m b un œ n o t fo un d P ulau T e n g ah

30 M ay R an tau M e ran g in , J am b i 1 0 0 40 R o utin e p atro l an d K e rm as œ K e rin c i lo b b y e n c lave farm e rs to R e n ah re je c t K e rin c i K e m um uœ b usin e ssm e n ‘s p lan s fo r T e b at J am b i ro ad b uild in g fro m L e m p ur K e rin c i to J an g k at, M e ran g in

31 M ay S un g ai M e ran g in , J am b i 1 0 0 40 S am b ar d e e r se e n an d T e b al œ K e rin c i film e d at P ad an g L e b ar S un g ai L ad i salt lic k s. N o n e w -S ip urak œ e n c ro ac h m e n t in S ula Be d e n g V II are a h o tsp o t (c f M arc h ) 32 M ay R e n ah K ay u K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 20 R o utin e p atro l E m b un œ K o to T uo P ulau te n g ah

33 M ay P un g ut H ilir K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 20 Bird sn arin g h as b e e n œ A m b ai o c c urrin g K e c . S itin jau L aut 34 M ay P e k o n in a œ K e rin c i, J am b i 2 0 4 25 K e b un Baru S o lo k S e latan 35 J un e D e p ati 4 d sk M e ran g in J am b i 0 3 53 0 P o ac h e rs id e n tifie d , c am p b urn e d 36 J un e Buk it K e rin c i J am b i 1 2 0 25 P an d an d sk

20 37 J un e S e i M an au M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 25 C o n flic t re late d p atro l

38 J un e T e b at J am b i K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 60 L o b b y e n c lave - R e n ah c o m m un ity to re je c t K e m um u ro ad b uild in g p ro p o sals b y ro g ue K e rin c i an d J am b i g o ve rn m e n t o ffic ials 39 J un e K o to Ip uh œ K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 25 R o utin e p atro l K ali A n g g an g 40 J un e K o to Ip uh œ K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 25 K ali A n g g an g 41 J un e R im b o R e jan g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 30 P e n g ad an g L e b o n g œ Ban g un J ay a. 42 J un e K e te n o n g I - L e b o n g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 20 R o utin e p atro l A ir Batu U tara A sah - L e b o n g T e b in g S e ratus

43 J un e K e te n o n g I - L e b o n g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 23 A ir Batu A sah - A ir k e lum b u - T e b in g S e ratus

44 J uly S e i L in tan g - K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 43 16 3 m e n arre ste d an d R e n ah fo rm ally c autio n e d , T e n g ah - sn are s c o n fisc ate d . S e i Be tun g airg un c o n fisc ate d . V e ry M ud ik larg e sc ale (1000 h a p lus to d ate ) is o c c urrin g

45 J uly T arutun g - K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 2 40 Bk t S an g k o - S e i T ab ir - T arutun g

46 J uly T an jun g M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 3 20 P o ac h e rs c am p fo un d B3rug o - Bk t an d d e stro y e d S e d in g in 47 J uly L ub uk Bun g o J am b i 1 0 0 10 P lac e c am e ra to m o n ito r Be rin g in - m o ve m e n ts o f a tig e r Bk t G e d an g re p o rte d to h ave - P m t p re d ate d live sto c k P an jan g K e c . Batin III U lu 48 J uly G un un g M uk o Be n g k ulu 2 0 0 25 E n c ro ac h m e n t b y in - S o lan g - A ir M uk o m ig ran ts fro m L am p un g Be rau is o c c urrin g in N P b uffe r z o n e fo re sts 49 J uly L ub uk M uk o Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 20 E n c ro ac h m e n t b y in - P an jan g œ M uk o m ig ran ts fro m L am p un g A ir Be rau is o c c urrin g in b uffe r z o n e fo re sts

21 50 J uly A ir L up o M uk o Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 18 T e ram an g M uk o 51 A ug ust D e sa Birun M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 0 5 E sc o rt visito rs fro m œ K e c . S T F . Ille g al lo g g in g h as S un g ai re c o m m e n c e d M an au

52 A ug ust L b Be rin g in - Bun g o J am b i 0 0 0 16 Ille g al lo g g in g is ac tive Bk t G e d an g in p ro te c te d b uffe r z o n e fo re sts

