HIGHARCS‐ HIGHLAND AQUATIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT

UTTARAKHAND SITE

DR. NITAI KUNDU DR. MAUSUMI PAL

MS. JAYANTI DUTTA

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND WETLAND MANAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

DD‐24, SALT LAKE, SECTOR‐I “SAILA BHAWAN” KOLKATA‐ 700 064 HB‐150, SECTOR‐III, SALT LAKE KOLKATA‐ 700 106

RESEARCH TEAM

DR. NITAI KUNDU, OVERALL SUPERVISION AND COORDINATION

DR. MAUSUMI PAL, COORDINATOR, CEMPD

MS. JAYANTI DUTTA, PROJECT SCIENTIST, CEMPD

MR. K.S.RAHAMAN, RESEARCH ASSISTANT, IESWM

MR. ASIM PANI, RESEARCH ASSISTANT, CEMPD

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH SITE_ LAKES OF DISTRICT, ,

1.1.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

1.1.2 REGIONAL SETTING

1.1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

1.2.1 LOCATION

1.2.2 ECOLOGICAL STATUS

1.2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY

1.2.4 MORPHOLOGY OF LAKES

1.2.5 CLIMATE

2. ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES

2.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

2.1.1a FLORA

2.1.1b HORTICULTURE

2.1.1c MEDICINAL FLORA

2.1.2 FAUNA

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2.1.2a ANIMALS

2.1.2b BIRDS

2.2.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN SYSTEM

2.2.2 BIODIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY AND FARMING SYSTEM

2.3 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

3. SOCIO CULTURAL SYSTEMS

3.1 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

3.1.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE

3.1.2 BUILT HERITAGE

3.1.3 TOURISM

3.2 SOCIAL SYSTEM

3.2.1 SOCIAL COMPOSITION

3.2.2 MIGRATION

3.2.3 THE SITUATION IN SLUMS OF NAINITAL

3.2.4 HOUSEHOLD PROFILE

3.3 GENDER AND DEMOGRAPHICS

3.3.1 AGE SEX STRUCTURE OF POPULATION

3.3.2 LITERACY

3.3.3 OCCUPATION

4. NATURAL RESOURCE DEPENDENCE AND LIVELIHOODS

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4.1 LIVELIHOOD AND MARKET NETWORKS

4.1.1 MARKET NETWORKS

4.1.1a THE MALL

4.1.1b THE FLATTS

4.1.2 LIVELIHOODS

4.2 RESOURCE DEPENDENCE, ACCESS AND CONTROL

4.3 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY

5. LOCAL PLANNING AND PROJECTS

5.1.1 LAKE CONSERVATION

5.1.2 LAKE RESTORATION

5.1.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE

5.2 DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

5.2.1 NAINITAL CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

6. POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND STAKEHOLDERS

6.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND LOCAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS

6.1.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

6.1.2 LOCAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS

7. LOGISTICS

7.1 ACCESSIBILITY

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7.2 EXISTING DATA AVAILABILITY

7.3 PRE‐EXISTING RELATIONSHIP TO COMMUNITY/DISTRICT

7.4 STAKEHOLDERS COMMITMENT TO PROJECT

ANNEXURE

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

TABLE 1: MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES 16

TABLE 2: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSOCIATED WITH NAINITAL 22

TABLE 3: MIGRATION 27

TABLE 4: LIST OF SLUMS IN NAINITAL 28

TABLE 5: POPULATION AND DECADAL CHANGE IN POPULATION 31

TABLE 6: AGE‐SEX DISTRIBUTION AND SEX RATIO 32

TABLE 7: LITERACY STATUS OF POPULATION AGE 7 YEARS AND ABOVE 32

TABLE 8: OCCUPATION BY AGE 33

TABLE 9: INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONAL MATRIX 48

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Abbreviations and Acronyms:

ARIES Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences

BPL Below Poverty Line

DPR Detailed Project Report

DUDA District Urban Development Agency

GOU Government of Uttarakhand

INTACH The Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

KMVN Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam

LDA Lake Development Authority

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

NIH National Institute of Hydrology

NLCP Nainital lake Conservation Project

NLRSADA Nainital lake Region Special Area Development Authority

NNPP Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad

PWD Public Works Department

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

STP Sewage Treatment Plants

SUDA State Urban Development Agency

TCPO Town and Country Planning Organization

UEPPCB Uttaranchal Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board

UFW Unaccounted for Water

UJS Uttarakhand Jal Sanstan

ULB Urban Local Body

UPC Uttaranchal Power Corporation

UPJN Uttaranchal Pey Jal Nigam

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1 INTRODUCTION

“HIGHARCS” stands for Highland Aquatic Resources Conservation and Sustainable Development. It is a study concerned with conservation of the highland aquatic resources and improvement of the livelihood strategies of the local people simultaneously. In one phrase sustainable development without affecting the biodiversity of the area. The biodiversity values have been kept in mind while conducting the survey.

The sites where the survey was conducted are Chanoti village near , Pandeygaon village near and Nainital proper. The survey began on 17th of April, 2010. Thirty household from each village were considered and various focus groups were interviewed. Basically the fishermen, the boatmen, the rickshaw pullers and school children participated in the interaction session. These people have a desperate need of lake related goods and services to enhance their income. The selected aquatic resources Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal and Nainital have great economic importance as the livelihood activities of the residents are some how related with the lake. This survey continued up to the 5th of May, 2010 and there were 40 focus Groups conducted in each site. Fishermen, photographers, boatmen, restaurant owners, restaurant workers, farmers, street vendors, hawkers, teenagers were included in focus groups. There was an elaborate discussion regarding the various activities related with the lake, the importance of the lakes in their lives, reasons behind the pollution of the lakes, the measures undertaken for cleaning of the lakes, livelihood activities related with the lakes, income change over the years and its reasons.

OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT

The study is focused in the Nainital lake system in of Uttarakhand, India. Naini Lake is the most important water body in Nainital in terms of both environment and tourist attraction. It is also a recipient of storm water for large catchments. The three lakes: Nainital, 7

Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal are polluted due to urbanization and tourism activities. of untreated waste water, disposal of solid waste and silt deposition are the major factors that cause pollution of the lakes. Previously this area was plentiful in aquatic resources. The present situation is a puzzle; no in‐depth and comprehensive study has been conducted to understand the present status of biodiversity in the lake system and linkages with the livelihood strategies of the local people. Based on the above‐mentioned situation, the study was thus justified with specific objectives as follows:

Objectives: • To examine and assess diversity of aquatic resources i.e. how varied or scarce are the various species of animals and plants found in the lake. • To identify and assess ecological services of ecosystem in proposed sites i.e. what are the various goods and services obtained from the lakes and the existence values of the lake. • To evaluate the main factors that affects the highland aquatic resources. • To identify different groups of stakeholders, their roles and association with the available aquatic resources i.e. the people whose lives are dependent on the lake to earn their living. • To recognize the feasible livelihood development strategies of local inhabitants dependent on these aquatic resources. • To formulate action plans for enhancing poor livelihood as well as conserving aquatic resources. • Proper implementation and management of the formulated action plans.

Broadly we can say that the objective of the study is to find reasons for the deterioration of the lakes, ways in which the lakes can be conserved and sustainable utilization of the lakes along with maintenance of the livelihood strategies of the stakeholders, or in other words sustainable development without affecting the biodiversity of the area.

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH SITE_ LAKES OF NAINITAL DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

1.1.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

The are abounding with high altitude aquatic lands, which include rivers and associated floodplain marshes, swamps, glaciated lakes, hot springs, seasonal waterlogged areas and man made wetlands, that play important role in hydrological cycle and regulation of water regimes and livelihood of the local hill communities as well as those living in the plains. These aquatic bodies are under threat due to degradation of catchments and water diversion leading to changes in water regimes, associated biodiversity and overall ecosystem services. In addition, impact of climate change, which has severe implications on regional water resources, is also there.

Comprehensive assessments on the extent and current situation of high altitude aquatic lands with respect to sustainable development within the Himalayan region have not been undertaken. Under the current initiative, an attempt would be made to assess the present situation of aquatic resources and conservation needs towards sustainable development.

Uttarakhand is a state located in the northern part of India. It was created out of Himalayan and adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000. The name of the state was officially changed from Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand, in January 2007, according to the wishes of a large section of its people. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun. Uttarakhand borders Tibet to the north, Nepal to the east, and the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in the west and south respectively.

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Nainital is known as the Lake District of Uttarakhand due to a large number of lakes in the area. The presence of more than a hundred lakes has been recorded up until the nineteenth century. Our study concentrates on three of the most famous lakes among them. The district boasts of some of the most scenic lakes in India. It is one of the important District of Uttarakhand with high altitude. The City of Nainital is the headquarters of Nainital Lake District and Kumaon region. Nainital has been selected for its tourist importance. Nainital city, located at an altitude of 1938 m is spread over an area of 11.73 sq km, of which Naini Lake covers 0.54 sq km1. Nainital occupies a unique place among the various hill towns in the state of Uttarakhand. Known for its pleasant climate and scenic beauty, the town is a popular destination in the northern tourist circuit. Nainital attracts thousands of tourists according to Amar Ujala2, 3 may, 2008, 98% of the tourists were Indians and 1.6% foreigners in the year 2007. The reasons for visits are educational tours; official tours and holidays. These reasons are influenced by one common feature which is the natural environment. Nainital is also an important administrative town in the State, containing the High Court and well known institutions such as Academy Of Administration, Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Office of Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam and Kumaon University. Nainital, which was set up by the British way back in early 19th century as a summer resort became summer capital of the Northern Province. It has a proud privilege of being one of the oldest municipalities. The city has become a popular getaway during the scorching summer of the northern plains. Cradled in the Himalayan foothills, Nainital acts as the gateway to Kumaon hills.

Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal lakes are the three most important water bodies in Nainital in terms of both their environment importance and as a tourist attraction. Nainital hills are unstable and many have caused a huge amount of damage in the past. The pollution of the lakes can be attributed to urbanization and tourism activities. The major reasons for pollution of the lakes are discharge of untreated waste water, disposal of solid wastes and silt deposition. No detailed analysis has been conducted to evaluate the present situation of biodiversity in the lake system and linkages with the livelihood measures of the local people. As

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a famous tourist place and the lakes being the centre of attraction of the tourists the livelihood of the local people mostly depends on these lakes, directly or indirectly. The three selected communities i.e., Pandeygaon village situated near , Chanoti village situated near Naukuchiatal lake, and the Nainital proper (The area covering nearly 0.5 km radius surrounding the Nainital Lake). Pandeygaon village is selected as it is the closest village to Bhimtal Lake and most of the people living there are engaged in agriculture and depends on the irrigated water of the lake for this, and they also collect water from the canal for different household purposes. Chanoti village is selected as it is the closest village to Naukuchiatal Lake and most of the people living there are engaged in Boat driving and tourism. We select the Nainital proper area as it is the heart of the city and livelihood of all the people directly or indirectly depends on the Nainital Lake. These are the reasons in brief for selecting the village Chanoti, Pandeygaon and Nainital proper as sites for conducting the survey.

1.1.2 REGIONAL SETTING

Nainital is a district of Uttarakhand state of India. district lies to the north of Nainital and to its south lies the Udham Singh Nagar district. Champawat district flanks it in the east and the district of Pauri Garhwal lies to the west. Nearby places of importance include (11 km), Bhimtal (22 km), Naukuchiatal (26 km), (24 km) and Khurpatal (10 km). (See fig1)3. The hill towns of Almora and Ranikhet are 65 km and 58 km distant respectively. Kausani, famous for its exotic view of 250 km wide Himalayan panorama is 116 Km away from Nainital. Pithoragarh is at a distance of 131 km while the , a popular destination for mountaineers and trekkers, is 236 km away. The world famous Jim Corbett National park4 is 117 km away from Nainital. (Edward James “Jim” was a British hunter, conservationist, and naturalist, famous for slaying a large number of man eating tigers and leopards in India. He served the cause of wildlife preservation and delivered peace and tranquility in the man eater

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infested regions of Kumaon and Garhwal. The Indian government in 1956 named the park as Jim Corbett national park in honour of Jim Corbett).

Location Map:

Location of Uttarakhand in India Location of Nainital in Uttarakhand

Satellite image showing Nainital Lake, Bhimtal Lake and Naukuchiatal Lake at Uttarakhand, India

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1.1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Nainital has an important mythological reference as one of 64 ‘Shakti Peeths’. These centers were created wherever parts of charred body of Sati (Goddess ) fell when Lord was carrying around her corpse in grief. According to a legend, the left eye (Nain) of Sati dropped in the lake while Lord Shiva was carrying her body to Kailash Parvat. Hence, the lake was given the name of Nainital, from where the city derives its name. Naina Devi is worshipped as the mother goddess of the town. Naina Devi temple is located at the northern end of the lake. The temple was destroyed in a , which occurred in 1880. It was subsequently replaced by the present structure. The British occupied Kumaon and Garhwal in 1815. In the year 1841, Mr. P. Barron a European merchant and an enthusiastic hunter from Rosa, near Shahjahanpur was the first European who took great fancy to this land. Nainital had become a popular hill resort by 1847. The Nainital Municipal Board was formally constituted in 1845. It was the second Municipal Board of North Western Provinces. In 1862, Nainital became the summer seat (i.e. to avoid the scorching heat of summer, the Government offices shifted temporarily to the colder part of the country) of the North Western Provinces. The town also became the summer seat of the Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) Government after independence. After 1963 the summer exodus of the U.P. Government was stopped. The Secretariat building is now being used by divisional and district offices.

1.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

1.2.1 LOCATION The central Himalaya forms one of the important watersheds for the Indo‐Gangetic region having innumerable natural rivers, streams and lakes holding precious coldwater indigenous and exotic fish fauna. In this region majority of the lakes are located in the lower elevation (Kumaon lakes) with a few high altitude lakes. Latitudinally this area belongs to sub‐tropical parts of the globe but due to its altitude, it has the characteristics of the sub‐temperate climate.

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The lakes spread over a radius of 23 km with Nainital at their centers, and are the main sites of attraction to tourists and angling. There are more than hundred of lakes present in Nainital. Among them few are already dried up (we came to know this information by discussing with the local people). Few lakes attract tourists more than others due to their scenic beauty, easy accessibility and resource availability to becoming a tourists place. These places become more important for income and livelihood generation of the local people. The livelihood of the most of the people, specially marginalized peopleg livin in the villages adjacent to these lakes are mostly dependent on these lakes. These lakes have its importance in the socio‐economic and cultural life of the people in the region. The important lakes are Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal, Sattal, Garurtal and Khurpatal. These lakes have varied uses from tourism, potable water, irrigation, and to fisheries in some cases.

Nainital is situated at a distance of 34 km from , the gateway of Kumaon and the terminus of north eastern railway. According to the District Gazette Nainital is located approximately in between 78080’and 80014’ east longitude and 29000’ and 29005’ north latitude. It is located at 304 km from , 360 km from Dehradun, the state capital and 388 km from Lucknow.

1.2.2 ECOLOGICAL STATUS

Ecologically Nainital, Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal are warm monomictic5 mestrophic lakes with diverse fish populations. These lakes are alkaline in nature with a moderate temperature ranging from 8.5 to 29.00C. The water is congenial to sustaining fisheries of both indigenous and exotic varieties6. Lake Naukuchiatal has a low concentration of nitrates, phosphates, and bicarbonates with high transparent water and low algal production. This suggests that Naukuchiatal is a fine example of a near oligotrophic ecosystem.

