DOCSLIB.ORG

Development Team

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development Team Paper No: 5 Water Resources and Management Module: 2 Water Resources of India Development Team Principal Investigator Prof. R.K. Kohli & Prof. V. K. Garg & Prof. Ashok Dhawan Co- Principal Investigator Central University of Punjab, Bathinda Dr Hardeep Rai Sharma, IES Paper Coordinator Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Dr Hardeep Rai Sharma, IES Content Writer Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Content Reviewer Prof. (Retd.) V. Subramanian, SES , Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Anchor Institute Central University of Punjab 1 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India Description of Module Subject Name Environmental Sciences Paper Name Water Resources and Management Module Water Resources of India Name/Title Module Id EVS/WRM-V/2 Pre-requisites General introduction of water Objectives To know and understand different types of water resources in India Keywords Water resources, Glaciers, Oceans, Rivers, Lakes, Groundwater, Wetlands 2 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India 1. Objectives: 1. To explain different resources of water 2. To understand different types of water resources 3. To describe importance of water resources 4. To understand different threats to water resources 2. Concept Map Water Resources Surface Ground Precipitation Water Water Glaciers Oceans Estuaries Rivers Lakes Wetlands Reservoirs 3. Introduction Liquid water is essential for the kind of delicate chemistry that makes life possible (Philip Ball) Natural resources are materials provided by the Earth that humans can use to make more complex products from them. These are useful raw materials that we get from the Earth, which means that human beings cannot create natural resources e.g. land, air, water, minerals etc. Water, an important natural resource, is essential for living being survival, food production, and economic development. There is no substitute of this natural resource and it is considered as a unique gift of nature to the mankind. It is the basis for the renewal, purge, and recovery of life on the planet. Different seasons 3 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India are the result of global circulation of water. Three quarters of the planet’s surface is covered with water. All this water is in continuous motion between different environmental components. Being an universal solvent, different substances get dissolved and suspended in it during runoff and percolation. A proper assessment of water resources potential is important for its sustainable development and management point of view. This will be helpful in their proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance to provide competing demands during irrigation, drought and flood management, domestic and industrial water supply, of electricity generation, fisheries and navigation. The first Irrigation Commission in 1901‒03 has carried out the first ever attempt of water resources potential assessment of India. The main characteristic of the world’s freshwater resources is their uneven distribution in time and space. Freshwater can be considered green or blue. Green water – the rainfall that is stored in the soil and then evaporates or is incorporated in plants and organisms – is the main source of water for natural ecosystems and for rain-fed agriculture, which produces 60% of the world’s food. Blue water – renewable surface water runoff and groundwater recharge – is the main source for human withdrawals and the traditional focus of water resource management. The blue water total availability is about 40,000 cubic kilometres a year. Of this, an estimated 3,800 cubic kilometres, roughly 10% were withdrawn (diverted or pumped) for human uses in 1995. Of the water withdrawn, about 2,100 cubic kilometres were consumed. The remainder was returned to streams and aquifers, usually with significant reductions in quality (Cosgrove, 2006). Of the estimated 1.4 × 1018 cubic meters (m3) of water on Earth, more than 97% is present in the oceans. About 35 × 1015 m3 of Earth’s water is fresh water, of which about 0.3% is held in lakes, reservoirs and rivers (Shiklomanov and Rodda 2003). Remaining fresh water is stored in glaciers, permanent snow, and groundwater aquifers. Earth’s atmosphere contains approximately 13 × 1012 m3 of water and is the source of all the precipitation that occurs on Earth (Shiklomanov and Rodda, 2003). Yearly, about 151,000 quads (159,300 exajoules) of solar energy cause 577 × 1012 m3 of water evaporation that moves about from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Of this evaporation, 86% is from the oceans (Shiklomanov, 1993) and remaining 14% of the water evaporation is from land. About 20% (115× 1012 m3 per year) of the world’s precipitation falls on