53 A ug ust P T S M A - Bun g o J am b i 1 0 0 16 N e w fo re st c le aran c e in Batan g U le N P b uffe r z o n e 54 A ug ust D e sa Birun M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 0 15 ro utin e p atro l: ille g al K e c S un g ai lo g g in g n o t o c c urrin g M an au 55 A ug ust S im p an g M e ran g in J am b i 0 0 0 10 ro utin e p atro l in are a o f P arit - U jun g re c e n t tig e r c o n flic t T an jun g

56 S e p te m b e r S T e b al - S M e ran g in J am b i 2 0 0 45 7 sn are d b ird re le ase d , L ad i- p o ac h e rs c am p b urn e d S e p urak - d o w n . M o n ito r an d Be d e n g V II re sp o n d to an y n e w ille g al fo re st c le aran c e 57 S e p te m b e r P T T K A - Bun g o J am b i 1 0 0 19 P re R am ad an an ti Batan g p o ac h in g p atro l in an K e m arau are a (2004 an d 2005) w h e re m an y sn are s fo un d 58 S e p te m b e r S L alan g - S M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 26 20 10 S um atran p e ac o c k In ai - p h e asan t fo un d d e ad in P e rad un sn are s, o n e q uail an d a S iam an g p e ac o c k p h e asan t re le ase d . D e e r sn are s d e stro y e d

59 S e p te m b e r S P 8 - M uk o Be n g k ulu 2 0 0 40 S e b e lat M uk o M e rah 60 S e p te m b e r G un un g M uk o Be n g k ulu 3 0 74 40 R am ad h an p o ac h in g S o lan g œ M uk o p atro l: sn are s p o ssib ly Be rau p lac e d b y e n c ro ac h e rs in state fo re st b uffe r z o n e 61 O c to b e r A ir D uk u - R e jan g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 15 R am ad h an an ti S e k o lar L e b o n g p o ac h in g p atro l P o lisi N e g ara,

62 O c to b e r R e n ah K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 50 M uc h n e w ille g al P e m e tik - c le aran c e o f N P fo re sts. S un g ai In d ic atio n s o f ille g al H itam m arijuan a c ultivatio n 63 O c to b e r P un g ut H ilir K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 53 35 2 S iulak p o ac h e rs - S M alik i - arre ste d , 4 susp e c te d Bk t p o ac h e rs n o t fo un d . T e rb ak ar - S T w o m e n c autio n e d fo r P isan g K e c . e le c tro -fish in g A ir H an g at T im ur

22 64 O c to b e r R e n ah K ay u K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 15 R am ad h an p o ac h in g E m b un - Bk t p atro l P an d an 65 O c to b e r P un g ut H ilir K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 109 45 F o llo w -up p atro l to œ H ulu e n sure all sn are s S un g ai re m o ve d M alik i œ Buk it T e rb ak ar œ H ulu S un g ai P isan g K e c . A ir H an g at T im ur 66 O c to b e r K o to J ay o - M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 220 30 1 p o ac h e rs c am p K o to d e stro y e d , 406 b ird R aw an g œ sn are s ac tive an d M uara d e stro y e d M ad ras

67 O c to b e r S un g ai M e ran g in J am b i 1 0 87 35 P o ac h e rs‘ c am p L alan g œ d e stro y e d , tw o S un g ai susp e c te d p o ac h e rs P e rik an arre ste d an d issue d w ith fo rm al le g al w arn in g s an d o rd e re d to le ave an d n o t re turn to N P fo re sts

68 N o ve m b e r K e b un Baru K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 30 œ Be le ran g M ati œ L ad e h P an jan g œ d an au S ati K e c . G n .K e rin c i, K ab . K e rin c i 69 N o ve m b e r Batu K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 30 A n ti p o ac h in g p atro l: Be le k uk œœ ve ry larg e -sc ale ille g al P asir J ay a fo re st c le aran c e R e n ah e x te n d in g in to p ark ‘s P e m e tik z o n a in ti

70 N o ve m b e r M asg o œ K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 40 R o utin e p atro l b ut c h e c k S un g ai re p o rts K e rin c i p o ac h e rs L um ay an g œ m ay h ave e n te re d are a: S ip urak œ n o sig n o f e n try Be d e n g V II

71 N o ve m b e r S un g ai K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 20 In fo rm atio n sn are s S uruk œœ ac tive œ n o t fo un d J e m b atan II Buk it T ap an