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1.2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Nainital lies in a valley of the Gagar range running east and west, which is bounded on the north by the China Peak, which rises to a height of 2611.61 m, continued by the Alma peak (presently known as Snow‐View) and the Sher‐Ka‐Danda to the eastern extremity, where the ridge descends almost to the level of the lake. Geographically the district is divided into two zones; Hilly and Bhabar. The hilly region in outer Himalayas is known to geologists as krol. (The krol group of rocks, comprising slates, marls, , and dolomites with a few small dykes, is the dominant formation of the lake’s surroundings). The highest peak of the district is Baudhansthali 2,623 m high near Binayak adjoining Nainital town. The hilly region of the district has many lakes. Bhimtal, Sattal, Naukuchiatal, Khurpatal, Nainital, Malwatal, Harishtal and Lokhamtal are some of the bigger lakes of the district. The foothill area of the district is known as Bhabhar. The name Bhabhar is derived from a tall grass growing in the region. The underground water level is very deep in this region. Kosi is the main river of the district. River Kosi arising out of Koshimool near Kausani flows on the western side of the district. There are number of smaller rivulets like Gaula, Bhakra, Dabka and Baur.

Nainital is situated mainly on the slopes of hills which are surrounding Nainital Lake spread over 53.64 ha. The Sher Ka Danda and Naina Peak in the north, spread from west to east slope towards south i.e. in the direction of the lake. In the west is Chorkhet and Babuliya village and in the south are Raj Bhavan and Ayarpatta, hill ranges all sloping towards the lake. A stream named Baliya Gadhera flows in the east which carries the surplus water of the lake. These hills are unstable and many land slides have caused havoc in the past. New construction is prohibited in most of the hills yet unauthorized commercial as well as domestic construction are undertaken which is damaging to the natural drainage system as well as the stability of the slopes. The regulation of new construction is important as the important ecosystem services are being lost and steps should be taken to stop any kind of unauthorized construction.

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1.2.4 MORPHOLOGY OF LAKES

The main morphometric features7 of Nainital, Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal lakes can be given as follows:

TABLE 1: MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES

CHARACTERISTICS NAINITAL BHIMTAL NAUKUCHIATAL

Altitude(m asl) 1937 1331 1220

Longitude 79027’E 79036’E 79037’E

Latitude 29023’N 29023’N 29019’N

Length (m) 1432 1973 951

Width (m) 423 457 692

Max. Depth (m) 27.3 and 25.3 25.8 40.8

Mean Depth (m) 16.5 11.5 16.5

Surface area (ha) 48.0 85.0 44.5

Length Of Shoreline 3630 4023 3560 (m)

Catchment Area (km2 3.96 11.4 2.6 )

Shoreline 1.20 1.23 1.50 Development

Rainfall (mm) 2030 2143 2424

Source: Ecological modeling & Fishery Enhancement in Lakes/wetlands of Himalayan/Sub‐Himalayan region

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1.2.5 CLIMATE

Nainital, because of its location, is colder than the rest of the hilly area of Kumaon region. During the monsoon season, it receives heavy rainfall. The neighboring areas of Almora and Ranikhet are comparatively warmer than Nainital. The monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in the town range between 280C and 70C. The rainy season arrives earlier than in the plains and continues up to the end of September. The heaviest rainfall is observed on the outer slopes of the hills. Average annual rainfall in Nainital is 2583.3 mm. Maximum rainfall occurs normally in the months of July and August which accounts for nearly 50% of the total of annual rainfall. During winter, very low temperatures are encountered because of rainfall.

2. ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES

2.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

While the Nainital district where the lake is situated (in the middle Himalayan ranges up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), a temperate zone), is rich in flora (typical temperate climate plants) and fauna, the details of the flora and fauna specific to the lake and its surroundings recorded are the following.

2.1.1a. FLORA

The trees and bushes grown in the region (lake’s basin) with their botanical and common Indian names (in parenthesis) are reported to be:8 a) Quercus incana { (Banj)}; b) Aesculus indica (Pangar or Horse chestnuts); c) Juglans regia (Akhrot or walnut), d) Populous ciliata (Hill Pipal, a sacred tree); e) Fraxinus miscrantha (Ash tree or Angu); f) Platanus orientalis (Chinar); g) Rubus lasiocarpus (Hisalu); h) Rosa moschata (Kunj or Musk rose); i) Berberis asiatica (Kilmora);j)

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Cupressus torulosa (Surai or Himalayan cypress); k) arboreum (Buruns); Cedrus deodara (Deodar); l) Salix acmophylla (Weeping Willow); and m) Pinus (Pine).

The hilly region is covered with Sal, Pine, Oak, Buruns, and Kafal and other trees growing unto 6000 ft. along with Deodar, Surai at higher altitudes. There are small tracts of cultivated lands and fruit orchards in between the forests in this region. The Bhabhar region has Babul, Kikar in abundance besides sal, Khair, Shisham as big trees. The Bhabhar grass and lantana form the undergrowth. These are considered to be the vegetation of dry and arid zones. Haldu is also common in Bhabhar region. The aquatic flora comprises of Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Polygonum glabrum, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper (Water pepper) and Hydrilla verticellata. Several species of medicinal flora and horticulture plants have also been reported.

2.1.1. B. HORTICULTURE

Apple orchards are found mainly in Ramgarh Mukteshwar belt. Beside this Peach, Pears, Apricot, Citrus fruits, Kafal, Strawberry, Hills Banana grown in the hilly track, Lichi of Ramnagar makes Nainital a main fruit growing district. Tea plantation work is also in progress in the slopes of Niglat & Ghorakhal.

Nowadays a number of floriculture farms have mushroomed in the district due to its favorable climate for growing flowers.

2.1.1. C. MEDICINAL FLORA

Many Medicinal plants grow in the deep valleys of hills. In the middle Himalayan range we find Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)9, Timoor (Zanthoxylum armatum), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia),

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Sugandhabala (Pavonia odorata ), Samayava, Manduparna, Dhooplakkar, Talish (Trifolium tumens), Devdaru (Cedrus deodara ), Padam (Nelumbo nucifera), Vidhangabhed, Kakoli (Roscoea procera), Ksheerkakoli (Roscoea sp.)10, Lahsuniya and so many other plants. The Himalayan range11 has the potential to grow plants like Saffron, Vindhanga, and Ghritkumari and so on. Many of these plants have a great commercial importance. These are widely used in indigenous system of medicines like Ayurveda, Yunani, Aamchi (Tibetan System) for skin diseases, stomach disorder, nervous disability, liver diseases. Many of these are used in heart and brain tonics. Some are blood purifiers and strengthen immunity. At present crores (1 crore = 10 Million) of this herbal raw material is supplied to Haldwani, Ramnagar, Dehradun and other mandis of plains. Bheshaj Sanghs & Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (K.M.V.N.) is enterprises of government of Uttarakhand which have the official authority to collect these medicines.

2.1.2 FAUNA:

The faunal composition of Nainital comprises of nine species of animals and nine species of birds which can be listed as follows12:

2.1.2. A. ANIMALS

Presbytis schistaceous (Himalayan Langoor), Invus rhesus (Monkey), Urssus Tibetans (Rich), Martes flavigula (Black capped Marten), Hysrix leucura (Indian Porcupine), Sus Indicus (Wild pig), Cervulus aurens (Barking deer), Pteromys petaurista (Brown flying squirrel), Nemorhoedus goral (Gural) are the animals found in the forest area of the district.

2.1.2. B. BIRDS

Corvus macrohynchoes (Jungle crow), Corvus splendens (house crow), Parus monticolus (green backed tit), Trochalopteron lineatrum (Streaked laughing Thrush), Turdus boulboul (Grey Winged Black Bird), Passer domesticus (House Sparrow), Certhia himaayana (The Himalayan Tree Creeper), Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna), Pericrocotus brevirostris (short billed

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minivet) can be found here13 and among the water birds Cormorants and Swan are most important. During the survey we found many of these species and also some other birds of which we do not know the names.

2.2.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN NAINITAL LAKE SYSTEM

FISH RESOURCES IN NAINITAL LAKE SYSTEM

The Nainital lake system is bestowed with valuable indigenous fish species and other water resources. The lake system holds large population of cultivable and non cultivable fish species. The fishes found in the lake are generally carps Mahseer (the name of mahāsir, mahāser, or mahāsaulā used for a number of fishes of the group), also hill trout and the mirror carp, which breed several times during one spawning season during May to September. Two species of Mahaseer fish viz., Tor tor: The red finned mahseer and the Tor putitora: The yellow finned mahseer14, a food fish that grows to varying sizes from 20 to 60 cms (7.87 to 23.62 inches) are reported. The three species of Hill Trout found in the lake are the Schizothorax sinuatus, Schizothorax richardsoni and Schizothorax plagiostornus. The imported fish bred in the lake is Mirror carp or Cyprinus carpio. Gambusia affinis also called Mosquitofish have been introduced in the lake as a bio‐control measure to control Mosquito Larvae. The major component of capture fisheries in this lake system are snow‐trouts, , and trouts. By capture fishery we mean that the above mentioned fishes are caught but not cultivated.

The Nainital lake system is blessed with a wide range of fish species but in recent years, due to pollution, water abstraction and engineering structures etc. there has been a decline in the population of various important fish species in the lake ecosystem.

2.2.2 BIODIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY AND FARMING SYSTEM

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In Nainital area, the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potato, ginger, onion, garlic and pea. There are various kinds of vegetables and fruits including orange, lemon, peach, plum, grape, banana, akhrot, pears, apricot, citrus fruits, kafal, strawberry and different species of medicinal plants are also there. In the middle Himalayan range we find Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)15, Timoor (Zanthoxylum armatum), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Sugandhabala (Pavonia odorata ), Samayava, Manduparna, Dhooplakkar, Talish (Trifolium tumens), Devdaru (Cedrus deodara ), Padam (Nelumbo nucifera), Vidhangabhed, Kakoli (Roscoea procera), Ksheerkakoli (Roscoea sp.)16, Lahsuniya and many other plants which mostly grow naturally. This range has the potential to grow plants like Saffron, Vindhanga, and Ghritkumari (Alovera) and so on. The main animals include cow, buffalo, pig, chicken, duck etc. Chemical fertilizers and manures both are used by the farmers to enrich the quality of the crops grown by them. The crops mostly depend on the but in some areas agriculture is done by irrigation, and the source of that water is lakes.

2.3 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Ecosystem Services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. The human economy depends upon the services provided free by ecosystems. The ecosystem services supplied annually are worth many crores of rupees. Even the very existence of the environment provides benefits to the society which is known as the non‐use value of the environment. The natural environment supports life on our planet earth. Economic development which leads to clearing of forests for infrastructural development, agricultural purpose’s and over utilisation of environmental resources destroys habitats and impairs services which can create costs to humanity over the long term that may greatly exceed the short‐term economic benefits of the development. These costs include imbalances in the carbon cycle, melting of the glaciers due to global warming and green house effect (a result of deforestation and excessive pollution) are generally hidden from traditional economic accounting, but are however real and are usually borne by society at large.

The Ecosystem provides a variety of services that can be listed as follows17:

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¾ Provisioning services: the ecosystem provides various goods for example, genetic resources, food and fiber, and fresh water.

¾ Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including, for example, the regulation of climate, water, and some human diseases.

¾ Cultural services: The non‐material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g. knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values.

¾ Supporting services: Ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Some examples include biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat.

TABLE 2. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSOCIATED WITH NAINITAL

SERVICE CATEGORIES SPECIFIC SERVICES COMMENTS & EXAMPLES

Provisioning services Food Production of fish (In Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal)

Fresh water Storage and retention of water for domestic and agricultural use (In Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal)

Drinking water Drinking water supply is done from these lakes

Drainage System The catchment area of Nainital lake forms the major part of municipal area. Most of the drains emerging from the hills surroundings the town are falling in the lake.

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Regulating services Climate regulation Influence local and regional temperature, precipitation and other climatic processes.

Water regulation Ground water recharge / discharge

Water purification Water purification is done for supply of drinking water

Cultural Services Spiritual activities Many spiritual and religious activities are performed around these lakes like many temples are situated around these lakes.

Recreational activities Boating, Angling, Yachting are performed in these lakes (Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal)

Educational activities Educational tour and trips are held around these lakes by many institutions.

Supporting services retention Eroded are accumulated in these lakes.

Nutrient Cycling Storage, recycling, processing and acquisition of nutrients.

3. SOCIO‐CULTURAL SYSTEMS

3.1 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

There is a blend of various religious cultures and traditions in this hill station. People of different religions have been living here peacefully through generations. Though they have different religious norms, the Kumauni tradition is a common feature of the majority of population of Nainital.

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3.1.1 Cultural Heritage

Nainital finds mention in Puranas, the ancient texts of Hindu, and mythology woven around it. The citizens have kept the traditions alive in the form of various religious fairs and festivals organized round the year. With the advent of the British rule, the town of Nainital saw its physical formation in tandem with Colonial Architecture. Tourism has been a booming industry since 1905 and continuing even more aggressively today. Thus there was a need for infrastructural development and hotel formation gained momentum to serve the ever‐ increasing tourist population of the town. Construction of hotels has been primarily responsible for the transformation in built form of Nainital. Kumaoni Art and Design is famous for its splashes of colour and intricate skill work.18 The Rangwali Design is an ancient old tradition of dyeing a muslin cloth measuring 3 mts long and 1½ mts wide with bright yellow colour and imprinting designs of a Swastik in the centre and surrounded with a pattern of Sun, Moon, Conch Shell and Bells. This attire is known as a 'Pichora' imprinted on 'Aanchal cloths'. Aipan is a traditional style of local painting seen mainly during festive seasons. The Kumaoni women decorate their homes, walls and floors with beautiful Tantrik patterns of Gods and Goddesses known as 'Yantra' or 'Peeth' which is a geometrical representation of the local deities using Rice Paste mixed with Ochre. The Aipan Art on a wooden chauki [a low stool or small table] has a Sun, Moon, Bells and many others, the Dhuliargh Chauki has a picture of a water jar symbolizing the beginning of Universe and the Janeu [Sacrificial thread of Hindus] depict zodiacal sign of a great bear arranged in hexagonal shapes that is believed to evoke the Sapta‐Rishis' blessing.