land, with the surplus water returning to the oceans through rivers (Shiklomanov, 1993). Thus, each year solar energy transfers a 4 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India significant portion of water from oceans to land areas. There is uneven distribution of water resources among different regions of India. The water availability differs considerably from the desert areas of the Western India to the hilly regions of the North-East. The national per capita annual availability of water as per the distribution of water resources potential in India is 1545 cu m (as on 1st March 2011 estimation) which is more than scarcity condition of 1000 cu m per capita as considered by international agencies (CWC, 2016). India is blessed with different types of natural water resources which include glaciers, oceans, rivers, lakes, and ground water. However human beings made dams and reservoirs to store and water. Among different types of water resources, glaciers are solid form of water and oceans has saline water therefore making both unfit for direct utilization. Rainfall the important constituent of hydrological cycle is the main driving force for the water supply in these resources. In the present module we will discuss about the main water resources starting from the rainfall. 4. Precipitation: The environment of India is characteristically monsoonal: half the precipitation takes place within a 15-day period, and more than 90 % of annual river run-off occurs during four monsoon months (June‒September). India receives annual precipitation of about 4000 km3, including snowfall. Out of this, monsoon rainfall is of the order of 3000 km3. Rainfall in India is dependent on the south- west and north-east monsoons, on shallow cyclonic depressions and disturbances and on local storms. Most of it occurs between June and September under the influence of south-west monsoon except in Tamil Nadu, where it is under the influence of north-east monsoon during October and November. There is a high spatial and temporal variability in the rainfall pattern in our country resulting into floods and droughts. The Northern, Central and Eastern parts of India receives annual normal rainfall between 75 and 150 cm. Highest rainfall of about 11,690 mm is recorded from Mousinram near Cherrapunji in the North Eastern State of Meghalaya whereas Jaisalmer in Rajasthan receives about 150 mm of rainfall in a year (Kumar et al. 2005). 5. Surface water resources: It includes water present on the surface of the earth in different aquatic bodies like oceans, seas, estuaries, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, tanks, ponds etc. In glaciers water is found in it solid state. Oceans, seas, estuaries and salt water lakes water is not fit for drinking due to high salt content but they have significant contribution in water cycle. According to National Institute of 5 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India Hydrology, India’s average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meter (BCM). Out of this only 690 BCM (37%) of it can actually be mobilized. 5.1 Glaciers: A glacier is a mass of ice consisting of compacted and recrystallized ice on land that flows down under its own weight due to gravity. These are the main source of water for perennial Himalayan Indian Rivers. There are 9575 glaciers in the Indian Himalayas, covering a total area of about 18054 km2 and a volume of about 1291 km3 as per the glacier inventory by the Geological Survey of India (CWC, 2008). The principal glaciers in Himalayas can be divided in four groups i.e. Punjab, Garhwal, Nepal and Assam group of glaciers. Gangotri Glacier is an example of Garhwal group of glaciers while glaciers adjoining Kanchenjunga peak are part of Assam group of glaciers (NIH, 2017). The principal glaciers of the Indian Himalaya, are: Gangotri, 30 km (length); Zemu (Sikkim Himalaya), 28 km; Milam (Nanda Devi area), 19 km; and Kedarnath (Gangotri-Chaukhamba area), 14.5 km. Gangotri Glacier is one of the largest glaciers in the Himalayas is located in the Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand State in the Garhwal Himalayan Region. The snout of the Gangotri Glacier is known as ‘Gomukh’ and a proglacial melt water stream, known as Bhagirathi River, emerges out from Gomukh at an elevation of 4,000m. Data on glacial retreat for 1868 glaciers in 11 basins distributed across the Indian Himalaya for the period 1962-2001/2004 (Kulkarni, 2010) show that the overall glacial area has decreased from 6332 km2 to 5329 km2 which amounts to an average loss of ~16%. Figure 1. shows the in Baralacha La glacier in Himachal Pradesh. 