23 72 N o ve m b e r R e n ah K ay u K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 15 E m b un œ Buk it P an d an 73 N o ve m b e r T arutun g œ K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 15 R o utin e p atro l T e b in g T in g g i

74 N o ve m b e r Ban d un g R e jan g Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 25 R o utin e p atro l M arg a œ L e b o n g K ay u M an is

75 N o ve m b e r Ban d un g R e jan g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 35 E n c ro ac h m e n t in to N P M arg a œP al L e b o n g fo re sts is o c c urrin g V III

76 N o ve m b e r T e s-T ab ah L e b o n g Be n g k ulu 1 0 0 20 P an jan g 77 N o ve m b e r S P N œ R e jan g Be n g k ulu 0 0 0 15 D an au M as L e b o n g 78 D e c e m b e r R an tau M e ran g in , J am b i 1 2 1 25 P atro l to fo llo w up Be rin g in œ K e rin c i in te llig e n c e in ve stig atio n S un g ai (c f arre st m ad e o n K am b u œ 19.12.06). S p run g tig e r S .K uy an g - sn are site fo un d . G un S ip urak se iz e d fro m e n c ro ac h e r‘s farm h o use . N P fo re st lan d s b e in g so ld , alle g e d ly b y o w n e r o f g un 79 D e c e m b e r M uara K e rin c i J am b i 1 0 0 20 A s ab o ve an d d o c um e n t S ip urak œ ille g al fo re st c le aran c e P e rlad an g an up stre am fo r A g us œ e n fo rc e m e n t ac tio n b y S un g ai N P an d lo c al S ip urak g o ve rn m e n t.

80 D e c e m b e r P asir J ay a œ K e rin c i J am b i 0 0 0 30 J o in t o p e ratio n w ith Batan g K e rin c i p o lic e : M arijuan a T e b o œ A ir ‘n urse ry ‘ fo un d . 17 P un g ut œ farm h o use s in sid e N P Buk it b urn e d d o w n .: P e n d un g e n c ro ac h m e n t n o w e x te n d s 5k m in to n atio n al p ark . L o c al villag e h e ad m an susp e c te d to b e b ac k in g lan d g rab s 66 17 728 2145

24

Appendix III – Human-Wildlife Conflict incidents – PHS 2006

No Conflict Initial incident Additional information type and report area 1. A siatic G o ld e n T ig e r attac k e d g o at, In c id e n t ap p e ars to h ave o c c urre d b ut w as A siatic g o ld e n c at c at d o g s in L o c al an d n o t tig e r. A n im al attac k e d g o at an d d o g . G o at survive d . T ran sm ig ratio n T ran sm ig ratio n A re a are a farm lan d F arm e rs c o un se le d o n live sto c k h usb an d ry an d usin g M an g k urajo trad itio n al (b am b o o ) n o ise m ak e rs to d e te r an im al(s) fro m K ab . L e b o n g , e n te rin g are a. Be n g k ulu . R e p e at visits b y te am

2. S um atran tig e r M an p ursue d an d F arm e r c h ase d up a tre e b y a tig e r. E ve n tually re sc ue d b y M uara S iau, tre e d b y a tig e r o th e r lo c al farm e rs, o n e o f w h o m sh o t th e tig e r. C arc ass M e ran g in , alle g e d ly surre n d e re d to a lo c al p o lic e o ffic e r b ut n o re p o rt J am b i lo g g e d . M uc h ille g al fo re st c le aran c e ac tive in n e ig h b o urin g state fo re sts in th is are a 3. S um atran tig e r T ig e r in farm lan d at F arm e rs ad vise an im al is R e sid e n t tig e r, o tte n m o ve s th ro ug h fo re st e d g e fo re st-farm lan d in te rfac e an d is c ausin g n o p ro b le m s. T P C U D an au T e s re q ue sts to b e ad vise d farm e rs are c o n c e rn e d o r if stran g e rs K e c . L e b o n g sh o w in ap p ro p riate in te re st S e latan K ab . L e b o n g 4. S um atran tig e r P alm o il c o m p an y P H S te am m e m b e r e n liste d p lan tatio n w o rk e rs to d rive tig e r p lan tatio n re p o rts tig e r o ut o f p lan tatio n are a an d b ac k to lo g g in g fo re sts o f P T BA T P T . P A T I m o vin g in p lan tatio n w h ic h b o rd e r n atio n al p ark . G R O U P A ir are a Be ras G ajah M ati K e c . P o n d o k S ug uh K ab . M uk o - M uk o , Be n g k ulu