Nainital offers a mixed bag of culture and religion owing to many tribal and local inhabitants diversified by immigrants from other places. The language, dialects, folklores, mythology, festivals and the entire gamut of such things influences the culture and traditions of this town. Every part of this Kumaoni region exhibits folklores and legends of Gods and Goddesses connected with the Shakta, Shaiva and Vaishnava reign and their tradition. As per Atkinson, British personnel, there are 250 Shaiva Temples and 35 Vaishnava Temples out of which 64

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Shaiva Temples and 8 Vaishnava Temples are devoted to 'Shakti' or 'the female form'. The Shakta Temples are located in Almora, Nainital, Gangolihat, Pumagiri, Kot‐Ki‐Mai and Kotgari Devi. The local Gods worshipped here are Naina Devi [Goddess Parvati], and Sunanda Devi [Believed to be King Rajah Hemant Chand's daughters who were incarnations of Mother Goddess. Another version is that Nanda Devi is a Greek Goddess named 'Nana'], Bholanath [An incarnation of Lord Shiva and son of Udai Chand King who killed him, his wife and unborn child, now worshipped as Ghosts by the locals in Champawat], Kail Bisht [Folk God named 'Kallu', who had the impression of trishul on his forehead and Katamb Flower on his feet], Haru [A King of Chamapwat named 'Harish Chandra', worshipped as God by the locals], Churmal, Gwalla Devta in Chitai, Champawat and Ghorakhal, Gangnath [son of Vaibhav Chand King of Doti, West Nepal, who was murdered by a blacksmith as ordered by Bhana's father/husband for falling in love with Bhana, both are worshipped by entire kumaon so that they do not harm them or their family], Airy [Local Shanni God with eyes on his head], Saim and Chaumu [Protector of Animals]. The Temples here are devoted to nine Goddesses and Lord Shiva Temples are established at Binsar, Bageshwar, Baijnath, Gangnath, Pancheshwar, Rameshwar and Thalkedar. Jaggar is a form of Ghost and Spiritual worship coupled with a folk song and a traditional dance that consists of over 50 ballads dedicated to Gods, Goddesses, Spirits, Ghosts, Gangnath, Bholanath and Gorilla.

The date of worship is fixed by the Chief Priest of the town which includes a huge fire pit burnt with hot coal and wood around which the locals sit and a soft drumming and singing that gradually increases in volume along with fits of shouts, high jumps and pounding of their feet, tearing off clothes, poking their mouths with hot fire pokers and touching the hot fiery burning coal in their state of trance surprisingly without being harmed or hurt which is the form of evoking spirits to appease them so that they bless the people and the entire Kumaon region. Locals present these spirits with a sacrificial Goat or a large Bird to please them and the ceremony ends when the maddening activities and spell breaks which concludes with the spirits going back to their abode amidst the Himalayas19.

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3.1.2 BUILT HERITAGE

The Cultural Resource Mapping of Nainital District carried out by The Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH) lists the important cultural and heritage resource i.e. Nainital possesses some of the most prestigious buildings such as Rajbhavan, High Court, etc. Other heritage structures in the city include churches such as St. Johns Church and Union Methodist Church.20

3.1.3 TOURISM

Nainital is a known destination in the northern part of India. The beauty of Nainital Lake surrounded by hills, lush green forest areas and its rich cultural heritage attracts tourists. There has been a steady growth in the number of tourists arriving in Nainital. During the year, tourist influx is reported to be the highest in the months of May and June, and includes both domestic as well as international tourists.

Tourism has negative as well as positive impacts on mountain environment. With tourism there is destruction of forests for energy, fauna due to poaching and grazing lands due to camping activities. It leads to various kinds of pollution like air, water and noise pollution. Tourism gives way to throwaway mentality, congestion and hygiene problems etc. these were a few negative impacts. The positive effects of tourism being encouragement of ecological awareness, conservation measures, measures to hold pollution etc; creation of job opportunities for unskilled, semiskilled and skilled workers; improvement in infrastructure, local arts and crafts, regional development and standard of living.

3.2 SOCIAL SYSTEMS

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3.2.1 SOCIAL COMPOSITION

The main population of Nainital follows Kumaoni Traditions and cultures21; however 80% constitutes of people following the Hindu religion while the rests constitutes of Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists and other religions.

3.2.2 MIGRATION

It was found that on average all the sampled families are residing in the town for about 16 years. Only 4 percent families have moved in the town within last 5 years. Of all the households 2.8 percent migrated from another town and 1.4 percent came from rural area. In Nainital, even poor families are residing for 20 years or more.

TABLE3: MIGRATION

Migration* Income Groups

All BPL Poor Lower‐Middle Upper‐Middle High

No. of HH moved 4.2 0 0 10 5.9 0 in last 5 years

From another 2.8 0 0 5 5.9 0 town

From a rural area 1.4 0 0 5 0 0

Not specified 95.8 100 100 90 94.1 100

*Data show households in percentage22

3.2.3 THE SITUATION IN SLUMS OF NAINITAL 27

This section presents an overview of the urban poverty in Nainital. No recent studies are available about the extent of poverty levels in the town. According to information available from the Nagar Palika Parishad (NPP) and the District Urban Development Agency (DUDA) the town has 10 main slums scattered across the town. Such area accounts for about 21 percent of the total population of the town. Many of those are within the catchment area of the lake.

TABLE 4: LIST OF SLUMS IN NAINITAL

Sl. No. Name of Slum Areas Population (Approx)

1 Narayan nagar 1947

2 HariNagar‐ Tallital 1200

3 NLRSADA line‐ Mallital 960

4 Committee line 750

5 Bakery compound 650

6 Kathbans 90

7 Bray Side‐ Mallital 1360

8 Mangawali 750

9 Rajpura 800

10 Dhobi Ghat 780

Total 9287

Source‐ Document of Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad (DUDA 2006)

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3.2.4 Household Profile

Average household size in the town as found in the baseline survey, is 4.5. Slum population in Nainital is 9,287. The slums on encroached land and on the hill slope in fringe areas are generally worse in comparison to other slums. Of the below poverty line (BPL) population 43 percent households and 14 percent of the people do not have any legal rights of the land. In the absence of ownership of land and clear policy to address their problems, the poor suffer from many inadequacies in terms of access to basic services and infrastructure.

3.3 Gender and Demographics

Since the decade of 1901, the decadal growth rate of the population of Nainital municipal area has been erratic, varying by a wide range. The growth rates in some years, both positive and negative, are highly variable. The decadal growth rate of 43% in 1901 ‐ 11 decade dropped to 10 % lower in the following decade. Furthermore, as Table1 indicates, the Nainital population fell in the decade 1921‐31 (‐ 9%), and no growth (0%) was recorded in the following decade. These phenomena give clear indication that during these two periods there had been a large exodus of population from this town. Even the natural growth of population in the 1931 decade was overtaken by the rate of out‐migration, and in the decade of 1941 it evened out. This situation was not repeated in the later decades but the trend of growth rate has not been smooth. The decades 1961‐71 and 1971‐81 showed a marked variation. While in the former decade the growth rate shot up to as high as 71%, in the later decade it recorded a 4% low. By implication, 4% decadal growth rate (i.e. less than 0.5 % per annum) which is lower than the natural growth rate of population in India, it may be inferred that in this decade people were leaving Nainital. In the decade 1981‐91 the growth rate shot up to 20%, and in 1991‐2001 decade it recorded 26.67%, exceeding the national average of 21.53% for the same decade. The volatility of the decadal population growth rate in Nainital does not have any ready

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explanation. Why people left in particular decades, why population growth shot up to the incredible height of 71% and associated questions concerning impacts on aquatic resources are yet to be answered. However, it seems that the population growth rate of Nainital will stabilize in the coming decades. Given the above constraint, and erratic behavior of the decadal change in population, the 27% (or a simple average annual growth of 2.7% which exceeds the average Indian annual growth rate of 2.1%) change in the decade 1991‐2001 is assumed as the base data for forecasting the population of this town. It is assumed that the population will grow at higher rates during 2005 to 2010 due to the initiatives taken for the development of infrastructure of this hill town, and then will gradually settle down by the year 202023. Nainital’s population as reported by the Census‐2001 was little over 38 thousand, which has since then grown, as reported, to 44 thousands, which at least doubles during tourist seasons.

In 2003, the floating (mostly tourist) population of Nainital was 4.24 lakhs (1 Lakh = 0.1 Million), which increased to 5.18 lakhs by 2005, recording an increase of 22% over a period of three years. Its average annual growth rate was 7%. Most of the tourists (floating population) visit this town in the three summer months. Taking the tourist population of 2005 (5.18 lakhs) as the base, the average days of stay per tourist as 15 (source: discussion with Hotel Owners’ Association and different stakeholders), the average tourist load (including short and long duration stay) can be estimated at roughly 35,000 per day. From stakeholders’ meetings and discussions with knowledgeable persons it emerged that the educational institutions, and training institutions (which are many in number where most of the students come from outside the town) and the University together account for at least 16,000 of the population. As a consequence of being the district head quarter town and location of district court and High Court, and office of the Divisional Commissioner, ea larg number of people visit the town on official business. The estimated number of such visitors is around 5,000 per day. Thus, the total number of floating population i.e. visitor population in Nainital town works out to 56,000 in 2005. Applying the annual average growth rate of India’s population (2%),e th floating population (tourists) has been projected. The average household size was 4.6 in number as per the 2001 Census24. 30

Table 5: POPULATION AND DECADAL CHANGE IN POPULATION

Year Population‐2001 ('000) Decadal Change (%)

1901 7

1911 10 42.86

1921 11 10.00

1931 10 ‐9.09

1941 10 0.00

1951 12 20.00

1961 14 16.67

1971 24 71.43

1981 25 4.17

1991 30 20.00

2001 38 26.67

Source: 1991 to 1991 ‐ Nainital Mahayojana 1995 ‐2011 and 2001 – Census 2001

Although Nainital has a record of uneven population growth trend in the past, in the decade 1981‐91 the growth rate shot up to 20%, and in 1991‐2001 decade it recorded 26.67% growth rate, exceeding the national average of 21.53% for the same decade. This rate is likely to continue for sometime, perhaps occupying areas extending beyond the present municipal boundary.

3.3.1 Age Sex Structure of Population

The overall sex ratio in the sampled households is 915 women per 1000 men, which is higher than that reported (842 women per 1000 men) in Census of India 2001. The age groups of 15‐ 44 have highest population for both the sexes.

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Table 6*: Age‐Sex Distribution and Sex Ratio

Age group Male* Female* All* Sex Ratio

All 52.23 47.76 100 915

0‐4 5.6 3.7 4.7

5‐9 8.5 5.6 7.1

10‐14 5.1 8.9 6.9

15‐44 56.0 62.6 59.2

45‐59 19.2 14.0 16.7

60+ 5.6 5.1 5.4

*Data show households in percentage **Source: census data Nainital 2001

3.3.2 Literacy

Literacy, being an important indicator of social development, it affects the demographic characteristics and labour participation. As per Census 2001, literacy rate in urban Nainital is 94.1% for males and 84.1% for females. The gender gap is 10. The survey results show there are 97.1% literate males and 95.3% females. Overall literacy is 96.2%. This data show a gender gap of 1.8.

Table 7*: Literacy Status of Population Age 7 Years and Above

Male* Female* Total*

Illiterate Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate Literate

2.9 97.1 4.7 95.3 3.8 96.2

*Data show households in percentage **Source: census data Nainital 2001

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3.3.3 Occupation

Data on occupation shows that 32 percent of the workers are in gainful employment. 5.1 percent are unemployed, 39 percent are students, and 24 percent are housewives.

Table 8: Occupation by Age

Category* Age group (in years)

<18 18‐24 25‐44 45‐59 60+ Total

Working 1.0 11.4 47.0 68.1 15.0 31.6

Unemployed 1.0 8.6 2.7 1.4 45.0 5.1

Student 98.1 71.4 6.7 ‐ ‐ 38.9

Housewife ‐ 8.6 43.6 30.6 40.0 24.4

*Data show households in percentage **Source: census data Nainital 2001

4. Natural resource dependence and Livelihoods

4.1 Livelihoods and Market Networks

4.1.1 Market Networks

4.1.1. A The Mall

On one side of the Naini Lake runs the Mall road now named Govind Ballabh Pant Marg. Along the way there are many hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, shops, banks and other business concerns. This road is the main link joining Mallital and Tallital. On the other side of the lake lies

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the Thandi Road. It is comparatively less busy and have Pashan Devi temple. Vehicles are not allowed on Thandi Road.

4.1.1. B The Flatts:

At the northern side of the lake there is a place of gathering for people from all walks of life. Here evenings are heavily crowded. There is a statue of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant and a beautiful fountain. There is a bandstand. The Flats has a playing ground used for sports games and cultural activities during festivals. There is Chat Bazar, Bhotia Market in the flats. In Bhotia Market, vendors sell their fancy items mainly woolen goods. There is Mosque, Gurudwara and Naina Devi temple in flatts. Capitol cinema and Rink theatre which is used for roller skating are also situated in Flatts. A portion of the flatts is used for car parking. New club, Boat House club, Masonic Hall is in the periphery of the flatts for recreation.

Both Tallital and Mallital and the areas around the Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal have well laid out shopping centers, with beautifully laid of marts, stores, luxury shops and many Hotels & Restaurants.

4.1.2 LIVELIHOODS

The main livelihood strategies observed in Nainital are –

Boating:

Nainital is also known as 'Lake Paradise'. In its beautiful 'lakes ', option of boating through yachts, paddle boats and traditional rowing boats are available. The main occupation of the people surrounding the lake is boating. Many of them have their own boats, and some worked as boatman on others boat. Boating rates in conventional rowing boats ranges from Rs. 110/‐ to

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Rs. 160/‐ in peak season days from one end of lake to another end. Paddling boats are available on hourly rate from Rs. 100/‐ to Rs. 110/‐ depending on type of paddle boat and tourist rush.

SHOP AND HOTEL BUSINESS:

There are many shops, hotels and restaurants surrounding the lakes of Nainital. Many people have their own shops and many works in the big shops and in the Hotels & Restaurants.

AGRICULTURE:

In villages’ Chanoti and Pandeygaon agriculture is one of the main occupations of the people and they depend on lake water for irrigation through canals. There is a systematic way of obtaining water over here. People have to place demands in the irrigation department, if they require water on a particular day they have to give requirement before hand as water supply is not regular in the villages and the irrigation department informs the people regarding the days on which it will supply water.

HORSE RIDING:

Horse riding is another important attraction for tourists in Nainital. Horses can be hired at Barapatthar. Several tourist use horses as their transport mode to visit the different peaks of Nainital.

In Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal tourists rides on Horses for fun and entertainment. Horse riding is now strictly prohibited inside the Nainital town. Some people have taken horse riding as means of livelihood.

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OTHER OCCUPATIONS: There are people from other occupation too. Porter, Rickshaw puller, Cobbler, Barber, Priests, photographers, shop owners are some of them. The research team also encountered teachers, army men; clerks’ etc. These people are indirectly dependent on the lake.

4.2 RESOURCE DEPENDENCE, ACCESS AND CONTROL

The majority of the population are dependent on the lakes directly or indirectly to earn their living. Out of the 90 household surveyed it was found that most of the livelihood activities of the people are linked with the lakes. The lakes are important natural resource for the community as it is used for boating, lake water is used for irrigation purpose, fishing activities and drinking water is also supplied by the virtue of the lakes.

The irrigation department of Bhimtal provides the boating licenses to the boatmen of Pandeygaon and Chanaoti villages whereas boatmen of Nainital get their license from Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad (NNPP). Water for irrigation is provided by the irrigation department of Bhimtal to the farmers of Chanoti and Pandeygaon. Water supply of Nainital is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS). These local governing bodies mentioned above are embodied with the authority of collecting water taxes and water charges for the respective villages. The Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad is an important local governing body of Nainital as it provides licenses for various other activities like fishing, rickshaw driving, photography, restaurants, hotels, shops etc.

Thus in this way the government monitors the water supply and restricts the number of boats. The lake is a public good which has the property of non‐rivalry and non‐excludability but by providing licenses the state government does rationing of public good, i.e. restricting its use after a certain level.