6 Water Resources and Management Environmental Sciences Water Resources of India Figure 1: Baralacha glacier in Himachal Pradesh (Photo by Prof. Rajesh Lohchab, August 2017) 5.2 Oceans: About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans. The average depth of the oceans is 3700 m, and they contain 97% of the Earth’s water. India is surrounded by oceans in three directions by Bay of Bengal (East), Arabian Sea (West) and Indian Ocean (South). The Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Mozambique Strait, and the Great Australian Bight are the sub-regions of the Indian Ocean.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents Acknowledgements xi Foreword xii I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XIV II. INTRODUCTION 20 A. The Context of the SoE Process 20 B. Objectives of an SoE 21 C. The SoE for Uttaranchal 22 D. Developing the framework for the SoE reporting 22 Identification of priorities 24 Data collection Process 24 Organization of themes 25 III. FROM ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 34 A. Introduction 34 B. Driving forces and pressures 35 Liberalization 35 The 1962 War with China 39 Political and administrative convenience 40 C. Millennium Eco System Assessment 42 D. Overall Status 44 E. State 44 F. Environments of Concern 45 Land and the People 45 Forests and biodiversity 45 Agriculture 46 Water 46 Energy 46 Urbanization 46 Disasters 47 Industry 47 Transport 47 Tourism 47 G. Significant Environmental Issues 47 Nature Determined Environmental Fragility 48 Inappropriate Development Regimes 49 Lack of Mainstream Concern as Perceived by Communities 49 Uttaranchal SoE November 2004 Responses: Which Way Ahead? 50 H. State Environment Policy 51 Institutional arrangements 51 Issues in present arrangements 53 Clean Production & development 54 Decentralization 63 IV. LAND AND PEOPLE 65 A. Introduction 65 B. Geological Setting and Physiography 65 C. Drainage 69 D. Land Resources 72 E. Soils 73 F. Demographical details 74 Decadal Population growth 75 Sex Ratio 75 Population Density 76 Literacy 77 Remoteness and Isolation 77 G. Rural & Urban Population 77 H. Caste Stratification of Garhwalis and Kumaonis 78 Tribal communities 79 I. Localities in Uttaranchal 79 J. Livelihoods 82 K. Women of Uttaranchal 84 Increased workload on women – Case Study from Pindar Valley 84 L.
    [Show full text]
  • CFSI Executive Committee President's Corner Secretary's Column Editor's
    Coldwater Fisheries Society of India Newsletter Vol. No. 1 | No. 1 REG. NO. 128/2012-2013 2016–17 Content President’s Corner President’s Corner ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Secretary’s Column ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Warm greetings to all. Editor’s Desk ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Coldwater Fisheries Society of India CFSI Executive Committee ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 About CFSI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 launched by ICAR-DCFR, Bhimtal Launching of CFSI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 introduces its first informative First CFSI Fellowship ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 newsletter on the gracious occasion of Highlights on Coldwater Fisheries ~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 National Seminar SISMECFA’ 2017 to the fisheries fraternity (1) GIS application for fisheries resource ~~~~~~~~2 of the country. One of our goals is to gather your views assessment and management and voices on the priorities and share your concern which (2) Nutritional benefits of coldwater fishes ~~~~~~~3 will have a huge impact on decision making, restructuring (3) Disease scenario in hill aquaculture ~~~~~~~~~3 policy framework and formulating new strategies towards (4) Recreational fisheries and eco-tourism ~~~~~~~4 an insight of coldwater fisheries and aquaculture. (5) Coldwater endemic fishes of ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 Northeastern region of India. I invite you to take this opportunity to read this short (6) Snow trout fishery in Arunachal Pradesh ~~~~~5 newsletter containing the activities completed to date and CFSI Events ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 what will be forthcoming. The list of life members
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Lakes in India M.S.Reddy1 and N.V.V.Char2
    10 March 2004 Management of Lakes in India M.S.Reddy1 and N.V.V.Char2 1. Introduction There is no specific definition for Lakes in India. The word “Lake” is used loosely to describe many types of water bodies – natural, manmade and ephemeral including wetlands. Many of them are euphemistically called Lakes more by convention and a desire to be grandiose rather than by application of an accepted definition. Vice versa, many lakes are categorized as wetlands while reporting under Ramsar Convention. India abounds in water bodies, a preponderance of them manmade, typical of the tropics. The manmade (artificial) water bodies are generally called Reservoirs, Ponds and Tanks though it is not unusual for some of them to be referred to