5. S um atran D ry ric e c ro p s e ate n R e p o rte d to P L G fo r ac tio n : m uc h e le p h an t h ab itat lo st in th is e le p h an t b y e le p h an t are a in th e last d e c ad e . P e ram b ah H utan T alan g A rah K ab . M uk o -M uk o , Be n g k ulu

6. S um atran 6 farm h o use s E le p h an ts alre ad y re turn e d to fo re st: farm h o use s fo un d (usin g e le p h an t k n o c k e d d o w n b y G P S ) to b e w ith in T N K S b o rd e rs. In sp ite o f th is, farm e rs T am iai K e c . e le p h an ts re q ue ste d c o m p e n satio n fro m N P A : Batan g M e ran g in , K ab . K e rin c i, J am b i 7. S um atran tig e r T ig e r p re se n t w h e n T ig e r m o vin g in o il p alm p lan tatio n are a w h e n a h um an - P T . P A T I K e c . P L G e le p h an t c o n flic t e le p h an t c o n flic t issue o c c urrin g . P ro b ab ly d ue to ad jac e n t P o n d o k S ug uh sp e c ialists c o m m e n c e ille g al state fo re st c le aran c e K ab . M uk o - d rivin g e le p h an ts b ac k M uk o . in to n atio n al p ark an d p ro te c te d lo g g in g fo re sts

25 8. S um atran E le p h an t ag ain e n te r C h e c k e d , c o n firm e d an d re p o rte d to P L G e le p h an t te am e le p h an t p alm o il are a an d P T . P ati K e c . villag e rs farm lan d . P o n d o k S ug uh k ab . M uk o - M uk o .

9. S um atran T ig e r sn are d b ut T w o an d sub se q ue n tly th re e T P C U te am s d e p lo y e d to c o n tro l T ig e r re le ase d itse lf, an d p an ic in villag e an d to fo llo w an d m o n ito r th e in jure d tig e r w h o , Birun , K ab m o vin g in farm lan d in itially , d id n o t h ave full use o f th e sn are d lim b . T P C U also M e ran g in , c lo se to th e villag e se e k in g ad d itio n al sn are s fe are d ac tive J am b i c ausin g g re at alarm . T w o c am e ra trap s lo an e d b y M H S te am an d p lac e d in h o p e o f se c urin g im ag e s to allo w asse ssm e n t o f th e an im al‘s c o n d itio n A d d itio n al an x ie ty d ue so an in fo rm e d d e c isio n c o uld b e tak e n . to p re se n c e o f tw o Id e n tity o f th e p o ac h e r se c ure d b ut n o e vid e n c e fo r arre st: six un k n o w n , arm e d m e n , site s w h e re sn are s (p re vio usly se arc h e d fo r in J an uary an d ap p are n tly lo o k in g fo r F e b ruary b ut n o t fo un d ) h ad b e e n se t. O n e site h ad c aug h t an d th is tig e r k ille d a tig e r in /aro un d F e b ruary (th e re b y c o n firm in g p re vio us in te llig e n c e ) 10. A siatic g o ld e n T ig e r m o vin g in S ite c h e c k , in te rvie w s w ith e y e w itn e sse s an d fo o tm ark s c at farm lan d an d c lo se to in d ic ate A siatic g o ld e n c at an d n o t S um atran tig e r as re p o rte d . villag e œ fie ld c h e c k F arm e rs ad vise th at a to tal o f 14 g o ats in jure d o r k ille d o ve r d e sa Buk it p ast y e ar o r so . F o re st c le aran c e fo r o il p alm e x p an sio n Be rlian & b lam e d o n th is in c id e n t. T ran s T an jun g D alam k e c . N ap al P utih Be n g k ulu U tara 11. S um atran tig e r T ig e r in farm lan d R e p o rt fo un d to d ate to th re e m o n th s e arlie r: tig e r h ad n o t S P IV M uk o p re d ate d live sto c k b ut c ause d alarm . M uk o T h e un usual m o ve m e n ts o f th is tig e r lik e ly to h ave b e e n c ause d b y c o n tin uin g fo re st c le aran c e fo r o il p alm b y N o rw e g ian -In d o n e sian o il jo in t ve n ture c o m p an y A L N O . V illag e rs ad vise th at 2 y e ars e arlie r, a tig e r d ie d (fo un d d e c o m p o se d an d b urie d ) in a w ild p ig sn are in th is are a. 12. S um atran tig e r T ig e r m o vin g in R e p e at c h e c k s m ad e : tig e r ap p e ars to b e an ad ult fe m ale w ith farm lan d b o rd e rin g tw o sub -ad ult c ub s h un tin g w ild b o ar in th e are a: villag e rs T alan g A rah fo re st b e in g c le are d ad vise tig e r is ”train in g ‘ h e r c ub s to h un t K ab . M uk o - fo r e x p an sio n o f an o il M uk o p alm p lan tatio n (P T A L N O ) 13. S um atran tig e r Ille g al lo g g in g Ille g al lo g g e r suffe re d se rio us le g in jurie s an d m assive b lo o d c h ain saw o p e rato r lo ss., tak e n o ut o f th e fo re st b y h is frie n d s an d sub se q ue n tly T N K S A ir attac k e d b y a tig e r se n t to h o sp ital in J ava w h e re h e d ie d . M an jun to (site N o re ve n g e attac k s p lan n e d b y th e ille g al lo g g in g sy n d ic ate s. b e tw e e n T h is is th e th ird suc h in c id e n t in th is are a sin c e 2001 an d M an jun to an d an o th e r m an (also an ille g al lo g g e r) w as k ille d h e re in 2004. S e lag an rive rs in N P ) in . K ab . M uk o -M uk o 14. S um atran tig e r M o n ito rin g tig e r D e sc rip tio n stro n g ly in d ic ate s sam e ad ult tig re ss as at T alan g m o ve m e n ts in A rah (se e N o 12) an d farm e rs ad vise saw y o un g e r tig e rs w ith P T . P A T I p lan tatio n /farm lan d th is an im al, w itn e sse s said T ig re ss te ac h in g h e r c ub s to h un t. K ab . M uk o - P rin ts o f 2+ in d ivid ual tig e rs sup p o rt w itn e ss state m e n ts M uk o