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4.3 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY

The discussion with the villagers suggests that they maintain a good relation with the fellow members of the village community. On questioning the households about the kind of relationships they share with each other, a common answer was obtained which can be summed up as follows “an integrated community which seeks each other’s presence in times of happiness and support in times of sorrows and needs”

The major threats facing the community are the pollution of the lakes due to excessive tourism, land slides, encroachment etc. The communities face the above mentioned problems but due to their altruistic nature towards each other they make an effort to overcome their problems via means of unions of the varied communities. From our survey we have found that there are boatmen’s union, hotel owner’s union, shop owner’s union and rickshaw pullers union. These are managed by the people themselves as there is trust and reciprocity.

5. LOCAL PLANNING AND PROJECTS

5.1.1 LAKE CONSERVATION

National Lake Region Special Area Development Authority (NLRSADA) is the planning and development authority for Nainital lake region area. It comprises of five planning zones Nainital, Bhowali, Mehragaon (khas), Bhimtal (including sattal) and Naukuchiatal. This authority shoulders the responsibility of preparing and enforcing the development plans for lake conservation. NLRSADA is the nodal agency for Nainital Lake Conservation Project (NLCP) to the tune of Rs. 65 crores. An amount of Rs. 47.96 crores (1 $=46.65 Rs AS PER 14.7.10) is earmarked for Nainital Lake and the rest Rs. 16.85 crores for the other four lakes in the region. This programme is funded by the central (70%) and the state (30%) government.

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Under Nainital Lake Conservation Project, works have been proposed in the following broad sectors:

• Sewerage and works • Hydraulic works • Restoration and development works • Catchment conservation works • Infrastructure facilities • Social awareness and participation plans.

5.1.2 LAKE RESTORATION

The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) of who prepared a plan for the restoration of the lake, at an estimated cost of Rs 50 crore (about US $ 10 million), sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, are also now guiding the restoration measures. The Conservation and Management Plan evolved by NIH is not only lake centric but also proposes to tackle the immediate periphery of the lake which contributes an adverse impact on the lake. The “Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran”, the Lake Development Authority notified under U.P. Special Area Development Act 198625 is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) set up for implementing the restoration works. The restoration works that have been implemented or are in different stages of implementation are the following:

• Limnological measures such as controlled aeration of hypolimnetic water, siphoning of hypolimnetic water, biomanipulation and limited sediment removal from the deltas of drains, which lead to the lake.

• Soil Conservation & Slope Stabilization measures in the form of soil conservation and watershed management activities in the catchment area of the lake, slope stabilization, Drainage line treatment, landslide scars to be treated with Coir geotextiles with cross‐barriers and proper maintenance and cleaning of drainage system 38

• Provide 100% coverage of the town surrounding the lake with sewers and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)

• Improved sanitation around the lake and in the catchment with new community to cover all sections of the society, improved design of household toilets

• Limited of the lake, particularly near the deltas of drains that bring sediments

• Fish (Gambusia affinis) introduced a few years ago to control mosquito larvae, the fish have started feeding on the larger resulting due to scanty larvae population resulting in adverse impact on the lake water quality. This needs to be controlled by putting minnow traps in the lake.

• The outflow from the lake is into the Balia Nala drain controlled by a set of sluices located at the lake bridge. The sluices, which are old, need renovation and replacement. The Balia Nala also needs slope stabilization measures to check landslides

• Shoreline Development and improvement of facilities at all important monuments and temples located in the periphery of the lake and providing avenue paths and roads

• Improved Public Awareness and Public Participation programmes

• The “Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran” could function better in a limited role as a promoter and a facilitator for developmental and commercial activities with jurisdiction extended to cover all four lakes in the district, as at present a plethora of organizations are functioning in the notified area such as Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad, Jal Nigam, Irrigation Department, Power Corporation, Forest Department and Fisheries Department who are directly involved with the lake.

The Honorable in its judgment of 1995, in response to the Public Interest Litigation, gave the following recommendations, which have also been addressed in the restoration measures mentioned above.

(i)Sewage water has to be prevented at any cost from entering the lake;

(ii) So far as the drains, which ultimately fall, in the lake are concerned, it has to be seen that building materials are not allowed to be heaped on the drains to prevent of the lake; 39

(iii) Care has been taken to see that horse dung does not reach the lake. If for this purpose the horse stand has to be shifted somewhere, the same would be done. The authorities would examine whether trotting of horses around the lake is also required to be prevented;

(iv) Multi‐storied group housing and commercial complexes have to be banned in the town area of Nainital. Building of small residential houses on flat areas could, however, be permitted;

(v) The offence of illegal felling of trees is required to be made cognizable.

(vi) Vehicular traffic on the Mall has to be reduced. Heavy vehicles may not be permitted to ply on Mall;

(vii) The fragile nature of Ballia Ravine has to be taken care of. The cracks in the revetment of Ballia Nullah have to be repaired urgently.

5.1.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE

The sector vision clearly states that the GoU is fully aware of the sector goal to have a problem free storm water drainage system in the whole of the town. The strategies that ought to be in place are:

1. Strict control against dumping of garbage in the drains. 2. Awareness campaign to educate the masses. 3. Regular cleaning and maintenance of drains. 4. Banning the use of plastic bags. 5. Discontinue the practice of connecting the outlets to the drains. 6. The practice of diversion of surface drains in to sewers should be stopped. The problems were discussed by the GoU with Uttaranchal Jal Sansthan (UJS), Uttaranchal Pey Jal Nigam (UPJN) and Nainital Nagar Palika officials along with public representatives in addition to the field visits.

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WORKS UNDER LAKE CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

Under National lake conservation and management project, several works are under implementation at Nainital. A brief description of works related to storm water drainage system and its performance is given below: 1. Disconnection of drainage system from sewers as 36 points. 2. Balia Nalla protection works. 3. Outlet works at Tallital. 4. Construction of community toilets in catchment area.

In consideration of above, the works mentioned at serial No. 1 and 2 i.e. disconnection of drainage system from sewers and Balia Nalla protection works have not been included in this Plan. Out of 36 points, approximately 28 to 30 are already complete, rest are in progress.

The following main proposals are recommended by the lake conservation programme as part of the Phased Action Plan:

1. Reconstruction of road side surface masonry drains in damaged portions 2. Rehabilitation of existing main drains 3. Removal of obstruction from the drains 4. Slab culverts for internal roads 5. Precast covers over the drains 6. Construction of crosswalls and catch‐pits 7. Provision of fine screens with platforms for cleaning 8. Laying of under ground 450mm pipes in small lengths 9. Provision of manholes of 900mm or other openings where existing 10. Drains have been permanently covered other misc. works 11. Outfall structures

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It may be ascertained at the DPR level that if any part of the works concerning item No. 3 and 10 have been taken up under lake protection works, the same may not be included for the preparation of the DPR.

5.2 DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANS

5.2.1 NAINITAL CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The increasing urban growth, large tourist arrivals, and consequent overcrowding, congestion and urban pollution threatens the very centre of its existence – Nainital. A project for conservation of Nainital and other Lakes, jointly funded by Government of India and Government of Uttarakhand is currently under implementation. The city requires substantial investment to upgrade, expand and provide new infrastructure to sustain its tourist economy and meet the growing demand of rapid pace of urbanization. This City Development Plan (CDP)26 is intended to provide a perspective for development of Nainital for the next 20 years, keeping in view longer term growth. In keeping with the guidelines of the JNNURM for preparation of the CDP, a process of consultation and participation of all stakeholders have been adopted from the initiation until finalization of this CDP. The process started with identifying and sensitizing the stakeholders and continued through preparation of city vision, prioritization of infrastructure provision and preparation of sector strategies, concurrently with analysis of current situation of various elements of urban planning and infrastructure development. Strategies, interventions and action plans were developed in continuous consultation with the stakeholders. HighARCS should aim to work towards lake conservation, protection and development with ecological safety. The views of stakeholders have been consolidated to form the city vision. The sectoral key issues that emerged out of public consultations, field visits, analysis of data from secondary sources and discussions with Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad and para‐statals are:

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i) Physical Growth and Environment: The major issues that face Nainital are: (a) Hilly terrain surrounding the Lake, forest areas and ecologically fragile areas restrict the physical expansion within the municipal boundary; (b) due to limited space for construction within NNPP, there is immediate need to develop townships outside NNPP to depopulate the city and accommodate the future population; (c) although ecologically sensitive areas have been earmarked as ‘prohibited areas’ in the master plan, there is high incidence of unauthorized construction in these areas; (d) many buildings in the old city areas are in dilapidated condition; (e) growth of slums and squatter settlements is leading to environmental degradation (f) unsafe construction practices render the buildings vulnerable to natural disasters; (g) landslides on surrounding hills, and (h) pollution in Naini lake. ii) Water Supply: Piped water supply was introduced in Nainital in 1898 from Pardadhara situated inside the town. The system has undergone incremental expansion over a period of time. Originally, it was a gravity flow system. Tube wells, located at the periphery of Nainital Lake near ‘Flats’, are now the main sources of water for Nainital City. Based on the current water production and a reasonable 30 %( UFW) unaccounted for water, average availability of water at consumer end is 135 lpcd, which is satisfactory. However, unequal distribution of water, low pressures, old dilapidated pipelines, uncontrolled zoning and unsatisfactory operation and maintenance requires thorough reorganization and up‐gradation of this sector to meet future demand.

iii) Sewerage: A skeleton sewerage system was laid in Nainital in the beginning of 19th century. Rapid urbanization and inadequate sewer system led to the problem of overflowing of sewage in storm water drains ultimately discharging into Nainital Lake. To put an end to this, under the NLCP, two STPs of 5 mld each are proposed, of which one is under implementation. The city needs investments to expand the sewer network, provide decentralized STPs and on‐site treatment in low‐density areas.

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iv) Storm Water Drainage: In a hill town like Nainital, adequate storm water drainage facilities are required to prevent soil erosion and control of pollution to lakes and water bodies. Investments are needed to address the needs of (a) repairs and reconstruction of drains in critical sections, (b) additional crosswalls and catch‐pits, (c) provision of screens at outfalls, (d) disconnection of side drains from sewers and (e) removal of obstruction in drains. v) Solid : NNPP’s estimated total daily MSW generation ranges between 12 MT to 18 MT during peak and non‐peak tourist seasons. The city has not met its mandatory obligations under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 and is burdened with an inefficient collection system, environmentally unsound disposal practices and uncontrolled dumping at a site down a gorge like formation. It thus requires immediate and sustained effort to upgrade to an acceptable level. vi) Roads and Transport: Nainital City comprises of 85.09 km of roads, of which 25.94 km (160 nos.) are maintained by NNPP and 59.15 km (51 nos.) including 4.0 km National Highway are maintained by PWD. Growing number of vehicles and lack of space led to congestion in Nainital.

Traffic management, road hierarchy and provision of parking are greatest needs. Pedestrianisation of tourist areas and alternative intermediate transport are of utmost importance. The city needs immediate investment in these areas. vii) Heritage and Tourism: Nainital is a known destination in the northern part of India. Tourists are attracted by the beauty of Nainital Lake surrounded by hills, lush green forest areas and its rich cultural heritage. Its rich heritage needs to be conserved and showcased to promote tourism through diverse means such as interpretation centres, experiential museums, walks, publications, etc. Other elements, which need attention, are: demonstration of model architectural elements and restoration of heritage buildings such as cemeteries, churches, old

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temple sites. Nainital has the potential to tap high end tourism by development of eco tourism and adventure tourism.

viii) Urban Poor: Nainital has about 10 slums scattered over the city, providing shelter to more than 9,000 people which forms 21% of urban population within NNPP. The access to basic services on an overall basis is not too bad although conditions vary. Majority (85%) of all the households have in‐house water connection. Of the sample households, 97 percent have a latrine in the house. Some of the BPL families do not have pour flush toilet. Only 14 percent of slum dwellers do not have paved approach road. Condition of the streets is not very bad in the town and there are street lights of which most are functional. The main issue is ownership of land. Of the below poverty line (BPL) population, 43 percent households and 14 percent of the poor do not have any legal rights of the land.

ix) Institutions and Governance: NNPP has very few functions in the municipal domain. Unlike ULBs elsewhere in India, NNPP has very limited role to play in the city’s planning, development and infrastructure provision. In fact, solid waste management is the main function of NNPP. Conventional municipal functions such as water supply, sewerage, roads, etc. are in the hands of either para‐statals or state agencies. In the absence of institutionalization of citizens’ involvement through smaller ward committees and other mechanisms, city management has remained virtually an ‘outsiders’ job and not a participative civic management. In Nainital urban situation, there are too many institutions that have grown up under historical circumstances. Keeping in view the needs for coordinated development and institutional strengthening, well‐ thought‐out institutional planning is of crucial importance. This can not be a one‐shot exercise and needs to be taken up on phased basis.

x) Municipal Finance of NNPP and Finance of Para‐Statals: NNPP, UJS, and NLRSADA (also known as LDA in NNPP) are the three most important agencies responsible for the urban finance in Nainital. NNPP’s revenue receipts (own) mainly comprises of Property / House tax, rentals and advertisement. UJS’s revenue receipts are mainly water tax and water charges. The 45

income sources of NLRSADA include development charges, compounding fees, conversion charges, interest etc. Over the years the income and expenditure have shown an increasing trend. NNPP still depends largely on state government grants for meeting its revenue expenditure. There is a need to provide suitable training on double‐entry accounting/accrual system of accounting. There is lack of financial and taxation powers. Under the present financial status it is very difficult for NNPP to access funds from market. The data base and information management is poor and there is a lack of use of technology in infrastructure monitoring. NNPP proposes to adopt strategies to achieve the targets of Financial Reforms as mandated in the JNNURM guidelines. Among the many reform agenda items listed in JNNURM guidelines, conformity legislation on the basis of 74th CAA is of crucial importance. A new Municipal Bill has been drafted, and this should be finalized and given full legal form at the earliest possible time. At the local level, training and capacity building will need to be done for both political leadership and the professional staff in NNPP and the para‐statals. The Urban Center within ATI may be suitably strengthened. NNPP’s political and executive structure needs overhauling to enable it to cope with its responsibilities and large development projects in future. Although the formation of ward committees is not mandatory in Nainital, it is desirable to have greater level of interaction with the citizens. The ward committees are required to be set up in order to establish a citizen authority network.

6. Policy frameworks and Stakeholders

6.1. Institutional arrangements and local policy frameworks

6.1.1 Institutional arrangements

Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad (NNPP) is the urban local authority for the famous hill town of Nainital. Surrounded by Himalayan ranges as it is, tourists in their thousands visit the city annually, especially in the summer months. Given its special characteristics, Nainital’s civic 46

administration or urban planning needs to be sharply distinguished from conventional city planning and administration where the city’s urban space has a fairly settled population, albeit swollen by occasional arrival of some floating population. Nainital’s population as reported by the Census‐2001 was little over 38 thousand, which has since then grown, as reported, to 44 thousands, which at least doubles during tourist seasons. To cope with the unusual situation of seasonal ingress and egress of large populations, Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad (NNPP) has to constantly ‘network’ with a number of organizations and agencies. In other words, Nainital civic administration has to be constantly prepared to meet seasonal, anticipated ‘emergencies’ in addition to meeting the ‘normal’ civic needs of the city. Keeping the broad JNNURM guidelines in view, the institutional profile of Nainital is presented in some detail below. Broadly, the institutions involved in infrastructure/service provision in the city are:

i. Nainital Municipal Council (NNPP) ii. Nainital‐Lake‐Region Special Area Development Authority (NLRSADA) iii. Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam iv. Uttaranchal Jal Sansthan v. Public Works Department vi. Regional Transport Office vii. Uttarakhand State Electricity Board viii. Uttarakhand State Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board ix. Uttarakhand State Urban Development Agency x. Uttarakhand Transport Authority

Besides these, State’s field administration, particularly District Administration headed by the District Magistrate (DM), the Divisional Commissioner (DC), and ‘heads’ of functional departments such as the Executive Engineer and the Superintending Engineer are closely associated with some aspect of city administration. Various state‐level agencies are operating here and are responsible for some of the major infrastructure and service provisions of the city. The responsibility often is limited to the planning, designing and execution of projects, which 47

are then transferred to the agencies directly responsible for the operation of infrastructure facilities. Table 4.1 below provides the distribution of the responsibilities of the various agencies with respect to ULB functions listed in the XIIth schedule.