as lakes. Ponds and tanks are small in size compared to lakes and reservoirs. While it is difficult to date the natural lakes, most of the manmade water bodies like Ponds and Tanks are historical. The large reservoirs are all of recent origin. All of them, without exception, have suffered environmental degradation. Only the degree of degradation differs. The degradation itself is a result of lack of public awareness and governmental indifference. The situation is changing but slowly. Environmental activism and legal interventions have put sustainability of lakes in the vanguard of environmental issues. This paper is an attempt at presenting a comprehensive view of the typical problems experienced in the better known lakes, their present environmental status and efforts being made to make them environmentally sustainable. 1.1 Data India is well known for the huge variance in its lakes, but the data is nebulous.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Assessment Document
    Draft Initial Environmental Examination November 2011 IND: Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism — Project 2: Uttarakhand Prepared by the Government of Uttarakhand for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 September 2011) Currency unit – Rupee (INR) INR1.00 = $0.02098 $1.00 = INR 47.65 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank ASI - Archaeological Survey of India CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRZ - Coastal Regulation Zone DoT - Department of Tourism DSC - Design and Supervision Consultants EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan GMVN - Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nagam IEE - Initial Environmental Examination KMVN - Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nagam NGO - Non-government Organization PIU - Project Implementation Unit PMU - Project Management Unit RCC - Reinforced cement concrete ROW - Right-of-way SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TA - Technical Assistance TRH - Tourist Rest House UEPPB - Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Board UTDB - Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha – Hectare km – kilometer m – Meter NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) ―INR‖ and ―Rs‖ refer to Indian rupees This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION 1 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Drinking Water Resources in Difficult Topography of Hilly State Uttarakhand, India
    American Journal of Water Resources, 2016, Vol. 4, No.1, 16-21 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajwr/4/1/2 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajwr-4-1-2 Sustainable Drinking Water Resources in Difficult Topography of Hilly State Uttarakhand, India Bhavtosh Sharma* Uttarakhand Science Education and Research Centre (USERC), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Uttarakhand state is blessed with major water resources including large reverine system with its tributaries. In spite of the plethora of water resources, the people of the state are facing the problem of safe fresh water due to slope factor, management issues, urban conglomeration, deforestation and other environmental factors as discussed in the article. Besides this, an integrated approach considering the national water policy in state context is urgently required in difficult topographic and changing climatic conditions. The present article highlights the hydrogeology of the state, sustainable water resources including traditional water resources, drinking water supply system in state, Uttaranchal Koop, bank filtration technology. Furthermore, various suggestions are also incorporated for the fortification of water resources of the state. Keywords: Drinking Water Resources, Topography, Himalayan state, Uttarakhand, India, Sustainability, Climate Change Cite This Article: Bhavtosh Sharma, “Sustainable Drinking Water Resources in Difficult Topography of Hilly State Uttarakhand, India.” American Journal of Water Resources, vol. 4, no. 1 (2016): 16-21. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-4-1-2. very essential for the survival of living beings, is also in critical stage due to unplanned industrialization, 1. Introduction urbanization and lack of awareness among most of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • View Full Text-PDF
    Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2015, 2(9): 154-170 International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology ISSN: 2349-8080 Volume 2 Number 9 (September-2015) pp. 154-170 www.ijcrbp.com Original Research Article Phyto-Remediation of Lake Ecosystems around Tourism Sites of Garhwal and Kumaun, Uttarakhand and their Conservation Status Deepak Kholiya1* and Upendra Nath Roy2 1Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248 002, India 2Department of Rural Development, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh-160 019, India *Corresponding author. A b s t r a c t K e y w o r d s Lakes are the fresh water resources in Garhwal and Kumaun region of Uttarakhand. Various lakes like Nainital, Bhimtal, Sataal, Naukuchiatal, Khurpatal etc. has a large human population depended upon them as a source of tourism and for potable water supply. Due to the topography and high slopes in and around Nainital, the water supply departments (Jal Sansthan and Jal Nigam) are mainly dependent upon lakes ecosystem to meet the demand of stakeholders. Therefore for regulating the tourism based economy, agricultural and social activities within the lake surrounding areas of Nainital district of Uttarakhand State, requires an urgent need to maintain the healthy status of lakes water ecosystem as a sustainable tourism resource. The main identified problems are of domestic and sewage contamination and heavy growth of weeds due to enrichment of nutrients which has even resultant into problem of Eutrophication eutrophication in past. Phyto-remediation by floating rafts technology was Lakes implemented for conservation of these fresh water resources along beautification of lakes and tourist sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Birding Hotspots
    birding HOTSPOTS Dehradun | Surrounds ar anw ar Dhiman t Zanjale Madhuk Rajesh P Anan Ultramarine Flycatcher Egyptian Vulture Pin-tailed Green Pigeon a t t ar Dhiman Madhuk Suniti Bhushan Da Scarlet Minivet Yellow-bellied Fantail This booklet, the "Birding Hotspots of Dehradun and Surrounds", introduces 12 birding hotspots with details of their habitat, trails, birding specials by season, QR site locators and a map of the hotspots. © Uttarakhand Forest Department | Titli Trust ISBN: XXXXXX Citation: Sondhi, S. & S. B. Datta. (2018). Birding Hotspots of Dehradun and Surrounds. Published by Uttarakhand Forest Department & Titli Trust Front cover photograph: Kalij Pheasant, Gurinderjeet Singh Text Copyright : Sanjay Sondhi & Suniti Bhushan Datta Photograph Copyright: Respective photographers Map Credit: Suniti Bhushan Datta/ Google Earth Designed & Printed: Print Vision, Dehradun | [email protected] visit us at: www.printvisionindia.com About Birding Hotspots The hill state of Uttarakhand is a haven for birdwatching. The Updated Bibliography and Checklist of Birds of Uttarakhand by Dhananjai Mohan and Sanjay Sondhi in 2017 listed 710 bird species of the 1263 species listed from India (The India Checklist, Praveen et al., 2016). Dehradun and its surrounding areas has a checklist of 556 species possibly making it one of the richest cities in the world with respect to avian diversity! The Uttarakhand Spring Bird Festivals are held annually in Garhwal and Kumaon in Uttarakhand, to promote birdwatching in the state with the first th Ashish Kothari Dinesh Pundir edition of this festival having been held in 2014. This year, the 5 Uttarakhand Spring Bird Festival is being held at Thano Reserved Forest, Dehradun District and Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Haridwar District.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources in India: Its Demand, Degradation and Management
    International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015 346 ISSN 2250-3153 Water Resources in India: Its Demand, Degradation and Management Atanu Bhattacharyya1*, S. Janardana Reddy2, Manisankar ghosh3 and Raja Naika H4 1. Nanotechnolgy Section, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology and Research Centre , Cholanagar, R.T. Nagar Post, Hebbal , Bangalore-560 032. India. 2. Department of Fishery Science and Aquaculture, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, India 3. Department of Textiles (Sericulture), Government of West Bengal, Ganesh Chandra Avenue,Kolkata-13 4. Dept. of Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Bharatha Ratna Prof. C.N.R. Rao Block, Lab. No. 104, First Floor, Tumkur University, Tumkur- 572103, Karnataka, India Abstract- Water is a prime natural stockpile, a basic human need Greenland and Antarctica. It might be surprised that of the and a treasured national asset. Planning, development and remaining freshwater is remained as ground water. No matter management of water manoeuvre need to be governed by where on Earth you are standing, chances are that, at some depth, national perspectives. We are all too familiar with the problems the ground below you is saturated with water. Of all the of water on earth in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. freshwater on Earth, only about 0.3 percent is contained in rivers India receives annual precipitation of about 4000km3, including and lakes-yet rivers and lakes are not only the water we are most snowfall. Out of this, monsoon rainfall is of the order of familiar with, it is also where most of the water we use in our 3000km3.