26 15. A siatic G o ld e n F ie ld c h e c k T e am c h e c k e d lo c atio n an d m e t villag e rs: n o furth e r p re d atio n c at . o f g o ats h as o c c urre d

Buk it Be rlian & ran s T an jun g D alam . k ab . Be n g k ulu U tara

16. S um atran tig e r 3 T ig e rs se e n in Id e n tifie d as alm o st c e rtain ly ad ult fe m ale an d h e r c ub s fo re st-e d g e farm lan d p re vio usly m o vin g b e tw e e n T alan g A rah an d P T P ati. V illag e rs T alan g A rah ask e d to m o n ito r an d ad vise if an y ab b e ran t b e h avio ur o c c urs K e c . M uk o - an d to re p o rt an y susp ic io us o utsid e rs M uk o S e latan , M uk o M uk o .

17. M alay sun b e ar S un b e ar d e stro y in g Be h avio ur fo un d to b e a re sult o f a villag e r ‘ste alin g ‘ th e b e ar‘s farm h o use s an d c ub . S up p o rt fro m lo c al p o lic e sub -d istric t o ffic e re sulte d in th e A ir H itam K e c . d am ag in g c ro p s an d villag e r th at h ad tak e n th e c ub re turn in g it to p o sitio n b e ar last P o n d o k sug uh b e h avin g stran g e ly . se e n an d n o furth e r p ro b le m s re p o rte d K ab . M uk o - . M uk o . 18. S um atran tig e r T h re e c attle k ille d b y T ig e r c o n firm e d p re se n t an d k ills ap p e ar th o se o f tig e r. O n e a tig e r c o w b ad ly in jure d , o n e c o w k ille d , o n e g o at k ille d o ve r a th re e D usun P arit . d ay p e rio d . an d D usun T P C U d e stro y e d o n e tig e r sn are an d b urn e d an d b urie d tig e r K e b un D e sa k ill to d e te r it fro m re turn in g an d e n sure c arc ass n o t p o iso n e d . P arit U jun g G P S p o sitio n s sug g e st tig e r m ay h ave re tre ate d ac ro ss T an jun g , M e ran g in rive r to th is are a as a re sult o f ille g al lan d c le aran c e S un g ai M an au, to th e w e st in S are stra II fo rm e r lo g g in g c o n c e ssio n . M e ran g in , T e am s re m ain e d o n site fo r m o re th an a w e e k , p ro vid in g J am b i c o un se llin g an d ad vic e o n an im al h usb an d ry , safe ty an d ro o t c ause s o f c o n flic t.