6.1.2 Local policy frameworks

TABLE 9: INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONAL MATRIX

Sl. Functions under Schedule Agencies Execution Operation and No. XII of 74th CAA responsible for Planning Maintenance and Design

1 Urban planning including TCPO, TCPO, TCPO, Town NLRSADA NLRSADA NLRSADA Planning

2 Regulation of land use and NLRSADA NLRSADA NLRSADA construction of buildings

3 Planning of economic and Planning, and Different Different social Social Welfare Government Government development Departments Departments Departments

4 Roads and bridges PWD, PWD, PWD, NLRSADA NLRSADA NLRSADA, NNPP

5 Water supply for UPJN, UJS (for UPJN, UJS (for UJS domestic, industrial small projects) small projects) and commercial purposes

6 Public health, sanitation, NNPP NNPP NNPP conservancy

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and solid waste management

7 Fire service State Police State Police State Police Dept. Dept. Dept.

8 Urban forestry, protection Forest Forest Forest of Department, Department, Department, environment and UEPPCB, NNPP UEPPCB, NNPP UEPPCB, NNPP promotion of ecological aspects

9 Safe guarding of interests Planning, and Different Different of weaker Social Welfare Government Government sections of society, Departments Departments Departments including handicapped and mentally ill

10 Slum improvement and up NLRSADA, NNPP NNPP gradation NNPP, SUDA

11 Urban poverty alleviation SUDA, NNPP SUDA, NNPP SUDA, NNPP

12 Provision of urban Sports Dept., DNN Sports Dept., Sports Dept., amenities, and DNN DNN facilities such as parks, gardens and play grounds

13 Provision of cultural, Department of Department of Department of educational and Culture, NNPP Culture, HNP Culture, HNP aesthetic aspects

14 Burial and burial grounds; HNP HNP HNP

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cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematorium

15 Cattle ponds; prevention NNPP NNPP NNPP of cruelty to Animals

16 Vital statistics including NNPP NNPP NNPP registration of births and deaths

17 Public amenities including UPC, NNPP, UPC, NNPP NNPP street NIRSADA lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences

18 Regulation of slaughter NNPP NNPP NNPP houses and Tanneries

NIRSADA: Nainital Lake Region Special Development; TCPO: Town and Country Planning Organization; NNPP: Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad; UPJN: Uttaranchal Pey Jal Nigam; UJS: Uttaranchal Jal Sansthan; PWD: Public Works Department; UPC: Uttaranchal Power Corporation; UEPPCB: Uttaranchal Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board; SUDA: State Urban Development Agency.

7. LOGISTICS

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7.1 ACCESSIBILITY

Nainital is situated at a distance of 34 km from Kathgodam, the gateway of Kumaon and the terminus of northeastern railway. It is located at 304 kms from Delhi, 360 kms from Dehradun the state capital and 388 kms from Lucknow. By road, Nainital is situated at a distance of 40 km from Haldwani. The city has three entry points by road. The major entry point is via Haldwani road (State Highway), the second entry point is via Bhowali road, both being at southern end of town at Tallital. The third entry point is via Kaladhungi road in the northwest of the town at Mallital. The nearest airport is at Pantnagar (71 km) in the plains.

The field sites are also easily accessible. One can reach to the community by foot and directions are easily getable from local institutions such as Panchayat.

7.2 Existing data availability

Nainital is a well‐known tourist place, thus various kinds of secondary data are available and easily accessible. We got various information regarding Biodiversity, Physiography of the area, People of the area from various literatures, reports and internet. The local bodies like Fisheries Department, Bhimtal; Irrigation Department, Bhimtal; Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad, Nainital Lake Development Authority, Nainital Bikash Bhaban were willing to give the detailed data regarding the licenses and taxes that they provide and collect respectively, agriculture and fishery facts, various development plans and so on.

7.3 PRE‐EXISTING RELATIONSHIP TO COMMUNITY/ DISTRICT Our institution has no previous relationship to the district or the selected communities. The community selected dependent on the Lake Nainital is called “Nainital Proper”. We considers “Nainital Proper” as being the lake itself and the surrounding banks, (taking about 0.5 km radius surrounding the lake) where the businesses are locatede lik hotels, shops, restaurants, rickshaw

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pulling, boat driving etc. and having an impact on the lake. The associated people of these businesses mostly reside outside of the limits of “Nainital Proper”. This livelihood community is thus situated in a small urban context, but is considered an example of a poor, lake‐dependent community. The other two communities i.e. Pandeygaon and Chanoti selected, dependent on the two other lakes, the Lake Bhimtal and Lake Naukuchiatal respectively, are basically rural areas with less population, they are mostly farming communities, but only those with dependence on the irrigated water of the lake for agriculture have been included. There are also those people who are boatmen, or hotel and restaurant owners, whose businesses are fully dependent on the presence of the lakes, rather say environmentally healthy lakes. The boatmen (who do not have their own boat), rickshaw pullers and small vendors are considered as the marginalized people of the area.

The people of the selected villages were very kind towards our team’s approach. They were willing to answer the questions that were asked. When it was asked if we could visit them again, without any hesitation they said yes. Basically, they are friendly and peace loving group of people. But in some instances we faced some people who are unwilling to co‐operate as they become survey fatigue. Our team also applies some of the PRA tools like Resource Mapping. Some, specially the school children responds very well. But elders, particularly the women do not so much interests. This was our first interaction with them and we were very glad to find that the people were bothered about the pollution of the lakes due to tourism related activities. They were aware of the fact that over the years number of cars and rickshaws has increased, too much of constructions around the lake is going on, some species of fishes are no longer found in much abundance as they found earlier, they particularly talked about the mahseer, forest cover has reduced, etc. It was amazing that the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards the project.

7.4 STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT TO PROJECT

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The important stakeholders involved in aquatic resource were identified on the basis of the interviews in the study area. They are –

1. Local residents 2. Shop owners and workers (Garment, Stationary, others) 3. Local vendors 4. Infrastructural Institutions (Municipality, Educational Institutes, Developmental Authorities, etc.) 5. Religious Institutions (Temple, Mosque, Church, Gurudwara) 6. Vehicle owners and Drivers 7. Boat owners and pullers 8. Horse owners and riders 9. Hotels and Restaurants owners and workers 10. Tourists 11. Tour agents

Identified partners and stakeholders especially local peoples and local vendors surrounding the lake want to work in a manner so that they have a descent livelihood to support their family. In return, they will take care of the lake and its surrounding environment. On survey it was observed that even within a household different stakeholder groups were present and it was also found that a person was involved in different profession in different seasons.

Update on progress on Delphi

Panel members So far, a total of 21 responses from the following panel members have been collected from Round One:

• Department of Irrigation, Bhimtal (2) • Department of Fisheries in Bhimtal (2) 53

• School teachers (two primary schools and one high school in Bhimtal, and one high school at Naukuchiatal: two teachers from each primary school, 5‐6 teachers from high school) • Boat owners union: one representative from each site. • Secretary of rickshaw pullers Union (1) – Nainital • CEO of Lake Development Authority (1) Nainital • Nagar Palika (municipality body responsible of the development of Nainital area: roads, lighting, infrastructure etc.) (2).

Additional panel members

During the coming field work, additional panel members will be contacted amongst local community households. They may be selected on the basis of gender, age, income or livelihood profile. But they may also be selected using the “snowball” method.

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ANNEXURE 1: VARIOUS FISH/MOLLUSCA/ODONATA SPECIES FOUND IN THE REGION

SL.NO. GROUP SCIENTIFIC NAME DISTRIBUTION BIOLOGICAL FEATURES REASON FOR BEING (or NOT BEING) SURVEYED 1. Fish Xenentodon cancila Nainital Inhabits freshwaters, primarily rivers. It occurs in clear, gravelly, perennial streams and ponds of Terai and Duars. It is fairly common in the ‐ Brahmaputra system. 2. Fish Gudusia chapra Nainital Inhabits rivers. Contributes to riverine artisanal fisheries, but catches not recorded. 3. Fish Nemacheilus beavani Nainital No interest to fisheries. Indigenous piscine fauna of Nainital lake. 4. Fish Nemacheilus botia Nainital Inhabits submontane Indigenous zones. No interest to piscine fauna of fisheries. Nainital lake. 5. Fish Nemacheilus corica Nainital No interest to fisheries. Indigenous piscine fauna of Nainital lake. 6. Fish Nemacheilus doonensis Nainital No interest to fisheries.

7. Fish Lepidocephalus Nainital This loach is of no annandalei interest to fisheries. 8. Fish Lepidocephalus guntea Nainital It attains a length of 15 cm; of no interest to fisheries but of interest as an aquarium fish. It contributes a minor fishery in north Bengal and Assam. 9. Fish Aspidoparia jaya Nainital This is tasty fish but rare in the catches. 10. Fish Aspidoparia morar Nainital No interest to fisheries.

11. Fish Barilius barna Nainital Inhabits hill‐streams & Indigenous large rivers. A voracious piscine fauna of little fish, often taking a Nainital lake. fly & even a spoon; of no interest to fisheries. 12. Fish Barilius vagra Nainital Inhabits streams. No interest to fisheries.

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13. Fish Brachydanio rerio Nainital Inhabits slow‐moving to stagnant standing bodies of water, particularly rice fields. This danio is one of the most popular aquarium fishes being extremely active and graceful. Its blue and silver horizontal stripes, its constant activity, the case with which it is kept and fed, and its inoffensive nature make it a prime favorite with most tropical fish layer &, therefore, not as easily raised as the livebearers, the zebra danio is probably the finest small tropical aquarium fish known. It is strikingly beautifully coloured, easy a length of 4.5 cm. It is hardly and easy to breed; desirable in community tank, and is easily maintained. 14. Fish Carassius carassius Nainital Inhabits quiet, often Introduced really turbid waters. piscine fauna of The Crucian carp's Nainital lake. economic importance is negligible and nor does it interest anglers. It is an unwelcome visitor in carp ponds as it successfully competes with other, more economically valuable fishes. Introduced into India along with the tench (Tinca tinca) by Mclvor, the English carp is likewise confined to the Ootacamund lake (Tamil Nadu). The fish attains a length of about 20 cm a weight of 1.2 kg. It is a plankton feeder and is of good

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eating. It is difficult to catch it on the rod. The Crucian carp very easily interbreeds with the (Cyprinus carpio carpia), the resulting fishes grow more rapidly than the Crucian carp. Suitable for culture in paddy fields. Barbels in confined waters. 15. Fish Catla catla Nainital Catla breeds in rivers Introduced which are its natural piscine fauna of habitat. Being a Nainital lake. commercially important fish, it is introduced into almost all parts of India and is reared in the tanks and rivers. 16. Fish Chagunius chagunio Nainital C. chagunio is generally found in large rivers characterized by rocky bottom, clear and fast water, and little or no vegetation. Adults are found in habitats with stronger current than juveniles prefer, and often co‐occur with large cyprinids of the genus Tor. This carp is not known to be a good range migrant, unlike Tor sp., and its movements are fairly restricted. It attains a maximum length of about half a meter; reaches maturity at a size of 20‐25 cm. It offers a good sport on a small hook and comes on paste. 17. Fish Chela laubuca Nainital This species breeds freely in ponds, tanks and small streams, and in these habitats whenever they occur are found in large numbers. Although not 57

comparable to the cyprinodonts, this species is a useful substitute & is of fair quality for larvicidal work (silas, 1958:97). Its small size, iridescent blue‐green body colour and hardiness is the main reason why it has found a place in the list of desirable tropical aquarium fishes and is presently reared as aquarium fishes in India. This species is also used as a bait for mahseer, channa and other larger carnivorous fish. This very beautiful shoaling fish prefers the upper water‐layers and proves to be very hardy and undemanding in aquaria having a large surface area. 18. Fish Cirrhinus mrigala Nainital Inhabits rivers and Introduced tanks. In natural open piscine fauna of waters, it breeds during Nainital lake. south‐west monsoon in shallow pockets in marginal areas, and in bundhs. The depth of water at breeding grounds is 0.5 to 1 m. Mrigal is a detritus eater with a narrow range in food variety. It is a bottom feeder subsisting mainly on decayed vegetation. Because of successful transplantations, mrigal has now spread over whole of peninsular India. Mrigal thrives well in freshwaters below appears to be the minimum tolerated by mrigal. Successfully induced to spawn

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through hypophysation. 19. Fish Cirrhinus reba Nainital Inhabits clear rivers and tanks. A plankton and detritus feeder. 20. Fish Crossocheilus latius Nainital No interest to fisheries. Indigenous piscine fauna of Nainital lake. 21. Fish Cyprinus carpio Nainital Typical omnivore‐ Typical lake bottom feeder. fish. Dominant (Common Carp) Juveniles feed on small in fish catches crustaceans and algae in all Kumaon etc. Breeds many times lakes. We have in a year. Submerged taken vegetation serves as photographs of breeding requisites. It the species. can be breed in confined waters in the hilly regions. The mirror carp is a thermophilic, gregarious fish, dwelling mostly at the bottom of ponds. Fast grower. Above 1.0 kg/Yr. Its rapid growth, tasty flesh, good reproductive ability and modest requirements have led to the carp's becoming the stable fish of warm water fisheries. It surpasses all other fishes in breeding ability, resistance to disease, and high quality of its flesh; these characteristics, as its cleverness, adroitness and gameness on the hook also make it very popular among anglers. 22. Fish Garra gotyla Nainital Minor interest to Indigenous fisheries. It is found in piscine fauna of the streams and lakes of Nainital lake. the Himalaya & is highly We have taken valued as a food fish. photograph of the species.