    [Show full text]
  • Present Status of the Himalayan Mahseer Tor Putitora, An
    ,Joul'nal of the Indhm Fisheries Association 99 26, 1996, (Proc.Nat.Symp. Aquact•ops), 99-103 PRESENT STATUS OF THE HIMALAYAN IVIAHSEER TOR PU1,ITORA, AN ENDANGERED SP~;ciES IN NAINITAL LAKES OF UTTAR PRADESH K.D. PANDEY Directorate Of Fisheries, 7-Faizabad Road, Lucluww- 226 007. ABSTRACT The present status of the. Himalayan m.ahseer in the three lab:es of Nainital district of U.P. is discussed based on the catch data from 1983- 84 to 1992-93. Yield of mahseer have shown a gradual decline in the recent years. Besides catch statistics, marlret arrivals and availability of fish to anglers have also shown a marked decline. Tor putitora is being considered as an endangered fish. It is therefore necessary to repopulate the lake9 with the mahseer by adopting better Inanagement practices like stocking the lakes continually with sufficient mahseer fingerlings and enforce stdct conservation measures to stop killing of juveniles. The mahseer Tor putitora. a very better management and national important food and game fish of the exploitation of the lakes have been Himal::1yan region, is suffering a severe discussed in this paper. Himalayan set back in the upland natural water mahseer which is being considered as bodies because of dynamiting and illegal an endangered fish, can certainly be fishing. Certain stretches of rivers and protected by adopting conservation and streams, where a decade back mahseer rehabilitation measures. was available in abundance, are almost Water Quality of the Lakes devoid of this species. Authentic data on the fish catch is not available. However, Studies pertaining to limnology ofthe fisheries development progranunes in the lakes have been reported (Pant and natural lakes viz.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Year, 2 Semester WATER RESOURCES in INDIA Dr. Vikas Gupta, College Of
    Course: Water Management in Horticultural Crops 2(1+1), 1st year, 2nd semester WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA Dr. Vikas Gupta, College of Horticulture, Rehli Importance Of Water In Plants And Soil: (1) All living things need water to stay alive and plants are also living things. (2) Plants need much more water than many other living things because plants use much more water to maintain their turgor, which is water pressure inside the cells that make up the plant's skeleton. (3) Water is used for transpiration carrier of nutrients from the soil to green plant tissues. (4) In photosynthesis process plant uses light, water and carbon dioxide to create energy and food. Plants can synthesis food through photosynthesis only in the presence of water in their system. (5) Without enough water in the cells, the plants droop, so water helps a plant stand. (6) Water carries the dissolved sugar and other nutrients throughout the plant and its cells. (7) Water saves the plant from dehydrating. It is also used to transport the nutrients. (8) Soil water is the medium from which all plant nutrients are assimilated by plants. (9) Water plays vital role in the different biological, physical and chemical reactions in the plants as well as soil. (10) Water is also essential for the life of macro and micro fauna of the soil. (11) All the anabolic and catabolic activities of plants only occur in the medium of water. (12) Agronomic activities like land preparation, ploughing, leveling, sowing, hoeing etc. conveniently possible only under sufficient soil moisture condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1955 Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys. S. Ali ibne hamid Rizvi Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Rizvi, S. Ali ibne hamid, "Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys." (1955). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 109. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/109 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER GANGES AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography ^ by 9. Ali IJt**Hr Rizvi B*. A., Muslim University, l9Mf M. A*, Muslim University, 191*6 M. A., Muslim University, 191*6 May, 1955 EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT Candidate: ^ A li X. H. R iz v i Major Field: G eography Title of Thesis: Comparison Between Lower Mississippi and Lower Ganges* Brahmaputra Valleys Approved: Major Prj for And Chairman Dean of Gri ualc School EXAMINING COMMITTEE: 2m ----------- - m t o R ^ / q Date of Examination: ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to tender his sincere gratitude to Dr. Richard J. Russell for his direction and supervision of the work at every stage; to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Naukuchiatal Travel Guide - Page 1
    Naukuchiatal Travel Guide - http://www.ixigo.com/travel-guide/naukuchiatal page 1 Jul Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen, Naukuchiatal When To umbrella. Max: 13.5°C Min: 11.0°C Rain: 123.0mm 36 kms from Nainital, the lake of Aug Naukuchiatal is a popular picnic VISIT Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen, spot for tourists. Go trekking in umbrella. http://www.ixigo.com/weather-in-naukuchiatal-lp-1143816 these mountains that are replete Max: Min: Rain: 255.0mm 15.69999980 12.39999961 with the beauteous sights of the 9265137°C 8530273°C Jan lake water glistening in the sun, Famous For : Nature / WildlifePlaces To Sep VisitCit Very cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. and espy exotic bird and butterfly Max: Min: Rain: 15.0mm Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen, 8.100000381 1.100000023 umbrella. species in the surrounding woods. Flanked by green pine trees and with the 469727°C 841858°C Max: Min: Rain: 144.0mm 13.80000019 10.60000038 imposing Himalayan Range for its backdrop, Feb 0734863°C 1469727°C Naukuchiatal literally means the lake of nine Very cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. Oct corners. Known largely for the lake and the Max: Min: 6.0°C Rain: 0.0mm 9.899999618 Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. joy of boating in it, Naukuchiatal also has a 530273°C Max: 17.0°C Min: 11.5°C Rain: 6.0mm rich variety of butterflies and birds waiting Mar Nov to be discovered in the forests that bind the Very cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen, lake. Only recently, Paragliding facilities have umbrella.
    [Show full text]