19. S um atran tig e r T ig e r (2) m o vin g in T ig e r p re se n t (b y fo o tm ark s): N o p re d atio n o f live sto c k b ut at S un g ai J e rin g farm lan d (villag e le ast tw o k n o w n p o ac h e rs live in n e arb y P e re n tak are a. villag e K e c . rub b e r), frag m e n t A d vic e , c o un se lin g g ive n an d T P C U an d c o m m un ity S un g ai M an au fo re st an d ric e fie ld s sub se q ue n tly ”d ro ve ‘ tig e rs to fo re st b o rd e rin g Birun are a. K ab . M e ran g in

20. S um atran tig e r T w o w ate rb uffalo O n e w ate r b uffalo k ille d , o n e in jure d . k ille d b y tig e r an d T ig e r se e m s to h ave e n te re d th is are a w h ile h un tin g w ild b o ar D e sa L ub uk c o m m un ity frig h te n e d (m ig ratio n o f b e ard e d p ig w as o n g o in g ) an d lik e ly to h ave Be rin g in K e c . to g o to th e ir farm lan d attac k e d w ate r b uffalo o p p o rtun istic ally Batin III U lu, C o un se llin g an d ad vic e o n an im al h usb an d ry g ive n an d K ab . Bun g o , c o m m un ity ask e d to re p o rt, urg e n tly , if assistan c e n e e d e d in J am b i th e future .

21. M alay sun b e ar M alay sun b e ar T P C U im m e d iate ly to th e are a: By th e tim e te am h ad re ac h e d d am ag in g c ro p s an d th e site , villag e in fo rm an ts ad vise d b e ar w as alre ad y d e ad D e sa S un g ai farm h o use s. A n im al h avin g b e e n attac k e d b y a S um atran tig e r: T e lan g , K ab . sh o t at an d in jure d b y F ie ld c h e c k ap p e are d to c o n firm th is re p o rt. Bun g o a farm e r A d vic e to villag e rs o n m e asure s to d e te r b e ars, c o rre c t re sp o n se s to c o n flic t (re q ue st sup p o rt an d d o n o t tak e law in to o w n h an d s) an d villag e rs ad vise d te am w ill alw ay s re sp o n d to p ro b le m s

27 22. S um atran tig e r L o c al p arliam e n tarian S ite as p e r c o n flic t are a A p ril 2006: te am ad vise d th at a re p o rts a tig e r k ille d a S um atran tig e r h ad k ille d a villag e r‘s c o w b e c ause it h ad n o t D e sa P arit c o w in P arit U jun g re turn e d to its sh e d fo r tw o d ay s. U jun g T an jun g villag e A fte r se arc h in g in un d e rg ro w th an d sc rub lan d , c o w ‘s c arc ass K e c . S un g ai w as fo un d an d te am c o m m e n c e d se arc h fo r tig e r p re se n c e . M an au K ab . C arc ass w as th e n re -e x am in e d an d it w as e stab lish e d th at th e M e ran g in c o w h ad b e e n k ille d b y p aran g (m ac h e te ) c uts an d n o t tig e r attac k an d th at th e o w n e r h ad p re vio usly b e e n ask e d n o t to allo w h is c o w to ro am un sup e rvise d an d d am ag e y o un g c ro p s

23. S um atran tig e r G o at k ille d b y tig e r in O n g o in g ille g al fo re st c le aran c e w ith in N atio n al P ark b o rd e rs is fo re st e d g e farm lan d o c c urrin g in th is are a: villag e rs ad vise d th at h ab itat lo ss an d A ir S e tap an g , d isturb an c e a m ajo r c ause o f c o n flic t. V illag e rs re q ue ste d to P e n arik , K ab re sp e c t n atio n al p ark b o rd e rs an d to n o t allo w live sto c k to ro am M uk o -M uk o . un sup e rvise d at fo re st e d g e