23. Fish Garra lamta Nainital Inhabits hill‐streams. Indigenous The fish is found in the piscine fauna of streams and lakes of the Nainital lake. Himalaya and highly 59

valued as a food‐fish owing to its high fat content. 24. Fish Gonorhynchus petrophilus Nainital ‐

25. Fish Labeo calbasu Nainital Inhabits rivers and ponds. It is one of the major Indian craps. It is an important food fish and at several places is referred to as the "Black Rohu". It is an important game fish in the tanks where it is stocked and is cultivated along with other species. It thrives better in tanks and lakes than in running waters; can tolerate slightly brackish water also. It does not normally breed in ponds; induced bred by hypophysation. It is essentially a bottom feeder. 26. Fish Labeo dario Nainital Inhabits sides of Indigenous torrential hill‐streams in piscine fauna of shallow waters. Its flesh Nainital lake. is well flavored and highly esteemed as food. It attains a length of 75 cm and can readily be caught with cast‐ nets. It is commonly used by anglers as bait for Raiamas bola and Tor putitora. 27. Fish Labeo dyocheilus Nainital Inhabits clear active Indigenous currents of large rivers. piscine fauna of Nainital lake. 28. Fish Labeo gonius Nainital It does not normally breed in ponds. 29. Fish Labeo rohita Nainital Inhabits rivers. Rohu Introduced thrives well in all piscine fauna of freshwaters below an Nainital lake. altitude of We have taken approximately 549 m. photographs of Rohu is a bottom feeder the species. and prefers to feed on plant matter including decaying vegetation. 60

30. Fish Osteobrama cotio Nainital Inhabits freshwater rivers, ponds and lakes. No interest to fisheries; possibly a useful larvicide. 31. Fish Parluciosoma daniconius Nainital Inhabits pools, ponds, streams and canals, also found to live in paddy‐ fields during monsoon. 32. Fish Puntius carletoni Nainital ‐

33. Fish Puntius chola Nainital ‐

34. Fish Puntius conchonius Nainital Generally inhabits lakes Indigenous and streams. piscine fauna of Nainital lake. Dominant at littoral zones of the lake. 35. Fish Puntius terio Nainital A peaceful species suitable for the community tank. Although this barb spawns readily in the aquarium, it is slightly more difficult to induce it to spawn than the rosy barb. 36. Fish Puntius ticto Nainital Inhabits montane and Indigenous submontane regions. It piscine fauna of is common almost every Nainital lake. where. Well behaved in Dominant at community tanks, littoral zones of except for larger the lake. specimens which are inclined to be pugnacious. 37. Fish Raiamas bola Nainital It is found in many rivers Indigenous of northern India, in piscine fauna of clear streams with rocky Nainital lake. beds. Its wide mouth and stream‐lined body are well suited for a predaceous life. It takes fly well and is a good game fish. This species was introduced into Walwham and Lanavala lakes (Poona dist.) in 1926, where they have successful bred. The fish 61

breeds during early monsoon season (June) in quiet inundated areas. It breeds approximately after attaining three years of age. It is a fine flavored delicate fish. 38. Fish Salmostoma bacaila Nainital Inhabits plains and submontane regions. This long jawed species usually inhabits slow running streams and grows up to 18 cm. It is a surface feeder and is regarded as a useful larvivorous fish. 39. Fish Tor putitora Nainital Inhabits the montane Primarily and submontane riverine stock. regions, in running Introduced in stream & rivers. It is the lakes & most common mahseer reservoirs. of the Himalaya and is Species also sometimes known established in as the golden, yellow‐ lakes as local finned, grey‐hound or stock. Fish the thick‐lipped normaly avoid mahseer. Typical low herbivore ‐ Column temparature feeder at some stage (<70C). Species resort to bottom totally declined feeding as well. in Nainital lake. Diatoms, green algae, We have taken insect larvae and small Photographs of crustaceans are main the species. food. Juveniles subsist on crustaceans, aquatic insects and planktonic algae. Breeds twice in a year, pre and during monsoon. Exhibit local migration for breeding, breeds in shallow areas on the gravel, shingles and sand. Juveniles prefer areas having stream flush. Slow grower attains maturity in 3+yr. It has afforded lucrative source of sport for the anglers all along

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the Himalaya since long. The commercial fishery of Putitor mahseer in Jammu, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh consists largely of individuals either ascending streams for breeding or the spent ones returning to perennial ponds in plains. In Assam the population of Tor are fast depleting and at present are chiefly localized to certain major river systems only. This most attractive sport‐fish with excellent food value, is fast approaching extinction in the streams and lakes of northern India. Large fishes are only found in same of the perennial pools. 40. Fish Tor tor Nainital This species has Introduced afforded and lucrative piscine fauna of source of sport for the Nainital lake. anglers in the northern Indian region since long. It is also often called the red‐finned mahseer and deep‐bodied mahseer. It is a powerful mahseer and is one of the important food‐fishes in our region. As a general rule, T. tor travels towards head waters at the beginning of and downstream when rain cease. The Tor mahseer attains a length of 15 cm. The size of the mahseer is no indication of its age because a 10 year‐old fish in a small river may weigh up to 9kg. Therefore, the size

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of the river in which it lives. It grows better in a river with a rocky bottom. Thomas (1897) captured a mahseer 68 kg in weight. It breeds during August‐ September and continues up to December. It has been reported that younger ones breed earlier in the season than the older ones (Jhingran, 1980). The voracious feeding habit of this fish (particularly higher submerged plants) can be utilized in biological control of water weeds (Tilak & Sharma, 1982). 41. Fish Rhinomugil corsula Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish water. 42. Fish Sicamugil cascasia Nainital Inhabits rivers

43. Fish Notopterus notopterus Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters. This species appears to thrive well in lentic waters. It is found in clear streams of the Terai and Duars of North Bengal where it attains a length of 25 cm. It attains a maximum length of 61 cm, but the common size is much smaller. It is common in tanks throughout the greater parts of India. In the large lakes and reservoirs of Tamil Nadu, it attains a length up to 46 cm. Owing to its carnivorous nature, this fish can only be cultivated in wild waters or in fattening ponds in which large fish are present. It breeds in stagnant or running

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water in the rainy season. 44. Fish Chanda nama Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters, both in standing & running waters. 45. Fish Chanda ranga Nainital Live in tanks, river, beels, lakes and estuaries (can bear to some extent saline ecology). 46. Fish Anabas testudineus Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters; mostly in canals, lakes, ponds and swamps. This is a very hardy fish and is of considerable fisheries interest. It is caught mainly from low lying swamps and marshy tracts as well as derelict pits, pools and puddles which remain in the process of drying up during summer months. It is also caught during rainy weather when it remains in the process of prowling about on wetland. In its natural habitat this fish can propel itself over dry land for great distances at a stretch by 'walking fins'. Despite its moderate size, fish is regarded as a highly esteemed fish for its fins flavor, restorative values and prolonged freshness out of ponds, reservoirs and rice fields. 47. Fish Glossogobius gutum Nainital ‐

48. Fish Nandus nandus Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters. This species is common in ditches and inundated fields. It is common in summer months when it is collected from dried‐ 65

up beds of tanks, beels, bheries, etc. 49. Fish Colisa fasciata Nainital Inhabits large river and estuaries, also tanks, ditches and ponds. 50. Fish Colisa lalia Nainital Inhabits stagnant puddles. 51. Fish Salmo gairdnerii Nainital The Rainbow trout is basically an anadromous fish like the salmon. It was introduced in India is 1869 from U.K., New Zealand and Sri Lanka; it is now cultured everywhere is India. It was introduced into a hatchery in the Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and established there well. Besides the Nilgiris, it has also been introduced in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal and Utter Pradesh (Western Himalaya). Artificial propagation is practiced to meet the stocking requirement of upland streams, lakes and reservoirs for sport. It is highly esteemed as food and provides a good sport to angles. It rises to the fly and fights well. 52. Fish Amblyceps mangois Nainital Inhabits pebbly beds in swift currents at the base of hills. This catfish attains a length of 12.5 cm, but is of no interest to fisheries. 53. Fish Aorichthys seenghala Nainital Inhabits rivers, canals, beels, ditches, inundated fields etc. This is an important giant catfish of India being extensively caught in the larger rivers. It comes easily on dead bait although it also takes bait and worm; it 66

fights well and provides a good sport. Breeds before the commencement of monsoons. 54. Fish Mystus vittatus Nainital Inhabits standing and flowing waters; occurring within the tidal influence also. This is one of the most common, small‐sized catfishes caught in large quantities from ponds, lakes, rivers, etc. in the Indian region. 55. Fish Clarias batrachus Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters of plains. This catfish is abundant in ponds and rivers, and in the mud they lie concealed for hours. Found in all types of waters but more so in derelict and swampy waters. It can live out of water for quite sometime and move short distances over land as it has an accessory respiratory organ. This is a rather hardy fish. It is employed as a test animal for the biological assay of pituitary hormones. This species has a short spawning period during July‐ August, coinciding with the south‐west monsoons. Also breeds in confined waters of ponds and tanks. Often migrates to nearby inundated pools and puddles for breeding during rainy season. Inundated paddy fields are most preferred spawning grounds. This catfish is cultured in

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shallow ponds, the stocking rates varying from 25000/ha to one lakh/ha. Maximum production of 5043 kg/ha obtained from farm pond of 0.1 ha. Also cultured in cages, cement cisterns, paddy fields and sewage waters. 56. Fish Heteropneustes fossilis Nainital Inhabits freshwater, rarely brackish waters. A fish of high economic importance. This is primarily a fish of ponds, ditches, beels, swamps and marshes, but it is sometimes found in muddy rivers. It is able to tolerate slightly brackish water. Generally, during the dry season singi lives in semi liquid and semi‐dry mud, and even when the mud dries up they take their bodies above to the bottom of fissures and crevices formed by the cracking mud. These fishes breed in confined waters during the monsoon months. Spawning waters during the monsoon months. Spawning has been observed in swampy patches falling within the flood regions of rivers. Capable of breeding in ponds, derelict ponds and ditches when sufficient rain‐water accumulates. 57. Fish Ailia coila Nainital Inhabits freshwaters rivers and connected waters. This catfish is much esteemed as food.

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58. Fish Clupisoma garua Nainital This catfish is common in the fresh water rivers of the Gangetic plains and grows to a meter in length. It is considered a good fish throughout its range. This species is also very common in the fast‐flowing streams of Poonch Valley (Jammu & Kashmir), with an altitude ranging between 1005 and 1065 m, and is particularly abundant during the monsoons. It is a bottom feeder and feeds on insect, shrimps, other crustaceans and small fish. Many people avoid eating this fish because of its filthy feeding habits. It is very destructive in tanks and hence not advisable to rear it there. This fish is never taken on fly or fly‐ spoon. As it is an animal feeder near the bottom of the water, it takes a worm put on a light tackle well below the surface of the water. It takes the bait well during rain. Worms and mole cricket are its best bait. 59. Fish Eutropiichthys vacha Nainital Inhabits fresh and tidal waters. It is caught in large numbers from rivers and canals in northern India. It is easily acclimatized to lakes, large tanks and beels. The best fishing season is from March to November when the mahseer fishing is out of questions. It rises readily to the fly and affords a good sport.

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The Bachacha is a voracious feeder on other smaller fish and insects. It is a surface feeder. In ordinary tanks this fish may prove very destructive to other small fish and therefore, its culture is not recommended (Tilak and Sharma, 1982: 124). 60. Fish Silonia silondia Nainital This catfish is primarily a fluvatile fish, but flourishes in tanks and large reservoirs as well. It is very common in the Gangetic estuaries. This is a gregarious catfish moving in shoals and breeding the monsoons the adults ascend from the estuaries into large rivers for breeding but after the water level recedes, this fish gets stranded in small pools. 61. Fish Ompok bimaculatus Nainital Inhabits plains and submontane regions. This species inhabits rivers, tanks and ponds and is caught in fairly good quantities in India. It is considered a very tasty fish and is highly priced. It spawns during the monsoons and thrives well in confined waters. 62. Fish Wallago attu Nainital Inhabits freshwater and tidal waters, in rivers, tanks, channels reservoirs etc. This catfish inhabits large rivers, tanks and lakes. It is one of the largest, voracious and predatory of the local catfish which thrives well in rivers and tanks also, especially in jheels with grassy margin. It is 70

fished in large number, being caught in large scoop nets, long‐lines and hooks. The fish prefers muddy tanks subject to periodical flooding from a nullah or river. It is esteemed as food by the poorer classes. Abundant during the warm season, considerable of India. It is a pre‐ monsoon summer breeder. This catfish is a good sport and can be easily taken on a hook with dead bait. It also takes live‐bait well. It is very destructive to other more valuable food‐fishes such as the major carps. A tank where this fish exists, usually contains no other good fish. 63. Fish Bagarius yarrelli Nainital Inhabits primarily rivers. This is the giant species of Bagarius and one of the largest Asian catfishes and so far the of largest member of Sisoridae. It grows to a size of 2m or more and attains a weight of over 135 kgs. It is one of the largest freshwater fish which have been caught in India on rod and line. The flesh is not much relished being very stiff and fibrous. This fish lies mostly at the bottom of the water and can even withstand the forceful current amongst rocks. It takes spoon and spinning bait, and also live‐bait. Breeding season is prior to the commencement of the

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monsoon rains. The name ' Freshwater Shark' is often applied to this fish because of its voracious feeding habits and over slung mouth. Owing to its ugly shape, this fish is undesirable to anglers who are interest in mahseer. It lives in mahseer waters and is a source of annoyance to anglers because it is likely to break the tackle. It is a most powerful fish is freshwaters of India. 64. Fish Euchiloglanis hodgarti Nainital Inhabits torrential streams. This catfish attains a length of about 6.5 cm; of no interest to fisheries. 65. Fish Gagata cenia Nainital Inhabits rivers, also tidal rivers. This species is considered a wholesome food. 66. Fish Glyptothorax cavia Nainital This catfish is of minor interest to fisheries in the Indian region. 67. Fish Glyptothorax dakpathari Nainital This catfish is of no interest to fisheries. 68. Fish Glyptothorax horai Nainital ‐

69. Fish Glyptothorax Nainital This catfish is of no pectinopterus interest to fisheries. 70. Fish Glyptothorax telchitta Nainital Inhabits primarily hill streams. This catfish is a hill stream fish which descends to the plains from the mountains in the fast flowing. 71. Fish Pseudecheneis sulcatus Nainital Inhabits fast‐flowing hill We have taken streams. This catfish is photographs of of no interest to the species. fisheries.

72. Fish Mastacembelus armatus Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters in plains and hills. This species attains a length of 61 cm 72

and is the largest spinyeel. It is reported to be very good food‐ fish. In West Bengal it is a popular food‐fish especially when freshly caught. It is common during the summer months. This is also found commonly at quite high altitudes in river Tawi (Jammu) and its tributaries. 73. Fish Macrognathus pancalus Nainital Inhabits rivers of plains and estuaries. This beautiful species of the plains inhabits slow and shallow waters, never available above an altitude of 366 m. It is of little commercial importance. This mastacembelid has often been placed into aquaria and kept by hobbyists; it inhabits the floor and spawns in the upper water‐level. 74. Fish Monopterus cuchia Nainital Inhabits fresh and brackish waters; altitudinal range 76‐ 1350 m. Live in ditches, canals, bheries, beels etc. In summer days they live inside mud‐ holes near paddy ‐fields. 75. Fish Schizothorax sinuatus Nainital ‐

76. Fish Schizothorax richardsoni Nainital Typical herbivore – Basically detritophagus – rasp riverine stock. mainly on diatoms, Indigenous other algae, microbiota, fauna of attached on stones etc. Kumaon lakes. juveniles feed on small Population benthic crustaceans and drastically insect larvae. (Diatoms, declined in all green algae, alongwith Kumaon lakes. crustaceans as the principal food). Breeds once in a year during monsoon period. Exhibit 73

spawning migration. Spawns on gravel beds of the pools in tributary. Slow grower. Attains maturity in 3+yr. 77. Fish Schizothorax Nainital ‐ plagiostornus 78. Fish Schizothorax kumaonensis Nainital ‐ Indigenous piscine fauna of Nainital lake. 79. Fish Gambusia affinis Nainital Larvicidal fish and also Introduced to (Mosquito fish) feeds on zooplankton. control the Breeds many times in a growth of year. Prolific breeder. malarial mosquitoes in Kumaon lakes. Dominate littoral zones of lakes. 80. Fish Hypophthalmichthys Nainital Planktophagous fish. Fry Introduced molitrix and adult prefer piscine fauna of (Silver Carp) flagellata, Nainital lake. dinoflagelatta, diatoms, Stocked in Myxophyceae, Protozoa Kumaon lakes and decayed macro to control algal vegetative matter. blooms. Juveniles feed on We have taken unicellular algae. Breeds photographs of once in a year. No the species. record of breeding in lake environment. Comparatively fast grower. Attains maturity in 2+yr. Grows above 1.5 kg/Yr. 81. Fish Ctenopharyngodon idellus Nainital Feeds on aquatic weeds Introduced (Grass Carp) (Preferably on Hydrilla, piscine fauna of Ceratophyllum, Nainital lake. Myriophyllum, Stocked to Potamegeton). Breeds control weeds. once in a year. No record of breeding in lake environment. Fast grower. Attains maturity in 2+yr. grows above 1.0 kg/Yr. 82. Odonata Anax imperator Nainital They breeds in small weedy tanks and lakes. There are familiar insects on all open waters. These are 74

restless species hawking round the border of tanks. Male accompanies the female during oviposition. 83. Odonata Hemianax ephippiger Nainital It breeds in shallow tanks and marshes. 84. Odonata Neurobasis chinensis Nainital The species generally breeds in montane and submontane stream. Flight period is from February to October but rare in November. Oviposition takes place during April‐June and in October. 85. Odonata Aristrocypha immaculata Nainital This species is included on the basis of literature review. It is known to inhabit vegetation in vicinity of montane streams in comparatively open habitat. This species is characterized in its wing lacking any marking or even vitreous iridescence in quite contrast to alter Indian species ofe th genus. Flight period is from September to October. 86. Odonata Aristrocypha Nainital Flight period is from quadrimaculata April to November. Emergence takes place within April to June. Larva found in Streams with rapidly flowing water, stony bottom and little or no vegetation. Range 300‐ 1500mt.Adults males commonly seen perching on the partially submerged stones or over hanging bushes at these streams almost from April to November. 87. Odonata Agriocnemis clauseni Nainital Flight period is from June to September. Larva found in the 75

weedy banks of large perennial streams in the flatter regions. Range ‐ 300‐500mt. Adult not common, found on vegetation around the streams. 88. Odonata Agriocnemis pygmaea Nainital It has number of We have taken polychromatic forms like photographs of (Pygmy dartlet) red form, sub adult the species. forms, fully adult or isochrome form. Flight period is from March to October and oviposition takes place between March to June. Emergence takes place during March to October. Larva found in slow running marshy streams, perennial and seasonal monsoon ponds. Range‐ 500‐ 1400mt. Adults common amidst vegetation around larval habitats. 89. Odonata Aciagrion pallidum Nainital It has cryptic colouration making it remarkably inconspicuous. Frequently inhabits bed of running water body; streams etc. in shallow zone with sprutting aquatic vegetation. This species normally inhabits dry areas amongst grasses of forest and other vegetation, where due to its colouration, it easily mingles with background. This species is scattered, colonies, cropping up in widely separated areas. 90. Odonata Amphiallagma parvum Nainital The species generally breeds in weedy tanks during the greater part of the year. The flight period is from March to 76

September and oviposition takes place within March ‐ June. Emergence occur in during March to October and larva found in the perennial/seasonal monsoon ponds .The species are found in the range of 600‐1500mt. Adults are common near the waterline of perennial ponds in summer. 91. Odonata Ceriagrion olivaceum Nainital The species is locally common in many parts of the India especially in Khasi hills. They appear to breeds in stream. This species inhabits weedy and grassy habitats in vicinity of lotic water body. Fraser (1993) remarked that quite contrary about the habitat of the species "appear to breed in streams." 92. Odonata Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Nainital It breeds in still water but occasionally it also breeds in ponds and lakes. Flight period‐ September to November. larval habitat ‐marshy area of large perennial water bodies. Range‐ around 600mt. Adults very amidst the vegetation near larval habitats. 93. Odonata Pseudagrion hypermelas Nainital Found near grassy banks of small streams and canals often in company with Disparoneura nigerrima. It breeds in streams. 94. Odonata Pseudagrion decorum Nainital Flight period ‐March to October. Emergence ‐ March to June. Larval habitat‐Slow running 77

marshy streams. Range‐ 500‐1800mt. Adults fly low over the water surface specially at spots where side pools are presents. 95. Odonata Pseudagrion Nainital According to literature microcephalum review this species is comparatively rare. It (Blue grass dartlet) migrates in vast hordes on west coast together with P. decorum during October and September. It breeds in lakes and streams. 96. Odonata Pseudagrion rubriceps Nainital It is found in plain and submontane areas of continental India and Burma except in desert tract. It breeds in streams. Flight‐ almost throughout the year. Oviposition‐ March to April, June to July, September to October. Emergence‐ Almost during the above period. Larval habitat ‐ Perennial ponds, temporary monsoon ponds, cemented garden ponds, and slow running marshy streams Range‐ 300‐1800mt. Adults common around various aquatic habitat and amidst the nearby vegetation. 97. Odonata Ischnura senegalensis Nainital Flight period is April to October and oviposition takes place between July to September. Emergence occur during April to June. Larva found in slow running streams with lot of vegetation. Range ‐ 500to 8000mt. Adults fly amidst the vegetation around the small streams. It swarms in 78

lake. So far the studies indicate it to be a univoltine species. Small dominant insect is found in colonies from sea level to over 7000 ft. 98. Odonata Ischnura rufostigma Nainital Flight period is April ‐ October. Larva found in the weedy banks of lakes and adults fly found around vegetation at the banks. This species is included on the basis of the literature review. It is usually known to found swarming in and around weedy, stagnant and often ephemeral water bodies. 99. Odonata Ischnura forcipata Nainital Flight period is almost throughout the year. Oviposition takes place in between April to September. Emergence takes place in the same period of oviposition. Larva are found in slow running marshy streams and ponds. Range ‐ 600to 1500mt. Adults common near the small marshy streams and perennial ponds. 100. Odonata Ischnura aurora Nainital According to literature found up to 7500ft. It is the commonest species throughout India. Bivoltine species, common on wings from spring to monsoon. Larvae are bright green in colour and are easily recognizable. They have foliaceous duplex lamellae which are almost transparent with greenish tracheation. Generally larvae occur in slow running steams, weedy banks of large 79

rivers and temporary monsoon ponds. It is commonly inhabit marshy places but during rainy season they are also recorded over grassy fields in the neighbourhood of stagnant water bodies or slow running streams. 101. Odonata Rhodischnura nursei Nainital The flight period is within June to October and oviposition takes place from June to July. Emergence takes place during September ‐ October. Larva found in the seasonal monsoon ponds ranging 500‐ 1500mt. Adults occur around the monsoon ponds from June to October. Moderately common around tanks and small streams. Larvae yellowish‐brown, slow swimmers, generally remain attached to the submerged vegetation, caudal lamellae fusiform, duplex, uniformly dark. 102. Odonata Cercion dyeri Nainital It breeds in stagnant and weedy ponds, resting flat on floating grasses and lotus leaves. 103. Odonata Epopthalmia vittata Nainital ‐

104. Odonata Macromia moorei Nainital Flight period is from April to November. Oviposition takes place during October‐ November and emergence take place from April to July. Larva found in the side pools of hill streams with steep gradient. Range – 600 to 2000 mt. Adults 80

fly high above the larval habitats in post monsoon period. 105. Odonata Burmagomphus Nainital Flight period is from sivalikensis May to October. Emergence takes place during May to July. Larva found in the small hill streams with steep gradient and rocky substratum. Range ‐ app. 600 mt. Adults rarely seen alighting on the partially submerged boulders in hill streams. 106. Odonata Anisogomphus bivittatus Nainital ‐

107. Odonata Onychogomphus Nainital Flight period is from modestus May to October. They breed in montane stream and may be found resting on rocks in mid streams. Emergence takes place during May ‐ June. Larva found in hill streams, steep gradient. Range – 600 to 1000 mt. Adult found near the hill streams during the emergence season and sometimes mature adults could be observed patrolling over streams in the thick forest. 108. Odonata Lamelligomphus risi Nainital Flight period is from May to October. Emergence takes place during May ‐ June. Larva are curiously flattened dark brown in colour and closely resemble to decaying leaves among which they live. They are found in the Marshy small hill streams. Larva are also found in deep pools lurking amongst leafy debris. Range ‐ app. 1300 mt. Adult 81

found hovering over the vegetation near small marshy hill streams. 109. Odonata Onychogomphus Nainital Adults are sometimes bistrigatus found patrolling over the small channel like streams. 110. Odonata Lestes thoracica Nainital Flight period is from July to September. Range – 600 mt. Adults sometimes occur at the seasonal monsoon ponds. 111. Odonata Lestes viridulus Nainital According to literature review the species is common in South India. These are found in dry season and is to be sought for among long grass, the colour of which simulates closely. These are found in the range of 300‐1000mt. Aestivating adults commonly found in thick forest from October to April amidst dry vegetation. 112. Odonata Lestes praemorsus Nainital Flight period is from June to September and mature adults are seen around seasonal ponds. Oviposition takes place during June‐ July. Emergence takes place in September. Larva found in the seasonal pond .The range of altitude is 500‐2000mt. Aestivating adults are found in deep forest in the valley away from the larval habitat from November to May. 113. Odonata Tholymis tillarga Nainital This species is more commonly known to occur at lower altitude and is found all over the year. They are found usually before dusk and swiftly moving over 82

stagnant water body or slow running streams. They are crepuscular in habitat, appearing on the wing shortly before dusk and flying long after back. Author (Fraser) observed Frequently come to light lie up under heavy shade in scrub or bamboo jungle during day time. They breeds in marshes or weedy tanks. According to latest information Flight period is from June to October. Oviposition takes place during June‐ July. Emergence takes place during September‐ October. Larval habitat ‐ Seasonal monsoon ponds. Range ‐ 600‐ 1000 M. Adults migratory in nature and could rarely be seen at seasonal ponds during monsoon. 114. Odonata Orthetrum sabina Nainital This is a commonly occurring species. Its is one of the most predaceous dragonfly and cannibalistic in habits. The multivoltine species and the imagoes are found on wings almost throughout the year. ; Certainly so among the species of the genus. It is known to be the most predaceous of all dragonflies. Flight period is almost round the year except December to February. Oviposition takes place almost continuously during the flight period. Emergence occurs during March to

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October. Larva found in Marshy side pools of slow running stream, perennial and seasonal monsoon ponds. Adults are common around larval habitat or perching on bushes in submontaneous forest. Females hibernate in scrub jungle on the top of the hills during cold weather. This is highly distributed ranging from sea level to over 7,000ft. 115. Odonata Orthetrum triangulare Nainital It breeds in brooks We have taken (Blue tailed forest hawk) flowing through photograph of marshes on level of hills. the species. Flight period – June ‐ October. Emergence during June‐July. Larval habitat ‐Marshy pools of slow running hill streams. Range – 300 ‐ 2300 mt. Adults are common around hill streams. 116. Odonata Orthetrum japonicum Nainital Generally the species breeds and oviposits in lakes. Flight period is from June to January. Range – 300 – 3000 m. Adults are common near hill streams perching on bushes. 117. Odonata Orthetrum glaucum Nainital According to literature review the species is strictly montane and prefers paddy field. Flight period is from June to November. Emergence takes place during June ‐ July. Larva found in stagnant side pools of small hill stream. Range up to 4000ft. Adult are common in the side pools of hill stream perching on bushes. Species vary greatly in 84

colour according to the altitude and largest examples comes from highest altitude. 118. Odonata Orthetrum pruinosum Nainital It is the commonest We have taken dragonfly in the plains photograph of (Crimson tailed Marsh of India found almost the species. Hawk) throughout the year around both seasonal and perennial. It breeds in small tanks also in pools in river beds. Flight period is through out the year. Oviposition takes place. Emergence ‐Almost round the year. Larval habitat ‐ Marshy side pools of slow running streams, Perennial and Seasonal Monsoon Ponds, paddy fields and cemented tanks. Range – 300 ‐ 1800 mts. Adults are slow fliers, seen purching on vegetation around lawal habitats. 119. Odonata Orthetrum brunneum Nainital Flight period is from June to November. Oviposition takes place during July to October. Emergence takes place in the month of May ‐ June. Larva found in side pools of hill streams. Range – 600 to 2000 mt. 120. Odonata Orthetrum taeniolatum Nainital Flight period is almost around the year and oviposition takes place during July to September. Breeds in deep pools left falling by streams. They are most common during dry season or just prior to the bursting of the monsoon. Emergence occur in May ‐ June. Larva found in the slow running marshy streams with mud algal growth. 85

Range ‐ 300 to 1800 mt. Adults found commonly at open rocky and sandy beds of the streams. 121. Odonata Brachydiplax sobrina Nainital Teneral male and female are found in the tree nearby the tank. Very shy insect and exceeding quick on the wing. Range ‐ around 600 m. Adults occur at small streams during summer and adult male fly over the water settling on low vegetation. 122. Odonata Acisoma panorpoides Nainital The species has a very weak and short flight and keeps closely to rank herbage and reeds in the heavily weeded tank and lake in which it breeds. Kumar (1979, 1984) has recorded it as a multivoltine species in the foothills of W. Himalaya. The adults are present around weedy lakes, ponds and tanks for the major portion of the year. Hassan (1978) also reported the occurrence of the imagos of A. panarpoides inflatum round the year at Nigeria. This is the smallest species of the genus but conspicuously robust. Flight period ‐ March to September. Oviposition takes place in the April month. Emergence during June ‐ July. Larval habitat ‐ Perennial Ponds. Range –300 – 800 m. Adults common at the vegetation around perennial ponds.