24. S um atran tig e r F ish e rm an attac k e d In ve stig atio n q uic k ly re ve ale d th e 50 y e ar-o ld ”vic tim ‘ w as n o t b y tig e r in N atio n al lo o k in g fo r g ah aru an d fish in g as h e c laim e d b ut h ad b e e n T ap an are a, P ark fo re st in N ilau p o ac h in g an d c aug h t (sn are d ) a tig e r. k e c P an c un g rive r are a; e vac uate d W ith a frie n d (p re vio usly re c o rd e d b y th e p ro g ram as a S o al, P e sisir w ith e ig h t se p arate susp e c te d p o ac h e r), th e ‘vic tim ‘ ap p ro ac h e d th e sn are d tig e r S e latan , W e st c law in jurie s re q uirin g w h ic h ap p e are d m o rib un d . S um atra a to tal o f 119 stitc h e s T h e an im al th e n attac k e d h avin g p re vio usly lo o se n e d sn are ro p e s un k n o w n to th e p o ac h e rs.. T h e ”vic tim ‘ w as save d b y h is frie n d w h o fire d in to th e air p ro m p tin g th e attac k in g an im al to re tre at ”A .A ‘ w as c arrie d to a safe d istan c e , h is frie n d th e n sum m o n e d h e lp fro m n e are st villag e (4 h o urs w alk ). V illag e le ad e rs ad vise d th e in c id e n t w as th e fault o f A A an d th at n o re ve n g e w o uld b e allo w e d ag ain st th e tig e r in vo lve d . A A h as b e e n p lac e d o n th e p ro g ram d ata b ase as a tig e r p o ac h e r an d h is future ac tivitie s m o n ito re d as p o ssib le

25. S um atran L arg e h e rd o f P H S te am m e m b e r w o rk e d w ith villag e rs an d P T P A T I e le p h an t E le p h an ts (60 p lan tatio n staff to d rive e le p h an ts b ac k in to P T BA T lo g g in g in d ivid uals) m o vin g in fo re sts w h ic h b o rd e r T N K S . A ir M ati rive r villag e farm lan d fo r 2 are a, G ajah d ay s: 12 h a o f c ro p s M ati k e c . d am ag e d in are a P o n d o k S ug uh b o rd e rin g P T . P A T I k ab . M uk o - p lan tatio n M uk o . 26. S um atran tig e r R e p o rt o f tig e r m o vin g R e p o rt o f tig e r m o vin g in farm lan d c o n firm e d : villag e rs ad vise d in farm lan d an d an im al w as R e sid e n t an d fre q ue n tly p re se n t, c ausin g n o R an tau p o ssib ly sh o t p ro b le m s o r an x ie ty as h ad n e ve r p re d ate d live sto c k o r p o se d P an d an , K ab . a th re at. Bun g o In sp ite o f th is, fie ld c h e c k s c o n firm e d th at a ro g ue lo c al g o ve rn m e n t o ffic e r h ad sh o t at th is tig e r w h e n it re turn e d to a w ild p ig k ill usin g a g un b o rro w e d fro m a ro g ue p o lic e o ffic e r. N o e vid e n c e fo un d , at th e site to c o n firm th e tig e r w as in jure d e ve n th o ug h sh o t at fairly c lo se ran g e : lo c al farm e rs c laim e d th e g un m an h ad m isse d an d th e tig e r fle d . L e g al e vid e n c e to allo w p ro se c utio n o f th e se tw o in d ivid uals n o t suffic ie n tly stro n g b ut villag e rs in th is are a w ill b e p ro vid in g in fo rm atio n o n th e ac tivitie s o f b o th m e n .

28 27. S um atran tig e r T ig e r m o vin g in fo re st- T e am c alle d to th is re m o te villag e (se ve n h o urs d rive fro m e d g e farm lan d Ban g k o ) b y a lo c al in fo rm an t: up o n arrival, villag e rs e x p re sse d Batan g frig h te n in g villag e rs surp rise at T P C U arrival an d ad vise d th at n o tig e r w as L an g k up P ulau w h o w e re re luc tan t to c urre n tly m o vin g in th e are a, th at th e re w as n o p ro b le m an d T e n g ah villag e , g o to th e ir ric e fie ld s th at th e y w e re w o rk in g in th e ir ric e fie ld s n o rm ally J an g k at K ab . in an are a w h e re T P C U use d e x istin g in fo rm an ts to c h e c k th at th e re h ad b e e n M e ran g in c o n flic t p re vio usly n o p ro b le m alre ad y ”re so lve d ‘ b y k illin g a ”p ro b le m tig e r‘ an d o c c urre d in 2004. c o n c lud e d th is w as a false o r h o ax re p o rt

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