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123. Odonata Cratilla lineata Nainital These are most commonly seen in perched on dead twigs. Its position while taking rest it is sloped to the sides and body held close to and parallel with twig. The wing probably sloped to prevent their reflection of light disclosing them to birds of prey. It breeds in marshes. Flight period is during June to October. Larva found in seasonal monsoon ponds in forest. Range ‐ 300 to 600 mt. Adults are rare and occur around larval habitat at the Monsoon ponds. 124. Odonata Urothemis signata Nainital These are found in the small weedy tanks, cemented tanks, stagnant stream and lakes. This species is common along the course of Brahmaputra. 125. Odonata Sympetrum hypomelas Nainital They are found in the small streams of flatter valley with the velocity of water < 30 ‐ 100 cm/sec, where plentiful submerged and bank vegetation present. 126. Odonata Diplacodes nebulosa Nainital It is comparatively rare insect. These species are found near marshes and heavily weeded tanks being favoured habitat Flight period is from April ‐September. Larval habitat is Perennial ponds. Range – 300 – 600 mt. Adults not commonly found around the ponds. 127. Odonata Pantala flavescens Nainital This species is commonly occurring libullidae of India found 87

in large swarms and is known to inhabit marshes and weedy tanks, specially in submontane areas and among the foothills. They breed in marshy areas and larva are found in weedy tanks. Emergence takes place in the end of September and commence migratory flight up to November. The sitting posture ofe th species is angular and sometimes parallel to the substratum, wings opened and fully stretched. Flight period is from May to October. Ovipositions takes place during June ‐ July. Emergence occurs from August to October. Larval habitat ‐ Seasonal monsoon ponds. Range – 300 ‐ 3000 M. Adults are obligatory Migrants and could be seen in Himalayas during monsoon period either at the larval habitats or flying in large number high about the cultivated fields. 128. Odonata Trithemis festiva Nainital They breeds in the still water or more commonly in stream with sluggish current. Flight period is from March to December. Oviposition takes place during October ‐ November. Emergence takes place from March ‐ June. Larval habitat ‐ Slow running marshy streams. Range – 300 ‐ 1500 mt. It is one of the only dragonfly which

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emerge with approach of the spring. Adults are common around the larval habitat from March ‐ November. 129. Odonata Trithemis pallidinervis Nainital They breeds in stagnant water bodies and marshy zones. The imago is generally found perched on the top of a tall reed, elevating itself by its long spidery legs. 130. Odonata Trithemis kirbyi Nainital It is one of the commonly occurring species of the genus. Males are known to rest on slab, rock are rare while female settled on bushes far from water. According to literature review females are notified as rare. Females generally settled on bushes far from water or during their visit to water to oviposit. Males are vivid insects of showy nature. They are protected by their warning colour and are very swift in taking off and on the wing. The species is very seasonal appears during Feb‐Mar and disappear with the advent of monsoon. 131. Odonata Tramea basilaris Nainital These are recorded up to the altitude of 7,000 ft. Its habitats are small weedy tanks or marshes breeds in small deep tanks. The imagos occur around small weedy tanks or marshes, the flight season in north India is from June to October, sometimes they accompany P. flavescens in their annual post‐monsoon migration. The species 89

can easily be determined by the irregular duplicate shape of the basal markings to the hind‐ wing. Flight period is from June to October. Oviposition takes place during June ‐ July. Emergence occurs during September‐ October. Larval habitat‐ Seasonal monsoon pond. Range – 600 ‐ 2300 M. Adults common around larval habitats from October,June ‐ rare, specimen could be seen in winter, away from larval habitats. 132. Odonata Crocothemis servilia Nainital These are found in the scores from reeds and tall grasses bordering their watery habitats. This species is very common, occuring in vegetation around aquatic habitats. Flight period, Oviposition & Emergence takes place Almost through out the year. Larval habitat‐Side pools of slow running streams, Perennial Seasonal monsoon ponds and paddy fields; Range –300 ‐ 1800 m. Adults very common at vegetation around and away. Breeding takes place over water. Adult are found on wing. It has been reported that the species prey upon Orthetrum sabina. Body posture of rest is angular, sometimes nearly parallel and the wings remain open and fully stretched. The species flies up to 100 –

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150 mt of height. 133. Odonata Bradinopyga geminata Nainital This species has invaded the populated areas and human dwellings as well. The species shows good example of protective, cryptic colouring which is enhanced by its action, which seems to betray a knowledge of the value of such colouring. These species breeds in wells, cemented tanks, drums, rainy hollows in the rocks and invariably settling, with wings flattened, on the granite face, with which their marbled grey colured body harmonises to such an extent that they are practically invisible. It rest on the well side or plastered cemented walls. Flight period is from March ‐ October at larval habitat. Oviposition takes place from March to April. Emergence takes place during July ‐ September. Larval habitat ‐ Clear water Cemented garden tank and same times large Steel drums etc. Range ‐ round 100 M. Adult aestivate in sheltered sites from October ‐ March, common at larval from March ‐ October. 134. Odonata Neurothemis fulvia Nainital This species is known to inhabit weedy ponds or marshes and distributed from plains to an altitude of 1000 meters. The clear, uncoloured apices of wing will help to distinguish it from other Indian species and

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equally the female by uniform golden‐amber tint of the ground colour of wings or without clear hyaline window in fore wings. Flight period is from April ‐ September, Oviposition takes place from during ‐ August. Larval habitats are Perennial and Seasonal ponds. Presently the species are recorded up to 300 ‐ 600 mt. Adults very conspicuous because of their rusty wings common around larval habitat. 135. Odonata Neurothemis intermedia Nainital This species is common in areas at lower and higher altitude. These are commonly found in fields covered with grasses near streams and Lakes. Flight period is from April to November. Range – 600 ‐ 1000 mt. 136. Odonata Brachythemis Nainital It is the most common We have found contaminata species in India and is the species. common at lower (Ditch jewel) altitude. It inhabits weedy ponds, lakes and slowly moving streams. Generally the species is found everywhere both the borders of streams especially sluggish ones and also over weedy tanks and lakes. It is found along the bank of river and seen in great numbers on the till after dark. Teneral imagos fly in large numbers around the banks of ponds and marshy streams, especially during monsoon.

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137. Odonata Potamarcha congener Nainital This is one of the We have taken common species photograph of (Yellow tailed ashy throughout India. It the species. skimmer) inhabits small weedy ponds and stagnant water body. 138. Odonata Copera marginipes Nainital Flight period ‐ June to November. Oviposition ‐ August to September. Emergence ‐ June to September. Larval habitat‐Slow running marshy parts of fresh water lakes. Range – 300 – 600 mt. Adults are common on vegetation around the larval habitat. 139. Odonata Calicnemia exima Nainital Author found them during May and June. It breeds in small brooks following through marshes. It has very short flight usually gregarious. Flight period ‐ April to September, Range – 500 to 1500 mt. 140. Odonata Calicnemia miniata Nainital According to literature record they are common during May ‐ June up to 4,000ft. 141. Odonata Megalestes major Nainital Larva had been described by Laidlaw in a sandy and gravelly stream at Ghum (Darjeeling) at 8000ft in the month of May, where water becomes icy cold at that elevation. Larva was full grown lower down the hill slopes at 600ft in a scrub jungle and hillside marsh, Author found tenerals emerging from small booklets which found a network throughout the marsh, but it has been collected previously at 7000ft from Kumaun hills. 93

142. Mollusca Bellamya bengalensis Nainital Freshwater bodies, mainly stagnant water and mild saline water resources. Commonly found in ponds, ditches, wet paddy fields etc. They can tolerate a minimum level of salinity (0.2mg/l). GEOLOGICAL RANGE: Ethiopian and Oriental. The Bellamya sp. is commonly used as food. 143. Mollusca Bellamya dissimilis Nainital Common in freshwater bodies and mild saline water resources. They can tolerate a minimum level of salinity (0.2mg/l). The Bellamya spp. Is commonly used as food. Medicinal Importance: i.) Soup prepared from the flesh used to cure Asthma, Arthritis, Joint swelling, Rheumatism and quick healing of wound. ii.) The snails cleaned and kept in water for few hours and then the water is used like an eye drop to cure conjunctivitis. 144. Mollusca Pila globosa Nainital This amphibious snail is a very common freshwater species inhabits all fresh water bodies including drains, canals and wet fields. Pila commonly used as food. They are also valuable resource of food for ducks and hybrid Magur. Soup prepared from the flesh used to cure Asthma, Arthritis, Joint swelling, Rheumatism and quick healing of wound. The snails cleaned and kept

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in water for few hours and then the water is used like an eye drop to cure conjunctivitis. 145. Mollusca Clithon reticularis Nainital ‐

146. Mollusca Lymnaea biacuminata Nainital Stagnant water bodies.

147. Mollusca Lymnaea acuminata Nainital Stagnant water bodies. We have taken photograph of the species.

148. Mollusca Lymnaea luteola Nainital The species is not very particular about its habitat. It is often found in temporary water bodies, which dry up in summer, and it tides over the unfavourable conditions by burying itself in the mud. This species often occurs in temporary water bodies, during unfavourable season and bury itself in the mud. It was observed in upper zone‐ Nabadwip to Konnagar when the salinity was 0.3mg/l. 149. Mollusca Lymnaea auricularia Nainital Stagnant water bodies.

150. Mollusca Ferrissia verruca Nainital Found attached to vegetation in smaller rivers of moderate flow and streams. 151. Mollusca Gyraulus convexiusculus Nainital The species occurring in lakes, ditches, ponds and rice fields, and common among weeds in water channels. It occasionally occurs in large numbers on the muddy bottom of open water channels. It is a very common species and is abundantly found in lakes, ditches, ponds and wet paddy fields. 152. Mollusca Gyraulus barrackporensis Nainital ‐

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153. Mollusca Indoplanorbis exustus Nainital Remains attached to We have taken floating plants, etc., photograph of seldom at the bottom, the species. also occurs in very foul waters. It was observed in the mud and sand mix area. 154. Mollusca Digoniostoma pulchella Nainital Flood plains.

155. Mollusca Lamellidens corrianus Nainital This species is commonly used as food. 156. Mollusca Parreysia corrugata Nainital Rivers & Streams.

157. Mollusca Parreysia caerulea Nainital In freshwater pools formed by the side of the streams this species is seen burrowing in the mud. 158. Mollusca Parreysia triembolus Nainital Freshwater Rivers.

159. Mollusca Parreysia olivaria Nainital In freshwater pools formed by the side of the streams this species is seen burrowing in the mud.

160. Mollusca Novaculina gangetica Nainital ‐

161. Mollusca Scaphula celox Nainital Found under stones.

162. Mollusca Sphaerium indicum Nainital Stagnant water. It is an freshwater species. They usually attached themselves to aquatic vegetations, sometimes they attached to the surface film of water by slime threads. They are small in size and resistant to desiccation.

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References:

1. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, P. 5 2. Amar ujala – (A news paper), A report published on 3 may, 2008.

3. Google Maps.

4. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, P. 5 5. K.K. Vass, H.S.Raina, R.S.Haldar, Fishery Restoration in Nainital Lake, National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Published by The Director, NRCCWF, Bhimtal (Nainital), Uttaranchal Bulletin No. 9, 2004, Page 13 6. ibid. P. 48 7. Ecological modeling & Fishery Enhancement in Lakes/wetlands of Himalayan/Sub‐ Himalayan region, P. 24 Title of the programme: Sustainable fishery development in Kumaon Lakes

Name of the Institute: NRC on Coldwater Fisheries

Project dates: Dec, 1998 to Nov, 2003

8. http:/www.naintalhotels.net/flora and fauna.htm 9. http://www.herbalcureindia.com/herbs/daruharidra.htm

10. http://knol.google.com/k/riyannsh‐mundraa/know‐about‐herbs/3lr953e1lumvz/26# ‐ Know about Herbs ‐ a knol by Riyannsh Mundraa

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11. http://www.indianet zone.com/5/flora Uttaranchal.htm 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nainital lake# flora and fauna 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nainital lake# flora and fauna 14. Same as 5 Page 44‐63 15. http://www.herbalcureindia.com/herbs/daruharidra.htm 16. http://knol.google.com/k/riyannsh‐mundraa/know‐about‐herbs/3lr953e1lumvz/26# ‐ Know about Herbs ‐ a knol by Riyannsh Mundraa

17. http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/ecosystem‐services.htm

18. http://www.enainital.com/nainital‐culture‐traditions.php 19. http://www.enainital.com/nainital‐culture‐traditions.php 20. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, P. 57 21. http://www.enainital.com/nainital‐culture‐traditions.php 22. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, P. 13 23. ibid. P. 9 24. ibid. P. 9 25. THE UTTAR PRADESH SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES ACT, 1986(U.P. Act No. 9 of 1986) (As passed by the U.P. Legislature) http://awas.up.nic.in/linkfile/SADA1986.htm

26. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of

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Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, Page ix

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1. Tij Vir Singh, On Developing Himalayan Tourism Ecologically, Chapter 24 pages 227 to 238 2. Census data‐Nainital, 2005 3. Statistical Abstract‐ Dist: Nainital‐ 2005, Finance and Statistical Division, Uttaranchal 4. Proceedings on National Seminar on Aquatic Resource Management in Hills. Editors: K.K.Vaas, S.A.H.Abidi, Late V.P.Agrawal Published by the Director, NRCCWF, Bhimtal (Nainital), Uttaranchal, 2005 5. Fishes of Indian Uplands, Compiled by Shyam Sundere, H.S.Raina, C.B.Joshi, Bulletin No. 2 1999, Published by National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Bhimtal, Nainital. 6. Survey Results obtained from Chanoti, Pandeygaon and Nainital

7. Census data‐Nainital, 2005

8. Fishes of Indian Uplands, Compiled by Shyam Sundere, H.S.Raina, C.B.Joshi, Bulletin No. 2 1999, Published by National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Bhimtal, Nainital

9. City Development Plan‐ Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers 10. K.K. Vass, H.S.Raina, R.S.Haldar, Fishery Restoration in Nainital Lake, National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Published by The Director, NRCCWF, Bhimtal (Nainital), Uttaranchal Bulletin No. 9, 2004

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11. Ecological modeling & Fishery Enhancement in Lakes/wetlands of Himalayan/Sub‐ Himalayan region Title of the programme: Sustainable fishery development in Kumaon Lakes

Name of the Institute: NRC on Coldwater Fisheries

Project dates: Dec, 1998 to Nov, 2003

12. THE UTTAR PRADESH SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES ACT, 1986(U.P. Act No. 9 of 1986) (As passed by the U.P. Legislature) http://awas.up.nic.in/linkfile/SADA1986.htm

13. Amar ujala – (A news paper), A report published on 3 may, 2008.

14. Vass, K.K. and Raina, H.S.‐2002‐ Highland Fisheries & Aquatic Resource Management, National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (ICAR), Bhimtal, India

15. Fishes of Indian Uplands, National Research Centre on Coldwater Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Published by The Director, NRCCWF, Bhimtal (Nainital), Uttaranchal Bulletin No. 2, 1999 16. P.S. Ramkrishnan, Ecology and Sustainable Development, National Book Trust, India, 2001 17. T.V. Ramachandra, Aquatic Ecosystems‐Conservation, Restoration, Capital Publishing Company, 2005 18. J.K. Garg, Wetlands of India (Project Report), Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, 1998 19. P.C. Sinha & R. Mahanty, Wetland Management Policy and Law, Kanishka Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2002 20. Nitai Kundu, Managing Wetlands, Basumati Corporation Limited, Calcutta, 1997 21. Subodh nath Jha, Uttar Pradesh the Land and the People, National Book Trust, 2007 22. T.N. Dhar, Sustainable Mountain Development, Society of Himalayan Environmental Rehabilitation and Peoples Action, Lucknow

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23. Oxford School Atlas, Oxford, 2009 24. Springate‐Baginski, O., Allen, D. and Darwall, W.R.T. (eds.) 2009. An Integrated Wetland Assessment Toolkit: A Guide to good practice. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Cambridge, UK: IUCN Species Programme. xv+144p. 25. Internet (GOOGLE)

26. http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/ecosystem‐services.htm

27. http://www.enainital.com/nainital‐flora‐fauna.php

28. http://www.enainital.com/nainital‐culture‐traditions.php 29. http:/www.naintalhotels.net/flora and fauna.htm 30. http://www.herbalcureindia.com/herbs/daruharidra.htm

31. http://knol.google.com/k/riyannsh‐mundraa/know‐about‐herbs/3lr953e1lumvz/26# ‐ Know about Herbs ‐ a knol by Riyannsh Mundraa

32. http://www.indianet zone.com/5/flora Uttaranchal.htm 33. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nainital lake# flora and fauna

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